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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vegetation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stone tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bone tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tooth_enamel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tooth_enamel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Tooth enamel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tooth_enamel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_occupation_phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_occupation_phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human occupation phases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_occupation_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Checua&params=5_07_12.1_N_73_52_35.3_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°07′12.1″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°52′35.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.120028°N 73.876472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.120028; -73.876472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early archaeological site in Colombia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Checua</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Checua is located in Colombia"><img alt="Checua is located in Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.115%;left:59.928%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Checua"><img alt="Checua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Colombia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Checua&params=5_07_12.1_N_73_52_35.3_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°07′12.1″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°52′35.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.120028°N 73.876472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.120028; -73.876472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">2,577 m (8,455 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Open area settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">Pre-Muisca sites</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Preceramic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data">Preceramic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Ana María Groot</a><sup id="cite_ref-Groot1992_p9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot1992_p9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Checua</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">preceramic</a> open area <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The site is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the town centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot1992_p9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot1992_p9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GomezMejia_p146_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GomezMejia_p146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Checua, thousands of stone and bone tools, stone flakes and human remains have been found, indicating human occupation from around 8500 to 3000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. </p><p>Main <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muisca scholars">archaeologist</a> for Checua is <a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Ana María Groot</a>, who published the results of her research in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px"><div style="position:relative;width:330px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabana_de_Bogota.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Checua is located in the Bogotá savanna"><img alt="Checua is located in the Bogotá savanna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sabana_de_Bogota.png/330px-Sabana_de_Bogota.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sabana_de_Bogota.png/495px-Sabana_de_Bogota.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sabana_de_Bogota.png/660px-Sabana_de_Bogota.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.497%;left:70.346%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Checua"><img alt="Checua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/18px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/24px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.746%;left:42.929%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aguazuque"><img alt="Aguazuque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/8px-White_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/12px-White_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/16px-White_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque"><span style="color:white">Aguazuque</span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.539%;left:43.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Herrera"><img alt="Lake Herrera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/8px-White_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/12px-White_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/16px-White_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera"><span style="color:white">Lake Herrera</span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.222%;left:42.977%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tequendama"><img alt="Tequendama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/8px-White_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/12px-White_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/White_pog.svg/16px-White_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama"><span style="color:white">Tequendama</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabana_de_Bogota.png" title="File:Sabana de Bogota.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Checua and other preceramic sites on the <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a></div></div></div> <p>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense has been inhabited at least since 12,500 years ago. The first human settlers migrated via the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a> from Central America to South America and led a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> lifestyle. They populated the rock shelters of the high plateau in the Andes, then still with abundant <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Cuvieronius" title="Cuvieronius">Cuvieronius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haplomastodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplomastodon">Haplomastodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Equus_amerhippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus amerhippus">Equus amerhippus</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Giant_sloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant sloth">giant sloths</a>. </p><p>During this <a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">preceramic</a> phase, the population shifted from rock shelters to open area settlement, of which <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galindo,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galindo, Colombia (page does not exist)">Galindo</a> and Checua are among the oldest. A later site in <a href="/wiki/Soacha" title="Soacha">Soacha</a>, Cundinamarca; <a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a> is comparable to Checua. </p><p>During the second millennium before present, the population increased and settlements became bigger. This is evidenced in the findings at the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">salt mine</a> of Nemocón.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot1992_p7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot1992_p7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG/325px-Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG" decoding="async" width="325" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG/488px-Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG/650px-Invernaderos_Nemoc%C3%B3n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <b>landscape around Nemocón</b> is hilly with flat valleys. Checua is an open area settlement, located north of the urban centre</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Checua is located in a valley of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a> and its geology is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Andean_orogeny" title="Andean orogeny">Andean orogeny</a>. Checua lies in the middle of a rich <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> area, with salt mines in Nemocón, <a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tausa" title="Tausa">Tausa</a> surrounding the site. The sedimentary sequence consists of the oldest outcropping units of the <a href="/wiki/Villeta_Group" title="Villeta Group">Villeta Group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> age. This sequence is followed by the sandstone formations of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Group" title="Guadalupe Group">Guadalupe Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> in age. Overlying the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> section is the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Guaduas_Formation" title="Guaduas Formation">Guaduas Formation</a>. Due to the Andean tectonic movements, most of the Tertiary section is eroded or non-deposited and the Guaduas Formation is overlain by the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabana_Formation" title="Sabana Formation">Sabana Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate of the area around Checua is constant throughout the year with an average maximum temperature of 21.9 °C (71.4 °F) and an average minimum of 3.05 °C (37.49 °F). The yearly precipitation varies from 600 millimetres (24 in) to 750 millimetres (30 in), mostly in short erosional showers. The winds can be strong and aid the erosive process of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vegetation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vegetation was of a lower altitude dry forest type with native species <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodanae_viscosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodanae viscosa (page does not exist)">Dodanae viscosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baccharis" title="Baccharis">Baccharis</a> sp.</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_capuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Prunus capuli">Prunus capuli</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xilosma_speculiferum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xilosma speculiferum (page does not exist)">Xilosma speculiferum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duratana_mutissi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duratana mutissi (page does not exist)">Duratana mutissi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">Lupinus</a> sp.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dividivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dividivi">dividivi</a> (<i>Tara spinosa</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a> sp.</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesperolemes_heterophyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesperolemes heterophyla (page does not exist)">Hesperolemes heterophyla</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">fique</a> (<i>Agave sp.</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_tools">Stone tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stone tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raedera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Raedera.png" decoding="async" width="276" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Lithic <b>scraper</b> tool</figcaption></figure> <p>The Checua site has been divided into nine stratigraphical units of sands and clays.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p17_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 1750 lithic tools have been found in the units, with a highest frequency in units 4 and 5b. They mostly consist of scrapers and knives. Furthermore, 2820 stone flakes, interpreted as materials to build tools have been discovered, with a highest frequency in unit 8.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p28_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_tools">Bone tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bone tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various bone tools have been found in Checua. The type is very similar to those found at <a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a>. Apart from tools, also a <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">musical instrument</a> made from bone has been uncovered. This bone <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> was discovered in stratigraphic unit 5b at a depth of 60 centimetres (2.0 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p56_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tooth_enamel">Tooth enamel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tooth enamel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dating of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> of one of the remains, using <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Paramagnetic_Resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance">Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance</a> (EPR), provided an age of 7850 ± 190 years BP.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval_p251_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval_p251-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the same method, in 2014 another tooth enamel was analysed, providing an age of 5021 ± 202 years BP.<sup id="cite_ref-Carvajal_p128_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carvajal_p128-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_occupation_phases">Human occupation phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human occupation phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG/325px-D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG" decoding="async" width="325" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG/488px-D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG/650px-D%C3%B6sendes_Hausmeerschweinchen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>As at Tequendama and Aguazuque, abundant remains of the domesticated <b>guinea pig</b> have been found at Checua</figcaption></figure> <p>Analysis of the various stratigraphic levels and the tools found, led to the identification of four zones of human occupation within a total time span of 5500 years (6500–1000 years BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p61_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first zone, dated to about 8500 to 8200 years BP, contains mostly scrapers and perforators used for the elaboration of meat and animal skins. The second zone of occupation, lasting from about 8200 to 7800 years BP, consists of various <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">burial sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p6477_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p6477-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, also scrapers and perforators were found, together with the main ingredients of the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">diet</a> of the people; <a href="/wiki/White_tailed_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="White tailed deer">white tailed deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p66_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p66-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this zone, the bone flute has been unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p76_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third level corresponds to the seventh stratigraphical unit where many bone fragments were found. The unit has been compared to Aguazuque for dating at around 5000 years BP, possibly lasting till 4000 years BP.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p80_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p80-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As is the case with Aguazuque, the fourth and uppermost zone has been disturbed by modern <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">agricultural activities</a> and the presence of glass indicates contamination with postcolonial influence. A top age for the sequence has not been provided, but an occupation until 3000 years BP is suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_p83_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_p83-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:80%; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_inhabitation_of_the_Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_jkk3m99psc1peju995m8w9jthts726e"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tequendama" coords="156,476,248,497" title="Tequendama" alt="Tequendama" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aguazuque" coords="535,460,621,481" title="Aguazuque" alt="Aguazuque" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park" coords="163,444,276,465" title="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park" alt="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Galindo%2C_Bojac%C3%A1" coords="299,429,385,449" title="Galindo, Bojacá" alt="Galindo, Bojacá" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/BD_Bacat%C3%A1" coords="845,413,943,434" title="BD Bacatá" alt="BD Bacatá" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" coords="634,397,748,418" title="Lake Herrera" alt="Lake Herrera" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(Cundinamarca)" coords="526,382,601,402" title="Chía (Cundinamarca)" alt="Chía (Cundinamarca)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" coords="526,366,629,387" title="Zipaquirá" alt="Zipaquirá" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/El_Abra" coords="66,350,191,371" title="El Abra" alt="El Abra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Checua" coords="318,334,387,355" title="Checua" alt="Checua" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" coords="110,319,207,339" title="Tibitó" alt="Tibitó" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sueva" coords="151,303,237,324" title="Sueva" alt="Sueva" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" coords="690,287,809,308" title="El Infiernito" alt="El Infiernito" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" coords="833,269,945,293" title="History of Colombia" alt="History of Colombia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" coords="816,253,974,277" title="Spanish Empire" alt="Spanish Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" coords="816,237,907,261" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca" alt="Spanish conquest of the Muisca" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muisca_people" coords="770,200,857,231" title="Muisca people" alt="Muisca people" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Herrera_Period" coords="671,190,756,214" title="Herrera Period" alt="Herrera Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation%23Prehistory" coords="8,159,113,183" title="Muisca Confederation#Prehistory" alt="Muisca Confederation#Prehistory" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bochica" coords="448,127,533,151" title="Bochica" alt="Bochica" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" coords="703,112,828,136" title="Muisca mummification" alt="Muisca mummification" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ceramic" coords="715,96,800,120" title="Ceramic" alt="Ceramic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" coords="330,80,435,104" title="Andean preceramic" alt="Andean preceramic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" coords="632,65,743,89" title="Muisca agriculture" alt="Muisca agriculture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hunter%2Dgatherer" coords="241,49,386,73" title="Hunter-gatherer" alt="Hunter-gatherer" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_jkk3m99psc1peju995m8w9jthts726e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/jkk3m99psc1peju995m8w9jthts726e.png" /></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/130px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/195px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/260px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano</a></b></small></div><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png/130px-Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png/195px-Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png/260px-Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></b></small></div><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_(subdivisions).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png/130px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png/195px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png/260px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Ana María Groot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm">Google Maps Elevation Finder</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot1992_p9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groot1992_p9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groot1992_p9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GomezMejia_p146-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GomezMejia_p146_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez Mejía, 2012, p.146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot1992_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot1992_p7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot1992_p7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p11_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p12_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p13_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p17-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p17_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p28-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p28_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p56-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p56_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandoval_p251-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval_p251_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandoval & Almanza, 2012, p.251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carvajal_p128-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carvajal_p128_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvajal et al., 2014, p.128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p61-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p61_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p6477-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p6477_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.64-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p66-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p66_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p76-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p76_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p80-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p80_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_p83-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groot_p83_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot de Mahecha, 1992, p.83</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarvajalMontesAlmanza2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvajal, Eduar; Montes, Luis; Almanza, Ovidio A. (2014), "Datación de restos arqueológicos encontrados en Checua (Cundinamarca - Colombia) mediante resonancia paramagnética electrónica", <i>Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc.</i> (in Spanish), <b>38</b> (47): 124–129</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Acad.+Colomb.+Cienc.&rft.atitle=Dataci%C3%B3n+de+restos+arqueol%C3%B3gicos+encontrados+en+Checua+%28Cundinamarca+-+Colombia%29+mediante+resonancia+paramagn%C3%A9tica+electr%C3%B3nica&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=124-129&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Carvajal&rft.aufirst=Eduar&rft.au=Montes%2C+Luis&rft.au=Almanza%2C+Ovidio+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Mejía2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Mejía, Juliana (2012), "Análisis de marcadores óseos de estrés en poblaciones del Holoceno Medio y Tardío incial de la sabana de Bogotá, Colombia - Analysis of bone stress markers in populations of the Middle and Late Holocene of the Bogotá savanna, Colombia", <i>Revista Colombiana de Antropología</i> (in Spanish), <b>48</b>: 143–168, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22380%2F2539472X.1019">10.22380/2539472X.1019</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Colombiana+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=An%C3%A1lisis+de+marcadores+%C3%B3seos+de+estr%C3%A9s+en+poblaciones+del+Holoceno+Medio+y+Tard%C3%ADo+incial+de+la+sabana+de+Bogot%C3%A1%2C+Colombia+-+Analysis+of+bone+stress+markers+in+populations+of+the+Middle+and+Late+Holocene+of+the+Bogot%C3%A1+savanna%2C+Colombia&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=143-168&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22380%2F2539472X.1019&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Mej%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroot_de_Mahecha1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot de Mahecha</a>, Ana María (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/fian/monografias/checua-una-secuencia-cultural"><i>Checua: Una secuencia cultural entre 8500 y 3000 años antes del presente - Checua: a cultural sequence between 8500 and 3000 years before present</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Banco de la República</a>, pp. 1–95<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Checua%3A+Una+secuencia+cultural+entre+8500+y+3000+a%C3%B1os+antes+del+presente+-+Checua%3A+a+cultural+sequence+between+8500+and+3000+years+before+present&rft.pages=1-95&rft.pub=Banco+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Groot+de+Mahecha&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Ffian%2Fmonografias%2Fchecua-una-secuencia-cultural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandovalAlmanza2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sandoval, J.A.; Almanza, O. (2012), "Datación de esmalte dental prehispánico proveniente del sitio arqueológico Checua (Cundinamarca) por resonancia paramagnética electrónica (EPR) - Dating of Tooth Enamel from the Archeological Site Checua (Cundinamarca) by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revista_Colombiana_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revista Colombiana de Física (page does not exist)">Revista Colombiana de Física</a></i> (in Spanish), <b>44</b> (3), Sociedad Colombiana de Física: 248–252</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Colombiana+de+F%C3%ADsica&rft.atitle=Dataci%C3%B3n+de+esmalte+dental+prehisp%C3%A1nico+proveniente+del+sitio+arqueol%C3%B3gico+Checua+%28Cundinamarca%29+por+resonancia+paramagn%C3%A9tica+electr%C3%B3nica+%28EPR%29+-+Dating+of+Tooth+Enamel+from+the+Archeological+Site+Checua+%28Cundinamarca%29+by+Electron+Paramagnetic+Resonance+%28EPR%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-252&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sandoval&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Almanza%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecua" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorreal_Urrego1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal Urrego</a>, Gonzalo (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/aguazuque_completo_terminado_baja.pdf"><i>Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales, pp. 1–316<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aguazuque%3A+Evidence+of+hunter-gatherers+and+growers+on+the+high+plains+of+the+Eastern+Ranges&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1%2C+Colombia&rft.pages=1-316&rft.pub=Banco+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica%3A+Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+Investigaciones+Arqueol%C3%B3gicas+Nacionales&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Correal+Urrego&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadmin.banrepcultural.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Faguazuque_completo_terminado_baja.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroot_de_Mahecha2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot de Mahecha</a>, Ana María (2014) [2008], <i>Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá, 1537-1640</i> (in Spanish), <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional de Colombia</a>, pp. 1–174, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-719-046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-719-046-5"><bdi>978-958-719-046-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sal+y+poder+en+el+altiplano+de+Bogot%C3%A1%2C+1537-1640&rft.pages=1-174&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-958-719-046-5&rft.aulast=Groot+de+Mahecha&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecua" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Andean preceramic">preceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg/100px-San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg/150px-San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg/200px-San_Agustin_parque_arqueologic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceramic-ceramic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Checua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Perdida" title="Ciudad Perdida">Ciudad Perdida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera">Lake Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagana" title="Malagana">Malagana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mons%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monsú (page does not exist)">Monsú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morro_del_Tulc%C3%A1n" title="Morro del Tulcán">Morro del Tulcán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Hormiga_archaeological_site" title="Puerto Hormiga archaeological site">Puerto Hormiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn,_Huila" title="San Agustín, Huila">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muisca" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muisca_navbox" title="Template:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muisca_navbox" title="Template talk:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muisca_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muisca" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Muisca</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muisca_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muisca society (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Society</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_toponyms" title="List of Muisca toponyms">Toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasca" title="Battle of Pasca">Battle of Pasca (~1470)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chocont%C3%A1" title="Battle of Chocontá">Battle of Chocontá (~1490)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds">Emeralds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejo_(sport)" title="Tejo (sport)">Tejo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">Tunjo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">The Salt People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausa" title="Tausa">Tausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquil%C3%A9" title="Sesquilé">Sesquilé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Geography_and_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography and history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano<br />Cundiboyacense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River" title="Bogotá River">Bogotá River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADo,_Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Frío, Bogotá savanna">Frío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucha_River" title="Fucha River">Fucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Amarillo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Amarillo River">Juan Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soacha_River" title="Soacha River">Soacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teusac%C3%A1_River" title="Teusacá River">Teusacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torca_River" title="Torca River">Torca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjuelo_River" title="Tunjuelo River">Tunjuelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suba_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Hills (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Suba Hills</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Wetlands of Bogotá">Wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hills,_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hills, Bogotá">Eastern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flora_and_fauna_named_after_the_Muisca" title="List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca">Flora & fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River" title="Suárez River">Suárez River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubat%C3%A9-Chiquinquir%C3%A1_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley</span></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/230px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/345px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/460px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocet%C3%A1_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Ocetá Páramo">Ocetá Páramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenza_Valley" title="Tenza Valley">Tenza Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_inhabitation_of_the_Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Prehistory" title="Muisca Confederation">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><10,000 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Humboldt,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Humboldt, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lake Humboldt</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueva (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sueva</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Lithic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>10,000 - 2800 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park" title="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park">Piedras del Tunjo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Checua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galindo,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galindo, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Galindo</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemoc%C3%B3n_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemocón rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Nemocón</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1chica_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sáchica rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sáchica</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera">Lake Herrera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Ceramic <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>800 BC</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Period" title="Herrera Period">Herrera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 BC - 800</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Early Muisca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 - 1200</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>~1450 - 1540</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_Mayor_del_Pueblo_Muisca" title="Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca">Cabildo Mayor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>2002</b>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_deities" title="Category:Muisca deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiminigagua" title="Chiminigagua">Chiminigagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachu%C3%A9" title="Bachué">Bachué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochica" title="Bochica">Bochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitaca_(goddess)" title="Huitaca (goddess)">Huitaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchacum" title="Chibchacum">Chibchacum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuchavira" title="Cuchavira">Cuchavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nencatacoa" title="Nencatacoa">Nencatacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaqu%C3%A9n" title="Chaquén">Chaquén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibafruime" title="Chibafruime">Chibafruime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahaioque" title="Guahaioque">Guahaioque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture#Temples" title="Muisca architecture">Built</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)" title="Sun Temple (Sogamoso)">Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Temple_(Ch%C3%ADa)" title="Moon Temple (Chía)">Moon Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojines_del_Zaque" title="Cojines del Zaque">Cojines del Zaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha_Temple" title="Goranchacha Temple">Goranchacha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa_Well" title="Hunzahúa Well">Hunzahúa Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacred_sites" title="Muisca religion">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_F%C3%BAquene" title="Lake Fúquene">Fúquene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Guasca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Guasca (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Guasca</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Guatavita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iguaque" title="Lake Iguaque">Iguaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siecha_Lakes" title="Siecha Lakes">Siecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Suesca" title="Lake Suesca">Suesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tota" title="Lake Tota">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ubaque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ubaque (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaque</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama_Falls" title="Tequendama Falls">Tequendama Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_of_Lake_Tota" title="Monster of Lake Tota">Monster of Lake Tota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Mythological figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha" title="Goranchacha">Goranchacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idacans%C3%A1s" title="Idacansás">Idacansás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacanchique" title="Pacanchique">Pacanchique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata" title="Thomagata">Thomagata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Caciques_and_neighbours" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Caciques and neighbours</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Hunza" title="Muisca Confederation">Northern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaque">zaque</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunza,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunza, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Hunza</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa" title="Hunzahúa">Hunzahúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michu%C3%A1" title="Michuá">Michuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquiminzaque" title="Aquiminzaque">Aquiminzaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca">iraca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Suamox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nompanim" title="Nompanim">Nompanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugamuxi" title="Sugamuxi">Sugamuxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Duitama" title="Duitama">Tundama </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Bacatá" title="Muisca Confederation">Southern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meicuchuca" title="Meicuchuca">Meicuchuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguamanchica" title="Saguamanchica">Saguamanchica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagipa" title="Sagipa">Sagipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9" title="Turmequé">Turmequé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_y_Moyachoque" title="Diego de Torres y Moyachoque">Diego de Torres y Moyachoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Neighbouring_indigenous_groups" title="Muisca Confederation">Neighbours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%27wa_people" title="U'wa people">U'wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutagao_people" title="Sutagao people">Sutagao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guane_people" title="Guane people">Guane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lache_people" title="Lache people">Lache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan language">Arawak-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achagua_people" title="Achagua people">Achagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegua_people" title="Tegua people">Tegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayupe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayupe people">Guayupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarigui_people" title="Yarigui people">Yarigui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Spanish_conquest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conquistadors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado" title="Baltasar Maldonado">Baltasar Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín">Juan de San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)">Antonio de Lebrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Camacho_Zambrano" title="Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano">Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Zorro" title="Gonzalo García Zorro">Gonzalo García Zorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Gonzalo Macías">Gonzalo Macías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Venegas_Carrillo" title="Hernán Venegas Carrillo">Hernán Venegas Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Albarracín">Juan de Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Junco" title="Juan del Junco">Juan del Junco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tafur" title="Juan Tafur">Juan Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Fonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lázaro Fonte (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lázaro Fonte</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Lanchero" title="Luis Lanchero">Luis Lanchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Galeano" title="Martín Galeano">Martín Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ya%C3%B1%C3%A9z_Tafur" title="Martín Yañéz Tafur">Martín Yañéz Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Holgu%C3%ADn_y_Figueroa" title="Miguel Holguín y Figueroa">Miguel Holguín y Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ort%C3%BAn_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Velasco" title="Ortún Velázquez de Velasco">Ortún Velázquez de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)">Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ru%C3%ADz_Corredor" title="Pedro Ruíz Corredor">Pedro Ruíz Corredor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Conquest of the Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Conquest of the Panche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tocarema" title="Battle of Tocarema">Battle of Tocarema (1538)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Research_and_collections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and collections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Acosta" title="Joaquín Acosta">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Acosta" title="Soledad Acosta">Acosta Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aguado" title="Pedro de Aguado">De Aguado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arango_Cano" title="Jesús Arango Cano">Arango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_M._Broadbent" title="Sylvia M. Broadbent">Broadbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">De Castellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A9cer_Silva_Celis" title="Eliécer Silva Celis">Celis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Duquesne" title="José Domingo Duquesne">Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Freyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Friede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gamboa_Mendoza" title="Jorge Gamboa Mendoza">Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_der_Hammen" title="Thomas van der Hammen">Hammen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arturo_Izquierdo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña">Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Henrik_Langebaek" title="Carl Henrik Langebaek">Langebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Lugo" title="Bernardo de Lugo">De Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Ocampo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Javier Ocampo López">Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita" title="Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita">De Piedrahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">De Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Reichel-Dolmatoff" title="Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff">Reichel-Dolmatoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cardale_de_Schrimpff" title="Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff">Schrimpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Simón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Triana" title="Miguel Triana">Triana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea" title="Ezequiel Uricoechea">Uricoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Zerda" title="Liborio Zerda">Zerda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Carnero" title="El Carnero">El Carnero</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1638)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada" title="Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada">Epítome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes" title="List of Muisca research institutes">Research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History">ICANH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Universidad La Javeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_and_Technological_University_of_Colombia" title="Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia">UPTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_museum_collections" title="List of Muisca museum collections">Collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Museo del Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Sogamoso" title="Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso">Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Pasca" title="Archaeology Museum, Pasca">Archaeology Museum of Pasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca" title="Category:Muisca">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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