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pods</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: rain tree pods"> <meta name="keywords" content="rain tree pods"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="rain tree pods"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1254</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: rain tree pods</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1254</span> Processing and Economic Analysis of Rain Tree (Samanea saman) Pods for Village Level Hydrous Bioethanol Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dharell%20B.%20Siano">Dharell B. Siano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wendy%20C.%20Mateo"> Wendy C. Mateo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorino%20T.%20Taylan"> Victorino T. Taylan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20D.%20Cuaresma"> Francisco D. Cuaresma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biofuel is one of the renewable energy sources adapted by the Philippine government in order to lessen the dependency on foreign fuel and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Rain tree pods were seen to be a promising source of bioethanol since it contains significant amount of fermentable sugars. The study was conducted to establish the complete procedure in processing rain tree pods for village level hydrous bioethanol production. Production processes were done for village level hydrous bioethanol production from collection, drying, storage, shredding, dilution, extraction, fermentation, and distillation. The feedstock was sundried, and moisture content was determined at a range of 20% to 26% prior to storage. Dilution ratio was 1:1.25 (1 kg of pods = 1.25 L of water) and after extraction process yielded a sugar concentration of 22 <sup>0</sup>Bx to 24 <sup>0</sup>Bx. The dilution period was three hours. After three hours of diluting the samples, the juice was extracted using extractor with a capacity of 64.10 L/hour. 150 L of rain tree pods juice was extracted and subjected to fermentation process using a village level anaerobic bioreactor. Fermentation with yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) can fasten up the process, thus producing more ethanol at a shorter period of time; however, without yeast fermentation, it also produces ethanol at lower volume with slower fermentation process. Distillation of 150 L of fermented broth was done for six hours at 85 °C to 95 °C temperature (feedstock) and 74 °C to 95 °C temperature of the column head (vapor state of ethanol). The highest volume of ethanol recovered was established at with yeast fermentation at five-day duration with a value of 14.89 L and lowest actual ethanol content was found at without yeast fermentation at three-day duration having a value of 11.63 L. In general, the results suggested that rain tree pods had a very good potential as feedstock for bioethanol production. Fermentation of rain tree pods juice can be done with yeast and without yeast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title="fermentation">fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrous%20bioethanol" title=" hydrous bioethanol"> hydrous bioethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20tree%20pods" title=" rain tree pods"> rain tree pods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=village%20level" title=" village level"> village level</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66072/processing-and-economic-analysis-of-rain-tree-samanea-saman-pods-for-village-level-hydrous-bioethanol-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1253</span> Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Leaves and Pods of Leucaena Leucocephala, Prosopis Laevigata and Acacia Farnesiana in a Xerophyllous Shrubland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miguel%20Mellado">Miguel Mellado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cecilia%20Zapata"> Cecilia Zapata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Goats can be exploited in harsh environments due to their capacity to adjust to limited quantity and quality forage sources. In these environments, leguminous trees can be used as supplementary feeds as foliage and fruits of these trees can contribute to maintain or improve production efficiency in ruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value of three leguminous trees heavily selected by goats in a xerophyllous shrubland. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of leaves and pods from leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) and huisache (Acacia farnesiana) is presented. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 17.3% for leaves of huisache to 21.9% for leucaena. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content ranged from 39.0 to 40.3 with no difference among fodder threes. Across tree species, mean IVDMD was 61.6% for pods and 52.2% for leaves. IVDMD for leaves was highest (P < 0.01) for leucaena (54.9%) and lowest for huisache (47.3%). Condensed tannins in an acetonic extract were highest for leaves of huisache (45.3 mg CE/g DM) and lowest for mesquite (25.9 mg CE/g DM). Pods and leaves of huisache presented the highest number of secondary metabolites, mainly related to hydrobenzoic acid and flavonols; leucaena and mesquite presented mainly flavonols and anthocyanins. It was concluded that leaves and pods of leucaena, mesquite and huisache constitute valuable forages for ruminant livestock due to its low fiber, high CP levels, moderate in vitro fermentation characteristics and high mineral content. Keywords: Fodder tree; ruminants; secondary metabolites; minerals; tannins <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fodder%20tree" title="fodder tree">fodder tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ruminants" title=" ruminants"> ruminants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20metabolites" title=" secondary metabolites"> secondary metabolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minerals" title=" minerals"> minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tannins" title=" tannins"> tannins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126678/chemical-composition-and-nutritional-value-of-leaves-and-pods-of-leucaena-leucocephala-prosopis-laevigata-and-acacia-farnesiana-in-a-xerophyllous-shrubland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126678.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1252</span> Management of Meskit (Prosopis juliflora) Tree in Oman: The Case of Using Meskit (Prosopis juliflora) Pods for Feeding Omani Sheep</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Al-Khalasi">S. Al-Khalasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Mahgoub"> O. Mahgoub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yaakub"> H. Yaakub</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study evaluated the use of raw or processed Prosopis juliflora (Meskit) pods as a major ingredient in a formulated ration to provide an alternative non-conventional concentrate for livestock feeding in Oman. Dry Meskit pods were reduced to lengths of 0.5- 1.0 cm to ensure thorough mixing into three diets. Meskit pods were subjected to two types of treatments; roasting and soaking. They were roasted at 150оC for 30 minutes using a locally-made roasting device (40 kg barrel container rotated by electric motor and heated by flame gas cooker). Chopped pods were soaked in tap water for 24 hours and dried for 2 days under the sun with frequent turning. The Meskit-pod-based diets (MPBD) were formulated and pelleted from 500 g/kg ground Meskit pods, 240 g/kg wheat bran, 200 g/kg barley grain, 50 g/kg local dried sardines and 10 g/kg of salt. Twenty four 10 months-old intact Omani male lambs with average body weight of 27.3 kg (± 0.5 kg) were used in a feeding trial for 84 days. They were divided (on body weight basis) and allocated to four diet combination groups. These were: Rhodes grass hay (RGH) plus a general ruminant concentrate (GRC); RGH plus raw Meskit pods (RMP) based concentrate; RGH plus roasted Meskit pods (ROMP) based concentrate; RGH plus soaked Meskit pods (SMP) based concentrate Daily feed intakes and bi-weekly body weights were recorded. MPBD had higher contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than the GRC. Animals fed various types of MPBD did not show signs of ill health. There was a significant effect of feeding ROMP on the performance of Omani sheep compared to RMP and SMP. The ROMP fed animals had similar performance to those fed the GRC in terms of feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR).This study indicated that roasted Meskit pods based diet may be used instead of the commercial concentrate for feeding Omani sheep without adverse effects on performance. It offers a cheap alternative source of protein and energy for feeding Omani sheep. Also, it might help in solving the spread impact of Meskit trees, maintain the ecosystem and helping in preserving the local tree species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title="growth">growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meskit" title=" Meskit"> Meskit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omani%20sheep" title=" Omani sheep"> Omani sheep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prosopis%20juliflora" title=" Prosopis juliflora"> Prosopis juliflora</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20743/management-of-meskit-prosopis-juliflora-tree-in-oman-the-case-of-using-meskit-prosopis-juliflora-pods-for-feeding-omani-sheep" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1251</span> Comparative Study od Three Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Rain Domain in Precipitation Forecast</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabilah%20Filzah%20Mohd%20Radzuan">Nabilah Filzah Mohd Radzuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andi%20Putra"> Andi Putra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zalinda%20Othman"> Zalinda Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azuraliza%20Abu%20Bakar"> Azuraliza Abu Bakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Razak%20Hamdan"> Abdul Razak Hamdan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Precipitation forecast is important to avoid natural disaster incident which can cause losses in the involved area. This paper reviews three techniques logistic regression, decision tree, and random forest which are used in making precipitation forecast. These combination techniques through the vector auto-regression (VAR) model help in finding the advantages and strengths of each technique in the forecast process. The data-set contains variables of the rain’s domain. Adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques involved in rain domain enables the forecast process to be easier and systematic for precipitation forecast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20regression" title="logistic regression">logistic regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decisions%20tree" title=" decisions tree"> decisions tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VAR%20model" title=" VAR model"> VAR model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1420/comparative-study-od-three-artificial-intelligence-techniques-for-rain-domain-in-precipitation-forecast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1250</span> Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) Pods as a Local Alternative to Feed Poultry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Al-Soqeer">Abdulrahman Al-Soqeer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osamah%20Fahmy"> Osamah Fahmy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research was aimed to investigate the possibility of using Prosopis juliflora pods as a fodder source for poultry. The study have shown that the inclusion of ground Prosopis pods in a broiler diet added some positive effects on broiler performance such as improving carcasses weight and reducing the weights of the inedible parts. The obtained results encourage repeating the experiment with an increased percentage of Prosopis supplementation in the broiler diets, using some treatments on the Prosopis pods to reduce the undesirable effects of the antinutritional factors in the pods and to increase the percentage of the essential amino acids present in the pods (lysine, methionine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylealanine) up to the limits recommended for broilers by NRC 1990. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amino%20acids" title="amino acids">amino acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arginine" title=" arginine"> arginine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broilers" title=" broilers"> broilers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lysine" title=" lysine"> lysine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methionine" title=" methionine"> methionine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30561/mesquite-prosopis-juliflora-pods-as-a-local-alternative-to-feed-poultry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1249</span> Rain Dropsize Distribution from Individual Storms and Variability in Nigeria Topical Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinyemi%20Tomiwa">Akinyemi Tomiwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The microstructure of rainfall is important for predicting and modeling various environmental processes, such as rainfall interception by vegetation, soil erosion, and radar signals in rainfall. This rain microstructure was studied with a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) located at a tropical location in Akure South West Nigeria (7o 15’ N, 5o 15’ E). This research utilizes two years of data (2018 and 2019), and the data obtained comprises rainfall parameters such as Rain rates, radar reflectivity, liquid water content, fall velocity and Drop Size Distribution (DSD) based on vertical profiles. The measurement and variations of rain microstructure of these parameters with heights for different rain types were presented from ground level up to the height of 4800 m at 160 m range gates. It has been found that the convective, stratiform and mixed, which are the three major rain types, have different rain microstructures at different heights and were evaluated in this research. The correlation coefficient and the regression line equation were computed for each rain event. The highest rain rate and liquid water content were observed within the height range of 160-4800. It was found that a good correlation exists between the measured parameters. Hence it shows that specific liquid water content increases with increasing rain rate for both stratiform and convective rain types in this part of the world. The results can be very useful for a better understanding of rain structure over tropical regions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20microstructure" title="rain microstructure">rain microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20size%20distribution" title=" drop size distribution"> drop size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20rates" title=" rain rates"> rain rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratiform" title=" stratiform"> stratiform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective." title=" convective."> convective.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187435/rain-dropsize-distribution-from-individual-storms-and-variability-in-nigeria-topical-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1248</span> Zamzam Water as Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel Rebar in Rainwater and Simulated Acid Rain </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Elshami">Ahmed A. Elshami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Bonnet"> Stephanie Bonnet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhafid%20Khelidj"> Abdelhafid Khelidj </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in concrete industry to reduce the corrosion rate of steel rebar which is present in contact with aggressive environments. The present work aims to using Zamzam water from well located within the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba, the holiest place in Islam as corrosion inhibitor for steel in rain water and simulated acid rain. The effect of Zamzam water was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization techniques in Department of Civil Engineering - IUT Saint-Nazaire, Nantes University, France. Zamzam water is considered to be one of the most important steel corrosion inhibitor which is frequently used in different industrial applications. Results showed that zamzam water gave a very good inhibition for steel corrosion in rain water and simulated acid rain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zamzam%20water" title="Zamzam water">Zamzam water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20inhibitor" title=" corrosion inhibitor"> corrosion inhibitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20water" title=" rain water"> rain water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulated%20acid%20rain" title=" simulated acid rain"> simulated acid rain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14797/zamzam-water-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-steel-rebar-in-rainwater-and-simulated-acid-rain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1247</span> Empirical Prediction of the Effect of Rain Drops on Dbs System Operating in Ku-Band (Case Study of Abuja)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonga%20Agadi%20Danladi">Tonga Agadi Danladi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajao%20Wasiu%20Bamidele"> Ajao Wasiu Bamidele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terdue%20Dyeko"> Terdue Dyeko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent advancement in microwave communications technologies especially in telecommunications and broadcasting have resulted in congestion on the frequencies below 10GHz. This has forced microwave designers to look for high frequencies. Unfortunately for frequencies greater than 10GHz rain becomes one of the main factors of attenuation in signal strength. At frequencies from 10GHz upwards, rain drop sizes leads to outages that compromises the availability and quality of service this making it a critical factor in satellite link budget design. Rain rate and rain attenuation predictions are vital steps to be considered when designing microwave satellite communication link operating at Ku-band frequencies (112-18GHz). Unreliable rain rates data in the tropical regions of the world like Nigeria from radio communication group of the international Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) makes it difficult for microwave engineers to determine a realistic rain margin that needs to be accommodated in satellite link budget design in such region. This work presents an empirical tool for predicting the amount of signal due to rain on DBS signal operating at the Ku-band. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation" title="attenuation">attenuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ku-Band" title=" Ku-Band"> Ku-Band</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20communication" title=" microwave communication"> microwave communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20rates" title=" rain rates"> rain rates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28730/empirical-prediction-of-the-effect-of-rain-drops-on-dbs-system-operating-in-ku-band-case-study-of-abuja" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1246</span> Classification of Precipitation Types Detected in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Badron">K. Badron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Ismail"> A. F. Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20L.%20Asnawi"> A. L. Asnawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20F.%20A.%20Malik"> N. F. A. Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Z.%20Abidin"> S. Z. Abidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Dzulkifly"> S. Dzulkifly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The occurrences of precipitation, also commonly referred as rain, in the form of "convective" and "stratiform" have been identified to exist worldwide. In this study, the radar return echoes or known as reflectivity values acquired from radar scans have been exploited in the process of classifying the type of rain endured. The investigation use radar data from Malaysian Meteorology Department (MMD). It is possible to discriminate the types of rain experienced in tropical region by observing the vertical characteristics of the rain structure. .Heavy rain in tropical region profoundly affects radiowave signals, causing transmission interference and signal fading. Required wireless system fade margin depends on the type of rain. Information relating to the two mentioned types of rain is critical for the system engineers and researchers in their endeavour to improve the reliability of communication links. This paper highlights the quantification of percentage occurrences over one year period in 2009. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratiform" title="stratiform">stratiform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective" title=" convective"> convective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tropical%20region" title=" tropical region"> tropical region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation%20radar%20reflectivity" title=" attenuation radar reflectivity"> attenuation radar reflectivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11600/classification-of-precipitation-types-detected-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1245</span> An Encapsulation of a Navigable Tree Position: Theory, Specification, and Verification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicodemus%20M.%20J.%20Mbwambo">Nicodemus M. J. Mbwambo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Shan%20Sun"> Yu-Shan Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murali%20Sitaraman"> Murali Sitaraman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joan%20Krone"> Joan Krone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a generic data abstraction that captures a navigable tree position. The mathematical modeling of the abstraction encapsulates the current tree position, which can be used to navigate and modify the tree. The encapsulation of the tree position in the data abstraction specification avoids the use of explicit references and aliasing, thereby simplifying verification of (imperative) client code that uses the data abstraction. To ease the tasks of such specification and verification, a general tree theory, rich with mathematical notations and results, has been developed. The paper contains an example to illustrate automated verification ramifications. With sufficient tree theory development, automated proving seems plausible even in the absence of a special-purpose tree solver. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title="automation">automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20abstraction" title=" data abstraction"> data abstraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maps" title=" maps"> maps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specification" title=" specification"> specification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree" title=" tree"> tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verification" title=" verification"> verification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131080/an-encapsulation-of-a-navigable-tree-position-theory-specification-and-verification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1244</span> Numerical Modeling on the Vehicle Interior Noise Produced by Rain-the-Roof Excitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zilong%20Peng">Zilong Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Fan"> Jun Fan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the improvement of the living standards, the requirement on the acoustic comfort of the vehicle interior environment is becoming higher. The rain-the-roof producing interior noise is a common phenomenon for the vehicle, which usually discourages the conversation, especially for the heavy rain. This paper presents some numerical results about the rain-the-roof noise. The impact of each water drop is modeled as a short pulse, and the excitation locations on the roof are generated randomly. The vehicle body is simplified to a box closed with some certain-thickness shells. According to the main frequency components of the rain excitation, the analyzing frequency range is divided as low, high and middle frequency domains, which makes the vehicle body are modeled using finite element method (FEM), statistical energy analysis (SEA) and hybrid FE-SEA method, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of spatial distribution density and size of the rain on the sound pressure level are also discussed. These results may provide a guide for designing a more silent vehicle in the special weather. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-the-roof%20noise" title="rain-the-roof noise">rain-the-roof noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle" title=" vehicle"> vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20energy%20analysis" title=" statistical energy analysis"> statistical energy analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90695/numerical-modeling-on-the-vehicle-interior-noise-produced-by-rain-the-roof-excitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1243</span> Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Using Pods of Acacia Karoo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulshan%20Kumar%20Jawa">Gulshan Kumar Jawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Mohan%20Ahuja"> Sandeep Mohan Ahuja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the increase in industrialization, the presence of heavy metals in wastewater streams has turned into a serious concern for the ecosystem. The metals diffuse through the food chains, causing various health hazards. Conventional methods used to remove these heavy metals from water have some limitations, such as cost, secondary pollution due to sludge formation, recovery of metal, economic viability at low metal concentrations, etc. Many of the biomaterials have been investigated by researchers for the adsorption of heavy metals from water solutions as an alternative technique for the last two decades and have found promising results. In this paper, the batch study on the use of pods of acacia karoo for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions has been reported. The effect of various parameters on the removal of metal ions, such as pH, contact time, stirring speed, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature, have been established to find the optimum parameters through one parameter optimization. Further, kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies have been conducted. The pods of acacia karoo have shown great potential for adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions and have proven to be a better and more economical alternative for the purpose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomaterials" title=" biomaterials"> biomaterials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cadmium%28II%29" title=" Cadmium(II)"> Cadmium(II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lead%28II%29" title=" Lead(II)"> Lead(II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pods%20of%20acacia%20karoo" title=" pods of acacia karoo"> pods of acacia karoo</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185866/adsorption-of-cdii-and-pbii-from-aqueous-solutions-by-using-pods-of-acacia-karoo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1242</span> Optimization of the Rain Harvest Using Multi-Purpose Valley Tanks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Hashad">Ahmad Hashad </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Valley tanks are a kind of rain harvest which is used as ground water storage to overcome drought seasons in some countries. This research displays the rain harvest evolution and introduces some ideas to develop the valley tanks to be more than water storage. These ideas developed the current valley tanks design to become an integrated renaissance project. The suggested design has some changes making it different than the traditional design of valley tanks. These changes allow for the new design to be more flexible for adding additional capacity, water purification units and water pumping units. The suggested valley tanks project will be designed based on studying the rainfall and evaporation rates, as well as land topography and designed agricultural map linked to seasons of rain and drought. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valley%20tanks" title="valley tanks">valley tanks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20harvest" title=" rain harvest"> rain harvest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatile%20nature" title=" volatile nature"> volatile nature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20renaissance%20project" title=" integrated renaissance project"> integrated renaissance project</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14152/optimization-of-the-rain-harvest-using-multi-purpose-valley-tanks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1241</span> Mobile Based Long Range Weather Prediction System for the Farmers of Rural Areas of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeeshan%20Muzammal">Zeeshan Muzammal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usama%20Latif"> Usama Latif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fouzia%20Younas"> Fouzia Younas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Muhammad%20Hassan"> Syed Muhammad Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Razaq"> Samia Razaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unexpected rainfall has always been an issue in the lifetime of crops and brings destruction for the farmers who harvest them. Unfortunately, Pakistan is one of the countries in which untimely rain impacts badly on crops like wash out of seeds and pesticides etc. Pakistan’s GDP is related to agriculture, especially in rural areas farmers sometimes quit farming because leverage of huge loss to their crops. Through our surveys and research, we came to know that farmers in the rural areas of Pakistan need rain information to avoid damages to their crops from rain. We developed a prototype using ICTs to inform the farmers about rain one week in advance. Our proposed solution has two ways of informing the farmers. In first we send daily messages about weekly prediction and also designed a helpline where they can call us to ask about possibility of rain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICTD" title="ICTD">ICTD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmers" title=" farmers"> farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20based" title=" mobile based"> mobile based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20areas" title=" rural areas"> rural areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weather%20prediction" title=" weather prediction "> weather prediction </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60473/mobile-based-long-range-weather-prediction-system-for-the-farmers-of-rural-areas-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">572</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1240</span> A Ratio-Weighted Decision Tree Algorithm for Imbalance Dataset Classification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doyin%20Afolabi">Doyin Afolabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phillip%20Adewole"> Phillip Adewole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oladipupo%20Sennaike"> Oladipupo Sennaike</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most well-known classifiers, including the decision tree algorithm, can make predictions on balanced datasets efficiently. However, the decision tree algorithm tends to be biased towards imbalanced datasets because of the skewness of the distribution of such datasets. To overcome this problem, this study proposes a weighted decision tree algorithm that aims to remove the bias toward the majority class and prevents the reduction of majority observations in imbalance datasets classification. The proposed weighted decision tree algorithm was tested on three imbalanced datasets- cancer dataset, german credit dataset, and banknote dataset. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed decision tree algorithm on the datasets. The evaluation results show that for some of the weights of our proposed decision tree, the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy metrics gave better results compared to that of the ID3 decision tree and decision tree induced with minority entropy for all three datasets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title="data mining">data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree" title=" decision tree"> decision tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imbalance%20dataset" title=" imbalance dataset"> imbalance dataset</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157609/a-ratio-weighted-decision-tree-algorithm-for-imbalance-dataset-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1239</span> Tree Resistance to Wind Storm: The Effects of Soil Saturation on Tree Anchorage of Young Pinus pinaster</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Defossez">P. Defossez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Bonnefond"> J. M. Bonnefond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Garrigou"> D. Garrigou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Trichet"> P. Trichet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Danjon"> F. Danjon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Windstorm damage to European forests has ecological, social and economic consequences of major importance. Most trees during storms are uprooted. While a large amount of work has been done over the last decade on understanding the aerial tree response to turbulent wind flow, much less is known about the root-soil interface, and the impact of soil moisture and root-soil system fatiguing on tree uprooting. Anchorage strength is expected to be reduced by water-logging and heavy rain during storms due to soil strength decrease with soil water content. Our paper is focused on the maritime pine cultivated on sandy soil, as a representative species of the Forêt des Landes, the largest cultivated forest in Europe. This study aims at providing knowledge on the effects of soil saturation on root anchorage. Pulling experiments on trees were performed to characterize the resistance to wind by measuring the critical bending moment (Mc). Pulling tests were performed on 12 maritime pines of 13-years old for two unsaturated soil conditions that represent the soil conditions expected in winter when wind storms occur in France (w=11.46 to 23.34 % gg⁻¹). A magnetic field digitizing technique was used to characterize the three-dimensional architecture of root systems. The soil mechanical properties as function of soil water content were characterized by laboratory mechanical measurements as function of soil water content and soil porosity on remolded samples using direct shear tests at low confining pressure ( < 15 kPa). Remarkably Mc did not depend on w but mainly on the root system morphology. We suggested that the importance of soil water conditions on tree anchorage depends on the tree size. This study gives a new insight on young tree anchorage: roots may sustain by themselves anchorage, whereas adhesion between roots and surrounding soil may be negligible in sandy soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roots" title="roots">roots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandy%20soil" title=" sandy soil"> sandy soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strength" title=" shear strength"> shear strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree%20anchorage" title=" tree anchorage"> tree anchorage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsaturated%20soil" title=" unsaturated soil"> unsaturated soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91300/tree-resistance-to-wind-storm-the-effects-of-soil-saturation-on-tree-anchorage-of-young-pinus-pinaster" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1238</span> A Kruskal Based Heuxistic for the Application of Spanning Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjan%20Naidu">Anjan Naidu </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we first discuss the minimum spanning tree, then we use the Kruskal algorithm to obtain minimum spanning tree. Based on Kruskal algorithm we propose Kruskal algorithm to apply an application to find minimum cost applying the concept of spanning tree. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minimum%20Spanning%20tree" title="Minimum Spanning tree">Minimum Spanning tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title=" algorithm"> algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heuxistic" title=" Heuxistic"> Heuxistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application" title=" application"> application</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20of%20Sub%2097K90" title=" classification of Sub 97K90"> classification of Sub 97K90</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30559/a-kruskal-based-heuxistic-for-the-application-of-spanning-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1237</span> Nearest Neighbor Investigate Using R+ Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rutuja%20Desai">Rutuja Desai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Search engine is fundamentally a framework used to search the data which is pertinent to the client via WWW. Looking close-by spot identified with the keywords is an imperative concept in developing web advances. For such kind of searching, extent pursuit or closest neighbor is utilized. In range search the forecast is made whether the objects meet to query object. Nearest neighbor is the forecast of the focuses close to the query set by the client. Here, the nearest neighbor methodology is utilized where Data recovery R+ tree is utilized rather than IR2 tree. The disadvantages of IR2 tree is: The false hit number can surpass the limit and the mark in Information Retrieval R-tree must have Voice over IP bit for each one of a kind word in W set is recouped by Data recovery R+ tree. The inquiry is fundamentally subordinate upon the key words and the geometric directions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval" title="information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nearest%20neighbor%20search" title=" nearest neighbor search"> nearest neighbor search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keyword%20search" title=" keyword search"> keyword search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%2B%20tree" title=" R+ tree"> R+ tree</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33680/nearest-neighbor-investigate-using-r-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33680.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1236</span> Evaluation of Satellite and Radar Rainfall Product over Seyhan Plain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaz%C4%B1m%20Kaba">Kazım Kaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdem%20Erdi"> Erdem Erdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Akif%20Erdo%C4%9Fan"> M. Akif Erdoğan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mustafa%20Kand%C4%B1rmaz"> H. Mustafa Kandırmaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rainfall is crucial data source for very different discipline such as agriculture, hydrology and climate. Therefore rain rate should be known well both spatial and temporal for any area. Rainfall is measured by using rain-gauge at meteorological ground stations traditionally for many years. At the present time, rainfall products are acquired from radar and satellite images with a temporal and spatial continuity. In this study, we investigated the accuracy of these rainfall data according to rain-gauge data. For this purpose, we used Adana-Hatay radar hourly total precipitation product (RN1) and Meteosat convective rainfall rate (CRR) product over Seyhan plain. We calculated daily rainfall values from RN1 and CRR hourly precipitation products. We used the data of rainy days of four stations located within range of the radar from October 2013 to November 2015. In the study, we examined two rainfall data over Seyhan plain and the correlation between the rain-gauge data and two raster rainfall data was observed lowly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meteosat" title="meteosat">meteosat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radar" title=" radar"> radar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-gauge" title=" rain-gauge"> rain-gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61709/evaluation-of-satellite-and-radar-rainfall-product-over-seyhan-plain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1235</span> Evaluation of IMERG Performance at Estimating the Rainfall Properties through Convective and Stratiform Rain Events in a Semi-Arid Region of Mexico</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Mu%C3%B1oz%20de%20la%20Torre">Eric Muñoz de la Torre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juli%C3%A1n%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Trinidad"> Julián González Trinidad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efr%C3%A9n%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Ram%C3%ADrez"> Efrén González Ramírez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rain varies greatly in its duration, intensity, and spatial coverage, it is important to have sub-daily rainfall data for various applications, including risk prevention. However, the ground measurements are limited by the low and irregular density of rain gauges. An alternative to this problem are the Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs) that use passive microwave and infrared sensors to estimate rainfall, as IMERG, however, these SPPs have to be validated before their application. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the IMERG: Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurament final run V06B SPP in a semi-arid region of Mexico, using 4 automatic rain gauges (pluviographs) sub-daily data of October 2019 and June to September 2021, using the Minimum inter-event Time (MIT) criterion to separate unique rain events with a dry period of 10 hrs. for the purpose of evaluating the rainfall properties (depth, duration and intensity). Point to pixel analysis, continuous, categorical, and volumetric statistical metrics were used. Results show that IMERG is capable to estimate the rainfall depth with a slight overestimation but is unable to identify the real duration and intensity of the rain events, showing large overestimations and underestimations, respectively. The study zone presented 80 to 85 % of convective rain events, the rest were stratiform rain events, classified by the depth magnitude variation of IMERG pixels and pluviographs. IMERG showed poorer performance at detecting the first ones but had a good performance at estimating stratiform rain events that are originated by Cold Fronts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMERG" title="IMERG">IMERG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge" title=" rain gauge"> rain gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20evaluation" title=" statistical evaluation"> statistical evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176595/evaluation-of-imerg-performance-at-estimating-the-rainfall-properties-through-convective-and-stratiform-rain-events-in-a-semi-arid-region-of-mexico" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1234</span> Colour Characteristics of Dried Cocoa Using Shallow Box Fermentation Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khairul%20Bariah%20Sulaiman">Khairul Bariah Sulaiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tajul%20Aris%20Yang"> Tajul Aris Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fermentation is well known as an essential process in cocoa beans. Besides to develop the precursor of cocoa flavour, it also induce the colour changes in the beans.The fermentation process is reported to be influenced by duration of pod storage and fermentation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate colour of Malaysian cocoa beans and how the pods storage and fermentation duration using shallow box technique will effect on it characteristics. There are two factors being studied ie duration of cocoa pod storage (0, 2, 4, and 6 days) and duration of cocoa fermentation (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days). The experiment is arranged in 4 x 6 factorial design with 24 treatments and arrangement is in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD). The produced beans is inspected for colour changes under artificial light during cut test and divided into four groups of colour namely fully brown, purple brown, fully purple and slaty. Cut tests indicated that cocoa beans which are directly dried without undergone fermentation has the highest slaty percentage. However, application of pods storage before fermentation process is found to decrease the slaty percentage. In contrast, the percentages of fully brown beans start to dominate after two days of fermentation, especially from four and six days of pods storage batch. Whereas, almost all batch have percentage of fully purple less than 20%. Interestingly, the percentage of purple brown beans are scattered in the entire beans batch regardless any specific trend. Meanwhile, statistical analysis using General Linear Model showed that the pods storage has a significant effect on the colour characteristic of the Malaysian dried beans compared to fermentation duration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cocoa%20beans" title="cocoa beans">cocoa beans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colour" title=" colour"> colour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20box" title=" shallow box"> shallow box</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34006/colour-characteristics-of-dried-cocoa-using-shallow-box-fermentation-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1233</span> Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Soy Pods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maycon%20dos%20Santos">Maycon dos Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marivane%20Turim%20Koschevic"> Marivane Turim Koschevic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karina%20Sayuri%20Ueda"> Karina Sayuri Ueda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcello%20Lima%20Bertuci"> Marcello Lima Bertuci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farayde%20Matta%20Fackhouri"> Farayde Matta Fackhouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvia%20Maria%20Martelli"> Silvia Maria Martelli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcing agents in polymer nanocomposites is promising. In this study, we tested four different methods of mercerization were divided into two stages. The sample was treated in 5% NaOH solution for 30 minutes at 50 ° C in the first stage and 30vol H2O2 for 2 hours at 50 ° C in the second step, which showed better results. For the extraction of the sample obtained nanocrystals positive result was that the solution was treated with H2SO4 60% (w / w) for 1 hour at 50 ° C. The results were positive and showed that it is possible to extract CNC at low temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soy%20pods" title="soy pods">soy pods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%20nanocrystals" title=" cellulose nanocrystals"> cellulose nanocrystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20concentration" title=" acid concentration"> acid concentration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59543/extraction-of-cellulose-nanocrystals-from-soy-pods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1232</span> Chaotic Analysis of Acid Rains with Times Series of pH Degree, Nitrate and Sulphate Concentration on Wet Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysegul%20Sener">Aysegul Sener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gonca%20Tuncel%20Memis"> Gonca Tuncel Memis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirac%20Kamislioglu"> Mirac Kamislioglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chaos theory is one of the new paradigms of science since the last century. After determining chaos in the weather systems by Edward Lorenz the popularity of the theory was increased. Chaos is observed in many natural systems and studies continue to defect chaos to other natural systems. Acid rain is one of the environmental problems that have negative effects on environment and acid rains values are monitored continuously. In this study, we aim that analyze the chaotic behavior of acid rains in Turkey with the chaotic defecting approaches. The data of pH degree of rain waters, concentration of sulfate and nitrate data of wet rain water samples in the rain collecting stations which are located in different regions of Turkey are provided by Turkish State Meteorology Service. Lyapunov exponents, reconstruction of the phase space, power spectrums are used in this study to determine and predict the chaotic behaviors of acid rains. As a result of the analysis it is found that acid rain time series have positive Lyapunov exponents and wide power spectrums and chaotic behavior is observed in the acid rain time series. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20rains" title="acid rains">acid rains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title=" chaos"> chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaotic%20analysis" title=" chaotic analysis"> chaotic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lypapunov%20exponents" title=" Lypapunov exponents"> Lypapunov exponents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105814/chaotic-analysis-of-acid-rains-with-times-series-of-ph-degree-nitrate-and-sulphate-concentration-on-wet-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1231</span> A Novel PSO Based Decision Tree Classification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Farzan">Ali Farzan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Classification of data objects or patterns is a major part in most of Decision making systems. One of the popular and commonly used classification methods is Decision Tree (DT). It is a hierarchical decision making system by which a binary tree is constructed and starting from root, at each node some of the classes is rejected until reaching the leaf nods. Each leaf node is a representative of one specific class. Finding the splitting criteria in each node for constructing or training the tree is a major problem. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been adopted as a metaheuristic searching method for finding the best splitting criteria. Result of evaluating the proposed method over benchmark datasets indicates the higher accuracy of the new PSO based decision tree. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree" title="decision tree">decision tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20swarm%20optimization" title=" particle swarm optimization"> particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20criteria" title=" splitting criteria"> splitting criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaheuristic" title=" metaheuristic"> metaheuristic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32425/a-novel-pso-based-decision-tree-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1230</span> Understanding the Classification of Rain Microstructure and Estimation of Z-R Relationship using a Micro Rain Radar in Tropical Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomiwa">Tomiwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinyemi%20Clement"> Akinyemi Clement</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tropical regions experience diverse and complex precipitation patterns, posing significant challenges for accurate rainfall estimation and forecasting. This study addresses the problem of effectively classifying tropical rain types and refining the Z-R (Reflectivity-Rain Rate) relationship to enhance rainfall estimation accuracy. Through a combination of remote sensing, meteorological analysis, and machine learning, the research aims to develop an advanced classification framework capable of distinguishing between different types of tropical rain based on their unique characteristics. This involves utilizing high-resolution satellite imagery, radar data, and atmospheric parameters to categorize precipitation events into distinct classes, providing a comprehensive understanding of tropical rain systems. Additionally, the study seeks to improve the Z-R relationship, a crucial aspect of rainfall estimation. One year of rainfall data was analyzed using a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) located at The Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, measuring rainfall parameters from ground level to a height of 4.8 km with a vertical resolution of 0.16 km. Rain rates were classified into low (stratiform) and high (convective) based on various microstructural attributes such as rain rates, liquid water content, Drop Size Distribution (DSD), average fall speed of the drops, and radar reflectivity. By integrating diverse datasets and employing advanced statistical techniques, the study aims to enhance the precision of Z-R models, offering a more reliable means of estimating rainfall rates from radar reflectivity data. This refined Z-R relationship holds significant potential for improving our understanding of tropical rain systems and enhancing forecasting accuracy in regions prone to heavy precipitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title="remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation" title=" precipitation"> precipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20size%20distribution" title=" drop size distribution"> drop size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20rain%20radar" title=" micro rain radar"> micro rain radar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187411/understanding-the-classification-of-rain-microstructure-and-estimation-of-z-r-relationship-using-a-micro-rain-radar-in-tropical-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1229</span> Monitoring Three-Dimensional Models of Tree and Forest by Using Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Y.%20Cicekli">S. Y. Cicekli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, tree-dimensional model of tree was created by using terrestrial close range photogrammetry. For this close range photos were taken. Photomodeler Pro 5 software was used for camera calibration and create three-dimensional model of trees. In first test, three-dimensional model of a tree was created, in the second test three-dimensional model of three trees were created. This study aim is creating three-dimensional model of trees and indicate the use of close-range photogrammetry in forestry. At the end of the study, three-dimensional model of tree and three trees were created. This study showed that usability of close-range photogrammetry for monitoring tree and forests three-dimensional model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=close-%20range%20photogrammetry" title="close- range photogrammetry">close- range photogrammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title=" forest"> forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree" title=" tree"> tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three-dimensional%20model" title=" three-dimensional model"> three-dimensional model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39825/monitoring-three-dimensional-models-of-tree-and-forest-by-using-digital-close-range-photogrammetry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1228</span> Resilience Perspective on Response Strategies for Super-Standard Rain and Flood Disasters: A Case Study of the “Zhengzhou 7.20 Heavy Rain” Event</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luojie%20Tang">Luojie Tang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article takes the "7.20 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou" as a starting point, collects relevant disaster data, reproduces the entire process of the disaster, and identifies the main problems exposed by the city in responding to super-standard rain and flood disasters. Based on the review of resilience theory, the article proposes a shift in thinking about the response to super-standard rain and flood disasters from the perspective of resilience, clarifies the differences in the emphasis on resilience at different stages of disasters, and preliminarily constructs a response system for super-standard rain and flood disasters based on the guidance of resilience theory. Finally, combined with the highlighted problems in the 7.20 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou, the article proposes targeted response strategies from three perspectives: institutional management, technological support, and infrastructure, under the perspective of resilience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilient%20city" title="resilient city">resilient city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exceedance-based%20stormwater%20management" title=" exceedance-based stormwater management"> exceedance-based stormwater management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20risk%20reduction" title=" disaster risk reduction"> disaster risk reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megalopolis" title=" megalopolis"> megalopolis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165248/resilience-perspective-on-response-strategies-for-super-standard-rain-and-flood-disasters-a-case-study-of-the-zhengzhou-720-heavy-rain-event" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1227</span> Evaluate the Kinetic Parameters and Characterize for Waste Prosopis juliflora Pods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20C.%20G.%20Silva">Jean C. G. Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaline%20N.%20Ferreira"> Kaline N. Ferreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rennio%20F.%20Sena"> Rennio F. Sena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flavio%20L.%20H.%20Silva"> Flavio L. H. Silva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Prosopis juliflora (called algaroba in Northeastern Region of Brazil) is a species of medium to large size that can reach 18 meters high, being typical of arid and semi-arid regions by to requirement less water to survive; this is a fundamental attribute from its adaptation. It's considered of multiple uses, because the trunk, the fruit, and the algaroba pods are utilized for several purposes, among them, the production of wood from lumber mill, charcoal, alcohol, animal and human consumption, being hence, a culture of economic and social value. The use of waste Prosopis juliflora can be carried out for like pyrolysis and gasification processes, in order to energy production in those regions where it is grown. Thus this study aims to characterize the residue of the algaroba pods and evaluate the kinetic parameters, activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (k0), the devolatilization process through the data obtained from TG/DTG curves with different levels of heating rates. At work was used the heating rates of 5 K.min-1, 10 K.min-1, 15 K.min-1, 20 K.min-1 and 30 K.min-1, in inert nitrogen atmosphere (99.997%) under a flow of 40 ml.min-1. The kinetic parameters were obtained using the methods of Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activation%20energy" title="activation energy">activation energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=devolatilization" title=" devolatilization"> devolatilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic%20parameters" title=" kinetic parameters"> kinetic parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40748/evaluate-the-kinetic-parameters-and-characterize-for-waste-prosopis-juliflora-pods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1226</span> Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on the Cyclones Intensity: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Davi%20Oliveira%20De%20Moura">José Davi Oliveira De Moura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chou%20Sin%20Chan"> Chou Sin Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of convective momentum transport (CMT) on the life of cyclone systems and their organization is analyzed. A case of strong precipitation, in the southeast of Brazil, was simulated using Eta model with two kinds of convective parameterization: Kain-Fritsch without CMT and Kain-fritsch with CMT. Reanalysis data from CFSR were used to compare Eta model simulations. The Wind, mean sea level pressure, rain and temperature are included in analysis. The rain was evaluated by Equitable Threat Score (ETS) and Bias Index; the simulations were compared among themselves to detect the influence of CMT displacement on the systems. The result shows that CMT process decreases the intensity of meso cyclones (higher pressure values on nuclei) and change the positions and production of rain. The decrease of intensity in meso cyclones should be caused by the dissolution of momentum from lower levels from up levels. The rain production and rain distribution were altered because the displacement of the larger systems scales was changed. In addition, the inclusion of CMT process is very important to improve the simulation of life time of meteorological systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title="convection">convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kain-Fritsch" title=" Kain-Fritsch"> Kain-Fritsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=momentum" title=" momentum"> momentum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameterization" title=" parameterization"> parameterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63535/effects-of-convective-momentum-transport-on-the-cyclones-intensity-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1225</span> A Dynamic Round Robin Routing for Z-Fat Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20O.%20Adda">M. O. Adda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a topology called Zoned fat tree (Z-Fat tree) which is a further extension to the classical fat trees. The extension relates to the provision of extra degree of connectivity to maximize the number of deployed ports per routing nodes, and hence increases the bisection bandwidth especially for slimmed fat trees. The extra links, when classical routing is used, tend, in deterministic environment, to be under-utilized for some traffic patterns, hence achieving poor performance. We suggest two versions of a dynamic round robin scheme that outperforms the classical D-mod-k and S-mod-K routing and show by simulation that our proposal utilize all the extra added links to the classical fat tree, and achieve better performance for general applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterministic%20routing" title="deterministic routing">deterministic routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fat%20tree" title=" fat tree"> fat tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interconnection" title=" interconnection"> interconnection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20pattern" title=" traffic pattern"> traffic pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40045/a-dynamic-round-robin-routing-for-z-fat-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">484</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20tree%20pods&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20tree%20pods&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20tree%20pods&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20tree%20pods&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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