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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history_(1868–1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(1868–1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history (1868–1876)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(1868–1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satsuma_Rebellion_and_aftermath_(1877–1887)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satsuma_Rebellion_and_aftermath_(1877–1887)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Satsuma Rebellion and aftermath (1877–1887)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satsuma_Rebellion_and_aftermath_(1877–1887)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed_rate_of_the_yen_to_the_U.S._dollar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_rate_of_the_yen_to_the_U.S._dollar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fixed rate of the yen to the U.S. dollar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_rate_of_the_yen_to_the_U.S._dollar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yen_and_major_currencies_float" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yen_and_major_currencies_float"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Yen and major currencies float</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yen_and_major_currencies_float-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yen_adoption_in_Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yen_adoption_in_Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Yen adoption in Okinawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yen_adoption_in_Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_government_intervention_in_the_currency_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_government_intervention_in_the_currency_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Japanese government intervention in the currency market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_government_intervention_in_the_currency_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yen_in_the_early_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yen_in_the_early_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Yen in the early 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yen_in_the_early_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_the_Plaza_Accord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_the_Plaza_Accord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Effect of the Plaza Accord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_the_Plaza_Accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-bubble_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-bubble_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Post-bubble years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-bubble_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_global_economic_crisis_of_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_global_economic_crisis_of_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>After the global economic crisis of 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_global_economic_crisis_of_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_period_of_rapid_global_inflation_from_2022_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_period_of_rapid_global_inflation_from_2022_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>A period of rapid global inflation from 2022 onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_period_of_rapid_global_inflation_from_2022_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redenomination_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redenomination_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Redenomination proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redenomination_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currently_circulating_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currently_circulating_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Currently circulating coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currently_circulating_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formerly_circulated_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formerly_circulated_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Formerly circulated coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formerly_circulated_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Sen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Rin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determinants_of_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinants_of_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Determinants of value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinants_of_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reserve_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reserve_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International reserve currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reserve_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_exchange_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_exchange_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historical exchange rate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_exchange_rate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical exchange rate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_exchange_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Average_spot_rates_v_USD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Average_spot_rates_v_USD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Average spot rates v USD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Average_spot_rates_v_USD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Average_monthly_real_effective_exchange_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Average_monthly_real_effective_exchange_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Average monthly real effective exchange rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Average_monthly_real_effective_exchange_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Older_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Older currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese yen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen" title="Jen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ين ياباني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ين ياباني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="জাপানীজ য়েন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাপানীজ য়েন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_yeni" title="Yapon yeni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yapon yeni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ژاپون یئنی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون یئنی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="জাপানি ইয়েন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানি ইয়েন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_yen" title="Ji̍t-pún yen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-pún yen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иена – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иена" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Іена – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ена – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_kan_Hapon" title="Yen kan Hapon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yen kan Hapon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Японска йена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японска йена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jen" title="Japanski jen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Japanski jen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Японой иен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Японой иен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ien" title="Ien – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ien" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иена – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иена" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%BD_jen" title="Japonský jen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonský jen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ين جاپوني – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ين جاپوني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_jeen" title="Jaapani jeen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani jeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Γιεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_eno" title="Japana eno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana eno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="ین ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ین ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Japanese yen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanske_yen" title="Japanske yen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Japanske yen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ien" title="Ien – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ien" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_yen" title="Ngi̍t-pún yen – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngi̍t-pún yen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%97%94" title="일본 엔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 엔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Իեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="जापानी येन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापानी येन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jen" title="Japanski jen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanski jen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_ti_Hapon" title="Yen ti Hapon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Yen ti Hapon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="জাপানিজ ইয়েন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জাপানিজ ইয়েন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Иенæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иенæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanskt_jen" title="Japanskt jen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Japanskt jen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ין יפני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ין יפני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иена – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Иена" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="იენა (ფულის ერთეული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იენა (ფულის ერთეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Жапон иені – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапон иені" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Японияса иена – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Японияса иена" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жапон иенасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жапон иенасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຢນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຢນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienum" title="Ienum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ienum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81nas_jena" title="Japānas jena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japānas jena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_giapunes" title="Yen giapunes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yen giapunes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_jen" title="Japán jen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán jen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јапонски јен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јапонски јен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="ജാപ്പനീസ് യെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാപ്പനീസ് യെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="जपानी येन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानी येन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იაპონური იენა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იაპონური იენა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="ين يابانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ين يابانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk-bu%C5%8Dng_yen" title="Nĭk-buōng yen – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nĭk-buōng yen" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iene" title="Iene – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Iene" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Иен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="ဂျပန်ယန်းငွေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျပန်ယန်းငွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_yen" title="Japanse yen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japanse yen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="जापानी येन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जापानी येन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%86_(%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8)" title="円 (通貨) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="円 (通貨)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Японин йена – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Японин йена" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_yen" title="Japansk yen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japansk yen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_yen" title="Japansk yen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Japansk yen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80_%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title="ଜାପାନୀ ୟେନ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାପାନୀ ୟେନ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyena" title="Iyena – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iyena" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਯੈੱਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਯੈੱਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جاپانی ین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاپانی ین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaniiz_yen" title="Japaniiz yen – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Japaniiz yen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_bilong_Siapan" title="Yen bilong Siapan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yen bilong Siapan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen" title="Jen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iene" title="Iene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%94%D0%BD" title="Японьскый єн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Японьскый єн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Йена – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йена" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱮᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeni_japonez" title="Jeni japonez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jeni japonez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جاپاني ين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاپاني ين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen" title="Jen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen" title="Jen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%96%D0%BF%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Ꙗпѡнїискъ єнъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙗпѡнїискъ єнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یەنی ژاپۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەنی ژاپۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јапански јен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапански јен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen" title="Jen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9n_Jepang" title="Yén Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yén Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanin_jeni" title="Japanin jeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanin jeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_ng_Hapon" title="Yen ng Hapon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yen ng Hapon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="யென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_giappunise" title="Yen giappunise – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Yen giappunise" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иена – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иена" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="เยน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เยน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йени Ҷопон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йени Ҷопон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೆನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯೆನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_yeni" title="Japon yeni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon yeni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Den" title="Ýen – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýen" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Єна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جاپانی ین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپانی ین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%90%D9%86" title="يېن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Yen" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonijan_jen" title="Japonijan jen – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Japonijan jen" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Yên Nhật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yên Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Yen&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Yen">Japanese Yen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Currency of Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yen (disambiguation)">Yen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Japanese yen</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">日本円</span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:small; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>)</span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.3em 0.6em"><table style="display:table; margin:0 auto; background:none"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg/126px-500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg/189px-500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg/252px-500_yen_bicolor_clad_coin_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/126px-New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/189px-New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/252px-New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin" title="Bi-metallic coin">Bi-metallic</a> <a href="/wiki/500_yen_coin" title="500 yen coin">¥500 coin</a> (obverse)</td><td style="text-align: center">Series F <a href="/wiki/10,000_yen_note" title="10,000 yen note">¥10,000 banknote</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Code</th><td class="infobox-data">JPY (numeric: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">392</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Unit</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Yen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Plural</th><td class="infobox-data">The language(s) of this currency do(es) not have a morphological plural distinction.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Yen_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen sign">¥</a></span>‎</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/Denomination_(currency)" title="Denomination (currency)">Denominations</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subunit</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> 1</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i> (since 1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sen (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">銭</span></span>) (before 1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Freq. used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1000_yen_note" title="1000 yen note">¥1,000</a>, <a href="/wiki/5000_yen_note" title="5000 yen note">¥5,000</a>, <a href="/wiki/10,000_yen_note" title="10,000 yen note">¥10,000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Rarely used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2000_yen_note" title="2000 yen note">¥2,000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Japanese_yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Japanese yen">Coins</a></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Freq. used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_yen_coin" title="1 yen coin">¥1</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_yen_coin" title="5 yen coin">¥5</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_yen_coin" title="10 yen coin">¥10</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_yen_coin" title="50 yen coin">¥50</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_yen_coin" title="100 yen coin">¥100</a>, <a href="/wiki/500_yen_coin" title="500 yen coin">¥500</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">User(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Japan</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Issuance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boj.or.jp/en/">boj.or.jp</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Printing_Bureau" title="National Printing Bureau">National Printing Bureau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npb.go.jp">npb.go.jp</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mint.go.jp">mint.go.jp</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Valuation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_inflation" title="Monetary inflation">Inflation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5% (September 2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Source</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Statistics Bureau of Japan</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USD-JPY.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USD-JPY.webp/279px-USD-JPY.webp.png" decoding="async" width="279" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USD-JPY.webp/419px-USD-JPY.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USD-JPY.webp/558px-USD-JPY.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4029" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>/JPY <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> 1971–2023</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>yen</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">円</span>, <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">symbol</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Yen_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen sign">¥</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">code</a>: <b>JPY</b>)</span> is the official <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. It is the third-most traded currency in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also widely used as a third <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> after the US dollar and the euro. </p><p>The New Currency Act of 1871 introduced Japan's modern currency system, with the yen defined as 1.5 g (0.048 troy ounces) of gold, or 24.26 g (0.780 troy ounces) of silver, and divided decimally into 100 <i>sen</i> or 1,000 <i>rin</i>. The yen replaced the previous <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_coinage" title="Tokugawa coinage">Tokugawa coinage</a> as well as the various <i><a href="/wiki/Hansatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansatsu">hansatsu</a></i> paper currencies issued by feudal <i>han</i> (fiefs). The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> was founded in 1882 and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply.<sup id="cite_ref-BOJ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the yen lost much of its pre-war value. To stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japanese economy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per US$ as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>. When that system was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per US$ in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, arriving at a value of ¥227 per US$ by 1980. </p><p>Since 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">government of Japan</a> has maintained a policy of currency intervention, so the yen is under a <a href="/wiki/Managed_float_regime" title="Managed float regime">managed float regime</a>. The Japanese government focused on a competitive export market, and tried to ensure a low exchange rate for the yen through a <a href="/wiki/Trade_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade surplus">trade surplus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Accord" title="Plaza Accord">Plaza Accord</a> of 1985 temporarily changed this situation; the exchange rate fell from its average of ¥239 per dollar in 1985 to ¥128 in 1988 and led to a peak rate of ¥80 against the US$ in 1995, effectively increasing the value of Japan's GDP in dollar terms to almost that of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since that time, however, the world price of the yen has greatly decreased, falling to an average of almost ¥158 per dollar and ¥171 per euro in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-x-rate_2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-rate_2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has previously had a strict anti-inflation policy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From late 2020 to first half 2024, the yen depreciated against the dollar by about 60%,<sup id="cite_ref-x-rate_2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-rate_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x-rate_2023_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-rate_2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving rise to serious concern in Japan about long-term prospects for the currency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_220610_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_220610-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kato_220902_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kato_220902-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist_231102_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_231102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sharp fall in the value of the currency has led some companies, including <a href="/wiki/MODEC" title="MODEC">Modec</a>, to stop presenting their financial statements in Japanese yen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this weakness has had some benefits for Japan's tourism industry, as the low exchange rate makes its <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> attractive for travellers, particularly those from foreign nations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_and_etymology">Pronunciation and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name, "Yen", derives from the Japanese word <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">圓</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">en</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[eɴ]</a></span>; "round")</span>, which borrows its phonetic reading from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">Chinese yuan</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a>. Originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">sycees</a>, and when <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar#Asia" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish and Mexican silver coins</a> arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, the Chinese called them "silver rounds" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">銀圓</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yínyuán</span></i>) for their circular shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikami2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikami2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins and the name also appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced <span lang="zh-Hans">圆</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">圓</span> with <span lang="zh">元</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Japanese continued to use the same word, which was given the <i><a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai</a> </i>form <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">円</span></span></span> in reforms at the end of World War II. </p><p>The spelling and pronunciation "yen" is standard in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, because when Japan was first encountered by Europeans around the 16th century, Japanese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">え</span></span></span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゑ</span></span></span>) both had been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span> and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them "ye".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 18th century, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span> came to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span> pronunciation. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Walter Henry Medhurst</a>, who had neither been to Japan nor met any Japanese people, having consulted mainly a Japanese-Dutch dictionary, spelled some "e"s as "ye" in his <i>An English and Japanese, and Japanese and English Vocabulary</i> (1830).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1830296_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1830296-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Meiji era, <a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a>, following Medhurst, spelled all "e"s as "ye" in his <i>A Japanese and English dictionary</i> (1867); in Japanese, <i>e</i> and <i>i</i> are slightly palatalized, somewhat as in Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepburn1867_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepburn1867-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling "yen". Hepburn revised most "ye"s to "e" in the 3rd edition (1886)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mirror the contemporary pronunciation, except "yen".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into a new article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_yen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the yen (page does not exist)">History of the yen</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Japanese_yen" title="Talk:Japanese yen">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese currency</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(1868–1876)"><span id="Early_history_.281868.E2.80.931876.29"></span>Early history (1868–1876)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history (1868–1876)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5yen-M3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/5yen-M3.jpg/220px-5yen-M3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/5yen-M3.jpg/330px-5yen-M3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/5yen-M3.jpg/440px-5yen-M3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/5_yen_coin" title="5 yen coin">5 yen coin</a> from 1870 (year 3)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50sen-M3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/50sen-M3.jpg/220px-50sen-M3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/50sen-M3.jpg/330px-50sen-M3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/50sen-M3.jpg/440px-50sen-M3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/50_sen_coin" title="50 sen coin">50 sen coin</a> from 1870 (year 3)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo Shogunate</a> collapsed with the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> and a new government was born, the monetary system still took over that of the former entity. During this unstable period, the confusion caused by this form of exchange caused economic turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gold (counting money) system of eastern Japan and the silver (weighing money) system of the western Japan were not unified, and the difference in the gold-silver ratio caused a large amount of gold to flow overseas at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> responded to this by appointing <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma Shigenobu</a> as head of Japan's monetary reform program. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru" title="Inoue Kaoru">Inoue Kaoru</a>, <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shibusawa_Eiichi" title="Shibusawa Eiichi">Shibusawa Eiichi</a> to run the Ministry of Finance, seeking to introduce a modern monetary system into Japan. Ōkuma eventually proposed that coins, which were previously square, be made into circles, and that the names of the traditional currencies, <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8D" title="Ryō">ryō</a> (両), bu (分) and shu (朱), be unified into yen (円), which was accepted by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rejected proposals included physical <a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement#Mass" title="Japanese units of measurement">weight units</a> of "Fun" and "Momme" which never made it past the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_coinage_patterns#Meiji" title="List of Japanese coinage patterns">pattern stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first gold yen coins consisted of 2, 5, and 20 yen coins which were struck throughout 1870. Five yen coins were first struck in gold for the Japanese government in 1870 at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mint" title="San Francisco Mint">San Francisco Mint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frossard_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frossard-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time a new mint was being established at <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, which did not receive the gold bullion needed for coinage until the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold bullion was delivered from private Japanese citizens, foreigners, and the Japanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-Hisamitsu_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hisamitsu-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the government opted for silver, which would become the standard unit of value leaving gold coinage as a subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-GS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While gold coinage couldn't be produced domestically in 1870, the mint at Osaka could produce silver coins which included denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 sen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these coins dated "1870" circulated until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji government</a> officially adopted the "yen" as Japan's modern unit of currency on June 27, 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Act formally stipulated the adoption of the decimal accounting system of <i>yen</i> (1, <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">圓</span></span></span>), <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="sen"></span><span class="vanchor-text">sen</span></span></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span>, <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">錢</span></span></span>), and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="rin"></span><span class="vanchor-text">rin</span></span></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span>, <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">厘</span></span></span>). The new currency was gradually introduced beginning from July of that year. </p><p>Japanese yen denominated paper currency was also conceived with the coins in 1870 as <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Tsuho" title="Meiji Tsuho">Meiji Tsuho</a> notes by Italian engraver <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Chiossone" title="Edoardo Chiossone">Edoardo Chiossone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiossone_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiossone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were released as <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">fiat currency</a> in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 yen along with subsidiary notes of 10, 20, and 50 sen in 1872. Almost concurrently, the government established a series of national banks modeled after the system in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> which issued national bank notes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satsuma_Rebellion_and_aftermath_(1877–1887)"><span id="Satsuma_Rebellion_and_aftermath_.281877.E2.80.931887.29"></span>Satsuma Rebellion and aftermath (1877–1887)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Satsuma Rebellion and aftermath (1877–1887)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Massive inflation from the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> in 1877 caused a glut of non-redeemable fiat currency notes. The issuance of national fiat banknotes was ultimately suspended in 1880 by then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata Masayoshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCP20_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCP20-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mono_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New policies were put into place which included the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">centralized banking</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-BOJ_History_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOJ_History-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mono_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> hence commenced operations on October 10, 1882, with the authority to print banknotes that could be exchanged for the old Government and National Bank Notes.<sup id="cite_ref-SCP29_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCP29-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOJ1885_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOJ1885-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1883, another act provided the redemption and retirement of national bank notes.<sup id="cite_ref-NB1883AND1896_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB1883AND1896-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Americana1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americana1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>National Bank Act</i> was amended again in March 1896, providing for the dissolution of the national banks on the expiration of their charters.<sup id="cite_ref-NB1883AND1896_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB1883AND1896-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amendment also prohibited national bank notes from circulating after December 31, 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-expired_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expired-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, Japan adopted a <a href="/wiki/Gold_exchange_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold exchange standard">gold exchange standard</a>, defining the yen as 0.75 g fine gold or US$0.4985.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This exchange rate remained in place until Japan left the gold standard in December 1931, after which the yen fell to $0.30 by July 1932 and to $0.20 by 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remained steady at around $0.30 until the start of the Pacific War on December 7, 1941, at which time it fell to $0.23.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sen and the rin were eventually taken out of circulation at the end of 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_rate_of_the_yen_to_the_U.S._dollar">Fixed rate of the yen to the U.S. dollar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fixed rate of the yen to the U.S. dollar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No true exchange rate existed for the yen between December 7, 1941, and April 25, 1949; wartime inflation reduced the yen to a fraction of its prewar value. </p><p>After a period of instability, on April 25, 1949, the U.S. occupation government <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed</a> the value of the yen at ¥360 per USD through a United States plan, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>, to stabilize prices in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japanese economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That exchange rate was maintained until 1971, when the United States abandoned the gold standard, ending a key element of the Bretton Woods system, and setting in motion changes that eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating exchange rates</a> in 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yen_and_major_currencies_float">Yen and major currencies float</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yen and major currencies float"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1971, the yen had become undervalued. Japanese exports were costing too little in international markets, and imports from abroad were costing the Japanese too much. This undervaluation was reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">current account balance</a>, which had risen from the <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">deficits</a> of the early 1960s, to a then-large <a href="/wiki/Trade_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade surplus">surplus</a> of US$5.8 billion in 1971. The belief that the yen, and several other major currencies, were undervalued motivated the United States' actions in 1971. </p><p>Following the United States' measures to devalue the dollar in the summer of 1971, the Japanese government agreed to a new, fixed exchange rate as part of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a>, signed at the end of the year. This agreement set the exchange rate at ¥308 per US$. However, the new fixed rates of the Smithsonian Agreement were difficult to maintain in the face of supply and demand pressures in the foreign-exchange market. In early 1973, the rates were abandoned, and the major nations of the world allowed their currencies to <a href="/wiki/Floating_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating currency">float</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yen_adoption_in_Okinawa">Yen adoption in Okinawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yen adoption in Okinawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">United States-administered Okinawa</a> issued a higher-valued currency called the <a href="/wiki/B_yen" title="B yen">B yen</a> from 1946 to 1958, which was then replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a> at the rate of $1 = 120 B yen. Upon the <a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">reversion of Okinawa</a> to Japan in 1972 the Japanese yen then replaced the dollar. In light of the dollar's reduction in value from ¥360 to ¥308 just before the reversion, an unannounced "currency confirmation" took place on October 9, 1971, wherein residents disclosed their dollar holdings in cash and bank accounts; dollars held that day amounting to US$60 million were entitled for conversion in 1972 at a higher rate of ¥360.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_government_intervention_in_the_currency_market">Japanese government intervention in the currency market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japanese government intervention in the currency market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, Japanese government and business people were very concerned that a rise in the value of the yen would hurt export growth by making Japanese products less competitive and would damage the industrial base. The government, therefore, continued to intervene heavily in foreign-exchange marketing (buying or selling dollars), even after the 1973 decision to allow the yen to float.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite intervention, market pressures caused the yen to continue climbing in value, peaking temporarily at an average of ¥271 per US$ in 1973, before the impact of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> was felt (this was retroactively called <a href="/wiki/Endaka" title="Endaka">endaka</a>, although the term was only coined in 1985). The increased costs of imported <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> caused the yen to depreciate to a range of ¥290 per US$ to ¥300 per US$ between 1974 and 1976. The re-emergence of trade surpluses drove the yen back up to ¥211 in 1978. This currency strengthening was again reversed by the <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">second oil shock in 1979</a>, with the yen dropping to ¥227 per US$ by 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yen_in_the_early_1980s">Yen in the early 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yen in the early 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of the 1980s, the yen failed to rise in value, though current account surpluses returned and grew quickly. From ¥221 per US$ in 1981, the average value of the yen actually dropped to ¥239 per US$ in 1985. The rise in the current account surplus generated stronger demand for yen in foreign-exchange markets, but this trade-related demand for yen was offset by other factors. A wide differential in interest rates, with United States interest rates much higher than those in Japan, and the continuing moves to <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulate</a> the international flow of <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">capital</a>, led to a large net outflow of capital from Japan. This capital flow increased the supply of yen in foreign-exchange markets, as Japanese investors changed their yen for other currencies (mainly dollars) to invest overseas. This kept the yen weak relative to the dollar and fostered the rapid rise in the Japanese trade surplus that took place in the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_the_Plaza_Accord">Effect of the Plaza Accord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effect of the Plaza Accord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_(1970-).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg/240px-JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg/360px-JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg/480px-JPY_Nominal_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_(1970-).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg/240px-JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg/360px-JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg/480px-JPY_Real_Effective_Exchange_Rates_%281970-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY <span style="color:red;">nominal</span> and <span style="color:blue;">real</span> <a href="/wiki/Effective_exchange_rate" title="Effective exchange rate">effective exchange rates</a> <small>(2005 = 100)</small></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1985, a dramatic change began. Finance officials from major nations signed an agreement (the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Accord" title="Plaza Accord">Plaza Accord</a>) affirming that the dollar was overvalued (and, therefore, the yen undervalued). This agreement, and shifting supply and demand pressures in the markets, led to a rapid rise in the value of the yen. From its average of ¥239 per US$ in 1985, the yen rose to a peak of ¥128 in 1988, virtually doubling its value relative to the dollar. After declining somewhat in 1989 and 1990, it reached a new high of ¥123 to US$ in December 1992. In April 1995, the yen hit a peak of under 80 yen/US$, temporarily making Japan's economy nearly the size of that of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-bubble_years">Post-bubble years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-bubble years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The yen declined during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a> and continued to do so afterwards, reaching a low of ¥134 to US$ in February 2002. The Bank of Japan's policy of zero interest rates has discouraged yen investments, with the <a href="/wiki/Carry_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry trade">carry trade</a> of investors borrowing yen and investing in better-paying currencies (thus further pushing down the yen) estimated to be as large as $1 <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> estimated that the yen was 15% undervalued against the dollar, and as much as 40% undervalued against the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_global_economic_crisis_of_2008">After the global economic crisis of 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After the global economic crisis of 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg/300px-Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg/450px-Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg/600px-Currency_gnp_weighted_comparison_1999_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the GNP-weighted nominal exchange rates: CHF and JPY versus CNY, EUR, USD, and GBP</figcaption></figure> <p>However, this trend of depreciation reversed after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">global economic crisis of 2008</a>. Other major currencies, except the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a>, have been declining relative to the yen. </p><p>On April 4, 2013, the Bank of Japan announced that they would expand their asset purchase program by $1.4 trillion in two years. The Bank of Japan hopes to bring Japan from deflation to inflation, aiming for 2% inflation. The number of purchases is so large that it is expected to double the money supply, but this move has sparked concerns that the authorities in Japan are deliberately devaluing the yen to boost exports.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the commercial sector in Japan worried that the devaluation would trigger an increase in import prices, especially for energy and raw materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_period_of_rapid_global_inflation_from_2022_onwards">A period of rapid global inflation from 2022 onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: A period of rapid global inflation from 2022 onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carry_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry trade">Carry trade</a></div> <p>Since 2022, the yen has depreciated significantly against its peers, due to a variety of factors. Firstly, Japan's prolonged low-interest-rate policy (to tackle domestic <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>) has created a <a href="/wiki/Yield_(finance)" title="Yield (finance)">yield</a> differential with other countries—notably the US—that have high interest rates (to tackle domestic <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>), prompting investors to seek higher returns in foreign currencies. This interest rate differential directly affects the price of the Yen and serves as one of the drivers behind its depreciation. Widely held expectations of yen depreciation can become self-fulfilling prophecies, affecting the currency's exchange rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_230430_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_230430-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counter this, the BOJ conducted currency interventions of more than JPY 9 trillion selling the dollar and buying the yen in the September–October 2022 and April–May 2024 periods respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redenomination_proposals">Redenomination proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Redenomination proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous proposals have been made since the 1990s to <a href="/wiki/Redenomination" title="Redenomination">redenominate</a> the yen by introducing a new unit or new yen, equal to 100 yen, and nearly worth one U.S. dollar. This has not happened to date, since the yen remains trusted globally despite its low unit value, and due to the huge costs of reissuing new currency and updating currency-reading hardware. The negative impact of postponing upgrades to various computer software until redenomination occurs, in particular, was also cited.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coins">Coins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>This section needs to be expanded and sourced as a summary of the articles present.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Japanese_yen" title="Special:EditPage/Japanese yen">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a> has issued legal tender coins from 1871 to the present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currently_circulating_coinage">Currently circulating coinage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Currently circulating coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Coins presently minted<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Value </th> <th rowspan="2">Image </th> <th colspan="4">Technical parameters </th> <th colspan="3">Description </th> <th rowspan="2">Date of first minting </th></tr> <tr> <th>Diameter </th> <th>Thickness </th> <th>Mass </th> <th>Composition </th> <th>Edge </th> <th>Obverse </th> <th>Reverse </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/1_yen_coin" title="1 yen coin">¥1</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1JPY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1JPY.JPG/141px-1JPY.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1JPY.JPG/212px-1JPY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1JPY.JPG/282px-1JPY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td>20 mm </td> <td>1.5 mm </td> <td>1 g </td> <td>100% aluminium </td> <td>Smooth </td> <td>Young tree, state title, value </td> <td>Value, year of minting </td> <td>1955 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffe550;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/5_yen_coin" title="5 yen coin">¥5</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#000;" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5JPY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/5JPY.JPG/141px-5JPY.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/5JPY.JPG/212px-5JPY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/5JPY.JPG/282px-5JPY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">22 mm </td> <td rowspan="2">1.5 mm </td> <td rowspan="2">3.75 g </td> <td rowspan="2">60–70% copper<br />30–40% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Smooth </td> <td rowspan="2">Ear of Rice, gear, water, value </td> <td rowspan="2">State title, year of minting </td> <td>1949 (rarely)<sup id="cite_ref-NIBV_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIBV-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffe550;"> <td>1959 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e0954f;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/10_yen_coin" title="10 yen coin">¥10</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#000;" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10JPY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/10JPY.JPG/141px-10JPY.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/10JPY.JPG/212px-10JPY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/10JPY.JPG/282px-10JPY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">23.5 mm </td> <td rowspan="2">1.5 mm </td> <td rowspan="2">4.5 g </td> <td rowspan="2">95% copper<br />3–4% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a><br />1–2% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reeding" title="Reeding">Reeded</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Phoenix Hall, <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a>, state title, value </td> <td rowspan="2">Evergreen tree, value, year of minting </td> <td>1951 (rarely)<sup id="cite_ref-NIBV_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIBV-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e0954f;"> <td>Smooth </td> <td>1959 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/50_yen_coin" title="50 yen coin">¥50</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:50JPY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/50JPY.JPG/141px-50JPY.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/50JPY.JPG/212px-50JPY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/50JPY.JPG/282px-50JPY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td>21 mm </td> <td>1.7 mm </td> <td>4 g </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">Cupronickel</a><br />75% copper<br />25% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reeding" title="Reeding">Reeded</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">Chrysanthemum</a>, state title, value </td> <td>Value, year of minting </td> <td>1967<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/100_yen_coin" title="100 yen coin">¥100</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100JPY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/100JPY.JPG/141px-100JPY.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/100JPY.JPG/212px-100JPY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/100JPY.JPG/282px-100JPY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td>22.6 mm </td> <td>1.7 mm </td> <td>4.8 g </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">Cupronickel</a><br />75% copper<br />25% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reeding" title="Reeding">Reeded</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">Cherry blossoms</a>, state title, value </td> <td>Value, year of minting </td> <td>1967<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffe550;"> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;"><a href="/wiki/500_yen_coin" title="500 yen coin">¥500</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:500yen-R3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/500yen-R3.jpg/141px-500yen-R3.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/500yen-R3.jpg/212px-500yen-R3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/500yen-R3.jpg/282px-500yen-R3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5070" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;">26.5 mm </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;">1.81 mm </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;">7.1 g </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;"><a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin" title="Bi-metallic coin">Bi-metallic</a> (75% copper<br />12.5% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a><br />12.5% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>) </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;"><a href="/wiki/Reeding" title="Reeding">Reeded</a> helically </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;"><a href="/wiki/Paulownia" title="Paulownia">Paulownia</a>, state title, value </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;"><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">Mandarin orange</a>, Value, year of minting </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe550;">2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><small>These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Numismatics/Style/Currency_article#Specification_table" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style/Currency article">coin specification table</a>.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The obverse side of all coins shows the coin's value in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters as well as the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">country name</a> (through 1945, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai Nippon</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大日本</span></span>, "Great Japan")</span>; after 1945, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nippon-koku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本国</span></span>, "State of Japan")</span> (except for the current 5-yen coin with the country name on the reverse). The reverse side of all coins shows the year of mintage, which is not shown in <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> years, but instead in the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">current emperor's reign</a>, with the first year of an era called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gannen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元年</span></span>)</span>. Imperial portraits have never appeared on Japanese coins, as the image of the emperor remains sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Examples</dt></dl> <ul><li>Coins minted in 1900 bear the year <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">明治 (Meiji)</a> 33, the 33rd year of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>'s reign</li> <li>Coins minted in 1920 bear the year <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">大正 (Taishō)</a> 9, the 9th year of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>'s reign</li> <li>Coins minted in 1980 bear the year <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">昭和 (Shōwa)</a> 55, the 55th year of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a>'s reign</li> <li>Coins minted in 2000 bear the year <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">平成 (Heisei)</a> 12, the 12th year of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>'s reign</li> <li>Coins minted in 2020 bear the year <a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">令和 (Reiwa)</a> 2, the 2nd year of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>'s reign</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For formerly minted coins with a denomination of yen, see <a href="/wiki/2_yen_coin" title="2 yen coin">2 yen coin</a> and <a href="/wiki/20_yen_coin" title="20 yen coin">20 yen coin</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1yen-M34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1yen-M34.jpg/220px-1yen-M34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1yen-M34.jpg/330px-1yen-M34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1yen-M34.jpg/440px-1yen-M34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Early 1-yen coin from 1901 (<a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a> year 34), 26.96 grams of 90% fine silver</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20yen-M3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/20yen-M3.jpg/220px-20yen-M3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/20yen-M3.jpg/330px-20yen-M3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/20yen-M3.jpg/440px-20yen-M3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>20 yen coin from 1870 (Meiji year 3)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1897, the silver 1 yen coin was demonetized and the sizes of the gold coins were reduced by 50%, with 5, 10 and 20 yen coins issued. </p><p>After the war, brass 50 sen, 1 and 5 yen were introduced between 1946 and 1948. The current-type holed brass 5 yen was introduced in 1949, the bronze 10 yen in 1951, and the aluminum 1 yen in 1955. </p><p>In 1955 the first unholed, nickel 50 yen was introduced. In 1957, silver 100 yen pieces were introduced, followed by the holed 50 yen coin in 1959. These were replaced in 1967 by the current cupro-nickel 100 yen along with a smaller 50 yen.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the first cupronickel 500 yen coin was introduced. Alongside the 5 <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Swiss_franc" title="Coins of the Swiss franc">Swiss franc coin</a>, the 500 yen coin is one of the highest-valued coin to be used regularly in the world, with a value of US$4.42 as of December 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its high <a href="/wiki/Face_value" title="Face value">face value</a>, the 500 yen coin has been a favorite target for counterfeiters, resulting in the issuance in 2000 of the second nickel-brass 500 yen coin with added security features. Continued counterfeiting of the latter resulted in the issuance in 2021 of the third <a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin" title="Bi-metallic coin">bi-metallic</a> 500 yen coin with more improvements in security features. </p><p>Due to the great differences in style, size, weight and the pattern present on the edge of the coin they are easy for people with visual impairments to tell apart from one another. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:40%"> </th> <th style="width:30%">Unholed </th> <th style="width:30%">Holed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Smooth edge </th> <td>¥1 (light)<br />¥10 (medium) </td> <td>¥5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Reeding" title="Reeding">Reeded</a> edge </th> <td>¥100 (medium)<br />¥500 (heavy)</td> <td>¥50 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Commemorative coins have been minted on various occasions in base metal, silver and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these were silver ¥100 and ¥1,000 <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_coins" title="Summer Olympic coins">Summer Olympic coins</a> issued for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 games</a>. The largest issuance by denomination and total face value were 10 million gold coins of <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%87%E5%86%86%E7%A1%AC%E8%B2%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:十万円硬貨">¥100,000 denomination</a> for the 60th anniversary of reign of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa Emperor</a> in 1986, totalling ¥1 trillion and utilizing 200,000 kg fine gold. ¥500 commemorative coins have been regularly issued since 1985. In 2008 commemorative ¥500 and ¥1,000 coins were issued featuring Japan's 47 prefectures. Even though all commemorative coins can be spent like ordinary (non-commemorative) coins, they do not normally circulate, and ¥100,000 coins are treated with caution due to the discovery of counterfeits.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1 yen coin is made out of 100% aluminum and can float on water if placed correctly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formerly_circulated_coinage">Formerly circulated coinage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Formerly circulated coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sen">Sen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50sen-M3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/50sen-M3.jpg/220px-50sen-M3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/50sen-M3.jpg/330px-50sen-M3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/50sen-M3.jpg/440px-50sen-M3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>50 sen coin from 1870 (year 3 of Meiji)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Half_sen_coin" title="Half sen coin">Half sen coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_sen_coin" title="1 sen coin">1 sen coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_sen_coin" title="2 sen coin">2 sen coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_sen_coin" title="5 sen coin">5 sen coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_sen_coin" title="10 sen coin">10 sen coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_sen_coin" title="20 sen coin">20 sen coin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/50_sen_coin" title="50 sen coin">50 sen coin</a></div> <p>Subsidiary coins of "sen" (one hundredth of a yen) were initially introduced in 1870 with a silver alloy in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 sen. Copper sen coins in denominations of half, 1, and 2 came three years later, as Japan acquired the technology needed to mint them. The removal of silver from sen coinage began in 1889, when <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">Cupronickel</a> 5 sen coins were introduced. By 1920, this included cupro-nickel 10 sen and reduced-size silver 50 sen coins. Production of the latter ceased in 1938, after which a variety of base metals were used to produce 1, 5 and 10 sen coins during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. While clay 5 and 10 sen coins were produced in 1945, they were not issued for circulation. As with the Rin, coins in denominations of less than 1 yen became invalid at the end of 1953 and were demonetized due to inflation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rin">Rin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1_rin_coin" title="1 rin coin">1 rin coin</a> and <a href="/wiki/5_rin_coin" title="5 rin coin">5 rin coin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1rin-M6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1rin-M6.jpg/220px-1rin-M6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1rin-M6.jpg/330px-1rin-M6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1rin-M6.jpg/440px-1rin-M6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>One rin coin from 1873 (year 6 of Meiji)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bronze coins worth one-one thousandth of a yen called "rin" were first introduced in 1873. One rin coins were very small, measuring 15.75 mm in diameter and 0.3 mm in thickness, and co-circulated with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mon_(currency)" title="Japanese mon (currency)">mon</a> coins of the old currency system. Their small size was eventually their undoing, and the rin was abandoned in 1884 due to unpopularity.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five rin coins worth one-two hundredth of a yen also used a bronze alloy. These were successor coins to the equally valued <a href="/wiki/Half_sen_coin" title="Half sen coin">half sen</a> coin which had been previously minted until 1888. The decision to bring back an equally valued coin was in response to rising inflation caused by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> which led to an overall shortage of subsidiary coins. The mintage period for five rin coins was brief as they were discontinued after only four years of production due to their sharp decline in monetary value. The overall demand for subsidiary coinage ended as Japan slipped into a post-war recession. Coins worth 1 and 5 rin were eventually officially taken out of circulation at the end of 1953 and demonetized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banknotes">Banknotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes of the Japanese yen</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Value </th> <th colspan="2">Image </th> <th rowspan="2">Dimensions </th> <th rowspan="2">Main <p>Color </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Description </th> <th rowspan="2">Date of issue </th> <th rowspan="2">Issue suspended </th></tr> <tr> <th>Obverse </th> <th>Reverse </th> <th>Obverse </th> <th>Reverse </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Series F </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1000_yen_note" title="1000 yen note">¥1000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/200px-New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/300px-New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/400px-New_1000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/200px-New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/300px-New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/400px-New_1000_yen_banknote_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td>150 × 76 mm </td> <td>Blue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato Shibasaburō</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Thirty-six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji" title="Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji">Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3">3 July 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5000_yen_note" title="5000 yen note">¥5000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/200px-New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/300px-New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/400px-New_5000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/200px-New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/300px-New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/400px-New_5000_yen_banknote_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td>156 × 76 mm </td> <td>Purple </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsuda_Umeko" title="Tsuda Umeko">Umeko Tsuda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">Wisteria</a> flowers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10,000_yen_note" title="10,000 yen note">¥10,000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/200px-New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/300px-New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png/400px-New_10000_yen_banknote_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/200px-New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/300px-New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png/400px-New_10000_yen_banknote_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td>160 × 76 mm </td> <td>Brown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shibusawa_Eiichi" title="Shibusawa Eiichi">Shibusawa Eiichi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a> (Marunouchi side) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Series E </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1000_yen_note" title="1000 yen note">¥1000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg/200px-Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg/300px-Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg/400px-Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="453" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg/200px-Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg/300px-Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg/400px-Series_E_1K_Yen_bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="452" /></a></span> </td> <td>150 × 76 mm</td> <td>Blue</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hideyo_Noguchi" title="Hideyo Noguchi">Hideyo Noguchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Motosu" title="Lake Motosu">Lake Motosu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">cherry blossoms</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">1 November 2004 </td> <td rowspan="3">2025 - 2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5000_yen_note" title="5000 yen note">¥5000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5000_Yenes_(2004)_(Anverso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Anverso%29.jpg/200px-5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Anverso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Anverso%29.jpg/300px-5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Anverso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Anverso%29.jpg/400px-5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Anverso%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="884" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5000_Yenes_(2004)_(Reverso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Reverso%29.jpg/200px-5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Reverso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Reverso%29.jpg/300px-5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Reverso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Reverso%29.jpg/400px-5000_Yenes_%282004%29_%28Reverso%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="884" /></a></span> </td> <td>156 × 76 mm</td> <td>Purple</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi" title="Ichiyō Higuchi">Ichiyō Higuchi</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kakitsubata-zu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakitsubata-zu">Kakitsubata-zu</a></i> (Painting of <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">irises</a>, a work by <a href="/wiki/Ogata_K%C5%8Drin" title="Ogata Kōrin">Ogata Kōrin</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10,000_yen_note" title="10,000 yen note">¥10,000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10000_Yenes_(Anverso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/10000_Yenes_%28Anverso%29.jpg/200px-10000_Yenes_%28Anverso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/10000_Yenes_%28Anverso%29.jpg/300px-10000_Yenes_%28Anverso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/10000_Yenes_%28Anverso%29.jpg/400px-10000_Yenes_%28Anverso%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10000_Yenes_(Reverso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/10000_Yenes_%28Reverso%29.jpg/200px-10000_Yenes_%28Reverso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/10000_Yenes_%28Reverso%29.jpg/300px-10000_Yenes_%28Reverso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/10000_Yenes_%28Reverso%29.jpg/400px-10000_Yenes_%28Reverso%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="332" /></a></span> </td> <td>160 × 76 mm</td> <td>Brown</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a></td> <td>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">hōō (phoenix)</a> from <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> Temple </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Series D </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_yen_note" title="2000 yen note">¥2000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg/200px-Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg/300px-Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="182" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg/200px-Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg/300px-Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Series_D_2K_Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note_-_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="182" /></a></span> </td> <td>154 × 76 mm </td> <td>Green </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shureimon" title="Shureimon">Shureimon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a> and portrait of <a href="/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu" title="Murasaki Shikibu">Murasaki Shikibu</a> </td> <td>19 July 2000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The issuance of yen banknotes began in 1872, two years after the currency was introduced. Denominations have ranged from 1 yen to 10,000 yen; since 1984, the lowest-valued banknote is the 1,000 yen note. Before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, various bodies issued banknotes in yen, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Japan)">Ministry of Finance</a> and the Imperial Japanese National Bank. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Allied forces</a> also issued some notes shortly after the war. Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> has been the exclusive note issuing authority. The bank has issued five series after World War II. </p><p>Japan is generally considered a cash-based society, with 38% of payments in Japan made by <a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">cash</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible explanations are that cash payments protect one's privacy, merchants do not have to wait for payment, and it does not carry any negative connotation like credit. </p><p>At present, portraits of people from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji period</a> and later are printed on Japanese banknotes. The reason for this is that from the viewpoint of preventing forgery, it is desirable to use a precise photograph as an original rather than a painting for a portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Series E banknotes were introduced in 2004 in ¥1000, ¥5000, and ¥10,000 denominations. </p><p>Series F banknotes were introduced on 3 July 2024. They were announced on 9 April 2019 by Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Tarō Asō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ¥1000 bill features <a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato Shibasaburō</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a>, the ¥5000 bill features <a href="/wiki/Tsuda_Umeko" title="Tsuda Umeko">Tsuda Umeko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">Wisteria</a> flowers, and the ¥10,000 bill features <a href="/wiki/Shibusawa_Eiichi" title="Shibusawa Eiichi">Shibusawa Eiichi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>. The Ministry decided to not redesign the ¥2000 note due to low circulation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/EURion_constellation" title="EURion constellation">EURion constellation</a> pattern is present in the Series D, E and F banknotes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determinants_of_value">Determinants of value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Determinants of value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in December 1931, Japan gradually shifted from the gold standard system to the managed currency system.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Relative_value_(economics)" title="Relative value (economics)">relative value</a> of the yen is determined in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange markets</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supply_(economics)" title="Supply (economics)">supply</a> of the yen in the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> is governed by the desire of yen holders to exchange their yen for other currencies to purchase <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Demand_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand (economics)">demand</a> for the yen is governed by the desire of foreigners to buy goods and services in Japan and by their interest in investing in Japan (buying yen-denominated real and financial assets). </p><p>Since the 1990s, the Bank of Japan, the country's central bank, has kept interest rates low to spur economic growth. Short-term lending rates have responded to this monetary relaxation and fell from 3.7% to 1.3% between 1993 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low interest rates and low inflation, combined with a ready liquidity, prompted investors to borrow yen in Japan and invest it in other countries (such as the US) with significantly higher <a href="/wiki/Bank_rate" title="Bank rate">bank rates</a>, a practice known as the <a href="/wiki/Carry_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry trade">carry trade</a>. This has helped to keep the exchange rate of the yen low compared to other currencies, particularly the US dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_230430_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_230430-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left 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.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.6em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_traded_currencies" title="Template:Most traded currencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_traded_currencies" title="Template talk:Most traded currencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_traded_currencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most traded currencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Currency </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a><br />code </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a> or<br />Abbrev.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Proportion of daily volume </th> <th rowspan="2">Change<br />(2019–2022) </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-header"> <th>April 2019 </th> <th>April 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></td> <td>USD</td> <td>$, US$</td> <td>88.3%</td> <td>88.5%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></td> <td>EUR</td> <td>€</td> <td>32.3%</td> <td>30.5%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese yen</a></td> <td>JPY</td> <td>¥, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">円</span></span></td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a></td> <td>GBP</td> <td>£</td> <td>12.8%</td> <td>12.9%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></td> <td>CNY</td> <td>¥, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">元</span></span></td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>7.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.7pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></td> <td>AUD</td> <td>$, $A</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>6.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a></td> <td>CAD</td> <td>$, Can$</td> <td>5.0%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a></td> <td>CHF</td> <td>Fr., fr.</td> <td>4.9%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></td> <td>HKD</td> <td>$, HK$, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-HK">元</span></span></td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></td> <td>SGD</td> <td>$, S$</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></td> <td>SEK</td> <td>kr, Skr</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></td> <td>KRW</td> <td>₩, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">원</span></span></td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a></td> <td>NOK</td> <td>kr, Nkr</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a></td> <td>NZD</td> <td>$, $NZ</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></td> <td>INR</td> <td>₹</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a></td> <td>MXN</td> <td>$, Mex$</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></td> <td>TWD</td> <td>$‎, NT$, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">圓</span></span></td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a></td> <td>ZAR</td> <td>R</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></td> <td>BRL</td> <td>R$</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></td> <td>DKK</td> <td>kr., DKr</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></td> <td>PLN</td> <td>zł‎, Zl</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a></td> <td>THB</td> <td>฿, B</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a></td> <td>ILS</td> <td>₪, NIS</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></td> <td>IDR</td> <td>Rp</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></td> <td>CZK</td> <td>Kč, CZK</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">UAE dirham</a></td> <td>AED</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-AE" dir="rtl">د.إ</span></span>, Dh(s)</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></td> <td>TRY</td> <td>₺, TL</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></td> <td>HUF</td> <td>Ft</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Chilean peso</a></td> <td>CLP</td> <td>$, Ch$</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a></td> <td>SAR</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-SA" dir="rtl">﷼</span></span>, SRl(s)</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></td> <td>PHP</td> <td>₱</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a></td> <td>MYR</td> <td>RM</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a></td> <td>COP</td> <td>$, Col$</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></td> <td>RUB</td> <td>₽, руб</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></td> <td>RON</td> <td>—, leu</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Peruvian sol</a></td> <td>PEN</td> <td>S/.</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a></td> <td>BHD</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-BH" dir="rtl">.د.ب</span></span>, BD</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></td> <td>BGN</td> <td>лв., lv., lev</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></td> <td>ARS</td> <td>$, Arg$</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr class="static-row-header" style="background:#ECECEC"> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>Other currencies</i></span></th> <th style="text-align:right">1.8%</th> <th style="text-align:right">2.3%</th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.5pp </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total:</th> <th style="text-align:right">200.0%</th> <th style="text-align:right">200.0%</th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reserve_currency">International reserve currency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International reserve currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing rights</a> (SDR) valuation is an IMF basket of the world's major reserve currencies, including the Japanese yen. Its share of 8.33% as of 2016 has declined from 18% as of 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-new_weight_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_weight-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percental composition of currencies of official foreign <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">exchange reserves</a> from 1995 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:550px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:100px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a></div> </td> <td style="width:100px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></div> </td> <td style="width:100px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">German mark</a></div> </td> <td style="width:100px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese yen</a></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">Other</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reserve_currencies_plot" title="Template:Reserve currencies plot"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reserve_currencies_plot" title="Template talk:Reserve currencies plot"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reserve_currencies_plot" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reserve currencies plot"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_exchange_rate">Historical exchange rate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historical exchange rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the war commenced, the yen traded on an average of 3.6 yen to the dollar. After the war the yen went as low as 600 yen per USD in 1947, as a result of currency overprinting in order to fund the war, and afterwards to fund the reconstruction. </p><p>When MacArthur and the US forces entered Japan in 1945, they decreed an official conversion rate of 15 yen to the USD. Within 1945–1946: the rate tanked to 50 yen to the USD because of the ongoing inflation. During the first half of 1946, the rate fluctuated to 66 yen to the USD and eventually plummeting to 600 yen to the dollar by 1947 because of the failure of the economic remedies. Eventually, the peg was officially moved to 270 yen to the dollar in 1948 before being adjusted again from 1949 to 1971 to 360 yen to the dollar. </p><p>Beginning in 2022 the yen/dollar rate has become increasingly weaker with each passing month. By July 2024, the price fell to upper ¥161 per $1, marking the lowest exchange rate for the yen in 37.5 years on a nominal effective exchange rate<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lowest real effective exchange rate since the start of statistics by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main reasons behind this fall was the US moving towards higher interest rates, while Japan remained "ultra-low". Other factors include the strength of the US economy and its labor market, while Japan continues to lag behind its peers to bring its economy back to its pre-pandemic size. Japan's trade balance staying in the red is also likely feeding into the weaker yen.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_220610_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_220610-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interviewed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahi_Shimbun_Digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahi Shimbun Digital (page does not exist)">Asahi Shimbun Digital</a> in September 2022, Izuru Kato, chief economist at Totan Research, expressed concern about the sharp fall in its value since 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Kato_220902_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kato_220902-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Moneypost reported that the exchange rate instability had made it impossible to exchange the currency for Japanese yen at some exchange offices.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rate returning to ¥150 in November 2023, concern deepened as Nikkei sources expected the yen to depreciate further in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> (London) expressed concern over the performance of the Bank of Japan, suggested that a systemic risk is posed to the world financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_231102_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_231102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reports of a weakening of the Japanese yen include the <a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto Peninsula earthquake in January 2024</a>, where previous earthquakes had seen a temporary appreciation of the yen against the US dollar, but this earthquake reversed the trend and weakened the yen against the US dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> expects the Japanese yen to remain very weak in the coming months.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Average_spot_rates_v_USD">Average spot rates v USD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Average spot rates v USD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the monthly average of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>–yen <a href="/wiki/Spot_contract" title="Spot contract">spot rate</a> (JPY per USD) at 17:00 JST:<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="12">Month </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jan</th> <th>Feb</th> <th>Mar</th> <th>Apr</th> <th>May</th> <th>Jun</th> <th>Jul</th> <th>Aug</th> <th>Sep</th> <th>Oct</th> <th>Nov</th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th>1949–1971 </th> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;">360 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;">308 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td>301.15</td> <td>270.00</td> <td>265.83</td> <td>265.50</td> <td>264.95</td> <td>265.30</td> <td>263.45</td> <td>265.30</td> <td>265.70</td> <td>266.68</td> <td>279.00</td> <td>280.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1974 </th> <td>299.00</td> <td>287.60</td> <td>276.00</td> <td>279.75</td> <td>281.90</td> <td>284.10</td> <td>297.80</td> <td>302.70</td> <td>298.50</td> <td>299.85</td> <td>300.10</td> <td>300.95 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1975 </th> <td>297.85</td> <td>286.60</td> <td>293.80</td> <td>293.30</td> <td>291.35</td> <td>296.35</td> <td>297.35</td> <td>297.90</td> <td>302.70</td> <td>301.80</td> <td>303.00</td> <td>305.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td>303.70</td> <td>302.25</td> <td>299.70</td> <td>299.40</td> <td>299.95</td> <td>297.40</td> <td>293.40</td> <td>288.76</td> <td>287.30</td> <td>293.70</td> <td>296.45</td> <td>293.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td>288.25</td> <td>283.25</td> <td>277.30</td> <td>277.50</td> <td>277.30</td> <td>266.50</td> <td>266.30</td> <td>267.43</td> <td>264.50</td> <td>250.65</td> <td>244.20</td> <td>240.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td>241.74</td> <td>238.83</td> <td>223.40</td> <td>223.90</td> <td>223.15</td> <td>204.50</td> <td>190.80</td> <td>190.00</td> <td>189.15</td> <td>176.05</td> <td>197.80</td> <td>195.10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td>201.40</td> <td>202.35</td> <td>209.30</td> <td>219.15</td> <td>219.70</td> <td>217.00</td> <td>216.90</td> <td>220.05</td> <td>223.45</td> <td>237.80</td> <td>249.50</td> <td>239.90 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td>237.73</td> <td>244.07</td> <td>248.61</td> <td>251.45</td> <td>228.06</td> <td>218.11</td> <td>220.91</td> <td>224.34</td> <td>214.95</td> <td>209.21</td> <td>212.99</td> <td>209.79 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td>202.19</td> <td>205.76</td> <td>208.84</td> <td>215.07</td> <td>220.78</td> <td>224.21</td> <td>232.11</td> <td>233.62</td> <td>229.83</td> <td>231.40</td> <td>223.76</td> <td>219.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1982 </th> <td>224.55</td> <td>235.25</td> <td>240.64</td> <td>244.90</td> <td>236.97</td> <td>251.11</td> <td>255.10</td> <td>258.67</td> <td>262.74</td> <td>271.33</td> <td>265.02</td> <td>242.49 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1983 </th> <td>232.90</td> <td>236.27</td> <td>237.92</td> <td>237.70</td> <td>234.78</td> <td>240.06</td> <td>240.49</td> <td>244.36</td> <td>242.71</td> <td>233.00</td> <td>235.25</td> <td>234.34 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td>233.95</td> <td>233.67</td> <td>225.52</td> <td>224.95</td> <td>230.67</td> <td>233.29</td> <td>242.72</td> <td>242.24</td> <td>245.19</td> <td>246.89</td> <td>243.29</td> <td>247.96 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td>254.11</td> <td>260.34</td> <td>258.43</td> <td>251.67</td> <td>251.57</td> <td>248.95</td> <td>241.70</td> <td>237.20</td> <td>236.91</td> <td>214.84</td> <td>203.85</td> <td>202.75 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1986 </th> <td>200.05</td> <td>184.62</td> <td>178.83</td> <td>175.56</td> <td>166.89</td> <td>167.82</td> <td>158.65</td> <td>154.11</td> <td>154.78</td> <td>156.04</td> <td>162.72</td> <td>162.13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1987 </th> <td>154.48</td> <td>153.49</td> <td>151.56</td> <td>142.96</td> <td>140.47</td> <td>144.52</td> <td>150.20</td> <td>147.57</td> <td>143.03</td> <td>143.48</td> <td>135.25</td> <td>128.25 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td>127.44</td> <td>129.26</td> <td>127.23</td> <td>124.88</td> <td>124.74</td> <td>127.20</td> <td>133.10</td> <td>133.63</td> <td>134.45</td> <td>128.85</td> <td>123.16</td> <td>123.63 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td>127.24</td> <td>127.77</td> <td>130.35</td> <td>132.01</td> <td>138.40</td> <td>143.92</td> <td>140.63</td> <td>141.20</td> <td>145.06</td> <td>141.99</td> <td>143.55</td> <td>143.62 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td>145.09</td> <td>145.54</td> <td>153.19</td> <td>158.50</td> <td>153.52</td> <td>153.78</td> <td>149.23</td> <td>147.46</td> <td>138.96</td> <td>129.73</td> <td>129.01</td> <td>133.72 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td>133.65</td> <td>130.44</td> <td>137.09</td> <td>137.15</td> <td>138.02</td> <td>139.83</td> <td>137.98</td> <td>136.85</td> <td>134.59</td> <td>130.81</td> <td>129.64</td> <td>128.07 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td>125.05</td> <td>127.53</td> <td>132.75</td> <td>133.59</td> <td>130.55</td> <td>126.90</td> <td>125.66</td> <td>126.34</td> <td>122.72</td> <td>121.14</td> <td>123.84</td> <td>123.98 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1993 </th> <td>125.02</td> <td>120.97</td> <td>117.02</td> <td>112.37</td> <td>110.23</td> <td>107.29</td> <td>107.77</td> <td>103.72</td> <td>105.27</td> <td>106.94</td> <td>107.81</td> <td>109.72 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1994 </th> <td>111.49</td> <td>106.14</td> <td>105.12</td> <td>103.48</td> <td>104.00</td> <td>102.69</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.86</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.79</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.40</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.00</td> <td>100.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1995 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.79</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.23</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.77</td> <td style="background:yellow"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>83.53</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>85.21</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>84.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.24</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.56</td> <td>100.31</td> <td>100.68</td> <td>101.89</td> <td>101.86 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td>105.81</td> <td>105.70</td> <td>105.85</td> <td>107.40</td> <td>106.49</td> <td>108.82</td> <td>109.25</td> <td>107.84</td> <td>109.76</td> <td>112.30</td> <td>112.27</td> <td>113.74 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1997 </th> <td>118.18</td> <td>123.01</td> <td>122.66</td> <td>125.47</td> <td>118.91</td> <td>114.31</td> <td>115.10</td> <td>117.89</td> <td>120.74</td> <td>121.13</td> <td>125.35</td> <td>129.52 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1998 </th> <td>129.45</td> <td>125.85</td> <td>128.83</td> <td>131.81</td> <td>135.08</td> <td>140.35</td> <td>140.66</td> <td>144.76</td> <td>134.50</td> <td>121.33</td> <td>120.61</td> <td>117.40 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1999 </th> <td>113.14</td> <td>116.73</td> <td>119.71</td> <td>119.66</td> <td>122.14</td> <td>120.81</td> <td>119.76</td> <td>113.30</td> <td>107.45</td> <td>106.00</td> <td>104.83</td> <td>102.61 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td>105.21</td> <td>109.34</td> <td>106.62</td> <td>105.35</td> <td>108.13</td> <td>106.13</td> <td>107.90</td> <td>108.02</td> <td>106.75</td> <td>108.34</td> <td>108.87</td> <td>112.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td>117.10</td> <td>116.10</td> <td>121.21</td> <td>123.77</td> <td>121.83</td> <td>122.19</td> <td>124.63</td> <td>121.53</td> <td>118.91</td> <td>121.32</td> <td>122.33</td> <td>127.32 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td>132.66</td> <td>133.53</td> <td>131.15</td> <td>131.01</td> <td>126.39</td> <td>123.44</td> <td>118.08</td> <td>119.03</td> <td>120.49</td> <td>123.88</td> <td>121.54</td> <td>122.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td>118.67</td> <td>119.29</td> <td>118.49</td> <td>119.82</td> <td>117.26</td> <td>118.27</td> <td>118.65</td> <td>118.81</td> <td>115.09</td> <td>109.58</td> <td>109.18</td> <td>107.87 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td>106.39</td> <td>106.54</td> <td>108.57</td> <td>107.31</td> <td>112.27</td> <td>109.45</td> <td>109.34</td> <td>110.41</td> <td>110.05</td> <td>108.90</td> <td>104.86</td> <td>103.82 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td>103.27</td> <td>104.84</td> <td>105.30</td> <td>107.35</td> <td>106.94</td> <td>108.62</td> <td>111.94</td> <td>110.65</td> <td>111.03</td> <td>114.84</td> <td>118.45</td> <td>118.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td>115.33</td> <td>117.81</td> <td>117.31</td> <td>117.13</td> <td>111.53</td> <td>114.57</td> <td>115.59</td> <td>115.86</td> <td>117.02</td> <td>118.59</td> <td>117.33</td> <td>117.26 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td>120.59</td> <td>120.49</td> <td>117.29</td> <td>118.81</td> <td>120.77</td> <td>122.64</td> <td>121.56</td> <td>116.74</td> <td>115.01</td> <td>115.77</td> <td>111.24</td> <td>112.28 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td>107.60</td> <td>107.18</td> <td>100.83</td> <td>102.41</td> <td>104.11</td> <td>106.86</td> <td>106.76</td> <td>109.24</td> <td>106.71</td> <td>100.20</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.35</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>92.53</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.92</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.43</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.58</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.90</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.40</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.28</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>89.11</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>89.52 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.26</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.28</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.56</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>93.43</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.79</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.67</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>85.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>84.31</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>81.80</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>82.43</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>83.38 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>82.63</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>82.52</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>81.82</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>83.34</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>81.23</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>80.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>79.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.09</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>76.78</td> <td style="background:yellow"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>76.72</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.50</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.81 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>76.94</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>78.47</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>82.37</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>81.42</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>79.70</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>79.27</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>78.96</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>78.68</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>78.17</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>78.97</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>80.92</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>83.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>89.15</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>93.07</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.73</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.74</td> <td>101.01</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.52</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.66</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.30</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.73</td> <td>100.04</td> <td>103.42 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014 </th> <td>103.94</td> <td>102.02</td> <td>102.30</td> <td>102.54</td> <td>101.78</td> <td>102.05</td> <td>101.73</td> <td>102.95</td> <td>107.16</td> <td>108.03</td> <td>116.24</td> <td>119.29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td>118.25</td> <td>118.59</td> <td>120.37</td> <td>119.57</td> <td>120.82</td> <td>123.7</td> <td>123.31</td> <td>123.17</td> <td>120.13</td> <td>119.99</td> <td>122.58</td> <td>121.78 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td>118.18</td> <td>115.01</td> <td>113.05</td> <td>109.72</td> <td>109.24</td> <td>105.44</td> <td>103.97</td> <td>101.28</td> <td>101.99</td> <td>103.81</td> <td>108.33</td> <td>116.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td>114.69</td> <td>113.13</td> <td>113.02</td> <td>110.08</td> <td>112.24</td> <td>110.89</td> <td>112.50</td> <td>109.90</td> <td>110.67</td> <td>112.94</td> <td>112.89</td> <td>112.96 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td>110.74</td> <td>107.90</td> <td>106.01</td> <td>107.49</td> <td>109.74</td> <td>110.02</td> <td>111.41</td> <td>111.06</td> <td>111.91</td> <td>112.81</td> <td>113.36</td> <td>112.38 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td>108.97</td> <td>110.36</td> <td>111.22</td> <td>111.63</td> <td>109.76</td> <td>108.07</td> <td>108.23</td> <td>106.34</td> <td>107.40</td> <td>108.12</td> <td>108.88</td> <td>109.18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td>109.38</td> <td>109.96</td> <td>107.67</td> <td>107.83</td> <td>107.23</td> <td>107.64</td> <td>106.76</td> <td>106.00</td> <td>105.61</td> <td>105.21</td> <td>104.30</td> <td>103.75 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td>103.79</td> <td>105.44</td> <td>108.81</td> <td>109.10</td> <td>109.17</td> <td>110.12</td> <td>110.26</td> <td>109.85</td> <td>110.15</td> <td>113.14</td> <td>113.99</td> <td>113.84 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td>114.84</td> <td>115.24</td> <td>118.67</td> <td>126.31</td> <td>128.82</td> <td>134.10</td> <td>136.39</td> <td>135.28</td> <td>143.09</td> <td>147.16</td> <td>142.17</td> <td>134.85 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td>130.28</td> <td>132.69</td> <td>133.86</td> <td>133.40</td> <td>137.39</td> <td>141.33</td> <td>141.20</td> <td>144.73</td> <td>147.65</td> <td>149.59</td> <td>149.88</td> <td>144.09 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2024 </th> <td>146.59</td> <td>149.41</td> <td>149.70</td> <td>153.57</td> <td>156.21</td> <td>157.90</td> <td>157.86</td> <td>146.29</td> <td>143.31</td> <td>149.60</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th>Jan</th> <th>Feb</th> <th>Mar</th> <th>Apr</th> <th>May</th> <th>Jun</th> <th>Jul</th> <th>Aug</th> <th>Sep</th> <th>Oct</th> <th>Nov</th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="12">Month </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Average_monthly_real_effective_exchange_rate">Average monthly real effective exchange rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Average monthly real effective exchange rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows monthly averages of <a href="/wiki/Effective_exchange_rate" title="Effective exchange rate">real effective exchange rates</a>. A higher figure indicates a stronger yen, while a lower figure indicates a weaker yen with the value of 100 being the 2020 average. Data from 1970 onwards are presented in the Broad range, while data from 1969 and earlier are presented in the Narrow range.:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="12">Month </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jan</th> <th>Feb</th> <th>Mar</th> <th>Apr</th> <th>May</th> <th>Jun</th> <th>Jul</th> <th>Aug</th> <th>Sep</th> <th>Oct</th> <th>Nov</th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>56.84</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>56.41</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>56.40</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>56.94</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>60.09</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>59.97</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>59.93</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>60.40</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>60.92</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>61.63</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>61.27</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>61.52 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.61</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.12</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.28</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.00</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.28</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>61.91</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.02</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.51</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.10</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.69</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.76</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>64.06</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.35</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.05</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.11</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.41</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.16</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.30</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.62</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.26 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1967 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.71</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.74</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.88</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.98</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.56</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.36</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>62.51</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>63.41</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>64.36</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>64.17</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.34 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.59</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.66</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.35</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.24</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>64.61</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>64.60</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>64.92</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.52</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.30</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1969 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.01</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.74</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.05</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.16</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.24</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>65.95</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.34</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.85</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>67.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.65</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.60</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>66.80 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1970 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.02</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.58</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.86</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.93</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.41</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.28</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.79</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.45</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.15</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.03</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.97 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1971 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.71</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.65</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.43</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.29</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.25</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.52</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.14</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>80.37</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>81.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>81.50</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>82.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>83.65</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>85.23</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>86.25</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>86.88</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>86.52</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>86.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.18</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.21</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>88.13</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.95</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>88.22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>88.43</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>93.68</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.43</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.33</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.69</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.63</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.06</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.40</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.87</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.10</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.67 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1974 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.09</td> <td>100.51</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.97</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.17</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.24</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>93.02</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.59</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.45</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.32</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.31 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1975 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.07</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.36</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.45</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.57</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.16</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.88</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.39</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.41</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.77</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.61</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.70 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.02</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.17</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.03</td> <td>100.70</td> <td>100.62</td> <td>100.61</td> <td>102.21</td> <td>102.09</td> <td>105.77</td> <td>104.53</td> <td>102.72</td> <td>103.28 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td>104.31</td> <td>106.33</td> <td>107.79</td> <td>110.47</td> <td>109.90</td> <td>110.34</td> <td>112.03</td> <td>110.70</td> <td>112.16</td> <td>117.24</td> <td>119.79</td> <td>119.61 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td>117.86</td> <td>117.68</td> <td>121.74</td> <td>128.01</td> <td>126.35</td> <td>130.89</td> <td>138.18</td> <td>144.39</td> <td>143.49</td> <td>145.01</td> <td>138.74</td> <td>134.75 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td>132.12</td> <td>128.56</td> <td>124.63</td> <td>119.48</td> <td>118.54</td> <td>116.75</td> <td>116.01</td> <td>113.13</td> <td>110.68</td> <td>107.59</td> <td>100.07</td> <td>100.74 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td>101.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.70</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.22</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.82</td> <td>106.14</td> <td>109.72</td> <td>107.31</td> <td>105.42</td> <td>110.53</td> <td>113.48</td> <td>112.34</td> <td>113.93 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td>118.07</td> <td>117.44</td> <td>115.05</td> <td>112.89</td> <td>112.33</td> <td>111.26</td> <td>107.35</td> <td>106.89</td> <td>107.79</td> <td>105.70</td> <td>108.10</td> <td>110.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1982 </th> <td>107.74</td> <td>103.82</td> <td>102.40</td> <td>102.07</td> <td>103.56</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.88</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.17</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.67</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.62</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.31</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.37</td> <td>103.85 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1983 </th> <td>107.56</td> <td>105.95</td> <td>106.12</td> <td>106.47</td> <td>108.31</td> <td>106.33</td> <td>105.83</td> <td>104.67</td> <td>106.28</td> <td>110.38</td> <td>109.37</td> <td>110.31 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td>111.25</td> <td>110.07</td> <td>112.50</td> <td>113.19</td> <td>112.37</td> <td>110.11</td> <td>107.66</td> <td>106.84</td> <td>108.62</td> <td>109.03</td> <td>109.05</td> <td>108.73 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td>107.09</td> <td>105.28</td> <td>106.41</td> <td>106.88</td> <td>106.86</td> <td>107.15</td> <td>108.57</td> <td>109.10</td> <td>109.93</td> <td>119.08</td> <td>123.62</td> <td>123.33 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1986 </th> <td>123.96</td> <td>132.45</td> <td>135.48</td> <td>138.53</td> <td>144.34</td> <td>143.03</td> <td>149.58</td> <td>151.97</td> <td>150.87</td> <td>149.01</td> <td>142.55</td> <td>141.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1987 </th> <td>143.91</td> <td>143.51</td> <td>144.86</td> <td>152.72</td> <td>153.64</td> <td>149.13</td> <td>142.96</td> <td>144.92</td> <td>148.60</td> <td>147.75</td> <td>152.16</td> <td>157.69 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td>157.86</td> <td>156.01</td> <td>157.01</td> <td>158.89</td> <td>159.12</td> <td>156.73</td> <td>151.78</td> <td>151.83</td> <td>151.42</td> <td>156.40</td> <td>159.58</td> <td>157.76 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td>154.20</td> <td>152.76</td> <td>150.37</td> <td>149.97</td> <td>145.10</td> <td>140.27</td> <td>140.84</td> <td>140.20</td> <td>137.70</td> <td>139.34</td> <td>135.86</td> <td>133.87 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td>130.73</td> <td>129.33</td> <td>123.74</td> <td>119.75</td> <td>122.90</td> <td>122.12</td> <td>123.67</td> <td>122.54</td> <td>130.03</td> <td>138.48</td> <td>138.24</td> <td>133.76 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td>133.87</td> <td>135.15</td> <td>132.79</td> <td>135.39</td> <td>135.04</td> <td>134.32</td> <td>135.67</td> <td>135.35</td> <td>136.21</td> <td>141.27</td> <td>140.12</td> <td>139.57 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td>142.41</td> <td>140.21</td> <td>136.24</td> <td>136.13</td> <td>137.56</td> <td>139.94</td> <td>137.51</td> <td>136.29</td> <td>141.26</td> <td>145.52</td> <td>146.06</td> <td>146.09 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1993 </th> <td>145.07</td> <td>151.19</td> <td>155.81</td> <td>160.89</td> <td>163.44</td> <td>169.43</td> <td>171.59</td> <td>178.56</td> <td>173.69</td> <td>170.94</td> <td>169.99</td> <td>166.32 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1994 </th> <td>164.09</td> <td>170.65</td> <td>172.27</td> <td>174.85</td> <td>172.72</td> <td>172.35</td> <td>176.40</td> <td>173.22</td> <td>173.68</td> <td>173.81</td> <td>173.97</td> <td>170.57 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1995 </th> <td>169.61</td> <td>170.38</td> <td>182.00</td> <td style="background:yellow">193.97</td> <td>191.35</td> <td>191.26</td> <td>184.04</td> <td>170.97</td> <td>161.88</td> <td>159.48</td> <td>157.46</td> <td>158.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td>151.68</td> <td>150.54</td> <td>150.03</td> <td>148.45</td> <td>150.17</td> <td>146.29</td> <td>145.44</td> <td>146.15</td> <td>143.81</td> <td>141.04</td> <td>139.92</td> <td>138.72 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1997 </th> <td>134.34</td> <td>129.37</td> <td>130.53</td> <td>129.86</td> <td>137.50</td> <td>142.70</td> <td>143.14</td> <td>141.96</td> <td>139.71</td> <td>140.99</td> <td>136.38</td> <td>137.71 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1998 </th> <td>142.75</td> <td>143.57</td> <td>138.72</td> <td>134.02</td> <td>132.12</td> <td>128.71</td> <td>127.33</td> <td>123.75</td> <td>132.15</td> <td>145.16</td> <td>145.03</td> <td>147.76 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1999 </th> <td>152.38</td> <td>148.27</td> <td>146.33</td> <td>146.37</td> <td>143.32</td> <td>144.92</td> <td>145.88</td> <td>153.60</td> <td>163.05</td> <td>163.66</td> <td>165.44</td> <td>168.50 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td>162.97</td> <td>156.40</td> <td>161.77</td> <td>164.01</td> <td>162.57</td> <td>163.77</td> <td>161.06</td> <td>162.07</td> <td>164.68</td> <td>163.58</td> <td>162.86</td> <td>157.10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td>149.26</td> <td>149.77</td> <td>144.39</td> <td>142.62</td> <td>145.00</td> <td>145.25</td> <td>142.37</td> <td>144.10</td> <td>146.64</td> <td>144.34</td> <td>142.90</td> <td>137.43 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td>131.53</td> <td>129.68</td> <td>132.08</td> <td>131.66</td> <td>134.85</td> <td>136.45</td> <td>140.47</td> <td>140.64</td> <td>138.40</td> <td>134.89</td> <td>136.24</td> <td>134.86 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td>135.69</td> <td>133.74</td> <td>134.92</td> <td>133.37</td> <td>134.10</td> <td>132.29</td> <td>132.45</td> <td>132.98</td> <td>136.27</td> <td>140.96</td> <td>140.39</td> <td>140.47 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td>140.04</td> <td>139.10</td> <td>137.38</td> <td>138.32</td> <td>133.74</td> <td>136.69</td> <td>135.74</td> <td>134.57</td> <td>134.77</td> <td>135.60</td> <td>138.13</td> <td>136.97 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td>137.34</td> <td>133.68</td> <td>132.80</td> <td>130.79</td> <td>132.12</td> <td>130.72</td> <td>127.03</td> <td>126.91</td> <td>126.30</td> <td>122.57</td> <td>119.18</td> <td>118.46 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td>119.50</td> <td>116.36</td> <td>117.04</td> <td>115.83</td> <td>119.90</td> <td>117.88</td> <td>116.12</td> <td>115.99</td> <td>114.83</td> <td>113.28</td> <td>112.68</td> <td>111.18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td>108.22</td> <td>106.54</td> <td>109.24</td> <td>106.57</td> <td>104.47</td> <td>102.38</td> <td>101.65</td> <td>106.90</td> <td>107.27</td> <td>104.61</td> <td>107.50</td> <td>106.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td>109.12</td> <td>107.79</td> <td>113.15</td> <td>109.93</td> <td>109.18</td> <td>106.31</td> <td>105.42</td> <td>105.52</td> <td>110.51</td> <td>122.97</td> <td>129.91</td> <td>137.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td>137.51</td> <td>136.05</td> <td>128.82</td> <td>125.28</td> <td>124.95</td> <td>123.55</td> <td>125.77</td> <td>124.36</td> <td>127.70</td> <td>127.10</td> <td>127.82</td> <td>126.84 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td>124.50</td> <td>126.81</td> <td>125.81</td> <td>121.10</td> <td>125.49</td> <td>128.28</td> <td>130.53</td> <td>132.58</td> <td>132.64</td> <td>133.64</td> <td>131.82</td> <td>130.63 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011 </th> <td>129.83</td> <td>128.13</td> <td>128.53</td> <td>123.86</td> <td>126.80</td> <td>127.55</td> <td>128.54</td> <td>132.20</td> <td>134.77</td> <td>135.86</td> <td>133.74</td> <td>133.98 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td>134.95</td> <td>130.59</td> <td>124.53</td> <td>126.39</td> <td>130.18</td> <td>131.89</td> <td>131.84</td> <td>131.32</td> <td>130.30</td> <td>128.09</td> <td>124.56</td> <td>119.56 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th> <td>111.68</td> <td>106.05</td> <td>105.13</td> <td>101.81</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.91</td> <td>103.09</td> <td>101.16</td> <td>103.03</td> <td>101.21</td> <td>101.77</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.96</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.51 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.11</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.68</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.53</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.23</td> <td>100.09</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.82</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.99</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.17</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.94</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.80</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>89.64</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>88.47 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.59</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.25</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.07</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>89.14</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.04</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.96</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>89.50</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>92.39</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.85</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.64</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.80 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.47</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.04</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.57</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.57</td> <td>101.09</td> <td>104.48</td> <td>106.10</td> <td>108.28</td> <td>107.59</td> <td>106.96</td> <td>104.06</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.80 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.79</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.46</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.36</td> <td>100.78</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.38</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.62</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.40</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.59</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.93</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.74</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.94</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.36 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>94.12</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.30</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.00</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.37</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.93</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.18</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.85</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.78</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.78</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.62</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.20</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.92</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.21</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>96.00</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.51</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.79</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.33</td> <td>102.87</td> <td>101.64</td> <td>100.47</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.19</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.56 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.35</td> <td>101.60</td> <td>102.99</td> <td>103.42</td> <td>100.94</td> <td>100.76</td> <td>100.24</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.75</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>99.35</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>98.68</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.44 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>97.05</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>95.02</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>93.12</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.83</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.04</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>90.25</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.11</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>91.15</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>88.25</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.59</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>87.75 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>86.66</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>85.89</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>83.97</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>79.30</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>79.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.97</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.70</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.01</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.55</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.71</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>75.20</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.67 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>78.95</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.16</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>77.54</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>76.04</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.34</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>74.37</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.08</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>72.33</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>72.50</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>71.44</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.40 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2024 </th> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>72.58</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>70.72</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>70.81</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>69.87</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>68.90</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>68.37</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>68.27</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>72.87</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>73.49</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>71.44</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th>Jan</th> <th>Feb</th> <th>Mar</th> <th>Apr</th> <th>May</th> <th>Jun</th> <th>Jul</th> <th>Aug</th> <th>Sep</th> <th>Oct</th> <th>Nov</th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="12">Month </th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-USD_1950-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JPY-USD_1950-.svg/300px-JPY-USD_1950-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JPY-USD_1950-.svg/450px-JPY-USD_1950-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JPY-USD_1950-.svg/600px-JPY-USD_1950-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/USD exchange rate since 1950</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-USD_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JPY-USD_v2.svg/300px-JPY-USD_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JPY-USD_v2.svg/450px-JPY-USD_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JPY-USD_v2.svg/600px-JPY-USD_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/USD exchange rate in the Heisei and Reiwa eras</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-CAD_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JPY-CAD_v2.svg/300px-JPY-CAD_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JPY-CAD_v2.svg/450px-JPY-CAD_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JPY-CAD_v2.svg/600px-JPY-CAD_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/CAD exchange rate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-EUR_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JPY-EUR_v2.svg/300px-JPY-EUR_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JPY-EUR_v2.svg/450px-JPY-EUR_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JPY-EUR_v2.svg/600px-JPY-EUR_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/EUR exchange rate</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-GBP_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/JPY-GBP_v2.svg/300px-JPY-GBP_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/JPY-GBP_v2.svg/450px-JPY-GBP_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/JPY-GBP_v2.svg/600px-JPY-GBP_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/GBP exchange rate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-CHF_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JPY-CHF_v2.svg/300px-JPY-CHF_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JPY-CHF_v2.svg/450px-JPY-CHF_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JPY-CHF_v2.svg/600px-JPY-CHF_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/CHF exchange rate</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-AUD_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/JPY-AUD_v2.svg/300px-JPY-AUD_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/JPY-AUD_v2.svg/450px-JPY-AUD_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/JPY-AUD_v2.svg/600px-JPY-AUD_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/AUD exchange rate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-NZD_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/JPY-NZD_v2.svg/300px-JPY-NZD_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/JPY-NZD_v2.svg/450px-JPY-NZD_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/JPY-NZD_v2.svg/600px-JPY-NZD_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/NZD exchange rate</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-ZAR_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/JPY-ZAR_v2.svg/300px-JPY-ZAR_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/JPY-ZAR_v2.svg/450px-JPY-ZAR_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/JPY-ZAR_v2.svg/600px-JPY-ZAR_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/ZAR exchange rate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-CNY_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JPY-CNY_v2.svg/300px-JPY-CNY_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JPY-CNY_v2.svg/450px-JPY-CNY_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JPY-CNY_v2.svg/600px-JPY-CNY_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/CNY exchange rate</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KRW-JPY_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/KRW-JPY_v2.svg/300px-KRW-JPY_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/KRW-JPY_v2.svg/450px-KRW-JPY_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/KRW-JPY_v2.svg/600px-KRW-JPY_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">KRW/JPY exchange rate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPY-INR_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JPY-INR_v2.svg/300px-JPY-INR_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JPY-INR_v2.svg/450px-JPY-INR_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JPY-INR_v2.svg/600px-JPY-INR_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">JPY/INR exchange rate</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr><th style="background: #A7C3FF;" colspan="2"> Current JPY exchange rates</th> </tr><tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Google Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AUD-JPY">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CAD-JPY">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CHF-JPY">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CNY-JPY">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/EUR-JPY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/GBP-JPY">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HKD-JPY">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/USD-JPY">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/KRW-JPY">KRW</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/EUR-JPY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/USD-JPY">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AUDJPY=X">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CADJPY=X">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CHFJPY=X">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CNYJPY=X">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EURJPY=X">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GBPJPY=X">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HKDJPY=X">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDJPY=X">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/KRWJPY=X">KRW</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EURJPY=X">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDJPY=X">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/XE.com" title="XE.com">XE.com</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=AUD&To=JPY">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=JPY">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CHF&To=JPY">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CNY&To=JPY">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=JPY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=GBP&To=JPY">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=HKD&To=JPY">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=JPY">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=KRW&To=JPY">KRW</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=JPY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=JPY">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From OANDA: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=AUD&to=JPY">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CAD&to=JPY">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CHF&to=JPY">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CNY&to=JPY">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=EUR&to=JPY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=GBP&to=JPY">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=HKD&to=JPY">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=USD&to=JPY">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=KRW&to=JPY">KRW</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=EUR&to=JPY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=USD&to=JPY">USD</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_currency_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Japanese military currency (disambiguation)">Japanese military currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_flows_in_Japan" title="Capital flows in Japan">Capital flows in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments_accounts_of_Japan_(1960%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of payments accounts of Japan (1960–90)">Balance of payments accounts of Japan (1960–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_leading_trade_partners" title="List of countries by leading trade partners">List of countries by leading trade partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Japan" title="List of the largest trading partners of Japan">List of the largest trading partners of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire_won" title="Korean Empire won">Korean Empire won</a> (1902–1910)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_currency">Older currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Older currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mon_(currency)" title="Japanese mon (currency)">Japanese mon (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_(coin)" title="Koban (coin)">Koban (coin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_(Japanese_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryō (Japanese coin)">Ryō (Japanese coin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad%C5%8Dkaichin" title="Wadōkaichin">Wadōkaichin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="zh">元</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yuán</span></i> is not a simplified form of <span lang="zh-Hans">圆</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">圓</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yuán</span></i>, but a completely different character. One of the reasons for replacements is said to be that the previous character had too many strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikami2007_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikami2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both characters have the same pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, but not in Japanese. In 1695, certain Japanese coins were issued whose surface has the character <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元</span></span>)</span>, but this is an abbreviation of the era name <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Genroku" title="Genroku">Genroku</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元禄</span></span>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is known that in ancient Japanese there were distinct syllables <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/<span class="wrap"> </span>/we/<span class="wrap"> </span>/je/</span>. From middle of the 10th century, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">え</span></span></span>) had merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span>, and both were pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span>, while a <i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> had disappeared. Around the 13th century, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゑ</span></span></span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> ceased to be distinguished (in pronunciation, but not in writing system) and both came to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously minted pure nickel 50 yen coins dated between 1955 and 1966 are still legal tender.<sup id="cite_ref-NIBV_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIBV-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are rarely seen in circulation due to the price of nickel bullion.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously minted 100 yen silver coins dated between 1957 and 1966 are still legal tender.<sup id="cite_ref-NIBV_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIBV-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver was dropped from the coinage in 1967, which led to coin <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a> and silver smuggling outside of the country for melting.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of this and their changed design, its unclear if these coins still circulate today.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With a diameter of 15.75 mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm, a one-rin coin is smaller than a modern <a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">euro cent</a> (16.25 mm and 1.67 mm respectively).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/cpi/index.htm">"Statistics Bureau Home Page/Consumer Price Index"</a>. Stat.go.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815131240/https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/cpi/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bank for International Settlements. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106074651/https://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx13fx.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hong Kong University Press. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cases+on+International+Business+and+Finance+in+Japanese+Corporations&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mitsura+Misawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-08-fi-63836-story.html">"ECONOMIC SUPERPOWERS AT ODDS: As Yen rises, Japanese and U.S. GDPs Go Head-to-Head, A forecast that Japan's economy will surpass America's by 2000 almost came true on April 19"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. May 8, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061319/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-08-fi-63836-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=ECONOMIC+SUPERPOWERS+AT+ODDS%3A+As+Yen+rises%2C+Japanese+and+U.S.+GDPs+Go+Head-to-Head%2C+A+forecast+that+Japan%27s+economy+will+surpass+America%27s+by+2000+almost+came+true+on+April+19&rft.date=1995-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1995-05-08-fi-63836-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-rate_2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x-rate_2023_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x-rate_2023_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=USD&to=JPY&amount=1&year=2024">"Japanese Yen per 1 US Dollar Monthly average (2024)"</a>. <i>X-rates.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 24, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214103502/http://currency-history.info/japaneseyen/">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Currency+History&rft.atitle=History+of+Japanese+Yen&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurrency-history.info%2Fjapaneseyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-rate_2022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-x-rate_2022_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=USD&amount=1&year=2022">"US Dollar per 1 Japanese Yen Monthly average (2022)"</a>. <i>X-rates.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=X-rates.com&rft.atitle=US+Dollar+per+1+Japanese+Yen+Monthly+average+%282022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.x-rates.com%2Faverage%2F%3Ffrom%3DJPY%26to%3DUSD%26amount%3D1%26year%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom_220610-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_220610_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_220610_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-10/why-the-yen-is-so-weak-and-what-that-means-for-japan-quicktake">"Why Japan's Yen Is the Weakest in 20 Years and What That Means"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. June 10, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814190203/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-10/why-the-yen-is-so-weak-and-what-that-means-for-japan-quicktake">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Why+Japan%27s+Yen+Is+the+Weakest+in+20+Years+and+What+That+Means&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-06-10%2Fwhy-the-yen-is-so-weak-and-what-that-means-for-japan-quicktake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kato_220902-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kato_220902_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kato_220902_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ926KRTQ92ULFA00C.html?iref=ogimage_rek">"日本円が「ジャンク通貨」に？ロシアや新興国通貨よりも価値下落：朝日新聞デジタル"</a> [Will the Japanese yen become a "junk currency"? Decrease in value compared to Russian and emerging market currencies]. <i>朝日新聞デジタル</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>. September 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%86%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8C%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AB%EF%BC%9F+%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%84%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A%E3%82%82%E4%BE%A1%E5%80%A4%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%BD%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASQ926KRTQ92ULFA00C.html%3Firef%3Dogimage_rek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_231102-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_231102_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_231102_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/11/02/how-japan-poses-a-threat-to-the-global-financial-system">"How Japan poses a threat to the global financial system"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. November 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+Japan+poses+a+threat+to+the+global+financial+system&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2023%2F11%2F02%2Fhow-japan-poses-a-threat-to-the-global-financial-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOTG271870X20C24A5000000/">"三井海洋開発など、決算書の円表記やめます拠点も資金も日本に戻らず円の警告・国富を考える（3）"</a> [Financial statements will no longer be in yen; bases and funds will not return to Japan The warning about the Japanese yen and national wealth (3)]. <i>日本経済新聞</i> (in Japanese). June 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%95%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E3%80%81%E6%B1%BA%E7%AE%97%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%86%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E3%82%84%E3%82%81%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99+%E6%8B%A0%E7%82%B9%E3%82%82%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91%E3%82%82%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AB%E6%88%BB%E3%82%89%E3%81%9A+%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E8%AD%A6%E5%91%8A%E3%83%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%8C%E3%82%92%E8%80%83%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2024-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.com%2Farticle%2FDGXZQOTG271870X20C24A5000000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2022" class="citation web cs1">Jacob, Charmaine (October 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/13/japan-tourism-weak-yen-to-boost-travel-no-full-rebound-without-china.html">"The yen may be weak, but Japan's tourism isn't expected to get a 'bona fide' rebound without Chinese visitors"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=The+yen+may+be+weak%2C+but+Japan%27s+tourism+isn%27t+expected+to+get+a+%27bona+fide%27+rebound+without+Chinese+visitors&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Charmaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F10%2F13%2Fjapan-tourism-weak-yen-to-boost-travel-no-full-rebound-without-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/travel-japan-japanese-yen-46cdf6ecc41177ff78539ce40843c599">"Japan's weaker yen a blessing to some, burden for others"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. May 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hashimoto</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000061/files/377_46838.html"><bdi lang="ja">国語音韻の変遷</bdi></a> [The History of Japanese Phonology] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307161043/http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000061/files/377_46838.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E9%81%B7&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten&rft.date=1950&rft.au=S.+Hashimoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aozora.gr.jp%2Fcards%2F000061%2Ffiles%2F377_46838.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1830296-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1830296_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedhurst1830">Medhurst (1830)</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepburn1867-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepburn1867_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHepburn1867">Hepburn (1867)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030110426/http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index2_j.html">"明治学院大学図書館 – 和英語林集成デジタルアーカイブス"</a>. <i>www.meijigakuin.ac.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index2_j.html">the original</a> on October 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meijigakuin.ac.jp&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8+%E2%80%93+%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%9E%97%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meijigakuin.ac.jp%2Fmgda%2Findex2_j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html"><bdi lang="ja">明治学院大学図書館 – 和英語林集成デジタルアーカイブス</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Meijigakuin.ac.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216222332/http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8+%E2%80%93+%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%9E%97%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9&rft.pub=Meijigakuin.ac.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meijigakuin.ac.jp%2Fmgda%2Findex5_j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Currency_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Currency Museum">Japan Currency Museum</a> (日本貨幣博物館) permanent exhibit, articles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english/history/content/">The History of Japanese Currency</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english/FAQs/FAQcurrency/answer.html">FAQs Japanese Currency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807070240/https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english/FAQs/FAQcurrency/answer.html">Archived</a> August 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031042320/https://www.waseda.jp/inst/weekly/feature/2019/10/21/67340/"><bdi lang="ja">日本の通貨はなぜ「円」なのか大隈重信と新1万円札・渋沢栄一【前編】</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>. October 21, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waseda.jp/inst/weekly/feature/2019/10/21/67340/">the original</a> on October 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%E3%80%8C%E5%86%86%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B+%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%88%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1%E3%81%A8%E6%96%B01%E4%B8%87%E5%86%86%E6%9C%AD%E3%83%BB%E6%B8%8B%E6%B2%A2%E6%A0%84%E4%B8%80%E3%80%90%E5%89%8D%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%91&rft.pub=Waseda+University&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waseda.jp%2Finst%2Fweekly%2Ffeature%2F2019%2F10%2F21%2F67340%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820234637/https://www.ngccoin.com/price-guide/world/japan-fun-km-pn2-1869-cuid-1166640-duid-1451958">"Japan Fun KM# Pn2 - (1869)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Guaranty_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic Guaranty Corporation">Numismatic Guaranty Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngccoin.com/price-guide/world/japan-fun-km-pn2-1869-cuid-1166640-duid-1451958">the original</a> on August 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Fun+KM%23+Pn2+-+%281869%29&rft.pub=Numismatic+Guaranty+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngccoin.com%2Fprice-guide%2Fworld%2Fjapan-fun-km-pn2-1869-cuid-1166640-duid-1451958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119032108/https://www.pcgs.com/valueview/fun-1869-1958/nd-1869-p5-fun-km-pn3-bn/4829?sn=118130&h=pop">"(nd(1869) P5 Fun KM-Pn3, BN) (Special Strike)Last Update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Professional_Coin_Grading_Service" title="Professional Coin Grading Service">Professional Coin Grading Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgs.com/valueview/fun-1869-1958/nd-1869-p5-fun-km-pn3-bn/4829?sn=118130&h=pop">the original</a> on January 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28nd%281869%29+P5+Fun+KM-Pn3%2C+BN%29+%28Special+Strike%29Last+Update&rft.pub=Professional+Coin+Grading+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgs.com%2Fvalueview%2Ffun-1869-1958%2Fnd-1869-p5-fun-km-pn3-bn%2F4829%3Fsn%3D118130%26h%3Dpop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119031312/https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=2524&lot=150">"Pattern Crossed flag&Mt. Fuji 1Momme Copper ND(1869?)"</a>. <i>numisbids.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=2524&lot=150">the original</a> on January 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=numisbids.com&rft.atitle=Pattern+Crossed+flag%26Mt.+Fuji+1Momme+Copper+ND%281869%3F%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numisbids.com%2Fn.php%3Fp%3Dlot%26sid%3D2524%26lot%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frossard-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frossard_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdouard_Frossard1878" class="citation book cs1">Edouard Frossard (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_R7KkL4VeUC&q=5+yen+coin+struck+1870"><i>The Coin Collector's Journal</i></a>. Vol. 3. Scott and Company. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coin+Collector%27s+Journal&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Scott+and+Company&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Edouard+Frossard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_R7KkL4VeUC%26q%3D5%2Byen%2Bcoin%2Bstruck%2B1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WInjJ3aId4UC&q=5+yen+coin+struck+1871&pg=PA368"><i>Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint</i></a>. United States Mint. 1895. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Director+of+the+United+States+Mint&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=United+States+Mint&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWInjJ3aId4UC%26q%3D5%2Byen%2Bcoin%2Bstruck%2B1871%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hisamitsu-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hisamitsu_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHisamitsu_Shigehira1976" class="citation book cs1">Hisamitsu Shigehira (1976). <i>Monogatari Monogatari</i>. Mainichi Shimbun. pp. 176–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monogatari+Monogatari&rft.pages=176-178&rft.pub=Mainichi+Shimbun&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Hisamitsu+Shigehira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GS_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8oxAQAAIAAJ&q=20+yen+1870&pg=PA13"><i>Report of the Adoption of the Gold Standard in Japan</i></a>. Government Press. 1899. pp. 2–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Adoption+of+the+Gold+Standard+in+Japan&rft.pages=2-8&rft.pub=Government+Press&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8oxAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D20%2Byen%2B1870%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Eatwell2016" class="citation book cs1">John Eatwell (2016). "Years-Estyate For Yen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K49PDAAAQBAJ&dq=Japan+5+sen+coin+December+1870+osaka&pg=RA2-PA683"><i>Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy</i></a>. Springer. p. 683. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10358-4"><bdi>978-1-349-10358-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Years-Estyate+For+Yen&rft.btitle=Palgrave%27s+Dictionary+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=683&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-10358-4&rft.au=John+Eatwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK49PDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJapan%2B5%2Bsen%2Bcoin%2BDecember%2B1870%2Bosaka%26pg%3DRA2-PA683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVctAAAAIAAJ&dq=Japan+5+sen+coin+1870&pg=RA2-PA25"><i>History - The First Period</i></a>. Financial and Economic Annual of Japan. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1907. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+-+The+First+Period&rft.series=Financial+and+Economic+Annual+of+Japan&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVctAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DJapan%2B5%2Bsen%2Bcoin%2B1870%26pg%3DRA2-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Piatt Andrew, <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, "The End of the Mexican Dollar", 18:3:321–356, 1904, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiossone-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiossone_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoheng_Zhang,_Mario_Mignone2019" class="citation book cs1">Gaoheng Zhang, Mario Mignone (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfXIDwAAQBAJ&q=Dondorf+Naumann+Japan&pg=PA223"><i>A bridge of Art and Culture Connecting Italy and Japan</i></a>. Exchanges and Parallels between Italy and East Asia. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4462-8"><bdi>978-1-5275-4462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+bridge+of+Art+and+Culture+Connecting+Italy+and+Japan&rft.series=Exchanges+and+Parallels+between+Italy+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-4462-8&rft.au=Gaoheng+Zhang%2C+Mario+Mignone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfXIDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDondorf%2BNaumann%2BJapan%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCP20-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCP20_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywR7HXjTU9QC&q=was+stopped+on+1879%2C+&pg=RA1-PA29"><i>The Gold Standard in Japan</i></a>. Sound Currency Committee of the Reform Club. 1899. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Standard+in+Japan&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Sound+Currency+Committee+of+the+Reform+Club&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywR7HXjTU9QC%26q%3Dwas%2Bstopped%2Bon%2B1879%252C%2B%26pg%3DRA1-PA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mono-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mono_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mono_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-wNAQAAMAAJ&dq=Satsuma+Rebellion+payment+December+1877&pg=PA31"><i>Reserve Paper Money and Temporary Loan for the Redemption of Paper Money</i></a>. 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Oxford University Press. 1922. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reserve+Paper+Money+and+Temporary+Loan+for+the+Redemption+of+Paper+Money&rft.series=Japanese+Monographs&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-wNAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DSatsuma%2BRebellion%2Bpayment%2BDecember%2B1877%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOJ_History-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOJ_History_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boj.or.jp/about/outline/history/his_1850.htm/">"A historical chronology of the Bank of Japan"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+historical+chronology+of+the+Bank+of+Japan&rft.pub=Bank+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boj.or.jp%2Fabout%2Foutline%2Fhistory%2Fhis_1850.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCP29-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCP29_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywR7HXjTU9QC&q=Count+Matsukata+became&pg=RA1-PA29"><i>The Gold Standard in Japan</i></a>. Sound Currency Committee of the Reform Club. 1899. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Standard+in+Japan&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Sound+Currency+Committee+of+the+Reform+Club&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywR7HXjTU9QC%26q%3DCount%2BMatsukata%2Bbecame%26pg%3DRA1-PA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOJ1885-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOJ1885_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boj.or.jp/announcements/education/oshiete/history/j01.htm/">"日本銀行創立の経緯について教えてください。"</a>. Bank of Japan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%89%B5%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E7%B7%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E6%95%99%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%95%E3%81%84%E3%80%82&rft.pub=Bank+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boj.or.jp%2Fannouncements%2Feducation%2Foshiete%2Fhistory%2Fj01.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB1883AND1896-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB1883AND1896_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB1883AND1896_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Max_Bratter1931" class="citation book cs1">Herbert Max Bratter (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xM711UCVUGoC&dq=Japan+National+Bank+Note+1883&pg=PA19"><i>Abolition of the National Banks</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolition+of+the+National+Banks&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Herbert+Max+Bratter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxM711UCVUGoC%26dq%3DJapan%2BNational%2BBank%2BNote%2B1883%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Americana1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Americana1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMBGAQAAIAAJ&dq=Japan+National+Bank+Note+1883&pg=PA706"><i>Japan - Finance and Coinage System in Japan</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EH.Net+Encyclopedia%3A+Gold+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fofficer.gold.standard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 347–348, "Average Exchange Rate: Banking and the Money Market", <i>Japan Year Book 1933</i>, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 332–333, "Exchange and Interest Rates", <i>Japan Year Book 1938–1939</i>, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A law of the abolition of currencies in a small denomination and rounding off a fraction, July 15, 1953, Law No.60<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/01619530715060.htm">小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōgakutsūka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasūkeisan ni kansuru hōritsu</i></span>)</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 1179, "Japan – Money, Weights and Measures", <i>The Statesman's Year-Book 1950</i>, Steinberg, S. H., Macmillan, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/social-series/20220125-10712/">"50 years on / Shift from dollar to yen triggered upheaval in Okinawa"</a>. <i>The Yomiuri Shimbun</i>. January 25, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814191140/https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/social-series/20220125-10712/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yomiuri+Shimbun&rft.atitle=50+years+on+%2F+Shift+from+dollar+to+yen+triggered+upheaval+in+Okinawa&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapannews.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fsociety%2Fsocial-series%2F20220125-10712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanto, Dick K., <i>Japan's Currency Intervention: Policy Issues</i>, RL33178; Congressional Research Service, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL33178.pdf">https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL33178.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804200813/http://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL33178.pdf">Archived</a> August 4, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongo2011" class="citation web cs1">Hongo, Jun (September 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/09/13/reference/despite-mounting-debt-yen-still-a-safe-haven/">"Despite mounting debt, yen still a safe haven"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610034653/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/09/13/reference/despite-mounting-debt-yen-still-a-safe-haven/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+mounting+debt%2C+yen+still+a+safe+haven&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Hongo&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2011%2F09%2F13%2Freference%2Fdespite-mounting-debt-yen-still-a-safe-haven%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKambayashi2007" class="citation news cs1">Kambayashi, Satoshi (February 1, 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2007/02/01/what-keeps-bankers-awake-at-night">"What keeps bankers awake at night?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220005738/https://economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8633485">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=What+keeps+bankers+awake+at+night%3F&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.aulast=Kambayashi&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2007%2F02%2F01%2Fwhat-keeps-bankers-awake-at-night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span> (Note: archive contains original version of article in full)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKambayashi2007" class="citation news cs1">Kambayashi, Satoshi (February 8, 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2007/02/08/carry-on-living-dangerously">"Carry on living dangerously"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211175118/https://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8679006">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Carry+on+living+dangerously&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Kambayashi&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fcarry-on-living-dangerously&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span> (Note: archive contains original version of article in full)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/04/japan-quantitative-easing-70bn">"Japan aims to jump-start economy with $1.4tn of quantitative easing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. April 4, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930145157/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/04/japan-quantitative-easing-70bn">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan+aims+to+jump-start+economy+with+%241.4tn+of+quantitative+easing&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Fapr%2F04%2Fjapan-quantitative-easing-70bn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_230430-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_230430_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_230430_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2024" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (April 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/04/30/japan-is-wrong-to-try-to-prop-up-the-yen">"Japan is wrong to try to prop up the yen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Japan+is+wrong+to+try+to+prop+up+the+yen&rft.date=2024-04-30&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2024%2F04%2F30%2Fjapan-is-wrong-to-try-to-prop-up-the-yen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/international_policy/reference/feio/data/quarter/2022_3Q.html">"外国為替平衡操作の実施状況(令和4年7月～令和4年9月)"</a>. <i>財務省</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E7%82%BA%E6%9B%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E6%96%BD%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81%28%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C4%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%EF%BD%9E%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C4%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Finternational_policy%2Freference%2Ffeio%2Fdata%2Fquarter%2F2022_3Q.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/international_policy/reference/feio/data/quarter/2022_4Q.html">"外国為替平衡操作の実施状況(令和4年10月～令和4年12月)"</a>. <i>財務省</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E7%82%BA%E6%9B%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E6%96%BD%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81%28%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C4%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%EF%BD%9E%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C4%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Finternational_policy%2Freference%2Ffeio%2Fdata%2Fquarter%2F2022_4Q.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/international_policy/reference/feio/data/monthly/20240531.html">"外国為替平衡操作の実施状況(令和6年4月26日～令和6年5月29日)"</a>. <i>財務省</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E7%82%BA%E6%9B%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E6%96%BD%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81%28%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C6%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%EF%BD%9E%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C6%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8829%E6%97%A5%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Finternational_policy%2Freference%2Ffeio%2Fdata%2Fmonthly%2F20240531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Coalition+sets+up+talks+on+yen%27s+redenomination-a057825429">"Coalition sets up talks on yen's redenomination. - Free Online Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214214921/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Coalition+sets+up+talks+on+yen%27s+redenomination-a057825429">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coalition+sets+up+talks+on+yen%27s+redenomination.+-+Free+Online+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FCoalition%2Bsets%2Bup%2Btalks%2Bon%2Byen%2527s%2Bredenomination-a057825429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mint.go.jp/eng/operations-eng/production-eng/production-aproach-eng/eng_operations_coin_index.html">"Coins Presently Minted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coins+Presently+Minted&rft.pub=Japan+Mint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mint.go.jp%2Feng%2Foperations-eng%2Fproduction-eng%2Fproduction-aproach-eng%2Feng_operations_coin_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIBV-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIBV_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIBV_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIBV_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIBV_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boj.or.jp/note_tfjgs/note/valid/past_issue/index.htm">"その他有効な銀行券・貨幣"</a> (in Japanese). Bank of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616002326/https://www.boj.or.jp/note_tfjgs/note/valid/past_issue/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%96%E6%9C%89%E5%8A%B9%E3%81%AA%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B8%E3%83%BB%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3&rft.pub=Bank+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boj.or.jp%2Fnote_tfjgs%2Fnote%2Fvalid%2Fpast_issue%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JT-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JT_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/features/why-the-50-yen-coin-has-a-hole-and-other-fun-facts-about-japanese-coins">"Why the 50-yen coin has a hole and other fun facts about Japanese coins"</a>. <i>Japan Today</i>. December 1, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915101107/https://japantoday.com/category/features/why-the-50-yen-coin-has-a-hole-and-other-fun-facts-about-japanese-coins">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=Why+the+50-yen+coin+has+a+hole+and+other+fun+facts+about+Japanese+coins&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Ffeatures%2Fwhy-the-50-yen-coin-has-a-hole-and-other-fun-facts-about-japanese-coins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Williams2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Williams (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLVdDgAAQBAJ&q=100+yen+coin+1957&pg=PA75"><i>History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50381-1"><bdi>978-1-317-50381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Digital+Games%3A+Developments+in+Art%2C+Design+and+Interaction&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50381-1&rft.au=Andrew+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLVdDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D100%2Byen%2Bcoin%2B1957%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay2006" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, James (2006). <i>The Complete Illustrated Guide to Coins & Coin Collecting</i>. Anness Publishing Ltd. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+Guide+to+Coins+%26+Coin+Collecting&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Anness+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapan_Mint" class="citation web cs1">Japan Mint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110050643/http://www.mint.go.jp/eng/data/page01-1_e.html">"Number of Coin Production (calendar year)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mint.go.jp/eng/data/page01-1_e.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Coin+Production+%28calendar+year%29&rft.au=Japan+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mint.go.jp%2Feng%2Fdata%2Fpage01-1_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/counterfeit-500-yen-coins-circulating-in-tokai">"Counterfeit 500-yen coins circulating in Tokai"</a>. <i>Japan Today</i>. August 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ministry of Finance. Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mof.go.jp/faq/currency/07ap.htm">the original</a> on September 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3%E3%81%AE%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F%E3%81%AE%E9%81%B8%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1%E3%82%92%E6%95%99%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%95%E3%81%84&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Finance.+Japan.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.go.jp%2Ffaq%2Fcurrency%2F07ap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428103457/https://www.jiji.com/jc/graphics?p=ve_eco_kinyushoken20190409j-06-w490"><bdi lang="ja">紙幣肖像の変遷（2019年4月）</bdi></a> (in Japanese). 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September 30, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727175611/https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2016/09/30/am16-pr16440-imf-launches-new-sdr-basket-including-chinese-renminbi">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+Launches+New+SDR+Basket+Including+Chinese+Renminbi%2C+Determines+New+Currency+Amounts&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2FAM16-PR16440-IMF-Launches-New-SDR-Basket-Including-Chinese-Renminbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For 1995–99, 2006–22: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175">"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)"</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Currency+Composition+of+Official+Foreign+Exchange+Reserves+%28COFER%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fregular.aspx%3Fkey%3D41175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For 1999–2005: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Relations_Committee_Task_Force_on_Accumulation_of_Foreign_Reserves2006" class="citation cs2">International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp43.pdf"><i>The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>)</span>, Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main: <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1607-1484">1607-1484</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Accumulation+of+Foreign+Reserves&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.series=Occasional+Paper+Series%2C+Nr.+43&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft.date=2006-02&rft.issn=1607-1484&rft.au=International+Relations+Committee+Task+Force+on+Accumulation+of+Foreign+Reserves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fscpops%2Fecbocp43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1725-6534">1725-6534</a> (online).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/euro-international-role200512en.pdf"><i>Review of the International Role of the Euro</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>, Frankfurt am Main: <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, December 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1725-2210">1725-2210</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+International+Role+of+the+Euro&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft.date=2005-12&rft.issn=1725-2210&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fother%2Feuro-international-role200512en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1725-6593">1725-6593</a> (online).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF日本放送協会2024" class="citation web cs1">日本放送協会 (June 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240628/k10014494621000.html">"円相場一時1ドル161円台まで値下がり 37年半ぶり円安水準更新"</a>. <i>NHKニュース</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&rft.atitle=%E5%86%86%E7%9B%B8%E5%A0%B4+%E4%B8%80%E6%99%821%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB161%E5%86%86%E5%8F%B0%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E5%80%A4%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8A+37%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%8A%E3%81%B6%E3%82%8A%E5%86%86%E5%AE%89%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%96%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0&rft.date=2024-06-28&rft.au=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20240628%2Fk10014494621000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASRDQ413ZRCQULFA014.html"><bdi lang="ja">円の実力、なぜ過去最低水準金利差だけではない日本経済の「弱さ」：朝日新聞デジタル</bdi></a></span> [Why is the yen's strength at its lowest level ever? The weakness of the Japanese economy is not just due to the interest rate differential]. <i>Asahi Shimbun Digital</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>. December 25, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240130100406/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASRDQ413ZRCQULFA014.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asahi+Shimbun+Digital&rft.atitle=%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E5%8A%9B%E3%80%81%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%96+%E9%87%91%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%AE%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E5%BC%B1%E3%81%95%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2023-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASRDQ413ZRCQULFA014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S15921049.html?iref=ogimage_rek">"（時時刻刻）口先介入、薄れた効果１カ月４円下落「市場に見透かされ」：朝日新聞デジタル"</a> [(Time and Time) Lip service, faded effect, 4 yen drop in one month 'The market saw through']. <i>Asahi Shimbun Digital</i> (in Japanese). April 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asahi+Shimbun+Digital&rft.atitle=%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E6%99%82%E5%88%BB%E5%88%BB%EF%BC%89%E5%8F%A3%E5%85%88%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5%E3%80%81%E8%96%84%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C+%EF%BC%91%E3%82%AB%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%94%E5%86%86%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%BD%E3%80%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E9%80%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FDA3S15921049.html%3Firef%3Dogimage_rek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.jp/articles/-/81436">"このままでは日本の伝統的企業が海外に買われていく…円安が止まらない日本を待ち受ける"最悪のシナリオ" 政府は円安政策を意図的に進めているように見える"</a> [If things continue like this, traditional Japanese companies will be bought out by foreign companies...The 'worst case scenario' awaits Japan as the yen continues to depreciate.The government appears to be intentionally pursuing a policy of depreciating the yen.]. <i>PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン）</i> (in Japanese). May 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRESIDENT+Online%EF%BC%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%89&rft.atitle=%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%BC%9D%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E3%81%8C%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E3%81%AB%E8%B2%B7%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%8F%E2%80%A6%E5%86%86%E5%AE%89%E3%81%8C%E6%AD%A2%E3%81%BE%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%82%92%E5%BE%85%E3%81%A1%E5%8F%97%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%22%E6%9C%80%E6%82%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%22+%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%81%AF%E5%86%86%E5%AE%89%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%82%92%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%B3%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AB%E9%80%B2%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B&rft.date=2024-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.jp%2Farticles%2F-%2F81436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.47news.jp/11086746.html">"円の国際価値が過去最低、BIS ドルなどと大差、通貨地位揺らぐ"</a>. <i>47NEWS</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=47NEWS&rft.atitle=%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E4%BE%A1%E5%80%A4%E3%81%8C%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E3%80%81BIS+%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%AE%E3%80%81%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E6%8F%BA%E3%82%89%E3%81%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.47news.jp%2F11086746.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYokoyamaUrabe2024" class="citation web cs1">Yokoyama, Erica; Urabe, Emi (April 11, 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com./news/articles/2024-04-10/japan-s-top-currency-official-mulls-all-forex-options-as-needed">"Yen Traders Wary of Intervention as Japan Warns Against Drop"</a></span>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Yen+Traders+Wary+of+Intervention+as+Japan+Warns+Against+Drop&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft.aulast=Yokoyama&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft.au=Urabe%2C+Emi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com.%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-04-10%2Fjapan-s-top-currency-official-mulls-all-forex-options-as-needed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Committee_member:_Futoshi_Oguri2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Editorial Committee member: Futoshi Oguri (May 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOCD173RG0X10C24A5000000/">"「歴史的円安」解消、なお時間金利差より厚い需給の壁編集委員小栗太"</a> [How long does it take for the "historically weak yen" to end? The wall between supply and demand is thicker than the interest rate difference]. <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shimbun">Nihon Keizai Shimbun</a></i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nihon+Keizai+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%86%86%E5%AE%89%E3%80%8D%E8%A7%A3%E6%B6%88%E3%80%81%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8A%E6%99%82%E9%96%93+%E9%87%91%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%AE%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A%E5%8E%9A%E3%81%84%E9%9C%80%E7%B5%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%A3%81+%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1+%E5%B0%8F%E6%A0%97%E5%A4%AA&rft.date=2024-05-19&rft.au=Editorial+Committee+member%3A+Futoshi+Oguri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.com%2Farticle%2FDGXZQOCD173RG0X10C24A5000000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneypost.jp/940387">"円安で日本円は"ジャンク通貨"になった海外両替所に日本円の表示がないことも"</a> [The depreciation of the yen has turned the Japanese yen into a "junk currency". Overseas currency exchange offices may not display Japanese yen.]. <i>マネーポストWEB</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a>. August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88WEB&rft.atitle=%E5%86%86%E5%AE%89%E3%81%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%86%E3%81%AF%22%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%22%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F+%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%A1%E6%9B%BF%E6%89%80%E3%81%AB%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneypost.jp%2F940387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOCD011QF0R01C23A1000000/">"ドル円相場、「円弱」1ドル150円理由は金利差だけじゃない"</a> [The dollar/yen exchange rate is “weak” at 150 yen to the dollar, and the reason is not just the interest rate difference.]. <i>日本経済新聞</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">Nikkei</a>. November 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft.atitle=%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E5%86%86%E7%9B%B8%E5%A0%B4%E3%80%81%E3%80%8C%E5%86%86%E5%BC%B1%E3%80%8D1%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB150%E5%86%86+%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1%E3%81%AF%E9%87%91%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%AE%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.com%2Farticle%2FDGXZQOCD011QF0R01C23A1000000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaisaku_Ueno_(Mitsubishi_UFJ_Morgan_Stanley_Securities)2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daisaku Ueno (Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities) (January 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jp.reuters.com/opinion/forex-forum/6NZHMTQOQNJGPCGLQ4UEB7OWZA-2024-01-16/">"コラム：能登半島地震で明白になった「円の安全神話」崩壊の構図＝植野大作氏"</a> [Column: The collapse of the “myth of yen safety” revealed by the Noto Peninsula earthquake]. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%EF%BC%9A%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BB%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E3%81%A7%E6%98%8E%E7%99%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%80%8C%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E3%80%8D%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%8B%E5%9B%B3%EF%BC%9D%E6%A4%8D%E9%87%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%8F&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft.au=Daisaku+Ueno+%28Mitsubishi+UFJ+Morgan+Stanley+Securities%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjp.reuters.com%2Fopinion%2Fforex-forum%2F6NZHMTQOQNJGPCGLQ4UEB7OWZA-2024-01-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/OpEd" class="mw-redirect" title="OpEd">OpEd</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/the-japanese-yen-will-likely-remain-weak-for-months-to-come.html">"The Japanese yen will likely remain weak for months to come"</a>. <i>Goldman Sachs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goldman+Sachs&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+yen+will+likely+remain+weak+for+months+to+come&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldmansachs.com%2Fintelligence%2Fpages%2Fthe-japanese-yen-will-likely-remain-weak-for-months-to-come.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153815/http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/stat/dlong/fin_stat/rate/cdab0780.csv">"Foreign Exchange Rates"</a>. <i>Bank of Japan</i>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/stat/dlong/fin_stat/rate/cdab0780.csv">the original</a> on June 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Foreign+Exchange+Rates&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boj.or.jp%2Fen%2Ftype%2Fstat%2Fdlong%2Ffin_stat%2Frate%2Fcdab0780.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929140424/https://www.stat-search.boj.or.jp/ssi/mtshtml/fm08_m_1_en.html">"BOJ's Main Time-series Statistics"</a>. <i>Bank of Japan</i>. April 27, 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat-search.boj.or.jp/ssi/mtshtml/fm08_m_1_en.html">the original</a> on September 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Japan&rft.atitle=BOJ%27s+Main+Time-series+Statistics&rft.date=2024-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat-search.boj.or.jp%2Fssi%2Fmtshtml%2Ffm08_m_1_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat-search.boj.or.jp/ssi/mtshtml/fm09_m_1_en.html">"BOJ Time-Series Data Search"</a>. <i>www.stat-search.boj.or.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat-search.boj.or.jp&rft.atitle=BOJ+Time-Series+Data+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat-search.boj.or.jp%2Fssi%2Fmtshtml%2Ffm09_m_1_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bis.org/topics/EER/BIS,WS_EER,1.0/M.R.N.JP?view=observations">"Real effective exchange rate, Japan / Narrow basket"</a>. <i>data.bis.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.bis.org&rft.atitle=Real+effective+exchange+rate%2C+Japan+%2F+Narrow+basket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bis.org%2Ftopics%2FEER%2FBIS%2CWS_EER%2C1.0%2FM.R.N.JP%3Fview%3Dobservations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.jp"><i>Japan: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedhurst1830" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Medhurst, Walter</a> (1830). <i>An English and Japanese, and Japanese and English Vocabulary: Compiled from Native Works</i>. Batavia, Dutch East Indies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5452087">5452087</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23422004M">23422004M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English+and+Japanese%2C+and+Japanese+and+English+Vocabulary%3A+Compiled+from+Native+Works&rft.place=Batavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies&rft.date=1830&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5452087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23422004M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Medhurst&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">Hepburn, James Curtis</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajapaneseandeng01hepbgoog"><i>A Japanese and English Dictionary</i></a>. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32634467">32634467</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13132016W">13132016W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese+and+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=American+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32634467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL13132016W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=James+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajapaneseandeng01hepbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiyun-sai_Rin-siyoHayashi_Gahō1834" class="citation book cs1">Siyun-sai Rin-siyo; <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Gaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayashi Gaho">Hayashi Gahō</a> (1834) [1652]. <i>Nipon o daï itsi ran: ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh">Titsingh, Isaac</a>; Klaproth, Julius von. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Oriental Translation Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691">5850691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nipon+o+da%C3%AF+itsi+ran%3A+ou%2C+Annales+des+empereurs+du+Japon&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Oriental+Translation+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=1834&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5850691&rft.au=Siyun-sai+Rin-siyo&rft.au=Hayashi+Gah%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+yen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_yen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%86" class="extiw" title="commons:日本円"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">日本円</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/JPY" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:JPY">JPY</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/JP%C2%A5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:JP¥">JP¥</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/JP%E5%86%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:JP円">JP円</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:円">円</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040218183800/http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/faq.htm">Japanese currency FAQ</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234603/http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/index.htm">Currency Museum, Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boj.or.jp/en/note_tfjgs/note/valid/issue.htm">Bank of Japan Notes and Coins Currently Issued</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/japon-1.html">Catalog of the coins of Japan</a> (Numista)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taprofessional.de/charts/Dollar-Yen-Line-Chart.htm">Chart: US dollar in yen</a>) (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106171258/http://www.taprofessional.de/charts/Yen-Euro-Line-Chart.htm">Chart: 100 yen in euros</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html">Historical Currency Converter</a> Estimates the historical value of the yen into other currencies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Japan-B-En.htm">Historical and current banknotes of Japan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; clear: both; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preceded by:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mon_(currency)" title="Japanese mon (currency)">Japanese mon</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><b>Currency of Japan</b> <br />1870 – </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Succeeded by:<br /><b>Current</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_currency_(1870–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template:Japanese currency and coinage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template talk:Japanese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_currency_and_coinage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_currency_(1870–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese currency</a> (1870–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_(Meiji_33_-_1900)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_%28Meiji_33_-_1900%29_01.jpg/50px-50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_%28Meiji_33_-_1900%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_%28Meiji_33_-_1900%29_01.jpg/75px-50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_%28Meiji_33_-_1900%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_%28Meiji_33_-_1900%29_01.jpg/100px-50_Sen_-_Empire_of_Japan_-_Fujiyamaa_%28Meiji_33_-_1900%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Museum_of_the_Bank_of_Japan" title="Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan">Currency Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countermarked_yen_(%22Gin%22)" title="Countermarked yen ("Gin")">Countermarked yen ("Gin")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_money" title="Japanese invasion money">Japanese invasion money</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese yen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_coinage_patterns" title="List of Japanese coinage patterns">List of Japanese coinage patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Tsuho" title="Meiji Tsuho">Meiji Tsuho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Printing_Bureau" title="National Printing Bureau">National Printing Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_currency_and_coinage_(pre-yen)" title="Template:Japanese currency and coinage (pre-yen)">Pre-yen currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dollar#Japan" title="Trade dollar">Trade dollars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GoEnDamaScan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GoEnDamaScan.jpg/50px-GoEnDamaScan.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GoEnDamaScan.jpg/75px-GoEnDamaScan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GoEnDamaScan.jpg/100px-GoEnDamaScan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="803" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulating<br />currency<br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese yen</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Coins">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_yen_coin" title="1 yen coin">¥1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_yen_coin" title="5 yen coin">¥5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_yen_coin" title="10 yen coin">¥10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_yen_coin" title="50 yen coin">¥50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_yen_coin" title="100 yen coin">¥100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_yen_coin" title="500 yen coin">¥500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1000_yen_note" title="1000 yen note">¥1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_yen_note" title="2000 yen note">¥2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5000_yen_note" title="5000 yen note">¥5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10,000_yen_note" title="10,000 yen note">¥10,000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />coinage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_rin_coin" title="1 rin coin">1r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_rin_coin" title="5 rin coin">5r</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_sen_coin" title="Half sen coin"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_sen_coin" title="1 sen coin">1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_sen_coin" title="2 sen coin">2s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_sen_coin" title="5 sen coin">5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_sen_coin" title="10 sen coin">10s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_sen_coin" title="20 sen coin">20s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_sen_coin" title="50 sen coin">50s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_yen_coin" title="2 yen coin">¥2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_yen_coin" title="20 yen coin">¥20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />banknotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_sen_note" title="5 sen note">5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_sen_note" title="10 sen note">10s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_sen_note" title="20 sen note">20s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_sen_note" title="50 sen note">50s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_yen_note" title="1 yen note">¥1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_yen_note" title="2 yen note">¥2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_yen_note" title="5 yen note">¥5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_yen_note" title="10 yen note">¥10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20_yen_note&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20 yen note (page does not exist)">¥20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_yen_note" title="50 yen note">¥50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_yen_note" title="100 yen note">¥100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_yen_note" title="200 yen note">¥200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_yen_note" title="500 yen note">¥500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Japanese military currency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_currency_(1894%E2%80%931918)" title="Japanese military currency (1894–1918)">1894–1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_currency_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Japanese military currency (1937–1945)">1937–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_Currency" title="Allied Military Currency">Allied Military Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_yen" title="A yen">A yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_yen" title="B yen">B yen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100_yen_coin#Commemoratives" title="100 yen coin">¥100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_yen_coin_(commemorative)" title="500 yen coin (commemorative)">¥500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1000_yen_coin" title="1000 yen coin">¥1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5000_yen_coin" title="5000 yen coin">¥5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10,000_yen_coin" title="10,000 yen coin">¥10,000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50,000_yen_coin" title="50,000 yen coin">¥50,000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100,000_yen_coin" title="100,000 yen coin">¥100,000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_som" title="Kyrgyz som">Kyrgyz som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani manat">Turkmenistani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_sum" title="Uzbekistani sum">Uzbekistani sum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> (yuan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrög</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghan afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Bhutanese ngultrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_rufiyaa" title="Maldivian rufiyaa">Maldivian rufiyaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Nepalese rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Sri Lankan rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Cambodian riel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Lao kip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">Myanmar kyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso (<i>piso</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Vietnamese đồng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">Emirati dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">Jordanian dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Kuwaiti dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Omani rial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Qatari riyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currency_symbols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_currency_symbols" title="Template:Navbox currency symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_currency_symbols" title="Template talk:Navbox currency symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_currency_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox currency symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currency_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">؋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht#Currency_symbol" title="Thai baht">฿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">₵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_(currency)" title="Colón (currency)">₡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">¢</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cifr%C3%A3o" title="Cifrão"><img alt="Cifrão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/17px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/26px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/34px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">₫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram_sign" title="Armenian dram sign">֏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat_sign" title="Azerbaijani manat sign">₼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florin_sign" title="Florin sign">ƒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">₲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryvnia_sign" title="Hryvnia sign">₴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">₭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">₾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">₦</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa"><img alt="Indian paisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg/15px-Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg/23px-Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg/30px-Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign" title="Philippine peso sign">₱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">﷼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">៛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruble_sign" title="Ruble sign">₽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">₹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">रू</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">රු</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">૱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">௹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">꠸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">Rs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">₪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_som" title="Kyrgyz som"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">C</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">৳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira_sign" title="Turkish lira sign">₺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">₸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">₮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Won_sign" title="Won sign">₩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_and_yuan_sign" title="Yen and yuan sign">¥</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">円</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Obsolete and historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_austral" title="Argentine austral">₳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_dram" title="Artsakh dram">Դր.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruzeiro_sign" title="Cruzeiro sign">₢$</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfennig" title="Pfennig">₰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">₯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">₠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira" title="Lira">₤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">ℒ𝓈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">₶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(currency)" title="Mill (currency)">₥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mark_(1871)" title="German mark (1871)">ℳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Pts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛℳ</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ruble_sign#History" title="Imperial rouble"><img alt="Imperial rouble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg/38px-Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg/57px-Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg/76px-Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesmilo" title="Spesmilo">₷</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign#Old_Israeli_shekel_.281980.E2.80.931985.29" title="Old Israeli shekel"><img alt="Old Israeli shekel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/30px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/45px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/60px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)" title="As (Roman coin)">𐆚</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius"><img alt="Denarius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg/15px-Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg/23px-Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg/30px-Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="172" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupondius" title="Dupondius">𐆙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinarius" title="Quinarius">𐆗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">𐆘</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">₿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generic placeholder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_sign_(generic)" title="Currency sign (generic)"><span class="nounderlines" style="font-size:125%">¤</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Japan" title="Template:Economy of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Economy of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Doubling_Plan" title="Income Doubling Plan">Income Doubling Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute" title="Japan–South Korea trade dispute">Japan–South Korea trade dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy_of_Japan" title="Industrial policy of Japan">Industrial policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_policy_of_Japan" title="Trade policy of Japan">Trade policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Japan" title="Taxation in Japan">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes of the Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Printing_Bureau" title="National Printing Bureau">National Printing Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_coinage" title="Tokugawa coinage">Tokugawa coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip_of_Edo_period_Japan" title="Scrip of Edo period Japan">Scrip of Edo period Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Exchange" title="Osaka Exchange">Osaka Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_flows_in_Japan" title="Capital flows in Japan">Capital flows in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Japan" title="Financial services in Japan">Financial services in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_financial_system" title="Japanese financial system">Japanese financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Investment_Corporation" title="Japan Investment Corporation">Japan Investment Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Japan" title="Development Bank of Japan">Development Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Trade_Commission_(Japan)" title="Fair Trade Commission (Japan)">Fair Trade Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Agency" title="Financial Services Agency">Financial Services Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">Japan External Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)">Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Japan)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tax_Agency" title="National Tax Agency">National Tax Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor market</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_labour_law" title="Japanese labour law">Japanese labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_management_culture" title="Japanese management culture">Japanese management culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_work_environment" title="Japanese work environment">Japanese work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABshin_koy%C5%8D" title="Shūshin koyō">Shūshin koyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenko_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenko System">Nenko System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman">Salaryman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Japan" title="Solar power in Japan">Solar power in Japan</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japan_natural_gas_companies" title="List of Japan natural gas companies">List of Japan natural gas companies</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Japan" title="List of power stations in Japan">List of power stations in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rankings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Japan" title="International rankings of Japan">International rankings of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Japanese_companies" title="List of largest Japanese companies">List of largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_GDP" title="List of Japanese prefectures by GDP">Prefectures by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Japanese prefectures by GDP per capita">Prefectures by GDP per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, and fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Automotive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_domestic_market" title="Japanese domestic market">domestic market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Japan" title="Defense industry of Japan">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Japan" title="Mining in Japan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise_in_Japan" title="Private enterprise in Japan">Private enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_public_corporations" title="Japanese public corporations">Public corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Association_of_Corporate_Executives" title="Japan Association of Corporate Executives">Japan Association of Corporate Executives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association">Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Business_Federation" title="Japan Business Federation">Japan Business Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_relations_of_Japan" title="Economic relations of Japan">Economic relations of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-business_relations_in_Japan" title="Government-business relations in Japan">Government-business relations in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Japan" title="List of exports of Japan">List of exports of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_Japan" title="National debt of Japan">National debt of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development_in_Japan" title="Research and development in Japan">Research and development in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemawashi" title="Nemawashi">Nemawashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Japan" title="Standard of living in Japan">Standard of living in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakudari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amakudari">Amakudari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/19px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/29px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/38px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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