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Pozivamo vas da joj se priključite.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Opis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Opis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolucija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veze_i_nomenklatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veze_i_nomenklatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Veze i nomenklatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veze_i_nomenklatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sadržaj" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sjemenjače</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 82 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadplant" title="Saadplant — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saadplant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بذريات — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بذريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بذريات — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بذريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxumlu_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Toxumlu bitkilər — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toxumlu bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Насенныя расліны — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насенныя расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Насенныя — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Насенныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Семенни растения — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Семенни растения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="बीज वाला पौधा — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बीज वाला पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Sjemenjače — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espermat%C3%B2fits" title="Espermatòfits — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espermatòfits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%A9_rostliny" title="Semenné rostliny — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Semenné rostliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вăрăллă ӳсентăран — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрăллă ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8planter" title="Frøplanter — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frøplanter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samenpflanzen" title="Samenpflanzen — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samenpflanzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σπερματόφυτα — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπερματόφυτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Seed plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semplantoj" title="Semplantoj — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Semplantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemnetaimed" title="Seemnetaimed — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanerogamo" title="Fanerogamo — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fanerogamo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیدازادان — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیدازادان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemenkasvit" title="Siemenkasvit — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siemenkasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siadplaanten" title="Siadplaanten — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siadplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espermat%C3%B3fita" title="Espermatófita — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espermatófita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="צמחי זרע — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמחי זרע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="पुष्पोद्भिद — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुष्पोद्भिद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Sjemenjače — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%A1gos_n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyek" title="Virágos növények — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virágos növények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սերմնավոր բույսեր — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերմնավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji" title="Tumbuhan berbiji — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbiji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Spermatophyte" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanerogamo" title="Fanerogamo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fanerogamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A6pl%C3%B6ntur" title="Fræplöntur — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fræplöntur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="種子植物 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="種子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_wewiji" title="Tetanduran wewiji — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran wewiji" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თესლოვანი მცენარეები — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თესლოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinifsanin" title="Tinifsanin — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinifsanin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тұқымды өсімдіктер — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұқымды өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%9E%90%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="종자식물 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종자식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_tovdar" title="Riwekên tovdar — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên tovdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Уруктуу өсүмдүктөр — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уруктуу өсүмдүктөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somplanzen" title="Somplanzen — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Somplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93klaugi" title="Sēklaugi — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēklaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Семени растенија — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семени растенија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബീജസസ്യം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീജസസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatofit" title="Spermatofit — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spermatofit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အစေ့ရှိအပင် — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစေ့ရှိအပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinachtlanelhuay%C5%8Dtl" title="Xinachtlanelhuayōtl — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xinachtlanelhuayōtl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaodplaanten" title="Zaodplaanten — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zaodplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zaadplanten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8plantar" title="Frøplantar — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8planter" title="Frøplanter — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frøplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne" title="Rośliny nasienne — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rośliny nasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espermat%C3%B3fitas" title="Espermatófitas — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espermatófitas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruyuq" title="Muruyuq — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatofite" title="Spermatofite — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spermatofite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Семенные растения — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семенные растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spermatophyte" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Spermatophyte" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plants" title="Seed plants — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seed plants" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Semenné rastliny — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenke" title="Semenke — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Semenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_Siki" title="Tutuwuhan Siki — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan Siki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6v%C3%A4xter" title="Fröväxter — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fröväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வித்துத் தாவரங்கள் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வித்துத் தாவரங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="విత్తనపు మొక్క — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విత్తనపు మొక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohumlu_bitkiler" title="Tohumlu bitkiler — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tohumlu bitkiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Насінні — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Насінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piante_da_fioro" title="Piante da fioro — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piante da fioro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_h%E1%BA%A1t" title="Thực vật có hạt — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hạt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="种子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="种子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng-ch%C3%AD_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chéng-chí si̍t-bu̍t — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng-chí si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="種子植物 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="種子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredite jezičke veze" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Sjemenja%C4%8De" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermatophyta" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25814" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41338757">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg/40px-GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg/60px-GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg/80px-GDJ-World-Flags-Globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Ovaj članak ili jedan njegov dio nije preveden ili je samo djelimično preveden.</b><br /> Ako smatrate da ste sposobni prevesti ga, pogledajte kako uređivati članak, kliknite na link <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit">uredi</a></span></b> i prevedite ga vodeći računa o standardima Wikipedije i srpskohrvatskog jezika.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #B4FAB4">Sjemenjače<br /><small>Vremenski raspon: famenin–danas <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div id="PreЄ_marker" style="z-index:1000; position:absolute; left:5px; overflow:visible; width:0; position:absolute; height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Prekambrij" title="Prekambrij"><small style="line-height:130%"><span style="white-space:nowrap">PreЄ</span></small></a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.05; filter:alpha(opacity=5); width:1px; left:0px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.1; filter:alpha(opacity=10); width:1px; left:1px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.15; filter:alpha(opacity=15); width:1px; left:2px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.2; filter:alpha(opacity=20); width:1px; left:3px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; 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id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(146,76,148); left:122.76923076923px; width:15.815384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas">T</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,176,222); left:138.58461538462px; width:16.646153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Jura" class="mw-disambig" title="Jura">J</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:155.23076923077px; width:24.615384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Kreda" class="mw-disambig" title="Kreda">K</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:179.84615384615px; width:13.067692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen"><small><span style="white-space:nowrap">Pg</span></small></a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:192.91384615385px; width:7.0861538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:199px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:84.769230769231px; width:115.23076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:84.769230769231px; width:115.23076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:85.769230769231px; width:113.23076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg/220px-Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg/330px-Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg/440px-Acer_pseudoplatanus_Chaltenbrunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acer_pseudoplatanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acer pseudoplatanus (stranica ne postoji)">Acer pseudoplatanus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #B4FAB4"><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Naučna klasifikacija</a> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Carstvo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">Biljke</a><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #B4FAB4">Postojeće podjele </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycadophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycadophyta (stranica ne postoji)">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgophyta (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetophyta (stranica ne postoji)">Gnetophyta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiospermae">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #B4FAB4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinonim_(taksonomija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinonim (taksonomija) (stranica ne postoji)">Sinonimi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Phanerogamae</i></li> <li><i>Phaenogamae</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Spermatophyta</b> takođe poznati i kao <b>phanerogams</b> (taksoni Phanerogamae) ili <b>phaenogams</b> (takson Phaenogamae), obuhvataju one <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljke</a> koje proizvode <a href="/wiki/Sjeme" title="Sjeme">sjeme</a>, otuda i alternativno ime <b>sjemenjače</b>. Oni su podgrupa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopnene_biljke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopnene biljke (stranica ne postoji)">Embryophyta</a> ili kopnenih biljaka. Termin <i>phanerogams</i> ili <i>phanerogamae</i> je izveden iz <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkog</a> <span lang="el">φανερός</span>, <i><span lang="el">phanerós</span></i>, što znači "vidljivo", za razliku od <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptogamae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptogamae (stranica ne postoji)">cryptogamae</a></b> koje je izvedeno iz grčkog <span lang="el">κρυπτός</span> <i><span lang="el">kryptós</span></i> = "skriven" zajedno sa sufiksom, <span lang="el">γαμέω</span>, <i><span lang="el">gameein</span></i>, "oženiti se". Ovi termini razlikuju biljke sa skrivenim polnim organima (cryptogamae) od onih sa vidljivim polnim organima (phanerogamae). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opis">Opis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Opis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Opis"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postojeći spermatophyta formira pet tipova, od kojih su prve četiri tradicionalno grupisane kao <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a>, biljke koje imaju otvoreno, "golo sjeme": </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycadophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycadophyta (stranica ne postoji)">Cycadophyta</a>, cikade, suptropska i tropska grupa biljaka,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgophyta (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgophyta</a>, koja uključuje jednu živu vrstu drveta u rodu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgo (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgo</a></i>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a>, četinari, stabla i grmovi sa <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1arka" title="Šišarka">šišarkom</a>,</li> <li>i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetophyta (stranica ne postoji)">Gnetophyta</a>, gnetophytes, razne drvenaste biljake u reliktnim rodovima <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra (stranica ne postoji)">Ephedra</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetum (stranica ne postoji)">Gnetum</a></i> i <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>Peti tip je <a href="/wiki/Skrivenosemenice" class="mw-redirect" title="Skrivenosemenice">cvjetna biljka</a>, poznata i kao angiosperms ili magnoliophytes, najveća i najrazličitija grupa spermatophytes. Angiosperms poseduju sjemena koja se nalaze u <a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87e" title="Voće">voću</a>, za razliku od golosemenjača (gymnosperms). </p><p>Pored gorenavedenih taksona, fosilni zapis sadrži dokaze o mnogim <a href="/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje">izumrlim</a> taksonomima sjemenjača. Takozvane "sjemenske paprati" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pteridospermae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pteridospermae (stranica ne postoji)">Pteridospermae</a>) su bile jedna od najranijih uspješnih grupa kopnenih biljaka, a šume kojima dominiraju sjemenske paprati prevladavale su u kasnom <a href="/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik">paleozoiku</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossopteris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossopteris (stranica ne postoji)">Glossopteris</a></i> je bio najistaknutiji rod u drevnom južnom superkontinentu <a href="/wiki/Gondvana" title="Gondvana">Gondvane</a> tokom <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Перм (периода)">permskog perioda</a>. Do <a href="/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas">trijaskog perioda</a>, ekološka važnost sjemenski paprati se smanjilila, a predstavnici modernih gymnosperm grupa bili su u izobilju i dominirali su krajem <a href="/wiki/Kreda_(perioda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreda (perioda)">krede</a>, kada su vladali angiosperms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolucija">Evolucija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Evolucija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Evolucija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleopoliploidija" title="Paleopoliploidija">Došlo je do dupliranja cijelog genoma</a> u pretku sjemenskih biljaka prije oko 319 miliona godina.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiao2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiao2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To je dovelo do niza evolucijskih promjena koje su rezultirale postankom sjemenskih biljaka. </p><p>Srednji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon_(perioda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devon (perioda) (stranica ne postoji)">devonski</a> period (385 miliona godina) preteča sjemenskih biljaka iz <a href="/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija">Belgije</a> je identifikovan i on je stariji od najstarije sjemenjače za oko 20 miliona godina. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Runcaria (stranica ne postoji)">Runcaria</a></i>, mali i radijalno simetrični, je opna megasporangija koji je okružena kupulom. Megasporangija nosi jedan neotvoreni zadnji produžetak ispupčen iznad pokrivača. Sumnja se da je proširenje uključeno u anemorfno <a href="/wiki/Opra%C5%A1ivanje" title="Oprašivanje">oprašivanje</a>. <i>Runcaria</i> baca novo svjetlo na redosled usvajanja karakteristika koje su dovele do sjemena. <i>Runcaria</i> ima sve osobine sjemenskih biljaka, osim krutog sjemenskog premaza i sistema koji vodi polen prema sjemenu.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veze_i_nomenklatura">Veze i nomenklatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Veze i nomenklatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Veze i nomenklatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biljke sa sjemenom su tradicionalno podeljene na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiosperm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiosperm (stranica ne postoji)">angiosperm</a>, ili cvjetne biljke i <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a>, što uključuje gnetophytes, cikade, ginko i četinare. Starije morfološke studije su vjerovale u bliski odnos između gnetophytes i angiosperms,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> posebno zbog provodnih elemenata kroz koje prolazi voda u biljkama. Međutim, molekularne studije (i neki noviji morfološki<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i fosilni<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> naučni radovi) su generalno pokazali <a href="/wiki/Kladus" title="Kladus">kladu</a> gymnosperm, sa gnetofitima u ili blizu četinara. Na primer, jedan zajednički predloženi skup odnosa poznat je kao <i>hipoteza o gne-bor</i> i izgleda ovako:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r42428995">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiosperm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiosperm (stranica ne postoji)">angiosperms</a> (Skrivenosjemenice ili cvijetnice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycad (stranica ne postoji)">cycads</a> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgo (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgo</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> (familija borova) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetophytes (stranica ne postoji)">gnetophytes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>ostali četinari </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Međutim, odnose između ovih grupa ne treba smatrati rešenim.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostale klasifikacije svrstavaju sve sjemenske biljke u jednan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razdeo (stranica ne postoji)">tip</a>(razdio), sa <a href="/wiki/Klasa_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasa (biologija)">klasama</a> za pet grupa: </p> <ul><li>Tip<b>Spermatophyta</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycad (stranica ne postoji)">Cycadopsida</a></b>, cikade</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgo (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgoopsida</a></b>, ginko</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pinopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinopsida">Pinopsida</a></b>, četinari, ("Coniferopsida")</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetophytes (stranica ne postoji)">Gnetophytes</a></b>, gnetophytes</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a></b>, skrivenosjemenice ili cvjetnice, <b>Angiospermopsida</b></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Modernija klasifikacija svrstava ove grupe kao odvojene tipove(ponekad pod <b>supertip Spermatophyta</b>): </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycad (stranica ne postoji)">Cycadophyta</a></b>, cikade</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgo (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgophyta</a></b>, ginko</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></b>, četinari</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetophytes (stranica ne postoji)">Gnetophytes</a></b>, gnetophytes</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></b>, skrivenosjemenice</li></ul> <p>Alternativna filogenija spermatophytes zasnovana je na radu Novikova i Barabaš-Krasni 2015 <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sa autorima biljnih taksona od Andersona, Andersona i Klela 2007<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pokazuju odnos izumrlih klada. </p> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophytina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid darkgreen;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moresnetiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moresnetiopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Moresnetiopsida</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyginopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyginopteridopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Lyginopteridopsida</a> <small>Novák 1961 emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachytestopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachytestopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Pachytestopsida</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callistophytales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callistophytales (stranica ne postoji)">Callistophytales</a> <small>Rothwell 1981 emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peltaspermopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peltaspermopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Peltaspermopsida</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Umkomasiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umkomasiales (stranica ne postoji)">Umkomasiales</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phasmatocycadopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phasmatocycadopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Phasmatocycadopsida</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentoxylopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentoxylopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Pentoxylopsida</a> <small>Pant ex Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyopteridiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyopteridiopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Dictyopteridiopsida</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennettitales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennettitales (stranica ne postoji)">Cycadeoideopsida</a> <small>Scott 1923</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:2px solid darkgreen;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caytoniales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caytoniales (stranica ne postoji)">Caytoniopsida</a> <small>Thomas ex Frenguelli 1946</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a> (Skrivenosjemenice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Acrogymnospermae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycadopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycadopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Cycadopsida</a> (Cikade) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r42428995" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgoopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgoopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Ginkgoopsida</a> (Ginko) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinopsida">Pinopsida</a> (Četinari) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:16.96em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:0.12em;color:black;white-space:nowrap">Sjemene paprati</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nedodjeljeni spermatophytes:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora"><span title="Prethodnoj tvrdnji potrebna je referenca do pouzdanog izvora.">nedostaje referenca</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avatiaceae (stranica ne postoji)">Avatiaceae</a> <small>Anderson & Anderson 2003</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axelrodiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axelrodiopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Axelrodiopsida</a> <small>Anderson & Anderson</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexiales (stranica ne postoji)">Alexiales</a> <small>Anderson & Anderson 2003</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamshawviales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamshawviales (stranica ne postoji)">Hamshawviales</a> <small>Anderson & Anderson 2003</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexapterospermales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexapterospermales (stranica ne postoji)">Hexapterospermales</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlatimbiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlatimbiales (stranica ne postoji)">Hlatimbiales</a> <small>Anderson & Anderson 2003</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matatiellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matatiellales (stranica ne postoji)">Matatiellales</a> <small>Anderson & Anderson 2003</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (stranica ne postoji)">Petriellales</a> <small>Taylor et al. 1994</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arberiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arberiopsida (stranica ne postoji)">Arberiopsida</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Czekanowskiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czekanowskiales (stranica ne postoji)">Czekanowskiales</a> <small>Taylor et al. 2008</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraniales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraniales (stranica ne postoji)">Iraniales</a> <small>E. Taylor et al. 2008</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojnovskyales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vojnovskyales (stranica ne postoji)">Vojnovskyales</a> <small>E. Taylor et al. 2008</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermanophytales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermanophytales (stranica ne postoji)">Hermanophytales</a> <small>E. Taylor et al. 2008</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirhopalostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirhopalostachyaceae (stranica ne postoji)">Dirhopalostachyaceae</a> <small>E. Taylor et al. 2008</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r42389381">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jiao2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jiao2011_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_S._Soltis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamela S. Soltis (stranica ne postoji)">Soltis PS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_E._Soltis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas E. Soltis (stranica ne postoji)">Soltis DE</a>, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW (2011) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5697/856.abstract">„Science Magazine”</a>. <i>Runcaria, a Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 22. 3. 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Science+Magazine&rft.atitle=Runcaria%2C+a+Middle+Devonian+Seed+Plant+Precursor&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F306%2F5697%2F856.abstract&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-palmer_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-palmer_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_D._Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey D. Palmer (stranica ne postoji)">Palmer, Jeffrey D.</a>; Soltis, Douglas E.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wayne_Chase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wayne Chase (stranica ne postoji)">Chase, Mark W.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009220630/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437">„The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view”</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i> <b>91</b> (10): 1437-1445. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437">10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652302">21652302</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437">originala</a> na datum 09. 10. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. 03. 2019</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+plant+tree+of+life%3A+an+overview+and+some+points+of+view&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rft.au=Palmer%2C%26%2332%3BJeffrey+D.&rft.au=Soltis%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+E.&rft.au=Chase%2C%26%2332%3BMark+W.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1437-1445&rft_id=info:doi/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437&rft_id=info:pmid/21652302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101009220630%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjbot.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F91%2F10%2F1437&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">James A. Doyle (januar 2006). „Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms”. <i>The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</i> <b>133</b> (1): 169-209. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3159%2F1095-5674%282006%29133%5B169%3ASFATOO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5674">1095-5674</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seed+ferns+and+the+origin+of+angiosperms&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Torrey+Botanical+Society&rft.aulast=James+A.+Doyle&rft.au=James+A.+Doyle&rft.date=januar+2006&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-209&rft_id=info:doi/10.3159%2F1095-5674%282006%29133%5B169%3ASFATOO%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.issn=1095-5674&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (n.d.). „Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales” (en). <i>Paleobiology</i> <b>44</b> (3): 490-510. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fpab.2018.23">10.1017/pab.2018.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8373">0094-8373</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experimental+signal+dissection+and+method+sensitivity+analyses+reaffirm+the+potential+of+fossils+and+morphology+in+the+resolution+of+the+relationship+of+angiosperms+and+Gnetales&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.aulast=Coiro&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Coiro%2C%26%2332%3BMario&rft.au=Chomicki%2C%26%2332%3BGuillaume&rft.au=Doyle%2C%26%2332%3BJames+A.&rft.date=n.d.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=490-510&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2Fpab.2018.23&rft.issn=0094-8373&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Zi-Qiang Wang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/2/281">„A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny”</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i> <b>94</b> (2): 281-288. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmch138">10.1093/aob/mch138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242163">4242163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15229124">15229124</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+New+Permian+Gnetalean+Cone+as+Fossil+Evidence+for+Supporting+Current+Molecular+Phylogeny&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Zi-Qiang+Wang&rft.au=Zi-Qiang+Wang&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-288&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmch138&rft_id=info:pmc/4242163&rft_id=info:pmid/15229124&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faob.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F94%2F2%2F281&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Parkinson, Christopher L.; Cheng, Yuchang; Vincent, Thomas M.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_D._Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey D. Palmer (stranica ne postoji)">Palmer, Jeffrey D.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18157/">„Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>97</b> (8): 4086-4091. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.8.4086">10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18157">18157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10760277">10760277</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seed+plant+phylogeny+inferred+from+all+three+plant+genomes%3A+Monophyly+of+extant+gymnosperms+and+origin+of+Gnetales+from+conifers&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Chaw&rft.aufirst=Shu-Miaw&rft.au=Chaw%2C%26%2332%3BShu-Miaw&rft.au=Parkinson%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+L.&rft.au=Cheng%2C%26%2332%3BYuchang&rft.au=Vincent%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+M.&rft.au=Palmer%2C%26%2332%3BJeffrey+D.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4086-4091&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.8.4086&rft_id=info:pmc/18157&rft_id=info:pmid/10760277&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18157%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bowe, L. M.; Michelle, L.; Coat, Gwénaële; Claude (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18159/">„Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i> <b>97</b> (8): 4092-4097. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.8.4092">10.1073/pnas.97.8.4092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18159">18159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10760278">10760278</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+seed+plants+based+on+all+three+genomic+compartments%3A+Extant+gymnosperms+are+monophyletic+and+Gnetales%27+closest+relatives+are+conifers&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BProceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Bowe&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Bowe%2C%26%2332%3BL.+M.&rft.au=Michelle%2C%26%2332%3BL.&rft.au=Coat%2C%26%2332%3BGw%C3%A9na%C3%ABle&rft.au=Claude&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4092-4097&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.8.4092&rft_id=info:pmc/18159&rft_id=info:pmid/10760278&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18159%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Zanis, Michael J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710153219/http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670">„Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Botany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Botany (stranica ne postoji)">American Journal of Botany</a></i> <b>89</b> (10): 1670-1681. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.89.10.1670">10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21665594">21665594</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670">originala</a> na datum 10. 7. 2012.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+seed+plants+based+on+evidence+from+eight+genes&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAmerican+Journal+of+Botany%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C%26%2332%3BPamela+S.&rft.au=Zanis%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+J.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1670-1681&rft_id=info:doi/10.3732%2Fajb.89.10.1670&rft_id=info:pmid/21665594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20120710153219%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fintl.amjbot.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F89%2F10%2F1670&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw Chaw (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2007-06_24_6/page/1366">„Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants”</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>24</b> (6): 1366-1379. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm059">10.1093/molbev/msm059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383970">17383970</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chloroplast+Genome+%28cpDNA%29+of+Cycas+taitungensis+and+56+cp+Protein-Coding+Genes+of+Gnetum+parvifolium%3A+Insights+into+cpDNA+Evolution+and+Phylogeny+of+Extant+Seed+Plants&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Chung-Shien+Wu%2C+Ya-Nan+Wang%2C+Shu-Mei+Liu+and+Shu-Miaw+Chaw&rft.au=Chung-Shien+Wu%2C+Ya-Nan+Wang%2C+Shu-Mei+Liu+and+Shu-Miaw+Chaw&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1366-1379&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm059&rft_id=info:pmid/17383970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2007-06_24_6%2Fpage%2F1366&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (avgust 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2006-08_55_4/page/610">„Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain”</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i> <b>55</b> (4): 610-622. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150600812619">10.1080/10635150600812619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16969937">16969937</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dating+Dispersal+and+Radiation+in+the+Gymnosperm+Gnetum+%28Gnetales%29%E2%80%94Clock+Calibration+When+Outgroup+Relationships+Are+Uncertain&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.aulast=Won&rft.aufirst=Hyosig&rft.au=Won%2C%26%2332%3BHyosig&rft.au=Renner%2C+Susanne&rft.date=avgust+2006&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=610-622&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10635150600812619&rft_id=info:pmid/16969937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_systematic-biology_2006-08_55_4%2Fpage%2F610&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni (2015). <i>Modern plant systematics</i>. Liga-Pres. str. 685. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.4745.6164">10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-966-397-276-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-966-397-276-3">978-966-397-276-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+plant+systematics&rft.aulast=Nov%C3%ADkov+%26+Baraba%C5%A1-Krasni&rft.au=Nov%C3%ADkov+%26+Baraba%C5%A1-Krasni&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B685&rft.pub=Liga-Pres&rft_id=info:doi/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.4745.6164&rft.isbn=978-966-397-276-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007). <i>Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology</i>. <b>20</b>. SANBI. str. 280. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-919976-39-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-919976-39-6">978-1-919976-39-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+the+gymnosperms%3A+classification%2C+biodiversity%2C+phytogeography+and+ecology&rft.aulast=Anderson%2C+Anderson+%26+Cleal&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Anderson+%26+Cleal&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B280&rft.pub=SANBI&rft.isbn=978-1-919976-39-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKronChase">Kron, Kathleen A; Chase, Mark W (17. 11. 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=aOYFqX1T0k0C&pg=PA243"><i>Molecular systematics and seed plant phylogeny: a summary of a parsimony analysis of rbcL sequence data</i></a>. str. 243-252. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780521022897" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780521022897">9780521022897</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+systematics+and+seed+plant+phylogeny%3A+a+summary+of+a+parsimony+analysis+of+rbcL+sequence+data&rft.aulast=Kron&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A&rft.au=Kron%2C%26%2332%3BKathleen+A&rft.au=Chase%2C%26%2332%3BMark+W&rft.date=17.+11.+2005&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B243-252&rft.isbn=9780521022897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOYFqX1T0k0C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFGibbs_et_al1995">Gibbs et al 1995</a></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGibbs_et_al1995">Gibbs, Adrian J.; Calisher, Charles H.; García-Arenal, Fernando, ur. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=aOYFqX1T0k0C"><i>Molecular basis of virus evolution</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780521022897" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780521022897">9780521022897</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+basis+of+virus+evolution&rft.date=1995&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780521022897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOYFqX1T0k0C&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D.E._Soltis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D.E. Soltis (stranica ne postoji)">Soltis, D. E.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=P.S._Soltis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P.S. Soltis (stranica ne postoji)">Soltis, P. S.</a>; Zanis, M. J. (1. 10. 2002). „Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Botany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Botany (stranica ne postoji)">American Journal of Botany</a></i> <b>89</b> (10): 1670-1681. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.89.10.1670">10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21665594">21665594</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+seed+plants+based+on+evidence+from+eight+genes&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAmerican+Journal+of+Botany%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C%26%2332%3BD.+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C%26%2332%3BP.+S.&rft.au=Zanis%2C%26%2332%3BM.+J.&rft.date=1.+10.+2002&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1670-1681&rft_id=info:doi/10.3732%2Fajb.89.10.1670&rft_id=info:pmid/21665594&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sjemenja%C4%8De"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. <i>Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants</i>, 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA, London, UK. 1252 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-12-373972-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-12-373972-8">978-0-12-373972-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjemenja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnoliophyta" title="commons:Category:Magnoliophyta"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magnoliophyta">Sjemenjače</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=58024">58024</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/">spermatopsida</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">SEINet: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=170633">170633</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Uredi_na_Wikidati_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25814#&#124;Uredi_na_Wikidati" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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