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footwear evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_footwear_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footwear_outsole_impressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footwear_outsole_impressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Footwear outsole impressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footwear_outsole_impressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footwear_insole_imprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footwear_insole_imprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Footwear insole imprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footwear_insole_imprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footwear_trace_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footwear_trace_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Footwear trace evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footwear_trace_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_footwear_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_footwear_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Detection of footwear evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection_of_footwear_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detection of footwear evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_footwear_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternate_Light_Source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_Light_Source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alternate Light Source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_Light_Source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fingerprint_Powder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fingerprint_Powder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fingerprint Powder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fingerprint_Powder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Visualization_Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Visualization_Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other Visualization Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Visualization_Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_of_footwear_impression_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_of_footwear_impression_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recovery of footwear impression evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recovery_of_footwear_impression_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recovery of footwear impression evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recovery_of_footwear_impression_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lifting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Casting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixing_Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixing_Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Fixing Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixing_Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaster/Dental_Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaster/Dental_Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Plaster/Dental Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaster/Dental_Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prill_Sulfur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prill_Sulfur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Prill Sulfur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prill_Sulfur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_Optical_Surface_Scanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_Optical_Surface_Scanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>3D Optical Surface Scanning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_Optical_Surface_Scanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-dimensional_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-dimensional_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Three-dimensional imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-dimensional_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examination_of_footwear_impressions_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examination_of_footwear_impressions_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examination of footwear impressions evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examination_of_footwear_impressions_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_of_footwear_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_of_footwear_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Limitations of footwear evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_of_footwear_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footwear_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footwear_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footwear databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footwear_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footwear_Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footwear_Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footwear Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footwear_Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_profile_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_profile_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>High profile cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_profile_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_science" title="Category:Forensic science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:175%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensic science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/375px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_biology" title="Forensic biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodstain_pattern_analysis" title="Bloodstain pattern analysis">Bloodstain pattern analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_dentistry" title="Forensic dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_phenotyping" title="DNA phenotyping">DNA phenotyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_genetic_genealogy" title="Investigative genetic genealogy">Forensic genealogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_epidemiology" title="Forensic epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_limnology" title="Forensic limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_palynology" title="Forensic palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">Podiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Toxicology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychotherapy" title="Forensic psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_social_work" title="Forensic social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_autopsy" title="Verbal autopsy">Verbal autopsy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Criminalistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_identification" title="Body identification">Body identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_colorimetry" title="Forensic colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_forensics" title="Election forensics">Election forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">Facial reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">Fingerprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Firearm examination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Footwear evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_arts" title="Forensic arts">Forensic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_profiling" title="Forensic profiling">Profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_prints" title="Glove prints">Gloveprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_print" title="Palm print">Palmprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioned_document_examination" title="Questioned document examination">Questioned document examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_matching" title="Vein matching">Vein matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">Computer exams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_data_analysis" title="Forensic data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_forensics" title="Database forensics">Database study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware_analysis" title="Malware analysis">Malware analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device_forensics" title="Mobile device forensics">Mobile devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_forensics" title="Network forensics">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_video_analysis" title="Forensic video analysis">Video analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_forensics" title="Audio forensics">Audio analysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_electrical_engineering" title="Forensic electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_investigation" title="Fire investigation">Fire investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_fire_accelerants" title="Detection of fire accelerants">Fire accelerant detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractography" title="Fractography">Fractography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_materials_engineering" title="Forensic materials engineering">Materials engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_polymer_engineering" title="Forensic polymer engineering">Polymer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_statistics" title="Forensic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_reconstruction" title="Traffic collision reconstruction">Traffic collision reconstruction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">Crime scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI_effect" title="CSI effect">CSI effect</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Use_of_DNA_in_forensic_entomology" title="Use of DNA in forensic entomology">DNA in forensic entomology</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Mason_syndrome" title="Perry Mason syndrome">Perry Mason syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_calendar" title="Pollen calendar">Pollen calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_mark" title="Skid mark">Skid mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_evidence" title="Trace evidence">Trace evidence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="display:block;margin-top:0.7em; padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science" title="Outline of forensic science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_science" 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<p><b>Forensic footwear evidence</b> can be used in legal proceedings to help prove that a shoe was at a <a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">crime scene</a>. Footwear evidence is often the most abundant form of evidence at a crime scene and in some cases can prove to be as specific as a <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprint</a>. Initially investigators will look to identify the make and model of the <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoe</a> or trainer which made an impression. This can be done visually or by comparison with evidence in a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>; both methods focus heavily on pattern recognition and <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logo</a> marks. Information about the footwear can be gained from the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">wear</a> patterns which are dependent on angle of footfall and <a href="/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">weight distribution</a>. Detailed examination of footwear impressions can help to link a specific piece of footwear to a footwear imprint as each shoe will have unique characteristics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_footwear_evidence">Types of footwear evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of footwear evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear evidence can come in at least three forms, footwear outsole impressions, footwear insole impressions and footwear trace evidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footwear_outsole_impressions">Footwear outsole impressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Footwear outsole impressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear outsole impressions are impressions left on an object that was caused by contact with a piece of footwear. These can be left on the ground or raised surface by persons treading over it, left on doors or walls by persons attempting to kick or climb over a wall or even left on other persons after being kicked or stomped on. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoeprint_dusty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shoeprint_dusty.jpg/220px-Shoeprint_dusty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shoeprint_dusty.jpg/330px-Shoeprint_dusty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shoeprint_dusty.jpg/440px-Shoeprint_dusty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Shoeprints left on a dusty surface</figcaption></figure> <p>There can also be latent impressions not easily visible to the naked eye, on many different surfaces such as floor tiles, concrete or even carpet. Detection may require the use of additional specialized light sources such as portable <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> lighting. Recovery typically includes photography as well as lifting with "gel" or "electrostatic" dust lifters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footwear_insole_imprints">Footwear insole imprints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footwear insole imprints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imprints of a person's foot can be left on the insole (inside) of footwear. Due to the sweat and dirt from the foot the insole impression can be left regardless of the wearers foot being in a sock or other covering. The size and arrangement of foot and toe imprints can be used to determine whether a person has worn a piece of footwear. The analysis and comparisons of foot imprints is part of the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">forensic podiatry</a>. The insole will show a virtual image of the bare foot print of the wearers foot. This can be compared to the actual barefoot print of the shoe owner to gain a match. A 3d optical surface scan can then be used to build up a model of the foot itself. Useful in forensic evidence casting and identification. H Farmer BSc Hons Fs 2018 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footwear_trace_evidence">Footwear trace evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Footwear trace evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear trace evidence is trace evidence that is recovered from footwear. Types of trace evidence that could be recovered include skin, glass fragments, body hair, fibers from clothing or carpets, soil particles, dust and bodily fluids. The study of this trace evidence could be used to link a piece of footwear to a location or owner. DNA can be one of the contributing factors in forensic footwear evidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_of_footwear_evidence">Detection of footwear evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Detection of footwear evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg/220px-Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg/330px-Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg/440px-Footwear_impression_detection_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Footwear impression revealed by oblique lighting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg/220px-Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg/330px-Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg/440px-Footwear_impression_detection_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Footwear impression details revealed with fingerprint powder</figcaption></figure> <p>Footwear impressions can be detected with a variety of methods including: </p> <ul><li>Visually using natural or artificial lighting.</li> <li>Using artificial light sources to provide oblique, coaxial, and polarized light for detection of visible and latent impressions.</li> <li>Using electrostatic lifting devices to lift dusty impressions.</li> <li>Using fingerprint powder to develop latent impressions.</li> <li>Using physical or chemical enhancement methods to develop or enhance faint impressions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternate_Light_Source">Alternate Light Source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternate Light Source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternate light source is the use of a bright white light, such as a flashlight, to better see dusty prints on the ground that may not otherwise be visible to the eye. An alternate light source is usually used by applying oblique lighting to an area of floor to more easily locate footprints to be lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fingerprint_Powder">Fingerprint Powder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fingerprint Powder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to the use of fingerprint powder in fingerprint analysis, fingerprint powder is used when there is a latent footprint that is composed of mostly oils, instead of dust or dirt. The use of fingerprint powder allows the analyst to more easily find the print and identify the characteristics of the print.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Visualization_Methods">Other Visualization Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other Visualization Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of visualizing footprints, sometimes spray paints are also used to see the details of the impression better, especially in cases of prints in snow which can be tricky to photograph without being spray painted first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovery_of_footwear_impression_evidence">Recovery of footwear impression evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recovery of footwear impression evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear evidence occurs most often as either footwear impressions left in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soft" class="extiw" title="wikt:soft">soft</a> surface, such as <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> deposits, which are difficult for the human eye to detect. At violent crimescenes footmarks can be left as a result of a person standing in blood and subsequently trailing it as they move around the scene. The recovery of footwear evidence involves fixing and lifting or casting of the prints to preserve the details of the print and be used for further analysis and comparison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifting">Lifting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear impressions can be lifted from surfaces with tools such as adhesive lifters, gelatin lifters or electrostatic lifting devices. These methods are similar to that of fingerprint lifting, which are lifted using one of the previously mentioned methods and then placed on a black or white backing card (depending on the color of the print substrate) to better see the details of the print and for evidence preservation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adhesive lifters are essentially pieces of tape with a backing on them that are smoothly applied to the print, lifted off of the print and then attached to a backing card. Gelatin lifters are flexible gel sheets made of gelatin which are applied to the 2D impression in the same manner as adhesive lifters and then are covered by the plastic sheet provided with the gelatin lifters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrostatic lifting involves the use of high-voltage current on a lifting plate to lift the elements of the print, without disturbing the area as much as traditional lifting methods do, followed by transferring the print from the lifting plate to a gelatin lifter or adhesive lifter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casting">Casting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence left via impressions can generally be recovered utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> or dental stone. Initially the impression is isolated by framing the area with a solid boundary. Following this a plaster mix can be gently poured inside the frame; it is generally considered not best practice to pour directly onto the impression. In some cases where the surface is not ideal for casting prior techniques can be utilised to gain a better cast of the impression. <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a> can often be fixed in place by applying an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glue</a> although <a href="/wiki/Hair_spray" title="Hair spray">hair spray</a> is often used in combination with chalk to assist in ease of lifting the cast out of the print more gently. Wet mud impressions can be dried using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Pipette" title="Pipette">pipetting</a> water from the surface and applying hot air, often in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">hair dryer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixing_Techniques">Fixing Techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fixing Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When using plaster to cast a footprint, it is recommended to use a fixing agent to prevent the loss of detail when creating a plaster cast. These fixing agents include shellacs, glues, aerosol resins and hairsprays, which are sprayed liberally on the print before pouring the plaster of Paris into the impression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often times, chalk is also applied to the impression as an added protective measure against damaging the print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaster/Dental_Stone"><span id="Plaster.2FDental_Stone"></span>Plaster/Dental Stone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plaster/Dental Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, plaster of Paris and dental stone are mixed in the same way at a scene, usually by adding water to the powder in a baggy until a thick, but pourable consistency and then pouring the mixture indirectly into the impression.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the plaster/stone is applied it is allowed to set and then gently lifted out of the impression. The reason that plaster and dental stone are not used in snow prints is because dental stone heats up as it sets, while prill sulfur will only cool down as it sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prill_Sulfur">Prill Sulfur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prill Sulfur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In instances where there are impressions in snow or slush, prill sulfur is used to avoid melting the impression substrate. Prill sulfur is prepared by melting the sulfur on a hot plate in a well ventilated area and then allowing the mixture to cool, while stirring continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sulfur mixture can then be poured into the impression and left to set and then analyzed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_Optical_Surface_Scanning">3D Optical Surface Scanning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 3D Optical Surface Scanning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear evidence can be recovered with use of 3D scanners. </p><p>There are two types of 3D scanners used in forensics: </p> <ul><li>crime scene scanners able to capture a large overview map of the scene;</li> <li>‘close-up’ 3D scanners able to capture individual objects in high resolution and full colour.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Advantage of 3D scanning over casting is that 3D scanners can scan the object without touching or affecting it – most 3D scanners use lasers to capture 3D information. Some scanners can also capture the colour surface, [null producing] a visually [null accurate] replica of the object. To create a complete and highly detailed 3D model of a footprint less than 15 minutes is required. HF 2018 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-dimensional_imaging">Three-dimensional imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Three-dimensional imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent approach takes advantage of digital photography. A set of digital images of a footmark or target area of interest, taken in different viewpoints is required to create detailed and accurate 3D model. Appropriate software allows to visualise a 3D model in different ways, make accurate measurements from a 3D trace or perform a comparison of multiple traces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examination_of_footwear_impressions_evidence">Examination of footwear impressions evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Examination of footwear impressions evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Footwear impression can reveal information that may be of use to forensic investigators. Analysis of impressions found at a crime scene may provide the following information: </p><p><b>Number of people at a crime scene:</b> Different footwear impressions left at a crime scene will indicate more than one person was present at the crimescene. <br /> <b>Approximate height of the wearer:</b> There is statistical correlation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between foot/footwear size and height and also stride length and height. The dimensions of the footwear impression and the distance between impressions can be used to provide an estimate of height. <br /> <b>Activity of wearer when impression was made:</b> Plastic footwear impression left on soft surfaces can reveal whether a person was walking, running or carrying a heavy load when the impression was made. An impression made by person running will make impressions that are deeper in the heel and toe sections. A person carrying a heavy load such as a body will leave imprints that are deeper than when not carrying a heavy load. <br /> <b>Manufacture, model and approximate size of footwear:</b> Footwear impression can show the design elements (shapes, patterns, arrangement) that form the outsole design. These can be compared with a footwear outsole database to identify the model of footwear that made the impression. Knowledge of the model of footwear that made the impression can assist in narrowing down the list of suspects and can also be used to link multiple crime scenes to the same perpetrator(s). <br /> <b>Establish link between crime scene impression with a specific piece of footwear:</b> Comparison of crime scene impressions with a specific piece of footwear recovered from a suspect can determine if there is any relationship. A worn piece of footwear will gradually acquire unique wear and tear on the outsoles. These randomly acquired characteristics will be unique to that specific shoe and may show in crime scene impressions. </p> <ul><li>If class characteristics and size matches: investigators can determine that footwear could have made the impression, but other footwear with similar design and size could also have made the impression.</li> <li>If class characteristics, size match and randomly acquired characteristics found in the footwear outsole can also be found in the crime scene impressions: Investigators can determine that the specific piece created the crime scene impression. This relationship can be used as evidence to prove that the footwear's owner was at the crime scene.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latent footwear impression found at a crime scene"><img alt="Latent footwear impression found at a crime scene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg/74px-Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg/111px-Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg/149px-Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2_latent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Latent footwear impression found at a crime scene</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latent footwear impression after treatment with fingerprint powder"><img alt="Latent footwear impression after treatment with fingerprint powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg/67px-Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg/100px-Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg/134px-Footwear_impressions_at_crime_scene_Q2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Latent footwear impression after treatment with fingerprint powder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A suspect's footwear 1"><img alt="A suspect's footwear 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg/106px-Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg/160px-Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg/213px-Suspects_footwear_K1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A suspect's footwear 1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A suspect's footwear 2"><img alt="A suspect's footwear 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg/120px-Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg/180px-Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg/240px-Suspects_footwear_K1_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A suspect's footwear 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suspect's footwear class characteristics"><img alt="Suspect's footwear class characteristics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg/120px-Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg/180px-Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg/240px-Suspects_footwear_K1_class_characteristics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Suspect's footwear class characteristics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suspect's footwear with unique characteristics labeled"><img alt="Suspect's footwear with unique characteristics labeled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg/120px-Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg/180px-Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg/240px-Suspects_footwear_K1_test_impression_unique_characterstics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3239" data-file-height="1874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Suspect's footwear with unique characteristics labeled</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (labeled)"><img alt="Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (labeled)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg/120px-Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg/180px-Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg/240px-Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (labeled)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (closeup)"><img alt="Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (closeup)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg/120px-Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg/180px-Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg/240px-Comparison_of_crime_scene_print_Q2_with_suspects_shoes_K1_right_shoe_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3799" data-file-height="1459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of crimescene impression with suspect's footwear (closeup)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_of_footwear_evidence">Limitations of footwear evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Limitations of footwear evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unabomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber">Unabomber</a>, Theodore Kaczynski, was known to keep shoes with smaller soles attached to the base in order to confuse investigators about the size of the suspect's feet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a lack of scientific research and evidence to support footprint evidence in criminal investigations and convictions. While footwear evidence has appeared to be useful in some high-profile cases, such as Richard Ramirez’s (aka The Night Stalker) unique ‘Avia’ shoeprints helped investigators link together his crimes, it must be evaluated cautiously. In the Ramirez case the footwear impressions used to link his crimes were not the primary evidence used to convict him of his crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been cases where footprint evidence has assisted in wrongful conviction, such as Charles Irvin Fain who was wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death row.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forensic investigator testified that the shoe prints found at the crime scene matched the ‘walking gait’ of Fain, though analysis of this type has never been scientifically validated. Fain was later exonerated based on DNA evidence after almost 18 years on death row. </p><p>It must also be considered that footprints discovered at a crime scene remain fixed, while the wearer of the footwear continues on likely changing the wear of the shoe. Thus, unless the print is immediately matched its potential value may be lost. Also of concern is the lack of science and standards demonstrating that footwear marks are unique. There are a lack of scientific studies demonstrating how many characteristics are needed to determine a match with such evidence. This is similar to other forensic evidence such as bite mark analysis, tire tread analysis, etc. where there is little scientific evidence of its efficacy. In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences made the conclusion that, aside from DNA, there was little if not any, scientific evidence for many forensic disciplines, including footprint evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footwear_databases">Footwear databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footwear databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forensic investigators can use computerized footwear databases to quickly compare the class characteristics such as tread design and possibly identify a manufacturer, brand, and model to the ones stored in the database. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Everspry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Everspry (page does not exist)">Everspry</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forensity (page does not exist)">Forensity</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foster_and_Freeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foster and Freeman (page does not exist)">Foster and Freeman</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PRIDE_(shoeprint_database)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRIDE (shoeprint database) (page does not exist)">PRIDE</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raven_technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raven technologies (page does not exist)">Raven technologies</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footwear_Software">Footwear Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footwear Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DigTrace<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_profile_cases">High profile cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: High profile cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_footprint" title="Digital footprint">Digital footprint</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_footwear_evidence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuszka2014" class="citation book cs1">Buszka, Norman Marin, Jeffrey (2014-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315722160/alternate-light-source-imaging-norman-marin-jeffrey-buszka"><i>Alternate Light Source Imaging: Forensic Photography Techniques</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315722160">10.4324/9781315722160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-72216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-72216-0"><bdi>978-1-315-72216-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternate+Light+Source+Imaging%3A+Forensic+Photography+Techniques&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315722160&rft.isbn=978-1-315-72216-0&rft.aulast=Buszka&rft.aufirst=Norman+Marin%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315722160%2Falternate-light-source-imaging-norman-marin-jeffrey-buszka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForensic+footwear+evidence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodziak1999" class="citation web cs1">Bodziak, William, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.taylorfrancis.com&rft.atitle=Footwear+Impression+Evidence%3A+Detection%2C+Recovery+and+Examination&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bodziak&rft.aufirst=William%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fpdfviewer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForensic+footwear+evidence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodziak1999" class="citation web cs1">Bodziak, William, J. 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