CINXE.COM

Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for languages.oup.com --> <script type="text/javascript" src=https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/019092e7-fbb7-7ccc-8e42-27bfa2a06757/OtAutoBlock.js ></script> <script src=https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="019092e7-fbb7-7ccc-8e42-27bfa2a06757" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for languages.oup.com --> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta http-equiv="ScreenOrientation" content="autoRotate:disabled"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <title>Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v12.6.1 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <meta name="description" content="Explore Oxford Languages, the home of world-renowned language data."/> <meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://languages.oup.com/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Explore Oxford Languages, the home of world-renowned language data." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://languages.oup.com/" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Explore Oxford Languages, the home of world-renowned language data." /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data" /> <script type='application/ld+json' class='yoast-schema-graph yoast-schema-graph--main'>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://languages.oup.com/#website","url":"https://languages.oup.com/","name":"","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://languages.oup.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://languages.oup.com/#webpage","url":"https://languages.oup.com/","inLanguage":"en-GB","name":"Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://languages.oup.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-09-16T11:15:28+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-26T08:15:05+00:00","description":"Explore Oxford Languages, the home of world-renowned language data."}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/zh/" hreflang="zh-CN" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/ar/" hreflang="ar" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/he/" hreflang="he" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/ja/" hreflang="ja" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/ko/" hreflang="ko" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/th/" hreflang="th" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/tr/" hreflang="tr" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/it/" hreflang="it" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/hi/" hreflang="hi" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/ru/" hreflang="ru" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/de/" hreflang="de" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/pt/" hreflang="pt" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/es/" hreflang="es" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/mr/" hreflang="mr" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/ta/" hreflang="ta" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/tw/" hreflang="zh-TW" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/vi/" hreflang="vi" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://languages.oup.com/id/" hreflang="id" /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title=" &raquo; Feed" href="https://languages.oup.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title=" &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://languages.oup.com/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cnss_font_awesome_css-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-icons/css/font-awesome/css/all.min.css?ver=5.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cnss_font_awesome_v4_shims-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-icons/css/font-awesome/css/v4-shims.min.css?ver=5.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cnss_css-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-icons/css/cnss.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hide-admin-bar-based-on-user-roles-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/hide-admin-bar-based-on-user-roles/public/css/hide-admin-bar-based-on-user-roles-public.css?ver=4.0.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpsm_ac-font-awesome-front-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-accordion-and-collapse/css/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpsm_ac_bootstrap-front-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-accordion-and-collapse/css/bootstrap-front.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='siteorigin-panels-front-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/siteorigin-panels/css/front-flex.min.css?ver=2.31.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id=' add_google_fonts -css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Kanit&#038;display=swap&#038;ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='oups-bootstrpa-bundle-css-css' href='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentynineteen-style-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/style.css?b-modified=1730657192&#038;ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentynineteen-print-style-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/print.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-icons/js/cnss.js?ver=1.0-b-modified-1730657210" id="cnss_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="salesforce_nfpluginsettings-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var salesforce_nfpluginsettings = {"clearLogRestUrl":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-json\/salesforce-crm\/debug-log\/delete-all","clearLogButtonId":"nfsalesforcecrm_clear_debug_logger","downloadLogRestUrl":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-json\/salesforce-crm\/debug-log\/get-all","downloadLogButtonId":"nfsalesforcecrm_download_debug_logger"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/ninja-forms-salesforce-crm/assets/js/nfpluginsettings.js?ver=3.3.3-b-modified-1730657207" id="salesforce_nfpluginsettings-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="stripe_nfpluginsettings-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var stripe_nfpluginsettings = {"clearLogRestUrl":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-json\/ninja-forms-stripe\/v1\/debug-log\/delete-all","clearLogButtonId":"stripe_clear_debug_logger","downloadLogRestUrl":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-json\/ninja-forms-stripe\/v1\/debug-log\/get-all","downloadLogButtonId":"stripe_download_debug_logger","_wpnonce":"dff2a2846e"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/ninja-forms-stripe/assets/js/nfpluginsettings.js?ver=3.2.8-b-modified-1732925988" id="stripe_nfpluginsettings-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/hide-admin-bar-based-on-user-roles/public/js/hide-admin-bar-based-on-user-roles-public.js?ver=4.0.0-b-modified-1732925809" id="hide-admin-bar-based-on-user-roles-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/js/main.js?ver=-b-modified-1730657191" id="main-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.1.min.js?ver=6.6.1" id="oups-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js?ver=6.6.1" id="oups-bootstrpa-bundle-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/39" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://languages.oup.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://languages.oup.com/' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Flanguages.oup.com%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Flanguages.oup.com%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <style type="text/css"> ul.cnss-social-icon li.cn-fa-icon a:hover{opacity: 0.7!important;color:#ffffff!important;} </style><style media="all" id="siteorigin-panels-layouts-head">/* Layout 39 */ #pgc-39-0-0 , #pgc-39-1-0 , #pgc-39-2-0 , #pgc-39-4-0 { width:100%;width:calc(100% - ( 0 * 30px ) ) } #pg-39-0 , #pl-39 .so-panel:last-of-type { margin-bottom:0px } #pg-39-1 , #pg-39-3 , #pl-39 .so-panel { margin-bottom:30px } #pg-39-2 { margin-bottom:63px } #pgc-39-3-0 , #pgc-39-3-1 { width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( 0.5 * 30px ) ) } #pl-39 #panel-39-3-1-0 { margin:17px 17px 17px 17px } #pg-39-0.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-0.panel-no-style , #pg-39-1.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-1.panel-no-style , #pg-39-2.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-2.panel-no-style , #pg-39-3.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-3.panel-no-style { -webkit-align-items:flex-start;align-items:flex-start } #pg-39-4> .panel-row-style { padding:0px 0px 0px 0px } #pg-39-4.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-4.panel-no-style { -webkit-align-items:center;align-items:center } @media (max-width:780px){ #pg-39-0.panel-no-style, #pg-39-0.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-0 , #pg-39-1.panel-no-style, #pg-39-1.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-1 , #pg-39-2.panel-no-style, #pg-39-2.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-2 , #pg-39-3.panel-no-style, #pg-39-3.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-3 , #pg-39-4.panel-no-style, #pg-39-4.panel-has-style > .panel-row-style, #pg-39-4 { -webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column } #pg-39-0 > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-0 > .panel-row-style > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-1 > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-1 > .panel-row-style > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-2 > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-2 > .panel-row-style > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-3 > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-3 > .panel-row-style > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-4 > .panel-grid-cell , #pg-39-4 > .panel-row-style > .panel-grid-cell { width:100%;margin-right:0 } #pgc-39-3-0 { margin-bottom:30px } #pl-39 .panel-grid-cell { padding:0 } #pl-39 .panel-grid .panel-grid-cell-empty { display:none } #pl-39 .panel-grid .panel-grid-cell-mobile-last { margin-bottom:0px } } </style><link rel="icon" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/cropped-ol-favicon-v1-2024-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/cropped-ol-favicon-v1-2024-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/cropped-ol-favicon-v1-2024-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/cropped-ol-favicon-v1-2024-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css">/** Mega Menu CSS: disabled **/</style> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-N6ZP6KK');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="home page-template page-template-home page-template-home-php page page-id-39 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive siteorigin-panels siteorigin-panels-before-js siteorigin-panels-home mega-menu-menu-1 singular image-filters-enabled"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N6ZP6KK" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div id="page" class="site"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header"> <div class="m-i"> <div class="site-branding-container"> <div class="site-branding"> <!--<div class="site-logo"><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/images/logo.png" /></div>--> </div><!-- .site-branding --> </div><!-- .site-branding-container --> </div> </header><!-- #masthead --> <!--Hero image--> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <!-- Top Header --> <header class="site-header dark sub-white"> <div class="m-i"> <div class="site-header__left header__logo"> <a href="/"><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/logo-1.png" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="site-header__right header__menu"> <button class="btn-mobile-menu"> <span class="btn-mobile-menu__line"></span> <span class="btn-mobile-menu__line"></span> <span class="btn-mobile-menu__line"></span> <span class="btn-mobile-menu__line"></span> </button> <div id="mega-menu-wrap-menu-1" class="mega-menu-wrap"><div class="mega-menu-toggle"><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-left"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-center"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-right"><div class='mega-toggle-block mega-menu-toggle-animated-block mega-toggle-block-0' id='mega-toggle-block-0'><button aria-label="Toggle Menu" class="mega-toggle-animated mega-toggle-animated-slider" type="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-box"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-inner"></span> </span> </button></div></div></div><ul id="mega-menu-menu-1" class="mega-menu max-mega-menu mega-menu-horizontal mega-no-js" data-event="hover_intent" data-effect="fade_up" data-effect-speed="200" data-effect-mobile="disabled" data-effect-speed-mobile="0" data-mobile-force-width="false" data-second-click="go" data-document-click="collapse" data-vertical-behaviour="standard" data-breakpoint="768" data-unbind="true" data-mobile-state="collapse_all" data-mobile-direction="vertical" data-hover-intent-timeout="300" data-hover-intent-interval="100"><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-22' id='mega-menu-item-22'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">For your<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--1' id='mega-menu-item--1'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research">For your</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_text mega-menu-columns-2-of-6 mega-menu-item-text-7' id='mega-menu-item-text-7'> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/research">Research</a></p> </div> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-columns-1-of-6 mega-menu-item-426' id='mega-menu-item-426'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products">Products<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--2' id='mega-menu-item--2'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products">Products</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-collapse-children mega-menu-item-185' id='mega-menu-item-185'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/oxford-english-dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-2158' id='mega-menu-item-2158'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/oed-labs">OED Labs</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-2133' id='mega-menu-item-2133'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/oed-researchers-advisory-group/">OED Researchers Advisory Group</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-186' id='mega-menu-item-186'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/community">The OED Community</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-23' id='mega-menu-item-23'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/products" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">For your<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--3' id='mega-menu-item--3'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/products">For your</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_text mega-menu-columns-2-of-6 mega-menu-item-text-2' id='mega-menu-item-text-2'> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/products">Products</a></p> </div> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-columns-1-of-6 mega-menu-item-193' id='mega-menu-item-193'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/research/">Research sub<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--4' id='mega-menu-item--4'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/research/">Research sub</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-197' id='mega-menu-item-197'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/products/language-datasets">Language Datasets</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-7691' id='mega-menu-item-7691'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/indian-language-data">Indian Language Datasets</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-199' id='mega-menu-item-199'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/products/api">Oxford Dictionaries API</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-228636' id='mega-menu-item-228636'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/lexical-datasets-for-nlp/">Lexical Data for NLP</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-20367' id='mega-menu-item-20367'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/dictionary-search-enablement/">Dictionary Solutions</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55870' id='mega-menu-item-55870'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/pronunciations-text-to-speech/">Pronunciations Data</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-96697' id='mega-menu-item-96697'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/educational-assessment-platforms/">Educational Assessment Platforms</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-33925' id='mega-menu-item-33925'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/assisted-writing-solutions/">Assisted Writing Solutions</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-9566' id='mega-menu-item-9566'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/gamified-learning">Gamified Learning</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-2057' id='mega-menu-item-2057'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/products/semantic-english-language-database">Semantic English Language Database</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-276' id='mega-menu-item-276'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/products/partners">Partners</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-449' id='mega-menu-item-449'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/dictionaries" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Our<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--5' id='mega-menu-item--5'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/dictionaries">Our</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_text mega-menu-columns-2-of-6 mega-menu-item-text-8' id='mega-menu-item-text-8'> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></p> </div> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-columns-1-of-6 mega-menu-item-452' id='mega-menu-item-452'><a class="mega-menu-link">Our sub<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--6' id='mega-menu-item--6'><a class="mega-menu-link">Our sub</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-29108' id='mega-menu-item-29108'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/products/dictionary-solutions/">Dictionaries for your products</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-56467' id='mega-menu-item-56467'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/dictionaries/dictionary-apps/">Dictionary Apps</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-467' id='mega-menu-item-467'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/dictionaries/#oed">OED</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-1147' id='mega-menu-item-1147'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/dictionaries/#premium">Oxford Dictionaries Premium</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-470' id='mega-menu-item-470'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/dictionaries/#learners">For English Learners</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-471' id='mega-menu-item-471'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/dictionaries/#childrens">For Children</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-944' id='mega-menu-item-944'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">About<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--7' id='mega-menu-item--7'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us">About</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_text mega-menu-columns-2-of-6 mega-menu-item-text-10' id='mega-menu-item-text-10'> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/about-us">Us</a></p> </div> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-columns-1-of-6 mega-menu-item-945' id='mega-menu-item-945'><a class="mega-menu-link">about sub<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--8' id='mega-menu-item--8'><a class="mega-menu-link">about sub</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-958' id='mega-menu-item-958'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/our-story">Our Story</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-947' id='mega-menu-item-947'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/communities">OGL</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-948' id='mega-menu-item-948'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/how-we-create-language-content">Creating Content</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-949' id='mega-menu-item-949'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/word-of-the-year">Word of the Year</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-2058' id='mega-menu-item-2058'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/oxford-languages-branding-resources">Branding resources</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-12678' id='mega-menu-item-12678'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/updates">Updates</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-24021' id='mega-menu-item-24021'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/about-us/case-studies/">Case Studies</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-29109' id='mega-menu-item-29109'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://languages.oup.com/about-us/what-is-a-dictionary-dataset/">Our dictionary data</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-443' id='mega-menu-item-443'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/contact-us" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Contact<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-mobile-parent-nav-menu-item mega-menu-item--9' id='mega-menu-item--9'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/contact-us">Contact</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_text mega-menu-columns-2-of-6 mega-menu-item-text-3' id='mega-menu-item-text-3'> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/contact-us">Us</a></p> </div> </li></ul> </li></ul></div><div class="main-menu-more"><ul class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><button class="submenu-expand main-menu-more-toggle is-empty" tabindex="-1" aria-label="More" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">More</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z"/><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M12 2c5.52 0 10 4.48 10 10s-4.48 10-10 10S2 17.52 2 12 6.48 2 12 2zM6 14a2 2 0 1 0 0-4 2 2 0 0 0 0 4zm6 0a2 2 0 1 0 0-4 2 2 0 0 0 0 4zm6 0a2 2 0 1 0 0-4 2 2 0 0 0 0 4z"/></g></svg></button><ul class="sub-menu hidden-links"><li id="menu-item--1" class="mobile-parent-nav-menu-item menu-item--1"><button class="menu-item-link-return"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M15.41 7.41L14 6l-6 6 6 6 1.41-1.41L10.83 12z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg>Back</button></li></ul></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="bg-page" style="background-image: url(https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/bg.png);"> <div class="p-home b-container"> <div class="m-i"> <div id="pl-39" class="panel-layout" ><div id="pg-39-0" class="panel-grid panel-has-style" ><div class="row-home row-spacer-title siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-39-0" data-stretch-type="full" ><div id="pgc-39-0-0" class="panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-empty" ></div></div></div><div id="pg-39-1" class="panel-grid panel-has-style" ><div class="row-title panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-39-1" ><div id="pgc-39-1-0" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-39-1-0-0" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child" data-index="0" ><div class="widget-title panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-39-1-0-0" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" > <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <p>Discover how our<br /> <strong>language data</strong><br /> &nbsp; could power...</p> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="pg-39-2" class="panel-grid panel-has-style" ><div class="row-home row-spacer panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-39-2" ><div id="pgc-39-2-0" class="panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-empty" ></div></div></div><div id="pg-39-3" class="panel-grid panel-has-style" ><div class="row-arrow siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-39-3" data-stretch-type="full" ><div id="pgc-39-3-0" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-39-3-0-0" class="widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child" data-index="1" ><div class="widget_text left-arrow panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-39-3-0-0" ><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="l-arrow"> <a href="/research/"> <span class="top">Your</span> <span class="bottom">Research</span> </a> </div></div></div></div></div><div id="pgc-39-3-1" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-39-3-1-0" class="widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child" data-index="2" ><div class="widget_text right-arrow panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-39-3-1-0" ><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="r-arrow"> <a href="/products/"> <span class="top">Your</span> <span class="bottom">Products</span> </a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="pg-39-4" class="panel-grid panel-has-style" ><div class="row-home row-round siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-39-4" data-stretch-type="full" ><div id="pgc-39-4-0" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-39-4-0-0" class="widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child" data-index="3" ><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="b-our-dict js-open"> <span class="inner-text">Our Dictionaries</span> </div> <div class="b-our-dict-hide"> <button class="btn-mobile btn-mobile-close" data-close="b-our-dict"></button> <a href="/dictionaries/">Our Dictionaries</a> <a href="/why-has-oxford-dictionaries-changed">What happened to Oxford Dictionaries?</a> <a href="https://premium.oxforddictionaries.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oxford Dictionaries Premium</a> <a href="/dictionaries/#our-dictionary-childrens">Children鈥檚 Dictionaries</a> <a href="/dictionaries/#our-dictionary-learners">English Learner's Dictionaries</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- #content --> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 m-i"> <div class="site-footer__top"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md"> <div class="b-socials"> <span class="title">Social</span> <ul id="" class="cnss-social-icon " style="text-align:center;"><li class="cn-fa-twitter" style="display:inline-block;"><a class="" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/OxLanguages" title="Twitter" style=""><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/social-icons-x.png" border="0" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" title="Twitter" style="margin:4px;" /></a></li><li class="cn-fa-facebook" style="display:inline-block;"><a class="" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/OxLanguages/" title="Facebook" style=""><img src="https://prododcorp.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/i-facebook.png" border="0" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" title="Facebook" style="margin:4px;" /></a></li><li class="cn-fa-linkedin" style="display:inline-block;"><a class="" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/oxford-languages-oup" title="LinkedIn" style=""><img src="https://prododcorp.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/neon_line_social_circles_50icon_10px_grid-25-512.png" border="0" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn" style="margin:4px;" /></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div class="b-logo"> <a href="https://global.oup.com/" target="_blank" class="logo"><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/images/logo-footer-grey.svg" alt=""></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-12 m-i"> <div class="site-footer__bottom"> <div class="b-logo"> <a href="/"><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/images/logo-footer-dark.svg" alt=""></a> <div class="b-copyright"> <p>Copyright 漏 2024 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md"> <div class="menu-footer-third-container"><ul id="menu-footer-third" class="navbar-nav ms-auto footer-menu-third"><li id="menu-item-257" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-257"><a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://corp.oup.com/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-63" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-63"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-64" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-64"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/legal-notice">Legal Notice</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <footer class="site-footer mobile" style="display: none;"> <div class="m-i"> <div class="site-footer__top"> <nav class="nav-menus" role="navigation"> <div class="first-type-menu"> </div> <div class="second-type-menu"> </div> </nav> <div class="b-contact-us"> <div class="b-socials"> <ul id="" class="cnss-social-icon " style="text-align:center;"><li class="cn-fa-twitter" style="display:inline-block;"><a class="" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/OxLanguages" title="Twitter" style=""><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/social-icons-x.png" border="0" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" title="Twitter" style="margin:4px;" /></a></li><li class="cn-fa-facebook" style="display:inline-block;"><a class="" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/OxLanguages/" title="Facebook" style=""><img src="https://prododcorp.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/i-facebook.png" border="0" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" title="Facebook" style="margin:4px;" /></a></li><li class="cn-fa-linkedin" style="display:inline-block;"><a class="" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/oxford-languages-oup" title="LinkedIn" style=""><img src="https://prododcorp.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/neon_line_social_circles_50icon_10px_grid-25-512.png" border="0" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn" style="margin:4px;" /></a></li></ul> </div> <div class="b-button"> <a href="/contact-us" class="btn-contact-us btn-stl-transparent">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__bottom"> <div class="b-wrp-menu-bottom"> <nav class="nav-menu" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-footer-third-container"><ul id="menu-footer-third-1" class="footer-menu-third"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-257"><a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://corp.oup.com/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-63"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-64"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/legal-notice">Legal Notice</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div class="b-copyright"> <p>Copyright &copy; 2024 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> <div class="b-logo"> <a href="/"><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/images/logo-footer-dark.svg" alt=""></a> <a href="https://global.oup.com/" target="_blank" class="logo"><img src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/images/logo-footer-grey.svg" alt=""></a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/mouse.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-mouse-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/sortable.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-sortable-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="essential-blocks-blocks-localize-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var eb_conditional_localize = []; var EssentialBlocksLocalize = {"eb_plugins_url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/essential-blocks\/","image_url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/essential-blocks\/assets\/images","eb_wp_version":"6.6","eb_version":"5.0.9","eb_admin_url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-admin\/","rest_rootURL":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-json\/","ajax_url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nft_nonce":"62fd943aec","post_grid_pagination_nonce":"ad4796ee6f","placeholder_image":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/essential-blocks\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png","is_pro_active":"false","upgrade_pro_url":"https:\/\/essential-blocks.com\/upgrade","responsiveBreakpoints":{"tablet":1024,"mobile":767}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/essential-blocks/assets/js/eb-blocks-localize.js?ver=31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c-b-modified-1732925747" id="essential-blocks-blocks-localize-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.1-b-modified-1732925599" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-translations"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function( domain, translations ) { var localeData = translations.locale_data[ domain ] || translations.locale_data.messages; localeData[""].domain = domain; wp.i18n.setLocaleData( localeData, domain ); } )( "contact-form-7", {"translation-revision-date":"2024-05-21 11:58:24+0000","generator":"GlotPress\/4.0.1","domain":"messages","locale_data":{"messages":{"":{"domain":"messages","plural-forms":"nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;","lang":"en_GB"},"Error:":["Error:"]}},"comment":{"reference":"includes\/js\/index.js"}} ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" }, "cached": 1 }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0.1-b-modified-1732925599" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-accordion-and-collapse/js/accordion-custom.js?ver=-b-modified-1730657201" id="call_ac-custom-js-front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-accordion-and-collapse/js/accordion.js?ver=-b-modified-1730657201" id="call_ac-js-front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/js/priority-menu.js?ver=1.1-b-modified-1730657191" id="twentynineteen-priority-menu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/js/touch-keyboard-navigation.js?ver=1.1-b-modified-1730657191" id="twentynineteen-touch-navigation-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LcaM7kkAAAAAA3OLjXXGg-uaCkOJX9-jBzbhRM1&amp;ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = { "sitekey": "6LcaM7kkAAAAAA3OLjXXGg-uaCkOJX9-jBzbhRM1", "actions": { "homepage": "homepage", "contactform": "contactform" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=6.0.1-b-modified-1732925599" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.4.1-b-modified-1732925867" id="megamenu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="siteorigin-panels-front-styles-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var panelsStyles = {"fullContainer":"body","stretchRows":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/siteorigin-panels/js/styling.min.js?ver=2.31.0-b-modified-1732926043" id="siteorigin-panels-front-styles-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var expirationDate = new Date(); expirationDate.setTime( expirationDate.getTime() + 31536000 * 1000 ); document.cookie = "pll_language=en; expires=" + expirationDate.toUTCString() + "; path=/; secure; SameSite=Lax"; }()); </script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script>document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("siteorigin-panels-before-js","");</script> <script src="https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentynineteen_1/js/easydropdown.js"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery(window).resize(function() { setTimeout( function(){ jQuery('.mejs-container').height(jQuery('.mejs-mediaelement iframe').height()); }, 2000); }); jQuery(this).delay(5000).queue(function() { jQuery('.mejs-container').height(jQuery('.mejs-mediaelement iframe').height()); }); }); (function($) { $(document).ready(function() { $('.nf-form-cont .nf-form-title h3').each(function() { var str = $(this).text(); if (str.indexOf('-Original') > -1) { console.log('yes'); $(this).text(str.replace('-Original', '')); } console.log('no'); }) }); })(jQuery); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10