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id="toc-Military_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposing forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Confederate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_between_Union_and_Confederate_armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_between_Union_and_Confederate_armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Comparison between Union and Confederate armies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_between_Union_and_Confederate_armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of African Americans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_African_Americans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of African Americans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Petersburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Petersburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In Petersburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Petersburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serving_the_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serving_the_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Serving the Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serving_the_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serving_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serving_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Serving the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serving_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_City_Point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_City_Point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>At City Point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_City_Point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_attempts_to_capture_Petersburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_attempts_to_capture_Petersburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Initial attempts to capture Petersburg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_attempts_to_capture_Petersburg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial attempts to capture Petersburg subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_attempts_to_capture_Petersburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Butler's_assault_(June_9)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butler's_assault_(June_9)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Butler's assault (June 9)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butler's_assault_(June_9)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meade's_assaults_(June_15–18,_1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meade's_assaults_(June_15–18,_1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Meade's assaults (June 15–18, 1864)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meade's_assaults_(June_15–18,_1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_attempts_to_cut_the_railroads_(June_21–30)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_attempts_to_cut_the_railroads_(June_21–30)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Initial attempts to cut the railroads (June 21–30)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_attempts_to_cut_the_railroads_(June_21–30)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial attempts to cut the railroads (June 21–30) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_attempts_to_cut_the_railroads_(June_21–30)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_Plank_Road_(June_21–23)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_Plank_Road_(June_21–23)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jerusalem Plank Road (June 21–23)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_Plank_Road_(June_21–23)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilson–Kautz_Raid_(June_22_–_July_1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilson–Kautz_Raid_(June_22_–_July_1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wilson–Kautz Raid (June 22 – July 1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilson–Kautz_Raid_(June_22_–_July_1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom_(July_27–29)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom_(July_27–29)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>First Battle of Deep Bottom (July 27–29)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom_(July_27–29)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crater_(July_30)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crater_(July_30)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Crater (July 30)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crater_(July_30)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Deep_Bottom_(August_14–20)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Deep_Bottom_(August_14–20)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Second Deep Bottom (August 14–20)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Deep_Bottom_(August_14–20)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_against_the_Weldon_Railroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_against_the_Weldon_Railroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Operations against the Weldon Railroad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations_against_the_Weldon_Railroad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations against the Weldon Railroad subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations_against_the_Weldon_Railroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Globe_Tavern_(August_18–21)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globe_Tavern_(August_18–21)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Globe Tavern (August 18–21)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globe_Tavern_(August_18–21)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Reams_Station_(August_25)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Reams_Station_(August_25)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Second Reams Station (August 25)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Reams_Station_(August_25)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beefsteak_Raid_(September_14–17)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beefsteak_Raid_(September_14–17)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Beefsteak Raid (September 14–17)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beefsteak_Raid_(September_14–17)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_offensives,_late_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_offensives,_late_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Union offensives, late September</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Union_offensives,_late_September-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Union offensives, late September subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Union_offensives,_late_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Market_Heights_(September_29–30)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Market_Heights_(September_29–30)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>New Market Heights (September 29–30)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Market_Heights_(September_29–30)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peebles_Farm_(September_30_–_October_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peebles_Farm_(September_30_–_October_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Peebles Farm (September 30 – October 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peebles_Farm_(September_30_–_October_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actions_near_Richmond,_October" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_near_Richmond,_October"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Actions near Richmond, October</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Actions_near_Richmond,_October-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Actions near Richmond, October subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Actions_near_Richmond,_October-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads_(October_7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads_(October_7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Darbytown and New Market Roads (October 7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads_(October_7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darbytown_Road_(October_13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darbytown_Road_(October_13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Darbytown Road (October 13)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darbytown_Road_(October_13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_Oaks_and_Darbytown_Road_(October_27–28)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_Oaks_and_Darbytown_Road_(October_27–28)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road (October 27–28)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_Oaks_and_Darbytown_Road_(October_27–28)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boydton_Plank_Road_(October_27–28)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boydton_Plank_Road_(October_27–28)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Boydton Plank Road (October 27–28)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boydton_Plank_Road_(October_27–28)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatcher's_Run_(February_5–7,_1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatcher's_Run_(February_5–7,_1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Hatcher's Run (February 5–7, 1865)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatcher's_Run_(February_5–7,_1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_breakout_attempt_at_Fort_Stedman_(March_25)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_breakout_attempt_at_Fort_Stedman_(March_25)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman (March 25)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_breakout_attempt_at_Fort_Stedman_(March_25)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifying_the_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifying_the_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Classifying the campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifying_the_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Battlefield preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Petersburg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="حصار بطرسبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار بطرسبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Petersburg" title="Battaglia di Petersburg – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Battaglia di Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belejringen_af_Petersburg" title="Belejringen af Petersburg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belejringen af Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Petersburg" title="Belagerung von Petersburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Petersburg" title="Campaña de Petersburg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña de Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Petersburg" title="Siège de Petersburg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%A0%84" title="피터스버그 포위전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터스버그 포위전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Petersburg" title="Assedio di Petersburg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond-Petersburgveldtocht" title="Richmond-Petersburgveldtocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richmond-Petersburgveldtocht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="リッチモンド・ピータースバーグ方面作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リッチモンド・ピータースバーグ方面作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleiringen_av_Petersburg" title="Beleiringen av Petersburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beleiringen av Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Petersburga" title="Oblężenie Petersburga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Petersburga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Petersburg" title="Cerco de Petersburg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Осада Питерсберга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Питерсберга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siege of Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburgin_piiritys" title="Petersburgin piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Petersburgin piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Petersburg" title="Belägringen av Petersburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Petersburg&params=37_13_06_N_77_22_40_W_type:event_region:US-VA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°13′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°22′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.21833°N 77.37778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.21833; -77.37778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the World War II Siege of St. Petersburg, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Siege of Richmond" redirects here. For the earlier attempt to capture the city, see <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the American Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Petersburg</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictatorcrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dictatorcrop.jpg/300px-Dictatorcrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dictatorcrop.jpg/450px-Dictatorcrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dictatorcrop.jpg/600px-Dictatorcrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="826" /></a></span><br />The "Dictator" siege mortar at Petersburg. In the foreground, the figure on the right is Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a>, chief of artillery of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 9, 1864 – March 25, 1865<br />(9 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Petersburg&params=37_13_06_N_77_22_40_W_type:event_region:US-VA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°13′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°22′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.21833°N 77.37778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.21833; -77.37778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a><br /><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a><br /> Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 125,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 42,000<sup id="cite_ref-CW.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (estimate)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 28,000<sup id="cite_ref-CW.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (estimate)<br />25,000 desertions<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petersburg is located in Virginia"><img alt="Petersburg is located in Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg/280px-USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg/420px-USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg/560px-USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="964" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.765%;left:73.283%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Petersburg"><img alt="Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Petersburg</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Virginia relief location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Virginia</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Richmond%E2%80%93Petersburg_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Richmond–Petersburg Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Richmond%E2%80%93Petersburg_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Richmond–Petersburg Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Richmond%E2%80%93Petersburg_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Richmond–Petersburg Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Siege_of_Petersburg†" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Siege of Petersburg</span></a><span style="color:#888888;"><sup><b>†</b></sup></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:99%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="First Battle of Petersburg">1st Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">2nd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road">Jerusalem Plank Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Kautz_Raid" title="Wilson–Kautz Raid">Wilson–Kautz Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staunton_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Staunton River Bridge">Staunton River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sappony_Church" title="Battle of Sappony Church">Sappony Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ream%27s_Station" title="First Battle of Ream's Station">1st Ream's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="First Battle of Deep Bottom">1st Deep Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="Second Battle of Deep Bottom">2nd Deep Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Globe Tavern</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ream%27s_Station" title="Second Battle of Ream's Station">2nd Ream's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Raid" title="Beefsteak Raid">Beefsteak Raid</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Chaffin's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peebles%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peebles's Farm">Peebles' Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaughan_Road" title="Battle of Vaughan Road">Vaughan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads" title="Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads">Darbytown & New Market Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darbytown_Road" title="Battle of Darbytown Road">Darbytown Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks_%26_Darbytown_Road" title="Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road">Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boydton_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Boydton Plank Road">Boydton Plank Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trent%27s_Reach" title="Battle of Trent's Reach">Trent's Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatcher%27s_Run" title="Battle of Hatcher's Run">Hatcher's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stedman" title="Battle of Fort Stedman">Fort Stedman</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span style="font-size:98%;"><span style="color:#888888;"><sup><b>†</b></sup></span> also known as <b>Richmond–Petersburg campaign</b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Richmond–Petersburg campaign</b> was a series of battles around <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Although it is more popularly known as the <b>siege of Petersburg</b>, it was not a classic military <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>, in which a city is <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircled</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> blocking all routes of ingress and egress, nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg. The campaign consisted of nine months of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles (48 km) from the eastern outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg. Petersburg was crucial to the supply of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="General (CSA)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s army and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> capital of Richmond. Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Petersburg_Railroad" title="Richmond and Petersburg Railroad">Richmond and Petersburg Railroad</a>. Many of these battles caused the lengthening of the trench lines. </p><p>Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities in April 1865, leading to his <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">retreat</a> and surrender at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a>. The siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that would be seen fifty years later in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, earning it a prominent position in military history. It also featured <a href="#Role_of_African_Americans">the war's largest concentration of African-American troops</a>, who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Chaffin's Farm</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trenches_petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trenches_petersburg.jpg/220px-Trenches_petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trenches_petersburg.jpg/330px-Trenches_petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trenches_petersburg.jpg/440px-Trenches_petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Fredericksburg, Virginia; May 1863. Soldiers in the trenches.</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and was given command of the Union Army. He devised a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points, something <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war. Grant put Major General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> in immediate command of all forces in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">West</a> and moved his own headquarters to be with the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> (still commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>) in Virginia, where he intended to maneuver Lee's army to a decisive battle; his secondary objective was to capture Richmond (the capital of the Confederacy), but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished. His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north, while Major General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> drove toward Richmond from the southeast; Major General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a> to control the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, defeat General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>, and capture <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gens.</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_W._Averell" title="William W. Averell">William W. Averell</a> to operate against railroad supply lines in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>; and Major General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Prentiss Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these initiatives failed, often because of the assignment of generals to Grant for <a href="/wiki/Political_general" title="Political general">political rather than military reasons</a>. Butler's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a> bogged down against inferior forces under General <a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a> before Richmond in the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Hundred Campaign">Bermuda Hundred Campaign</a>. Sigel was soundly defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a> in May and soon afterward he was replaced by Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a>. Banks was distracted by the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign">Red River Campaign</a> and failed to move on to Mobile, Alabama. However, Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee, and Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a> was a success, although it dragged on through the fall.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 4, Grant and Meade's Army of the Potomac crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rapidan_River" title="Rapidan River">Rapidan River</a> and entered the area known as the Wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Spotsylvania County, Virginia">Spotsylvania</a>, beginning the six-week <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>. At the bloody but tactically inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a> (May 5–7) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a> (May 8–21), Grant failed to destroy Lee's army but, unlike his predecessors, did not retreat after the battles; he repeatedly moved his army leftward to the southeast in a campaign that kept Lee on the defensive and moved ever closer to Richmond. Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting minor battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lee's flank and lure him into the open. Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than Lee and the Confederacy could. This theory was tested at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a> (May 31 – June 12) when Grant's army once again came into contact with Lee's near <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Virginia" title="Mechanicsville, Virginia">Mechanicsville</a>. He chose to engage Lee's army directly, by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3. This attack was repulsed with heavy losses. Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a "butcher". Although Grant suffered high losses during the campaign—approximately 50,000 casualties, or 41%—Lee lost even higher percentages of his men—approximately 32,000, or 46%—losses that could not be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of June 12, Grant again advanced by his left flank, marching to the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a>. He planned to cross to the south bank of the river, bypassing Richmond, and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south. While Lee remained unaware of Grant's intentions, the Union army constructed a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridge</a> 2,100 feet (640 m) long and crossed the James River on June 14–18. What Lee had feared most of all—that Grant would force him into a siege of Richmond—was poised to occur. Petersburg, a prosperous city of 18,000, was a supply center for Richmond, given its strategic location just south of Richmond, its site on the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_River" title="Appomattox River">Appomattox River</a> that provided navigable access to the James River, and its role as a major crossroads and junction for five railroads. Since Petersburg was the main supply base and rail depot for the entire region, including Richmond, the taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending Richmond (the Confederate capital). This represented a change of strategy from that of the preceding Overland Campaign, in which confronting and defeating Lee's army in the open was the primary goal. Now, Grant selected a geographic and political target and knew that his superior resources could besiege Lee there, pin him down, and either starve him into submission or lure him out for a decisive battle. Lee at first believed that Grant's main target was Richmond and devoted only minimal troops under Beauregard to the defense of Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Petersburg_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Petersburg Union order of battle">Union order of battle at Second Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Deep_Bottom_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="First Deep Bottom Union order of battle">Union order of battle at First Deep Bottom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crater_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crater Union order of battle">Union order of battle at the Crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globe_Tavern_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe Tavern Union order of battle">Union order of battle at Globe Tavern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaffin%27s_Farm_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaffin's Farm Union order of battle">Union order of battle at Chaffin's Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boydton_Plank_Road_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydton Plank Road Union order of battle">Union order of battle at Boydton Plank Road</a></div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#99ccff">Key Union commanders </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 489px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GenUSGrant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant"><img alt="Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GenUSGrant.jpg/86px-GenUSGrant.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GenUSGrant.jpg/129px-GenUSGrant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GenUSGrant.jpg/172px-GenUSGrant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lt. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. George G. Meade"><img alt="Maj. Gen. George G. Meade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg/77px-George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg/116px-George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg/155px-George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/66px-Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/100px-Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/133px-Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_politician_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="3992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a></div></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the beginning of the campaign, Grant's Union forces consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, under Meade, and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a>, under Butler. </p><p>The Army of the Potomac included:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. David B. Birney and <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Francis C. Barlow</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Griffin" title="Charles Griffin">Charles Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Romeyn B. Ayres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Samuel W. Crawford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Lysander Cutler</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Horatio_G._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio G. Wright">Horatio G. Wright</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Russell" title="David Allen Russell">David A. Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Neill" title="Thomas H. Neill">Thomas H. Neill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truman_Seymour" title="Truman Seymour">Truman Seymour</a>. (The VI Corps was on detached service in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> from mid-July to early December 1864.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Corps (Union Army)">IX Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/James_H._Ledlie" title="James H. Ledlie">James H. Ledlie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Potter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Potter">Robert B. Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_B._Willcox" title="Orlando B. Willcox">Orlando B. Willcox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ferrero" title="Edward Ferrero">Edward Ferrero</a> (the latter division being manned by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> [USCTs]). Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Parke">John G. Parke</a> replaced Burnside after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry Corps (Union Army)">Cavalry Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Sheridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip H. Sheridan">Philip H. Sheridan</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Torbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Thomas Torbert">Alfred T.A. Torbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilson" title="James H. Wilson">James H. Wilson</a>. Sheridan and much of his command were on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July 1864 to late March 1865. Upon their return, Sheridan often referred to his Cavalry Corps as the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a>, reflecting their role in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Army of the James included:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="X Corps (Union Army)">X Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Quincy_A._Gillmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy A. Gillmore">Quincy A. Gillmore</a> (initially - June 15, 1864), Maj. Gen <a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">David B. Birney</a> (from July 23, 1864 – October 10, 1864) and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Terry" title="Alfred Terry">Alfred H. Terry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989455_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989455-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanford_Foster" title="Robert Sanford Foster">Robert S. Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith" title="William Farrar Smith">William F. "Baldy" Smith</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/William_T._H._Brooks" title="William T. H. Brooks">William T. H. Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Martindale" title="John H. Martindale">John H. Martindale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Hinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward W. Hinks">Edward W. Hinks</a> (the latter also a USCT division).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXIV Corps (Union Army)">XXIV Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_O.C._Ord" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward O.C. Ord">Edward O.C. Ord</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gen. Robert S. Foster, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas M. Harris">Thomas M. Harris</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Charles Devens</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXV Corps (Union Army)">XXV Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Weitzel" title="Godfrey Weitzel">Godfrey Weitzel</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Paine" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles J. Paine">Charles J. Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Birney" title="William Birney">William Birney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Wild" title="Edward A. Wild">Edward A. Wild</a>.</li> <li>Cavalry Division, under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/August_Kautz" title="August Kautz">August Kautz</a>.</li></ul> <p>On December 3, 1864, the racially integrated X Corps and XVIII Corps were reorganized to become the all-white XXIV Corps and the all-black (officers excepted) XXV Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant made his headquarters in a cabin on the lawn of <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Manor" title="Appomattox Manor">Appomattox Manor</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Eppes" title="Richard Eppes">Richard Eppes</a> and the oldest home (built in 1763) in what was then <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point</a>, but is now <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell, Virginia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg Confederate order of battle">Confederate order of battle</a></div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#c0c0c0">Key Confederate commanders </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 489px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. Robert E. Lee"><img alt="Gen. Robert E. Lee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/81px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/121px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/162px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="4154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pgt_beauregard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard"><img alt="Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pgt_beauregard.jpg/88px-Pgt_beauregard.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pgt_beauregard.jpg/132px-Pgt_beauregard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pgt_beauregard.jpg/176px-Pgt_beauregard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Gen. James Longstreet"><img alt="Lt. Gen. James Longstreet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/92px-James_Longstreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/138px-James_Longstreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/184px-James_Longstreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lt. Gen.<br /> <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_S_Ewell.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell"><img alt="Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Richard_S_Ewell.png/84px-Richard_S_Ewell.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Richard_S_Ewell.png/126px-Richard_S_Ewell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Richard_S_Ewell.png/168px-Richard_S_Ewell.png 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="5408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lt. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill"><img alt="Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg/77px-Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg/115px-Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg/154px-Image_of_Lieutenant_General_A.P._Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lt. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson"><img alt="Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg/94px-Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg/141px-Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg/188px-Daguerreotype_of_Richard_Heron_Anderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lt. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a></div></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lee's Confederate force consisted of his own <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>, as well as a scattered, disorganized group of 10,000 men defending Richmond under Beauregard. Many of the men under Beauregard's command consisted of soldiers who were either too young or too old to fight in the Army of Northern Virginia, or men who had been discharged from Lee's army due to wounds that rendered them unfit for service. The Army of Northern Virginia was initially organized into four corps:<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau495_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau495-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a>, under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/George_E._Pickett" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Pickett">George E. Pickett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Field" title="Charles W. Field">Charles W. Field</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Joseph B. Kershaw</a>. Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a> returned from medical leave and resumed command of the corps on October 19.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson was given command of the new <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Fourth Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Fourth Corps</a>, which included the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Bushrod_R._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushrod R. Johnson">Bushrod R. Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a>, under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a>, was detached on June 12 for operations in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Shenandoah Valley</a> and played no direct role in the defense of Petersburg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a>, under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a> and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Cavalry Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee</a>.</li></ul> <p>Beauregard's Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia had four depleted divisions commanded by major generals <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ransom_Jr." title="Robert Ransom Jr.">Robert Ransom Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoke" title="Robert Hoke">Robert F. Hoke</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._C._Whiting" title="William H. C. Whiting">William H. C. Whiting</a>, and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Colquitt" title="Alfred H. Colquitt">Alfred H. Colquitt</a>. (Later in the campaign, Beauregard's department was expanded and reorganized to consist of the divisions of major generals Hoke and <a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Johnson" title="Bushrod Johnson">Bushrod Johnson</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_between_Union_and_Confederate_armies">Comparison between Union and Confederate armies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparison between Union and Confederate armies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grant's armies were significantly larger than Lee's during the campaign, although the strengths varied. During the initial assaults on the city, 15,000 Federal troops faced about 5,400 men under Beauregard. By June 18, the Federal strength exceeded 67,000 against the Confederate 20,000. More typical of the full campaign was in mid-July, when 70,000 Union troops faced 36,000 Confederates around Petersburg, and 40,000 men under Butler faced 21,000 around Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union Army, despite suffering horrific losses during the Overland Campaign, was able to replenish its soldiers and equipment, taking advantage of garrison troops from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and the increasing availability of African-American soldiers. By the end of the siege, Grant had 125,000 men to begin the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate army, in contrast, had difficulty replacing men lost through battle, disease, and desertion. As a result of this severe lack of manpower facing the Confederates, when Beauregard's men occupied the trenches around the city, there were gaps in the line of up to 5 feet (1.5 m) between men.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_African_Americans">Role of African Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg/220px-4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg/330px-4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg/440px-4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>A portion of the 4th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">USCT</a> Infantry</figcaption></figure> <p>At the siege of Petersburg in June 1864, enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> worked on digging trenches and other manual labor on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, while African Americans fought in the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> as soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Petersburg">In Petersburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Petersburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> had a black population of about 549,000. This meant that of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederacy</a>'s total black population, one in six blacks lived in Virginia. Of those <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> in Virginia 89% were <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a> about half the population was black of which nearly 35% were free. Petersburg was considered to have the largest number of free blacks of any Southern city at that time. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> prospered there as <a href="/wiki/Barber" title="Barber">barbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a>, boatmen, <a href="/wiki/Drayman" title="Drayman">draymen</a>, livery stable keepers, and caterers.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serving_the_Confederacy">Serving the Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Serving the Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Petersburg became a major supply center for the newly formed Confederacy and its nearby capital in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, both freedmen and slaves were employed in various war functions, one of which was working for the numerous railroad companies that operated in and out of the city. In 1862 Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dimmock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Dimmock (page does not exist)">Charles Dimmock</a> used freedmen and slave labor to construct a ten-mile long defensive line of <a href="/wiki/Trenches" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenches">trenches</a> and batteries around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the siege began in June, African Americans continued working for the Confederacy. In September, Lee asked for an additional 2,000 blacks to be added to his labor force. On January 11, 1865, Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them to pass pending legislation to arm and enlist black slaves in exchange for their freedom. On March 13, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Congress">Confederate Congress</a> passed legislation to raise and enlist companies of black soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation was then promulgated into military policy by Davis in <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Order_No._14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Order No. 14 (page does not exist)">General Order No. 14</a> on March 23.<sup id="cite_ref-OR_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emancipation offered, however, was still reliant upon one's master agreement; "no slave will be accepted as a recruit unless with his own consent and with the approbation of his master by a written instrument conferring, as far as he may, the rights of a <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-OR_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serving_the_Union">Serving the Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serving the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war a total of nearly 187,000 African Americans served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. Of those the greatest concentration of U.S. Colored Troops was at Petersburg. In the initial assault upon the city on June 15, a division of USCTs in the XVIII Corps helped capture and secure a section of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimmock_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimmock line (page does not exist)">Dimmock line</a>. The other division at Petersburg was with the IX Corps and it fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a>, July 30.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December, all the USCTs around Petersburg were incorporated into three divisions and became the <a href="/wiki/XXV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXV Corps (Union Army)">XXV Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest black force assembled during the war and varied between 9,000 and 16,000 men. Overall in the Petersburg Campaign USCTs would participate in 6 major engagements and earn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmohs.org/news-events/history/honoring-the-african-american-recipients-of-the-civil-war">15 of the 25 total</a> <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> that were awarded to African American soldiers in the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_City_Point">At City Point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: At City Point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African Americans served in varying capacities at the Union supply base at <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point</a>. They served as pickets, railroad workers, and laborers "discharging the ships, wheeling the dirt, sawing the timber and driving the piles." Many also worked at the <a href="/wiki/Depot_Field_Hospital" title="Depot Field Hospital">Depot Field Hospital</a> as cooks.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_attempts_to_capture_Petersburg">Initial attempts to capture Petersburg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Initial attempts to capture Petersburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butler's_assault_(June_9)"><span id="Butler.27s_assault_.28June_9.29"></span>Butler's assault (June 9)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Butler's assault (June 9)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="First Battle of Petersburg">First Battle of Petersburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond-Petersburg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Richmond-Petersburg.png/330px-Richmond-Petersburg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Richmond-Petersburg.png/495px-Richmond-Petersburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Richmond-Petersburg.png/660px-Richmond-Petersburg.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Richmond–Petersburg Theater, fall 1864 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>While Lee and Grant faced each other after Cold Harbor, Benjamin Butler became aware that Confederate troops had been moving north to reinforce Lee, leaving the defenses of Petersburg in a vulnerable state. Sensitive to his failure in the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred campaign</a>, Butler sought to achieve a success to vindicate his generalship. He wrote, "the capture of Petersburg lay near my heart."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petersburg was protected by multiple lines of fortifications, the outermost of which was known as the Dimmock line, a line of earthworks and trenches 10 miles (16 km) long, with 55 redoubts, east of the city. The 2,500 Confederates stretched thin along this defensive line were commanded by a former Virginia governor, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a>. Despite the number of fortifications, because of a series of hills and valleys around the outskirts of Petersburg there were several places along the outer defenses where cavalry could easily ride through undetected until they reached the inner defenses of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butler's plan was formulated on the afternoon of June 8, calling for three columns to cross the Appomattox and advance with 4,500 men. The first and second consisted of infantry from Gillmore's <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="X Corps (Union Army)">X Corps</a> and USCTs from Hinks's 3rd Division of <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a>, which was to attack the Dimmock line east of the city. The third was 1,300 cavalrymen under Kautz, who were to sweep around Petersburg and strike it from the southeast. The troops moved out on the night of June 8, but made poor progress. Eventually the infantry crossed by 3:40 a.m. on June 9 and by 7 a.m., both Gillmore and Hinks had encountered the enemy, but stopped at their fronts. Gillmore told Hinks that he would attack but that both of the infantry columns should await the cavalry assault from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kautz's men did not arrive until noon, however, having been delayed en route by numerous enemy pickets. They assaulted the Dimmock line where it crossed the Jerusalem Plank Road (present-day <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 301 in Virginia">U.S. Route 301</a>, Crater Road). The Confederates' Battery 27, also known as Rives's Salient, was manned by 150 militiamen commanded by Major Fletcher H. Archer. Kautz first launched a probing attack, then paused. His main attack was by the <a href="/wiki/11th_Pennsylvania_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Pennsylvania Cavalry">11th Pennsylvania Cavalry</a> against the home guard, a group consisting primarily of teenagers, elderly men, and some wounded soldiers from city hospitals. The home guards retreated to the city with heavy losses, but by this time Beauregard had been able to bring reinforcements from Richmond to bear, which were able to repulse the Union assault. Kautz, hearing no activity on Gillmore's front, presumed that he was left on his own and withdrew. Confederate casualties were about 80, Union 40. Butler was furious with Gillmore's timidity and incompetence and arrested him. Gillmore requested a court of inquiry, which was never convened, but Grant later reassigned him and the incident was dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meade's_assaults_(June_15–18,_1864)"><span id="Meade.27s_assaults_.28June_15.E2.80.9318.2C_1864.29"></span>Meade's assaults (June 15–18, 1864)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meade's assaults (June 15–18, 1864)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">Second Battle of Petersburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_June15-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Petersburg_June15-16.png/330px-Petersburg_June15-16.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Petersburg_June15-16.png/495px-Petersburg_June15-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Petersburg_June15-16.png/660px-Petersburg_June15-16.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Petersburg, assaults on June 15–18</figcaption></figure> <p>Grant selected Butler's Army of the James, which had performed poorly in the Bermuda Hundred campaign, to lead the expedition toward Petersburg. On June 14 he directed Butler to augment the <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a>, commanded by Smith, to a strength of 16,000 men, including Kautz's cavalry division, and use the same route employed in the unsuccessful attacks of June 9. Since Beauregard had insufficient men available to defend the entire Dimmock defensive line, he concentrated 2,200 troops under Wise in the northeastern sector. Even with this concentration, infantrymen were spaced an unacceptable 10 feet (3.0 m) apart. His remaining 3,200 men were facing Butler's army at Bermuda Hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith and his men crossed the Appomattox shortly after dawn on June 15. Kautz's cavalry, leading the advance, encountered an unexpected stronghold at Baylor's farm northeast of Petersburg. Hinks's men launched two attacks on the Confederates and captured a cannon, but the overall advance was delayed until early afternoon. Smith started his attack after delaying until about 7 p.m., deploying a strong skirmish line that swept over the earthworks on a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) front, causing the Confederates to retreat to a weaker defensive line on Harrison's Creek. Despite this initial success and the prospect of a virtually undefended city immediately to his front, Smith decided to wait until dawn to resume his attack. By this time Hancock, the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a> commander, had arrived at Smith's headquarters. The normally decisive and pugnacious Hancock, who outranked Smith, was uncertain of his orders and the disposition of forces, and uncharacteristically deferred to Smith's judgment to wait.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauregard wrote later that Petersburg "at that hour was clearly at the mercy of the Federal commander, who had all but captured it." But he used the time he had been granted to good advantage. Receiving no guidance from Richmond in response to his urgent requests, he unilaterally decided to strip his defenses from the <a href="/wiki/Howlett_Line" title="Howlett Line">Howlett defensive line</a>, which was bottling up Butler's army in Bermuda Hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the divisions under Hoke and Johnson available for the new Petersburg defensive line. Butler might have used this opportunity to move his army between Petersburg and Richmond, which would have doomed the Confederate capital, but he once again failed to act.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the morning of June 16, Beauregard had concentrated about 14,000 men in his defensive line, but this paled in comparison to the 50,000 federals that now faced him. Grant had arrived with Burnside's IX Corps, addressed the confusion of Hancock's orders, and ordered a reconnaissance for weak points in the defensive line. Hancock, in temporary command of the Army of the Potomac until Meade arrived, prepared Smith's XVIII corps on the right, his own II Corps in the center, and Burnside's IX Corps on the left. Hancock's assault began around 5:30 p.m. as all three corps moved slowly forward. Beauregard's men fought fiercely, erecting new breastworks to the rear as breakthroughs occurred. Upon the arrival of Meade, a second attack was ordered and led his division forward. Although Barlow's men managed to capture their objectives, a counterattack drove them back, taking numerous Union prisoners. The survivors dug in close to the enemy works.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>June 17 was a day of uncoordinated Union attacks, starting on the left flank where two brigades of Burnside's IX Corps under Potter stealthily approached the Confederate line and launched a surprise attack at dawn. Initially successful, it captured nearly a mile of the Confederate fortifications and about 600 prisoners, but the effort eventually failed when Potter's men moved forward to find another line of entrenchments. IX Corps assaults at 2 p.m., led by the brigade of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_F._Hartranft" title="John F. Hartranft">John F. Hartranft</a>, and in the evening, by Ledlie's division, both failed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the day, Beauregard's engineers had laid out new defensive positions a mile to the west of the Dimmock line, which the Confederates occupied late that night. Lee had systematically ignored all of Beauregard's pleas for reinforcements until now, but dispatched two divisions of his men, exhausted from the Overland campaign, to Petersburg, beginning at 3 a.m. on June 18. With the arrival of Lee's two divisions, under Kershaw and Field, Beauregard had over 20,000 men to defend the city, but Grant's force had been augmented by the arrival of Warren's <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a> and 67,000 Federals were present.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of June 18, Meade went into a rage directed at his corps commanders because of his army's failure to take the initiative and break through the thinly defended Confederate positions and seize the city. He ordered the entire Army of the Potomac to attack the Confederate defenses. The first Union attack began at dawn, started by the II and XVIII Corps on the Union right. The II Corps was surprised to make rapid progress against the Confederate line, not realizing that Beauregard had moved it back the night before. When they encountered the second line, the attack immediately ground to a halt and the corps suffered under heavy Confederate fire for hours.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By noon, another attack plan had been devised to break through the Confederate defenses. However, by this time, elements of Lee's army had reinforced Beauregard's troops. By the time the Union attack was renewed, Lee himself had taken command of the defenses. Willcox's division of the IX Corps led the renewed attack but it suffered significant losses in the marsh and open fields crossed by the watercourse, Taylor's Branch.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren's V Corps was halted by murderous fire from the position known as Rives' salient, an attack in which Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lawrence_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain">Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</a>, commanding the 1st Brigade, First Division, <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a>, was severely wounded. At 6:30 p.m., Meade ordered a final assault, which also failed with more horrendous losses. One of the leading regiments was the <a href="/wiki/1st_Maine_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment" title="1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment">1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment</a>, which lost 632 of 900 men in the assault, the heaviest single-battle loss of any regiment during the entire war.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having achieved almost no gains from four days of assaults, and with Lincoln facing re-election in the upcoming months in the face of a loud public outcry against the casualty figures, Meade ordered his army to dig in, starting the ten-month siege. During the four days of fighting, Union casualties were 11,386 (1,688 killed, 8,513 wounded, 1,185 missing or captured), while Confederate casualties were 4,000 (200 killed, 2,900 wounded, 900 missing or captured).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_attempts_to_cut_the_railroads_(June_21–30)"><span id="Initial_attempts_to_cut_the_railroads_.28June_21.E2.80.9330.29"></span>Initial attempts to cut the railroads (June 21–30)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Initial attempts to cut the railroads (June 21–30)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After failing to capture Petersburg by assault, Grant's first objective was to secure the three remaining open rail lines that served Petersburg and Richmond: the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Petersburg_Railroad" title="Richmond and Petersburg Railroad">Richmond and Petersburg Railroad</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Southside_Railroad_(Virginia)" title="Southside Railroad (Virginia)">South Side Railroad</a>, which reached to <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a> in the west; and the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_and_Weldon_Railroad" title="Wilmington and Weldon Railroad">Weldon Railroad</a>, also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, which led to <a href="/wiki/Weldon,_North_Carolina" title="Weldon, North Carolina">Weldon, North Carolina</a>, and the Confederacy's only remaining major port, <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. Grant decided on a wide-ranging cavalry raid (the <a href="#Wilson-Kautz">Wilson–Kautz Raid</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the South Side and Weldon railroads, but he also directed that a significant infantry force be sent against the Weldon closer to his current position. Meade selected the II Corps, still temporarily commanded by Birney,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wright's VI Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem_Plank_Road_(June_21–23)"><span id="Jerusalem_Plank_Road_.28June_21.E2.80.9323.29"></span>Jerusalem Plank Road (June 21–23)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jerusalem Plank Road (June 21–23)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road">Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_June21-22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Petersburg_June21-22.png/330px-Petersburg_June21-22.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Petersburg_June21-22.png/495px-Petersburg_June21-22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Petersburg_June21-22.png/660px-Petersburg_June21-22.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Petersburg, movements against the railroads and A.P. Hill's counterattack, June 21–22</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 21, elements of the II Corps probed toward the railroad and skirmished with Confederate cavalry. By the morning of June 22, a gap opened up between the two corps. While the II Corps moved forward, the VI Corps encountered Confederate troops from Wilcox's division of Hill's corps and they began to entrench rather than advance. Mahone observed that the gap between the two Union corps was widening, creating a prime target. Mahone had been a railroad engineer before the war and had personally surveyed this area south of Petersburg, so he was familiar with a ravine that could be used to hide the approach of a Confederate attack column. At 3 p.m., Mahone's men emerged in the rear Barlow's division (II Corps), catching them by surprise, and the division quickly collapsed. Gibbon's division, which had erected earthworks, was also surprised by an attack from the rear and many of the regiments ran for safety. The II Corps troops rallied around earthworks that they had constructed on the night of June 21 and stabilized their lines. Darkness ended the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, the II Corps advanced to retake its lost ground, but the Confederates had pulled back, abandoning the earthworks they had captured. Under orders from Meade, the VI Corps sent out a heavy skirmish line after 10 a.m. in a second attempt to reach the Weldon Railroad. Men from Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Lewis A. Grant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1st_Vermont_Brigade" title="1st Vermont Brigade">1st Vermont Brigade</a> had begun tearing up the track when they were attacked by a larger force of Confederate infantry. Numerous Vermonters were taken prisoner and only about half a mile of track had been destroyed when they were chased away. Meade was unable to urge Wright forward and called off the operation. Union casualties were 2,962 and Confederate 572.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was inconclusive, with advantages gained on both sides. The Confederates were able to retain control of the Weldon Railroad. The Federals were able to destroy a short segment of the Weldon before being driven off, but more importantly, the siege lines were stretched further to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilson–Kautz_Raid_(June_22_–_July_1)"><span id="Wilson.E2.80.93Kautz_Raid_.28June_22_.E2.80.93_July_1.29"></span>Wilson–Kautz Raid (June 22 – July 1) <span class="anchor" id="Wilson-Kautz"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wilson–Kautz Raid (June 22 – July 1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Kautz_Raid" title="Wilson–Kautz Raid">Wilson–Kautz Raid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staunton_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Staunton River Bridge">Battle of Staunton River Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sappony_Church" title="Battle of Sappony Church">Battle of Sappony Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ream%27s_Station" title="First Battle of Ream's Station">First Battle of Ream's Station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf/page1-330px-Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf/page1-495px-Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf/page1-660px-Wilson-Kautz_Raid.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Wilson–Kautz Raid, June 22 – July 1</figcaption></figure> <p>In parallel to Birney's and Wright's infantry action at the Jerusalem Plank Road, Wilson was ordered by Meade to conduct a raid destroying as much track as possible south and southwest of Petersburg. Grant considered Wilson's 3rd Division of the Cavalry Corps too small to conduct the operation alone, particularly since Meade required Wilson to leave 1,400 men behind for picket duty, so he directed Butler to contribute Kautz's small division (2,000 troopers) to the effort. Early on the morning of June 22, 3,300 men,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 12 guns organized into two batteries, departed Mount Sinai Church and began to destroy railroad track and cars of the Weldon Railroad at Reams Station,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7 miles (11 km) south of Petersburg. Kautz's men moved to the west to Ford's Station and began destroying track, locomotives, and cars on the South Side Railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, Wilson proceeded to the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Danville_Railroad" title="Richmond and Danville Railroad">Richmond and Danville Railroad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Burkeville,_Virginia" title="Burkeville, Virginia">Burkeville</a>, where he encountered elements of Rooney Lee's cavalry between <a href="/wiki/Nottoway,_Virginia" title="Nottoway, Virginia">Nottoway Court House</a> and Black's and White's (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Blackstone,_Virginia" title="Blackstone, Virginia">Blackstone</a>). The Confederates struck the rear of his column, forcing Colonel George A. Chapman's brigade to fend them off. Wilson followed Kautz along the South Side Railroad, destroying about 30 miles (50 km) of track as they went. On June 24, while Kautz remained to skirmish around Burkeville, Wilson crossed over to Meherrin Station on the Richmond and Danville and began destroying track.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 25, Wilson and Kautz continued tearing up track south to the Staunton River Bridge at Roanoke Station (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Virginia" title="Randolph, Virginia">Randolph</a>), where they encountered approximately 1,000 "old men and boys" (the Home Guard), commanded by Captain Benjamin L. Farinholt, dug in with earthworks and prepared artillery positions at the bridge. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staunton_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Staunton River Bridge">Battle of Staunton River Bridge</a> was a minor affair in which Kautz attempted multiple frontal assaults against the Home Guard, but his men never came closer than 80 yards (73 m). Lee's cavalry division closed on the Federals from the northeast and skirmished with Wilson's rear guard. Casualties on the Union side amounted to 42 killed, 44 wounded, and 30 missing or captured. Confederate losses were 10 killed and 24 wounded. Kautz's men gave up and retreated to the railroad depot at 9 p.m. Despite these relatively minor losses, the two Union cavalry generals decided to abandon their mission, leaving the Staunton River bridge intact and having inflicted only minor damage on the railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Wilson and Kautz turned back to the east after their defeat at Staunton River Bridge, Lee's cavalry pursued and threatened their rear. Meanwhile, Robert E. Lee ordered Hampton's cavalry, which had been engaged with Sheridan's cavalry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Battle of Trevilian Station</a> on June 11–12, to join the pursuit and attack Wilson and Kautz. Before leaving on his raid, Wilson had received assurances from Meade's chief of staff, Major General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>, that the Army of the Potomac would be immediately taking control of the Weldon Railroad at least as far south as Reams Station, so Wilson decided that would be an appropriate place to return to Union lines. The Union defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road">Jerusalem Plank Road</a> made those assurances inoperable. Wilson and Kautz were surprised on the afternoon of June 28 when they reached Stony Creek Station, 10 miles (16 km) south of Reams, as hundreds of Hampton's cavalrymen (under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">John R. Chambliss</a>) and infantry blocked their path. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sappony_Church" title="Battle of Sappony Church">Battle of Sappony Church</a>, Wilson's men tried to break through but had to fall back when Confederate brigadier generals <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew C. Butler">Matthew C. Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Rosser" title="Thomas L. Rosser">Thomas L. Rosser</a> threatened to envelop Wilson's left flank. Kautz's division, following Wilson's, took a back road in the direction of Reams Station and was attacked by Lee's division late in the day. The Union cavalrymen were able to slip out of the trap under the cover of darkness and rode north on the Halifax Road for the supposed security of Reams Station.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg/220px-Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg/330px-Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg/440px-Dictator_at_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>"Dictator" siege mortar on the U.S. Military Railroad at Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Reams_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Reams Station">First Battle of Reams Station</a> on June 29, Kautz approached Reams Station from the west expecting to find the friendly infantry promised by Humphreys but found Confederate infantry instead—Mahone's division blocking the approaches to the Halifax Road and the railroad behind well-constructed earthworks. Kautz's attack by the 11th Pennsylvania and the 1st District of Columbia Cavalry along the Depot Road was unsuccessful and Mahone counterattacked against the flank of the Pennsylvanians. On the Stage Road to the north of the station, the brigades of brigadier generals <a href="/wiki/Lunsford_L._Lomax" title="Lunsford L. Lomax">Lunsford L. Lomax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williams_C._Wickham" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams C. Wickham">Williams C. Wickham</a> maneuvered around the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ohio_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Ohio Cavalry">2nd Ohio Cavalry</a> and 5th New York Cavalry, turning the Federal left flank. Wilson sent a messenger north who was able to slip through the Confederate lines and urgently requested help from Meade at City Point. Meade alerted Wright to prepare to move his entire VI Corps to Reams Station, but he realized that it would take too long on foot and requested help from Sheridan's cavalry as well. Sheridan demurred, complaining of the effect on his "worn-out horses and exhausted men." After the war, arguments persisted between Sheridan and Wilson about whether the former had adequately protected the raiders from the Confederate cavalry of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee. Sheridan did reach Reams Station by 7 p.m., only to find that the VI Corps infantry had in fact arrived but that Wilson and Kautz had departed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caught in a trap without the promise of immediate aid, the Wilson–Kautz raiders burned their wagons and destroyed their artillery pieces and fled to the north before the reinforcements arrived. They lost hundreds of men as prisoners in what was called "a wild skedaddle." At least 300 escaped slaves who had joined the Union cavalrymen during the raid were abandoned during the retreat. The raiders reentered Federal lines around 2 p.m. on July 1. They had destroyed 60 miles (97 km) of track, which took the Confederates several weeks to repair, but it came at the cost of 1,445 Union casualties, or about a quarter of their force. Wilson lost 33 killed, 108 wounded, and 674 captured or missing. Kautz lost 48 killed, 153 wounded, and 429 captured or missing. Although Wilson counted the raid as a strategic success, Grant reluctantly described the expedition as a "disaster."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom_(July_27–29)"><span id="First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom_.28July_27.E2.80.9329.29"></span>First Battle of Deep Bottom (July 27–29)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First Battle of Deep Bottom (July 27–29)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="First Battle of Deep Bottom">First Battle of Deep Bottom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Bottom_July.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Deep_Bottom_July.png/330px-Deep_Bottom_July.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Deep_Bottom_July.png/495px-Deep_Bottom_July.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Deep_Bottom_July.png/660px-Deep_Bottom_July.png 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>First Battle of Deep Bottom, July 27–29</figcaption></figure> <p>In preparation for the forthcoming <a href="#crater">Battle of the Crater</a>, Grant wanted Lee to dilute his forces in the Petersburg trenches by attracting them elsewhere. He ordered Hancock's II Corps and two divisions of Sheridan's Cavalry Corps to cross the James River to Deep Bottom by pontoon bridge and advance against the Confederate capital. His plan called for Hancock to pin down the Confederates at Chaffin's Bluff and prevent reinforcements from opposing Sheridan's cavalry, which would attack Richmond if practicable. If not—a circumstance Grant considered more likely—Sheridan was ordered to ride around the city to the north and west and cut the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Central_Railroad" title="Virginia Central Railroad">Virginia Central Railroad</a>, which was supplying Richmond from the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Lee found out about Hancock's pending movement, he ordered that the Richmond lines be reinforced to 16,500 men. Kershaw's division and brigades from Wilcox's division moved east on New Market Road and took up positions on the eastern face of New Market Heights. Hancock and Sheridan crossed the pontoon bridge starting at 3 a.m., July 27. II Corps took up positions on the east bank of Bailey's Creek, from New Market Road to near Fussell's Mill. Sheridan's cavalry captured the high ground on the right, overlooking the millpond, but they were counterattacked and driven back. The Confederate works on the west bank of Bailey's Creek were formidable and Hancock chose not to attack them, spending the rest of the day performing reconnaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hancock was checked at Bailey's Creek, Lee began bringing up more reinforcements from Petersburg, reacting as Grant had hoped. He assigned Anderson to take command of the Deep Bottom sector and sent in Heth's infantry division "Rooney" Lee's cavalry division. Troops were also hurriedly detailed from the Department of Richmond to help man the trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of July 28, Grant reinforced Hancock with a brigade of the <a href="/wiki/XIX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX Corps (Union Army)">XIX Corps</a>. Sheridan's men attempted to turn the Confederate left, but their movement was disrupted by a Confederate attack. Three brigades attacked Sheridan's right flank, but they were unexpectedly hit by heavy fire from the Union repeating carbines. Mounted Federals in Sheridan's reserve pursued and captured nearly 200 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satisfied that the operation had distracted sufficient Confederate forces from the defense of Petersburg the Federal attacks ended in the afternoon of July 28. Grant then proceed with a renewed assault against Petersburg on July 30.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union casualties at the First Battle of Deep Bottom were 488 (62 killed, 340 wounded, and 86 missing or captured). Confederate casualties were 679 (80 killed, 391 wounded, 208 missing or captured).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Crater_(July_30)"><span id="The_Crater_.28July_30.29"></span>The Crater (July 30) <span class="anchor" id="crater"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Crater (July 30)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_July30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Petersburg_July30.png/330px-Petersburg_July30.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Petersburg_July30.png/495px-Petersburg_July30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Petersburg_July30.png/660px-Petersburg_July30.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Petersburg, Battle of the Crater, July 30</figcaption></figure> <p>Grant wanted to defeat Lee's army without resorting to a lengthy siege—his experience in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">siege of Vicksburg</a> told him that such affairs were expensive and difficult on the morale of his men. Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pleasants" title="Henry Pleasants">Henry Pleasants</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/48th_Pennsylvania_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="48th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment">48th Pennsylvania Infantry</a> of Burnside's IX Corps, offered a novel proposal to solve Grant's problem. Pleasants, a mining engineer from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in civilian life, proposed digging a long mine shaft underneath the Confederate lines and planting explosive charges directly underneath a fort (Elliott's Salient) in the middle of the Confederate First Corps line. If successful, Union troops could drive through the resulting gap in the line into the Confederate rear area. Digging began in late June, creating a mine in a "T" shape with an approach shaft 511 feet (156 m) long. At its end, a perpendicular gallery of 75 feet (23 m) extended in both directions. The gallery was filled with 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) pounds of gunpowder, buried 20 feet (6.1 m) underneath the Confederate works.<sup id="cite_ref-ref57_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref57-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burnside had trained the division of USCTs under Ferrero to lead the assault. Two regiments were to leave the attack column and extend the breach by rushing perpendicular to the crater, while the remaining regiments were to rush through, seizing the Jerusalem Plank Road. Burnside's two other divisions, made up of white troops, would then move in, supporting Ferrero's flanks and race for Petersburg itself. However, the day before the attack, Meade, who lacked confidence in the operation, ordered Burnside not to use the black troops in the lead assault, claiming that if the attack failed black soldiers would be killed needlessly, creating political repercussions in the North. Burnside protested to Grant, who sided with Meade. When volunteers were not forthcoming, Burnside selected a replacement white division by having the three commanders draw lots. Ledlie's 1st Division was selected, but he failed to brief the men on what was expected of them. During the battle, Ledlie was reportedly drunk well behind the lines and providing no leadership. He was later dismissed for his actions during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg/220px-Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg/330px-Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg/440px-Waud-Petersburg-Crater.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the explosion seen from the Union line.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 4:44 a.m. on July 30, the charges were exploded. A crater (still visible today) was created 170 feet (52 m) long by 60 to 80 feet (24 m) wide and 30 feet (9.1 m) deep. The blast destroyed the Confederate fortifications in the immediate vicinity and instantly killed between 250 and 350 Confederate soldiers. Ledlie's untrained division was not prepared for the explosion and reports indicate they waited ten minutes before leaving their own entrenchments. Instead of moving around the crater as Ferrero's troops had been trained to do, they moved down into the crater itself. Since this was not the planned movement, there were no ladders provided for the men to use in exiting the crater. Mahone assembled a counterattacking force. By about an hour later, they had formed up around the crater and began firing rifles and artillery down into it, in what Mahone later described as a "turkey shoot". The plan had failed but Burnside, instead of cutting his losses, sent in Ferrero's men. Now faced with considerable flanking fire, they also went down into the crater and for the next few hours, Mahone's soldiers, reinforced by Johnson and artillery, slaughtered the men of the IX Corps as they attempted to escape from the crater. Some Union troops eventually advanced and flanked to the right beyond the crater to the earthworks and assaulted the Confederate lines, driving the Confederates back for several hours in hand-to-hand combat. Mahone's Confederates conducted a sweep out of a sunken gully area about 200 yards (180 m) from the right side of the Union advance. This charge reclaimed the earthworks and drove the Union force back towards the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Crater2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crater2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confederate casualties were approximately 1,500 (200 killed, 900 wounded, 400 missing or captured). Union casualties were 3,798 (504 killed, 1,881 wounded, 1,413 missing or captured). Grant wrote that, "It was the saddest affair I have witnessed in the war."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Union casualties were suffered by Ferrero's division. Burnside was relieved of command.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Deep_Bottom_(August_14–20)"><span id="Second_Deep_Bottom_.28August_14.E2.80.9320.29"></span>Second Deep Bottom (August 14–20)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second Deep Bottom (August 14–20)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="Second Battle of Deep Bottom">Second Battle of Deep Bottom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Bottom_August.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deep_Bottom_August.png/330px-Deep_Bottom_August.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deep_Bottom_August.png/495px-Deep_Bottom_August.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deep_Bottom_August.png/660px-Deep_Bottom_August.png 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Second Battle of Deep Bottom, August 14–20</figcaption></figure> <p>On the same day the Union failed at the Crater, Early, commanding the Confederate Second Corps, was burning the town of <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg, Pennsylvania</a>, as he operated out of the Shenandoah Valley, threatening towns in Maryland and Pennsylvania, as well as the District of Columbia. Lee was concerned about actions that Grant might take against Early and sent the Kershaw's infantry division from Anderson's corps and the cavalry division commanded Fitzhugh Lee to <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, where they could either provide aid to Early or be recalled to the Richmond-Petersburg front as needed. Grant misinterpreted this movement and assumed that Anderson's entire corps had been removed from the vicinity of Richmond, leaving only about 8,500 men north of the James River. He determined to try again with an advance toward the Confederate capital led by Hancock. This would either prevent reinforcements from aiding Early or once again dilute the Confederate strength in the defensive lines around Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 13, X Corps, commanded by Birney, and Gregg's cavalry division crossed pontoon bridges from Bermuda Hundred to Deep Bottom. II Corps crossed by steamships the night of August 13–14. Birney's troops successfully pushed aside pickets on the Kingsland Road, but were stopped by the fortifications on New Market Heights. The II Corps units moved slowly into position, suffering numerous deaths from heat stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until midday on August 14 that the Union made contact with the Confederates, manning rifle pits on the Darbytown Road just north of the Long Bridge Road. The Union generals were surprised at the Confederate strength. On the right, a full Confederate division commanded by Field was dug in. Chaffin's Bluff was defended by a division under Wilcox and reinforcements were arriving. Barlow's 10,000 men in two divisions of II Corps attacked Fussell's Mill. They were able to drive away two Confederate cavalry regiments at the mill, but they were repulsed by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">George T. Anderson</a>'s brigade. When Field took Anderson's brigade from his right flank, it weakened the line in front of Birney's corps, which moved forward and occupied some of the Confederate entrenchments and captured four guns.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Union attacks had been generally unsuccessful, they had some of the effect Grant desired. Lee became convinced that the threat against Richmond was a serious one and he dispatched two infantry brigades of Mahone's division and the cavalry divisions of Hampton and "Rooney" Lee. Hancock ordered Birney's corps to make a night march to join Barlow's end of the line. Birney's movement was delayed by difficult terrain for most of August 15 and Hancock's plan for an attack was abandoned for the day.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 16, Gregg's cavalry swept to the right and rode northwest on the Charles City Road toward Richmond. They found Rooney Lee's cavalry division blocking the road and a full day of fighting resulted. Confederate <a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Brigadier General Chambliss</a> was killed during the fighting. The infantrymen of the X Corps had a better start to the day, as Terry's division broke through the Confederate line. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Ambrose R. Wright</a>'s brigade was hit hard and retreated, opening a significant gap. The heavily wooded terrain prevented Birney and Hancock from understanding that they had reached a position of advantage and they were unable to exploit it before Field rearranged his lines to fill the gap and drive back the Federals.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee planned a counterattack against the Union right for 11 a.m. on August 18, but it was poorly coordinated and made no significant gains. On the night of August 20, Hancock withdrew his force back over the James. Union casualties were approximately 2,900 men, some due to heat stroke. Confederate casualties were 1,500.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_against_the_Weldon_Railroad">Operations against the Weldon Railroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Operations against the Weldon Railroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globe_Tavern_(August_18–21)"><span id="Globe_Tavern_.28August_18.E2.80.9321.29"></span>Globe Tavern (August 18–21)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Globe Tavern (August 18–21)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Battle of Globe Tavern</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_Aug18-19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Petersburg_Aug18-19.png/330px-Petersburg_Aug18-19.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Petersburg_Aug18-19.png/495px-Petersburg_Aug18-19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Petersburg_Aug18-19.png/660px-Petersburg_Aug18-19.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Petersburg, capture of the Weldon Railroad, August 18–19</figcaption></figure> <p>While II Corps fought at Deep Bottom, Grant planned another attack against the Weldon. He chose Warren's V Corps to lead the operation. Grant was encouraged by a message he received August 17 from Lincoln: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have seen your despatch expressing your unwillingness to break your hold where you are. Neither am I willing. Hold on with a bulldog grip, and chew and choke as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau159_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau159-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Grant remarked to his staff, "The President has more nerve than any of his advisors."<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau159_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau159-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At dawn on August 18, Warren advanced to the south and reached the railroad at Globe Tavern around 9 a.m. Parts of the division under Griffin began to destroy the track while a brigade from Ayres' division formed in line of battle and moved north to block any Confederate advance from that direction. Ayres encountered Confederate troops at about 1 p.m. and Warren ordered the division under Crawford to move forward on Ayres' right in an attempt to outflank the Confederate left. Hill sent three brigades to meet the advancing Union divisions. At about 2 p.m. they launched a strong attack and pushed the Union troops back to within less than a mile of Globe Tavern. Warren counterattacked and regained his lost ground. His men entrenched for the night.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reinforcements arrived during the night—the Union IX Corps under Parke and, three infantry brigades from Mahone's division and "Rooney" Lee's cavalry division. In the late afternoon of August 19, Mahone launched a flanking attack that found a weak spot in Crawford's line, causing hundreds of Crawford's men to flee in panic. Heth launched a frontal assault against the center and left, which was easily repulsed by Ayres' division. XI Corps counterattacked and fighting ended at dusk. On the night of August 20–21, Warren pulled his troops back two miles (3 km) to a new line of fortifications, which were connected with the main Union lines on the Jerusalem Plank Road. The Confederates attacked at 9 a.m. on August 21, with Mahone striking the Federal left and Heth the center. Both attacks were unsuccessful against the strong entrenchments and resulted in heavy losses. By 10:30 a.m., the Confederates withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union casualties at Globe Tavern were 4,296 (251 killed, 1,148 wounded, 2,897 missing/captured). Confederate casualties were 1,620 (211 killed, 990 wounded, 419 missing/captured).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederates had lost a key section of the Weldon Railroad and were forced to carry supplies by wagon 30 miles (48 km) from the railroad at Stony Creek up the Boydton Plank Road into Petersburg. This was not yet a critical problem for the Confederates. A member of Lee's staff wrote, "Whilst we are inconvenienced, no material harm is done us." Grant was not entirely satisfied with Warren's victory, which he rightly characterized as wholly defensive in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globe Tavern was the first Union victory of the campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Reams_Station_(August_25)"><span id="Second_Reams_Station_.28August_25.29"></span>Second Reams Station (August 25)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Second Reams Station (August 25)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ream%27s_Station" title="Second Battle of Ream's Station">Second Battle of Ream's Station</a></div> <p>Grant wanted the Weldon line closed permanently by destroying 14 miles (23 km) of track from Warren's position near Globe Tavern as far south as Rowanty Creek (about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the town of <a href="/wiki/Stony_Creek,_Virginia" title="Stony Creek, Virginia">Stony Creek</a>). He assigned the operation to Hancock's II Corps, which was in the process of moving south from their operation at Deep Bottom. While Hancock's corps was exhausted from their efforts north of the James and their forced march south, Warren's troops were tasked with extending the fortifications at Globe Tavern. Grant augmented Hancock's corps with Gregg's cavalry division. Gregg's division departed on August 22. After driving off Confederate pickets, they and the II Corps infantry division commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> destroyed the railroad tracks to within 2 miles (3.2 km) of Reams Station. Early on August 23, Hancock's other division, commanded by Gibbon, occupied Reams Station, taking up positions in earthworks that had been constructed by the Union cavalry during the Wilson–Kautz Raid in June.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee considered that the Union troops at Reams Station represented not only a threat to his supply line, but also to the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie County</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie, Virginia">Dinwiddie Court House</a> were to fall, the Confederates would be forced to evacuate both Petersburg and Richmond because it represented a key point on the army's potential withdrawal route. He also saw an opportunity—that he could impose a strategic defeat upon the Union Army shortly before the presidential election in November. Lee ordered Hill to take the overall command of a combined cavalry and infantry force of 8,000–10,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilcox's division assaulted the Union position at about 2 p.m. on August 25. Despite launching two attacks, Wilcox was driven back by Miles's division, which was manning the northern part of the earthworks. To the south, Gibbon's division was blocking the advance of Hampton's cavalry, which had swept around the Union line. Confederate reinforcements from Heth's and Mahone's divisions arrived while the Confederate artillery bombarded the Union position. The final attack began around 5:30 p.m. against Miles's position and it broke through the northwest corner of the Union fortifications. Hancock galloped from one threatened point to the next, attempting to rally his men. As he witnessed the men of his corps reluctant to retake their positions from the enemy, he remarked to a colonel, "I do not care to die, but I pray God I may never leave this field." By this time, Hampton's cavalry was making progress against Gibbon's infantry to the south, launching a surprise dismounted attack that caused many of Gibbon's men to flee or surrender. This allowed Hampton to flank Miles. Hancock ordered a counterattack, which provided time to allow for an orderly Union withdrawal to Petersburg after dark.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Union suffered approximately 2,700 casualies and the Confederate approximately 800.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Confederates had won a clear victory, they had lost a vital piece of the Weldon Railroad. From this point on they were only able to transport supplies by rail on this line as far north as the Stony Creek Depot, 16 miles (26 km) south of Petersburg. From there, supplies then had to be unloaded and tranported by wagon to Petersburg. The <a href="/wiki/Southside_Railroad_(Virginia)" title="Southside Railroad (Virginia)">South Side Railroad</a> was the only railroad left to directly supply Petersburg and Lee's army.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beefsteak_Raid_(September_14–17)"><span id="Beefsteak_Raid_.28September_14.E2.80.9317.29"></span>Beefsteak Raid (September 14–17)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Beefsteak Raid (September 14–17)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Raid" title="Beefsteak Raid">Beefsteak Raid</a></div> <p>On September 5, a Confederate scout gave a report to Hampton on his reconnaissance behind the Union lines. At a supply depot at Coggins Point on the James River, he found approximately 3,000 beef cattle, attended by 120 men and 30 citizens, without arms. Just two days earlier, Lee had suggested to Hampton that Grant's rear area was "open to attack." On September 14 Hampton led about 4,000 men in four brigades southwest from Petersburg along the Boydton Plank Road and followed course through Dinwiddie Court House, Stony Creek Station. By the morning of September 15 the force had crossed Blackwater Swamp at Cook's Bridge. In the early morning of September 16, Hampton launched a surprise attack which met only minimal resistance. Hampton's men drove the captured herd of 2,486 cattle south toward Cook's Bridge. A attempted intervention by 2,100 Union cavalrymen under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eugene_Davies" title="Henry Eugene Davies">Henry Davies</a> was unsuccessful. Hampton was able to retraced his steps back to Petersburg and turned the cattle over to the Confederate commissary department. For days, the Confederate troops feasted on beef and taunted their Union counterparts across the lines. A visitor to Grant's headquarters asked the general, "When do you expect to starve out Lee and capture Richmond?" Grant replied, "Never, if our armies continue to supply him with beef cattle."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_offensives,_late_September"><span id="Union_offensives.2C_late_September"></span>Union offensives, late September</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Union offensives, late September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Market_Heights_(September_29–30)"><span id="New_Market_Heights_.28September_29.E2.80.9330.29"></span>New Market Heights (September 29–30)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Market Heights (September 29–30)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Battle of Chaffin's Farm</a></div> <p>During the night of September 28–29, Butler's Army of the James crossed the James River to assault the Richmond defenses north of the river. The columns attacked at dawn. After initial Union successes at New Market Heights and Fort Harrison, the Confederates rallied and contained the breakthrough. Lee reinforced his lines north of the James and, on September 30, he counterattacked unsuccessfully. The Federals entrenched, and the Confederates erected a new line of works cutting off the captured forts. As Grant anticipated, Lee shifted troops to meet the threat against Richmond, weakening his lines at Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peebles_Farm_(September_30_–_October_2)"><span id="Peebles_Farm_.28September_30_.E2.80.93_October_2.29"></span>Peebles Farm (September 30 – October 2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Peebles Farm (September 30 – October 2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peebles%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peebles's Farm">Battle of Peebles's Farm</a></div> <p>In combination with Butler's offensive north of the James River, Grant extended his left flank to cut Confederate lines of communication southwest of Petersburg. Two divisions of the IX corps under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Parke">John G. Parke</a>, two divisions of the V Corps under Warren, and Gregg's cavalry division were assigned to the operation. On September 30, the Federals marched via Poplar Spring Church to reach Squirrel Level and Vaughan Roads. The initial Federal attack overran Fort Archer, flanking the Confederates out of their Squirrel Level Road line. Late afternoon, Confederate reinforcements arrived, slowing the Federal advance. On October 1, the Federals repulsed a Confederate counterattack directed by A.P. Hill. Reinforced by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Mott" title="Gershom Mott">Gershom Mott</a>'s division, the Federals resumed their advance on October 2, captured Fort MacRae (which was lightly defended) and extended their left flank to the vicinity of Peebles' and Pegram's Farms. With these limited successes, Meade suspended the offensive. A new line was entrenched from the Federal works on Weldon Railroad to Pegram's Farm.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actions_near_Richmond,_October"><span id="Actions_near_Richmond.2C_October"></span>Actions near Richmond, October</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Actions near Richmond, October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads_(October_7)"><span id="Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads_.28October_7.29"></span>Darbytown and New Market Roads (October 7)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Darbytown and New Market Roads (October 7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darbytown_and_New_Market_Roads" title="Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads">Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads</a></div> <p>Responding to the loss of Fort Harrison and the increasing Federal threat against Richmond, Gen. Robert E. Lee directed an offensive against the Union far right flank on October 7. After routing the Federal cavalry from their position covering Darbytown Road, Field's and Hoke's divisions assaulted the main Union defensive line along New Market Road and were repulsed. The Federals were not dislodged, and Lee withdrew into the Richmond defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darbytown_Road_(October_13)"><span id="Darbytown_Road_.28October_13.29"></span>Darbytown Road (October 13)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Darbytown Road (October 13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darbytown_Road" title="Battle of Darbytown Road">Battle of Darbytown Road</a></div> <p>On October 13, Union forces advanced to find and feel the new Confederate defensive line in front of Richmond. While mostly a battle of skirmishers, a Federal brigade assaulted fortifications north of Darbytown Road and was repulsed with heavy casualties. The Federals retired to their entrenched lines along New Market Road.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_Oaks_and_Darbytown_Road_(October_27–28)"><span id="Fair_Oaks_and_Darbytown_Road_.28October_27.E2.80.9328.29"></span>Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road (October 27–28)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road (October 27–28)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks_%26_Darbytown_Road" title="Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road">Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road</a></div> <p>In combination with movements against the Boydton Plank Road at Petersburg, Benjamin Butler attacked the Richmond defenses along Darbytown Road with the X Corps. The XVIII Corps marched north to Fair Oaks where it was soundly repulsed by Field's Confederate division. Confederate forces counterattacked, taking some 600 prisoners. The Richmond defenses remained intact. Of Grant's offensives north of the James River, this was repulsed most easily.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boydton_Plank_Road_(October_27–28)"><span id="Boydton_Plank_Road_.28October_27.E2.80.9328.29"></span>Boydton Plank Road (October 27–28)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Boydton Plank Road (October 27–28)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boydton_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Boydton Plank Road">Battle of Boydton Plank Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_Oct27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Petersburg_Oct27.png/330px-Petersburg_Oct27.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Petersburg_Oct27.png/495px-Petersburg_Oct27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Petersburg_Oct27.png/660px-Petersburg_Oct27.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Petersburg, actions on October 27</figcaption></figure> <p>Directed by Hancock, divisions from three Union corps (II, V, and IX) and Gregg's cavalry division, numbering more than 30,000 men, withdrew from the Petersburg lines and marched west to operate against the Boydton Plank Road and South Side Railroad. The initial Union advance on October 27 gained the Boydton Plank Road, a major campaign objective. But that afternoon, a counterattack near Burgess' Mill spearheaded by Henry Heth's division, and Wade Hampton's cavalry isolated the II Corps and forced a retreat. The Confederates retained control of the Boydton Plank Road for the rest of the winter. It marked the last battle for Hancock, who resigned from field command because of wounds sustained at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hatcher's_Run_(February_5–7,_1865)"><span id="Hatcher.27s_Run_.28February_5.E2.80.937.2C_1865.29"></span>Hatcher's Run (February 5–7, 1865)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hatcher's Run (February 5–7, 1865)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatcher%27s_Run" title="Battle of Hatcher's Run">Battle of Hatcher's Run</a></div> <p>On February 5, 1865, Gregg's cavalry division rode out to the Boydton Plank Road via Ream's Station and Dinwiddie Court House in an attempt to intercept Confederate supply trains. Warren's V Corps crossed Hatcher's Run and took up a blocking position on the Vaughan Road to prevent interference with Gregg's operations. Two divisions of the II Corps under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a> shifted west to near Armstrong's Mill to cover Warren's right flank. Late in the day, John B. Gordon attempted to turn Humphrey's right flank near the mill but was repulsed. During the night, the Federals were reinforced by two divisions. On February 6, Gregg returned to Gravelly Run on Vaughan Road from his unsuccessful raid and was attacked by elements of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Pegram_(general)" title="John Pegram (general)">John Pegram</a>'s Confederate division. Warren pushed forward a reconnaissance in the vicinity of Dabney's Mill and was attacked by Pegram's and Mahone's divisions. Pegram was killed in the action. Although the Union advance was stopped, the Federals extended their siegeworks to the Vaughan Road crossing of Hatcher's Run.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederate_breakout_attempt_at_Fort_Stedman_(March_25)"><span id="Confederate_breakout_attempt_at_Fort_Stedman_.28March_25.29"></span>Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman (March 25)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman (March 25)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stedman" title="Battle of Fort Stedman">Battle of Fort Stedman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_Mar29-31.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Petersburg_Mar29-31.png/330px-Petersburg_Mar29-31.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Petersburg_Mar29-31.png/495px-Petersburg_Mar29-31.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Petersburg_Mar29-31.png/660px-Petersburg_Mar29-31.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Petersburg, actions preceding Five Forks</figcaption></figure> <p>By March, Lee's army was weakened by desertion, disease, and shortage of supplies and he was outnumbered by Grant by about 125,000 to 50,000. Lee knew that an additional 50,000 men under Sheridan would be returning soon from the Shenandoah Valley and Sherman was marching north through <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a> to join Grant as well. Lee had Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a> plan a surprise attack on the Union lines that would force Grant to contract his lines and disrupt his plans to assault the Confederate works (which, unbeknownst to Lee and Gordon, Grant had already ordered for March 29). The attack would be launched with almost half of Lee's infantry from Colquitt's Salient against Fort Stedman, and Gordon had hopes that he could drive into the Union rear area as far as City Point.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gordon's attack started at 4:15 a.m. Lead parties of sharpshooters and engineers masquerading as deserting soldiers headed out to overwhelm Union pickets and to remove obstructions that would delay the infantry advance. They were followed by three groups of 100 men assigned to storm the Union works and stream back into the Union rear area. Realizing there was a breach in his lines, US Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_B._McLaughlen" title="Napoleon B. McLaughlen">Napoleon B. McLaughlen</a> rode to Fort Haskell, just to the south of Battery XII, which he found to be ready to defend itself. As he moved north, he ordered Battery XII to open fire on Battery XI and a reserve infantry regiment briefly re-captured Battery XI. Assuming that he had sealed the only breach in the line, McLaughlen rode into Fort Stedman and began giving orders to the men. He suddenly realized that they were Confederates and they realized he was a Union general, capturing him.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gordon soon arrived at Fort Stedman and found his attack had so far exceeded his "most sanguine expectations." Within minutes, Batteries X, XI, and XII and Fort Stedman had been seized, opening a gap nearly 1,000 feet (300 m) long in the Union line. Gordon turned his attention to the southern flank of his attack and Fort Haskell. The Confederate artillery from Colquitt's Salient began bombarding Fort Haskell and the Federal field artillery returned fire, along with the massive siege guns in the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gordon's attack began to flounder. His three 100-man detachments were wandering around the rear area in confusion and many had stopped to satisfy their hunger with captured Federal rations, as the main Union defense force began to mobilize. Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Parke">John G. Parke</a> of the IX Corps acted decisively, ordering the reserve division under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Hartranft" title="John F. Hartranft">John F. Hartranft</a> to close the gap. Hartranft organized defensive forces that completely ringed the Confederate penetration by 7:30 a.m., stopping it just short of the military railroad depot. The Union artillery, aware that Confederates occupied the batteries and Fort Stedman, launched punishing fire against them. By 7:45 a.m., 4,000 Union troops under Hartranft were positioned in a semicircle of a mile and a half, and counterattacked, causing heavy casualties to the now-retreating Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack on Fort Stedman had no impact on the Union lines. The Confederate Army was forced to set back its own lines, as the Union attacked further down the front line. To give Gordon's attack enough strength to be successful, Lee had weakened his own right flank. The II and VI Corps seized much of the entrenched Confederate picket line southwest of Petersburg, but found the main line still well manned. This Union advance prepared the ground for Grant's breakthrough attack in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">Third Battle of Petersburg</a> on April 2, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_pp._215-16_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn_pp._215-16-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union casualties in the Battle of Fort Stedman were 1,044 (72 killed, 450 wounded, 522 missing or captured), Confederate casualties a considerably heavier 4,000 (600 killed, 2,400 wounded, 1,000 missing or captured).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But more seriously, the Confederate positions were weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat was only a matter of time. His final opportunity to break the Union lines and regain the momentum was gone.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_pp._215-16_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn_pp._215-16-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_Apr2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petersburg_Apr2.png/330px-Petersburg_Apr2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petersburg_Apr2.png/495px-Petersburg_Apr2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petersburg_Apr2.png/660px-Petersburg_Apr2.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Grant's final assaults and Lee's retreat (start of the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After nearly ten months of siege, the loss at Fort Stedman was a devastating blow for Lee's army, setting up the Confederate defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a> on April 1, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">Union breakthrough at Petersburg</a> on April 2, the surrender of the city of Petersburg at dawn on April 3, and Richmond that same evening. </p><p>After his victory at Five Forks, Grant ordered an assault along the entire Confederate line beginning at dawn on April 2. Parke's <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Corps (Union Army)">IX Corps</a> overran the eastern trenches but were met with stiff resistance. At 5:30 a.m. on April 2, Wright's VI Corps made a decisive breakthrough along the Boydton Plank Road line. While riding between the lines to rally his men, <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a> was shot and killed by two Union soldiers. Wright's initial breakthrough was halted mid-day at Fort Gregg. Gibbon's <a href="/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXIV Corps (Union Army)">XXIV Corps</a> overran <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gregg" title="Fort Gregg">Fort Gregg</a> after a strong Confederate defense. This halt in the advance into the city of Petersburg allowed Lee to pull his forces out of Petersburg and Richmond on the night of April 2, and head for the west in an attempt to meet up with forces under the command of Johnston in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a> ended with Lee's surrender to Grant on April 9 at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>. </p><p>Richmond–Petersburg was a costly campaign for both sides. The initial assaults on Petersburg in June 1864 cost the Union 11,386 casualties, to approximately 4,000 for the Confederate defenders. The casualties for the siege warfare that concluded with the assault on Fort Stedman are estimated to be 42,000 for the Union and 28,000 for the Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks,_Petersburg,_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fascine Trench Breastworks, Petersburg, Va. – NARA – 524792. Although identified as Confederate Trenches this is actually Union Fort Sedgwick aka "Fort Hell" which was opposite Fort Mahone aka "Fort Damnation"[99]"><img alt="Fascine Trench Breastworks, Petersburg, Va. – NARA – 524792. Although identified as Confederate Trenches this is actually Union Fort Sedgwick aka "Fort Hell" which was opposite Fort Mahone aka "Fort Damnation"[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg/200px-Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg/300px-Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg/400px-Confederate_Trenches._Fascine_Trench_Breastworks%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va._-_NARA_-_524792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fascine Trench Breastworks, Petersburg, Va. – NARA – 524792. Although identified as Confederate Trenches this is actually Union Fort Sedgwick aka "Fort Hell" which was opposite Fort Mahone aka "Fort Damnation"<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="9th Corps troops dismantling rebel chevaux de frise during the attack on rebels at Fort Mahone sketch by Alfred Waud"><img alt="9th Corps troops dismantling rebel chevaux de frise during the attack on rebels at Fort Mahone sketch by Alfred Waud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg/200px-How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg/300px-How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg/400px-How_the_9th_corps_broke_through_the_Cheveaux_de_frise_LCCN2004660972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5875" data-file-height="4424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">9th Corps troops dismantling rebel chevaux de frise during the attack on rebels at Fort Mahone sketch by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Union Army 9th Corps attacking Fort Mahone aka "Fort Damanation" sketch by Alfred Waud."><img alt="Union Army 9th Corps attacking Fort Mahone aka "Fort Damanation" sketch by Alfred Waud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg/200px-9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg/300px-9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg/400px-9th_Corps_attacking_Ft._Mahone_better_known_as_Fort_Damnation_LCCN2004660840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8257" data-file-height="5995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Union Army 9th Corps attacking Fort Mahone aka "Fort Damanation" sketch by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps,_February_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Union 5th Corps attacking Confederates at Hatcher's Run"><img alt="Union 5th Corps attacking Confederates at Hatcher's Run" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps%2C_February_1865.jpg/200px-Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps%2C_February_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps%2C_February_1865.jpg/300px-Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps%2C_February_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps%2C_February_1865.jpg/400px-Actions_of_the_Fifth_Corps%2C_February_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Union 5th Corps attacking Confederates at Hatcher's Run</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_soldier_(American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg,_April_1_1865).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate artilleryman killed during the final Union assault against the trenches at Petersburg. Photo by Thomas C. Roche, April 3, 1865.[100][101] Although prints of this picture list it as being taken at Ft Mahone, historians at the "Petersburg Project" believe it was taken at Confederate Battery 25[102]"><img alt="Confederate artilleryman killed during the final Union assault against the trenches at Petersburg. Photo by Thomas C. Roche, April 3, 1865.[100][101] Although prints of this picture list it as being taken at Ft Mahone, historians at the "Petersburg Project" believe it was taken at Confederate Battery 25[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dead_soldier_%28American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg%2C_April_1_1865%29.jpg/200px-Dead_soldier_%28American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg%2C_April_1_1865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dead_soldier_%28American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg%2C_April_1_1865%29.jpg/300px-Dead_soldier_%28American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg%2C_April_1_1865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dead_soldier_%28American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg%2C_April_1_1865%29.jpg/400px-Dead_soldier_%28American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg%2C_April_1_1865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Confederate artilleryman killed during the final Union assault against the trenches at Petersburg. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Roche" title="Thomas C. Roche">Thomas C. Roche</a>, April 3, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although prints of this picture list it as being taken at Ft Mahone, historians at the "Petersburg Project" believe it was taken at Confederate Battery 25<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smoke is still rising from the ruins of Richmond, Virginia after surrendering on April 3, 1865, following the Union victory at the siege of Petersburg. Union cavalry mounts with carbines visible are hitched in the foreground."><img alt="Smoke is still rising from the ruins of Richmond, Virginia after surrendering on April 3, 1865, following the Union victory at the siege of Petersburg. Union cavalry mounts with carbines visible are hitched in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg/200px-RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg/300px-RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg/400px-RuinsofRichmondApril1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smoke is still rising from the ruins of Richmond, Virginia after surrendering on April 3, 1865, following the Union victory at the siege of Petersburg. Union cavalry mounts with carbines visible are hitched in the foreground.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fortifications and bomb proofs"><img alt="Fortifications and bomb proofs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif/lossy-page1-197px-Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif/lossy-page1-296px-Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif/lossy-page1-395px-Petersburg_virginia_fortifications_and_bombproofs.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7401" data-file-height="7500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fortifications and bomb proofs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg/200px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg/300px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg/400px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg/200px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg/300px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg/400px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg/200px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg/300px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg/400px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg/200px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg/300px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg/400px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02562.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg/200px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg/300px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg/400px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.03606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg/198px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg/297px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg/396px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7431" data-file-height="7500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg,_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg/200px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg/300px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg/400px-Petersburg%2C_Virginia._Dead_Confederate_soldiers_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_LOC_cwpb.02552.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg,_Va.,_April_3,_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va.%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg/188px-Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va.%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va.%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg/283px-Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va.%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va.%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg/377px-Dead_Confederate_soldier_in_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va.%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone,_April_3,_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg/200px-Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg/300px-Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg/400px-Dead_Confederates_in_the_trenches_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_April_3%2C_1865_LCCN2012647831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="2989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Mahone,_Petersburg,_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Mahone"><img alt="Fort Mahone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg/200px-Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg/300px-Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg/400px-Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Virginia_MET_DP70464.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1973" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fort Mahone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone,_Petersburg,_Va_(4153811246).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rebel obstructions in front of Fort Mahone"><img alt="Rebel obstructions in front of Fort Mahone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va_%284153811246%29.jpg/200px-Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va_%284153811246%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va_%284153811246%29.jpg/300px-Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va_%284153811246%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va_%284153811246%29.jpg/400px-Obstructions_in_front_of_Fort_Mahone%2C_Petersburg%2C_Va_%284153811246%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rebel obstructions in front of Fort Mahone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate troops attacking Union positions near Ream's station on August 25, 1864"><img alt="Confederate troops attacking Union positions near Ream's station on August 25, 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg/200px-Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg/300px-Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg/400px-Frank_Leslie%27s_-_2nd_Reams_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4703" data-file-height="2756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Confederate troops attacking Union positions near Ream's station on August 25, 1864</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg,_April_2nd,_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A piece of lace with accompanying handwritten note: "Taken from the hand of a dead rebel at Fort Gregg near Petersburg, April 2nd, 1865" (Liljenquist collection, Library of Congress)"><img alt="A piece of lace with accompanying handwritten note: "Taken from the hand of a dead rebel at Fort Gregg near Petersburg, April 2nd, 1865" (Liljenquist collection, Library of Congress)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg%2C_April_2nd%2C_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg/132px-Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg%2C_April_2nd%2C_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg%2C_April_2nd%2C_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg/198px-Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg%2C_April_2nd%2C_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg%2C_April_2nd%2C_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg/264px-Taken_from_the_hand_of_a_dead_rebel_at_Fort_Gregg_near_Petersburg%2C_April_2nd%2C_1865_LCCN2010650601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A piece of lace with accompanying handwritten note: "Taken from the hand of a dead rebel at Fort Gregg near Petersburg, April 2nd, 1865" (<a href="/wiki/Liljenquist_collection" title="Liljenquist collection">Liljenquist collection</a>, Library of Congress)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifying_the_campaigns">Classifying the campaigns <span class="anchor" id="campaign-dates"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Classifying the campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military historians do not agree on precise boundaries between the campaigns of this era. This article uses the classification maintained by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>'s American Battlefield Protection Program.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative classification is maintained by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>; in their <i>Atlas of American Wars</i> (Esposito, 1959), the siege of Petersburg ends with the Union assault and breakthrough of April 2. The remainder of the war in Virginia is classified as "Grant's Pursuit of Lee to Appomattox Court House (3–9 April 1865)".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's <i>Last Citadel</i> conforms to this classification.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_preservation">Battlefield preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Battlefield preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various historic sites and battlegrounds related to the siege of Petersburg are spread out across a vast area in the Petersburg vicinity. These sites and battlefields are primarily preserved by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_National_Battlefield" title="Petersburg National Battlefield">Petersburg National Battlefield</a>, which features 13 separate sites on a 33-mile driving tour. The park's primary sections are the City Point Unit, where Grant had his headquarters; the Eastern Front battlefield, which features the Crater and the main visitor center; the Five Forks battlefield and the Poplar Grove National Cemetery. The siege-ending "Breakthrough" battlefield is preserved as <a href="/wiki/Pamplin_Historical_Park" title="Pamplin Historical Park">Pamplin Historical Park</a>, a privately owned park open to the public. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> and its partners have acquired and preserved more than 130 acres (0.53 km<sup>2</sup>) of battlefield land in five transactions since 2005, including a 33-acre parcel where Hill was killed on April 2, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Ulysses S. 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Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armies_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Armies in the American Civil War">Armies in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of the American Civil War">Battles of the American Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temporarily commanding Barlow's division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989334_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989334-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Marvel, <i>Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox</i>, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CW.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChris_Calkins" class="citation web cs1">Chris Calkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711062035/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/petersburg/petersburg-history-articles/petersburgcalkins.html">"Petersburg"</a>. Civil War Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/petersburg/petersburg-history-articles/petersburgcalkins.html">the original</a> on July 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petersburg&rft.pub=Civil+War+Trust&rft.au=Chris+Calkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwar.org%2Fbattlefields%2Fpetersburg%2Fpetersburg-history-articles%2Fpetersburgcalkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Hess, <i>In the Trenches at Petersburg: Field Fortifications and Confederate Defeat</i>, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm">"Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Protection Program</i>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204933/https://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Protection+Program&rft.atitle=Civil+War+Battle+Summaries+by+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fabpp%2Fbattles%2Fbycampgn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh, p. 96; Eicher, pp. 661, 691–92; Davis, p. 18; Salmon, p. 251; Fuller, pp. 207–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 680–82, 691–93; Davis, p. 18; Hattaway and Jones, pp. 517–26; Fuller, pp. 207–08, 229–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh, pp. 96, 101; Eicher, pp. 663–87; Hattaway and Jones, pp. 540–46, 552–67, 577–80; Salmon, pp. 251–58; Bonekemper, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh, pp. 102, 118; Davis, pp. 34–36; Welcher, p. 994; Eicher, p. 687; Hattaway and Jones, pp. 588–91; Salmon, pp. 395–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 486–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 492–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formely commanded the corps' first division.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989455-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989455_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelcher1989">Welcher 1989</a>, p. 455.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWelcher1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudeau495-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau495_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 495–501; Welsh, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 18, 49, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306025703/http://www.nps.gov/pete/mahan/eduhistafam.html">"NPS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/pete/mahan/eduhistafam.html">the original</a> on March 6, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpete%2Fmahan%2Feduhistafam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OR-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OR_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OR_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Records, Series IV, Vol. III, pp. 1161–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welcher, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 395; Davis, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 352; Welsh, p. 118; Salmon, pp. 401–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 27–31; Kennedy, p. 352; Salmon, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 33; Kennedy, p. 352; Salmon, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 38–39; Davis, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 37–45, 51; Davis, pp. 39–44; Salmon, pp. 403–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Howlett defensive line spanned the land north of the Appomattox River to the James River. It commenced approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) down river from the Dimmock defensive line, running northward toward <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gap_Canal" title="Dutch Gap Canal">Dutch Gap</a>. It is approximately 0.6 miles (1 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">Interstate 95</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/maps/@37.3375718,-77.3765007,13z?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MDkxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">Google Maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:NPS_marker_for_Parker_Battery.jpg" title="File:NPS marker for Parker Battery.jpg">National Park Service marker</a> for Parker's battery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, p. 226; Davis, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 44–45; Trudeau, pp. 47–48; Welsh, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 45–46; Salmon, p. 405; Trudeau, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 46–50; Salmon, pp. 405–06; Trudeau, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh, p. 121; Davis, pp. 46–50; Salmon, pp. 405–06; Trudeau, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the battle map, though not named, it is to the immediate front of the Confederate line facing Burnside's assault.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh, p. 121; Davis, pp. 49–52; Eicher, p. 690; Salmon, p. 406; Trudeau, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonekemper, p. 313. The author presents casualty figures from a wide variety of sources and provides his best estimate. Trudeau, p. 55, agrees with the 4,000 Confederate losses, but cites Union killed and wounded at 8,150, with an additional 1,814 missing. Kennedy, p. 353, cites 9,964–10,600 for the Union, 2,974–4,700 for the Confederates; Salmon, p. 406, cites 8,150 Federal and 3,236 Confederate casualties; Welsh, p. 122, provides the breakdown of the 4,000 Confederate casualties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 406, considers the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road to be the initial action of the Wilson–Kautz raid of June 22–30, but this is not a convention widely accepted by other historians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 65. Despite Hancock's incapacitation, he chose to accompany the column.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 406; Trudeau, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, pp. 353–54; Eicher, p. 690; Trudeau, pp. 69–74; Salmon, pp. 406–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, 354. Trudeau, p. 78, lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded, 1,742 captured; VI Corps casualties as 150. on the Confederate side, Trudeau, p. 80, lists Mahone's casualties as 421, Wilcox's 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 354; Trudeau, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, p. 289; Salmon, 397; Kennedy, p. 303, and Salmon, p. 410, cite 5,500 men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Located at the currently unincorporated community of Reams, Virginia, this railroad station is referred to variously as Reams, Ream's, and Reams's Station.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 397; Longacre, pp. 287–89; Starr, pp. 179–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, p. 289; Starr, pp. 181–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 411–13; Longacre, pp. 289–90; Starr, pp. 191–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 414–15; Longacre, pp. 290–91; Starr, pp. 193–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 414–15; Starr, pp. 197–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 292–93; Salmon, pp. 415–16; Starr, pp. 203–07. Casualty figures are from Starr. Kennedy, p. 355, cites the total of 1,445. Salmon claims 1,800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, 69–70; Salmon, p. 416; Horn, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, p. 103; Salmon, pp. 416–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 70; Salmon, p. 418; Horn, pp. 107–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonekemper, p. 314. Salmon, p. 418, estimates 488 Union, 650 Confederate. Horn, p. 108, estimates 488 Union, 700 Confederate. Kennedy, p. 355, estimates 1,000 total.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref57-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref57_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 720–21; Davis, pp. 67–69, 72; Trudeau, pp. 99–105; Kennedy, p. 355; Salmon, pp. 418–20; Welsh, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 106–07; Eicher, p. 721; Salmon, pp. 420–21; Davis, p. 74; Kennedy, p. 355; Welsh, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crater2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crater2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 75–88; Trudeau, pp. 109–26; Salmon, pp. 420–21; Eicher, pp. 721–22; Welsh, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonekemper, p. 315. Trudeau, p. 127 cites 3,798 Union, 1,491 Confederate (361 killed, 727 wounded, 403 missing or captured). Davis, p. 89, cites 3,500 Union casualties, 1,500 Confederate. Eicher, p. 723, cites 4,400 total casualties. Kennedy, p. 356, and Salmon, p. 421, cite 3,798 Union casualties, 1,491 Confederate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 95; Trudeau, pp. 142–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 147–52; Horn, pp. 120, 127; Davis, pp. 95–97; Salmon, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, pp. 127–28; Trudeau, pp. 151–52; Davis, pp. 97–98; Salmon, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 153–54; Davis, p. 98; Horn, p. 128; Salmon, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 154–57; Horn, pp. 129–31; Kennedy, pp. 356–57; Davis, p. 99; Salmon, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 357; Trudeau, pp. 160–61, 164, 170; Horn, pp. 131–32; Davis, p. 99; Salmon, p. 424. Casualty figures from Bonekemper, p. 314. Trudeau, p. 170, estimates 2,901 Union, 1,000 Confederate. Salmon, p. 418, and Kennedy, p. 357, estimate 2,900 Union, 1,300 Confederate. Horn, p. 108, estimates 2,901 Union, 1,500 Confederate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudeau159-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau159_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau159_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 101; Trudeau, pp. 162–63; Salmon, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 164–73; Salmon, pp. 424–25; Davis, pp. 101–04; Eicher, p. 725.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonekemper, p. 316. Kennedy, p. 360, and Salmon, p. 426, estimate 4,455 Union, 1,600 Confederate. Horn, p. 140, estimates 4,279 Union, about 2,300 Confederates. Eicher cites Union losses as 926 killed and wounded, 2,810 missing or captured.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 104; Trudeau, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989334-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelcher1989334_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelcher1989">Welcher 1989</a>, p. 334.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWelcher1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, p. 141; Trudeau, pp. 176–79, 182; Kennedy, p. 360; Salmon, pp. 426–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 179, 181–86; Salmon, p. 428; Davis, p. x; Horn, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 428; Horn, pp. 141–50; Calkins, np.; Kennedy, pp. 360–62; Trudeau, pp. 183–88; Davis, pp. 105–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 189. Kennedy, p. 362, cites 2,742 Union casualties, 814 Confederate. Salmon, p. 428, cites 2,700 Union casualties, about 2,000 of which were captured, and "about 800" Confederate. Eicher, p. 725, cites Union casualties of 2,372 (with "many" prisoners), Confederate 720. Horn, p. 151, cites "more than 2,700" Union, 720 Confederate. Davis, p. 109, cites 2,400 Union casualties, 2,150 of which were prisoners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 190; Calkins, np.; Kennedy, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 195–201; Davis, pp. 110–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va075.htm">NPS, Chaffin's Farm and New Market Heights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514213535/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va075.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va074.htm">NPS, Peebles Farm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514213627/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va074.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va077.htm">NPS, Darbytown and New Market Roads</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514213205/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va077.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va077.htm">NPS, Darbytown Road</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514213205/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va077.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va080.htm">NPS, Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514212600/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va080.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va079.htm">NPS, Boydton Plank Road</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514213105/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va079.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va083.htm">NPS, Hatcher's Run</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514212829/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va083.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 448; Korn, pp. 33–34; Greene, pp. 108–12; Horn, p. 209; Trudeau, pp. 333–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 337–42; Salmon, p. 450; Korn, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, pp. 36–38; Trudeau, pp. 342–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, pp. 38–39; Horn, pp. 214–16; Greene, p. 114; Salmon, p. 450; Trudeau, pp. 348–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn_pp._215-16-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horn_pp._215-16_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horn_pp._215-16_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, pp. 215–16; Salmon, pp. 467–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonekemper, p. 319. Kennedy, p. 373, and Salmon, p. 450, estimate 1,017 Union, 2,681 Confederate (including 1,949 prisoners). Horn, p. 216, estimates 2,087 Union, "about 4,000" Confederate. Korn, p. 39, estimates 1,000 Union (half taken prisoner), 3,500 Confederate (1,900 prisoners). Greene, pp. 114–15, estimates 1,000 Union (more than half taken prisoner), 2,700–4,000 Confederate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonekemper, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwartalk.com/threads/1865-petersburg-virginia-interior-view-of-fort-sedgwick.100508/">"Civil War talk Forum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422160034/https://civilwartalk.com/threads/1865-petersburg-virginia-interior-view-of-fort-sedgwick.100508/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+War+talk+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilwartalk.com%2Fthreads%2F1865-petersburg-virginia-interior-view-of-fort-sedgwick.100508%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frassanito, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersburgproject.org/thomas-c-roche-photographer-at-petersburg.html">Petersburg Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402224235/http://www.petersburgproject.org/thomas-c-roche-photographer-at-petersburg.html">Archived</a> 2019-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on location of Many of the Roche photographs at Petersburg April 1865</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersburgproject.org/blog-and-updates/dead-confederate-artilleryman#comments">"Dead Artilleryman comments Petersburg Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803233833/http://www.petersburgproject.org/blog-and-updates/dead-confederate-artilleryman#comments">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Artilleryman+comments+Petersburg+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petersburgproject.org%2Fblog-and-updates%2Fdead-confederate-artilleryman%23comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm#East64">NPS campaigns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409012500/http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm#East64">Archived</a> 2005-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The references by Kennedy and Salmon also use this classification.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, maps 138–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 355–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/petersburg-battlefield">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515195105/https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/petersburg-battlefield">Archived</a> 2023-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> "Petersburg Battlefield" webpage. Accessed May 15, 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonekemper, Edward H., III. <i>A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius</i>. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-062-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-062-X">0-89526-062-X</a>.</li> <li>Chick, Sean Michael. <i>The Battle of Petersburg, June 15–18, 1864</i>. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612347127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612347127">978-1612347127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a>, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4776-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4776-2">0-8094-4776-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li> <li>Esposito, Vincent J. <i>West Point Atlas of American Wars</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890637">5890637</a>. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120829203141/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/american_civil_war/">West Point website</a>.</li> <li>Frassanito, William A. <i>Grant and Lee: The Virginia Campaigns 1864–1865</i>. New York: Scribner, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17873-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17873-7">0-684-17873-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.</a> <i>Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-13400-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-13400-5">0-253-13400-5</a>.</li> <li>Greene, A. Wilson. <i>The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign: Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion</i>. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-610-0">978-1-57233-610-0</a>.</li> <li>Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. <i>How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00918-5">0-252-00918-5</a>.</li> <li>Hess, Earl. <i>In the Trenches at Petersburg: Field Fortifications and Confederate Defeat</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 2009.</li> <li>Horn, John. <i>The Petersburg Campaign: June 1864 – April 1865</i>. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-024-2">978-1-58097-024-2</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, Frances H., ed. <i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6">0-395-74012-6</a>.</li> <li>Lankford, Nelson. <i>Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital</i>. New York: Viking, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03117-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03117-8">0-670-03117-8</a>.</li> <li>Longacre, Edward G. <i>Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-1049-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-1049-1">0-8117-1049-1</a>.</li> <li>Marvel, William. <i>Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 2002.</li> <li>Miller, Francis Trevelyan, Robert S. Lanier, and James Verner Scaife, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/millersphotographic01franrich"><i>The Photographic History of the Civil War</i></a>. 10 vols. New York: Review of Reviews Co., 1911. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7835-5726-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7835-5726-4">0-7835-5726-4</a>.</li> <li>Salmon, John S. <i>The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4">0-8117-2868-4</a>.</li> <li>Sommers, Richard J. <i>Richmond Redeemed: The Siege at Petersburg</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-15626-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-15626-X">0-385-15626-X</a>. Note: Despite the broad title, Sommer's work covers only those battles between September 29 and October 2, 1864.</li> <li>Starr, Stephen Z. <i>The Union Cavalry in the Civil War</i>. Vol. 2, <i>The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863–1865</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3292-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3292-0">978-0-8071-3292-0</a>.</li> <li>Trudeau, Noah Andre. <i>The Last Citadel: Petersburg, Virginia, June 1864 – April 1865</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1861-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1861-3">0-8071-1861-3</a>.</li> <li>Welcher, Frank J. <i>The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations</i>. Vol. 1, <i>The Eastern Theater</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-36453-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-36453-1">0-253-36453-1</a>.</li> <li>Welsh, Douglas. <i>The Civil War: A Complete Military History</i>. Greenwich, CT: Brompton Books Corporation, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890221-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-890221-01-5">1-890221-01-5</a>.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/disclaimer.htm">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm#East64"><i>Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign (Eastern Theater)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Battle+Summaries+by+Campaign+%28Eastern+Theater%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhps%2Fabpp%2Fbattles%2Fbycampgn.htm%23East64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C.</a>, with Bryce A. Suderow. <i>The Petersburg Campaign</i>. Vol. 1, <i>The Eastern Front Battles, June–August 1864</i>. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-090-3">978-1-61121-090-3</a>.</li> <li>Bearss, Edwin C., with Bryce A. Suderow. <i>The Petersburg Campaign</i>. Vol. 2, <i>The Western Front Battles, September 1864 – April 1865</i>. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-104-7">978-1-61121-104-7</a>.</li> <li>Bowery, Charles R. Jr., and Ethan S. Rafuse. <i>Guide to the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign</i>. U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1960-3">978-0-7006-1960-3</a>.</li> <li>Greene, A. Wilson. <i>A Campaign of Giants: The Battle for Petersburg</i>. Vol. 1: <i>From the Crossing of the James to the Crater</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3857-7">978-1-4696-3857-7</a>.</li> <li>Rhea, Gordon C. <i>On to Petersburg: Grant and Lee, June 4–15, 1864</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-6747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-6747-2">978-0-8071-6747-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2020-034.aspx">online review</a></li> <li>Tidball, John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865. Westholme Publishing, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594161490" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594161490">978-1594161490</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siege_of_Petersburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Petersburg_Campaign">Petersburg Campaign in <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/petersburg.html">The Battle of Petersburg</a>: Battle maps, history articles, photos, and preservation news (<a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyondthecrater.com/">Siege of Petersburg Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pamplinpark.org">Pamplin Historical Park and The National Museum of the Civil War Soldier</a> includes a presentation of the breakthrough at Boydton Line and other museum exhibits.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersburgbreakthrough.org/">VI Corps breakthrough at Petersburg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template talk:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater of the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1861" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861">1861</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">Campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Virginia_campaign" title="Western Virginia campaign">Western Virginia</a> (Jun–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manassas_campaign" title="Category:Manassas campaign">Manassas</a> (Jul)</li> <li>Carolina coast blockade (Aug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_for_McClellan%27s_Operations_in_Northern_Virginia_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles for McClellan's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War">McClellan's operations</a> (Oct–Dec)</li> <li>Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1862" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862">1862</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burnside%27s_North_Carolina_Expedition" title="Category:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition">Burnside's NC Expedition</a> (Feb–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Category:Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a> (Mar–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a> (Mar–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a> (Jul-Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maryland_campaign" title="Category:Maryland campaign">Maryland</a> (Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fredericksburg_campaign" title="Category:Fredericksburg campaign">Fredericksburg</a> (Nov–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Goldsboro_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox Goldsboro Expedition">Goldsboro Expedition</a> (Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oak_Grove" title="Battle of Oak Grove">Oak Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dam_Creek" title="Battle of Beaver Dam Creek">Beaver Dam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Gaines' Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garnett%27s_%26_Golding%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm">Garnett's & Golding's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station" title="Battle of Savage's Station">Savage's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Oak_Swamp" title="Battle of White Oak Swamp">White Oak Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1863" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863">1863</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Longstreet%27s_Tidewater_Campaign_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign of the American Civil War">Tidewater operations</a> (Mar–Apr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellorsville_Campaign" title="Category:Chancellorsville Campaign">Chancellorsville</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg </a> (Jun–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bristoe_campaign" title="Category:Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a> (Oct–Nov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mine_Run_Campaign" title="Category:Mine Run Campaign">Mine Run</a> (Nov–Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864">1864</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Category:Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley campaigns</a> (May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Operations_against_Plymouth_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of the Operations against Plymouth of the American Civil War">Operations against Plymouth</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Category:Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a> (May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overland_Campaign" title="Category:Overland Campaign">Overland</a> (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petersburg_Campaign" title="Category:Petersburg Campaign">Petersburg</a> (Jun–Mar 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Anna" title="Battle of North Anna">North Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Trevilian Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">2nd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="Second Battle of Deep Bottom">2nd Deep Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Globe Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">3rd Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Chaffin's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boydton_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Boydton Plank Road">Boydton Plank Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1865" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865">1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wilmington_campaigns" title="Category:Wilmington campaigns">Wilmington</a> (Dec–Feb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a> (Mar–Apr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">2nd Fort Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stedman" title="Battle of Fort Stedman">Fort Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">3rd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sailor%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Sailor's Creek">Sailor's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Shenandoah_(Union)" title="Army of the Shenandoah (Union)">Shenandoah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania#Gettysburg-Newark_Lowlands" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ulysses_S._Grant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Template:Ulysses S. Grant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Template talk:Ulysses S. Grant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ulysses S. Grant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ulysses_S._Grant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">18th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1869–1877)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War">Grant and the American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg Campaign">Richmond–Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Court House</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_generalship_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Commanding generalship of Ulysses S. Grant">Commanding generalship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Scandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grantism" title="Grantism">Grantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant#Cabinet" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's First State of the Union Address">1869</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Second State of the Union Address">1870</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Third State of the Union Address">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Fifth State of the Union Address">1873</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Sixth State of the Union Address">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_of_1870" title="Currency Act of 1870">Currency Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1870" title="Funding Act of 1870">Funding Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration" title="Reforms of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Government<br />reforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869" title="Judiciary Act of 1869">Judiciary Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1871" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871">District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">Civil Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Act_(1872)" title="Post Office Act (1872)">Post Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration" title="Native American policy of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Native American policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans#Grant's_"Peace_Policy"" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">"Peace Policy"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act of 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Act" title="Poland Act">Poland Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Post-presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Post-presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">Bid for a third term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tour_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="World tour of Ulysses S. Grant">World tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Personal_Memoirs_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant">Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Early life and career of Ulysses S. Grant">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Birthplace" title="Grant Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Boyhood_Home" title="Grant Boyhood Home">Boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Schoolhouse" title="Grant Schoolhouse">Schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_National_Historic_Site" title="Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site">White Haven home</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_Farm" title="Grant's Farm">farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Cottage" title="Ulysses S. Grant Cottage">Ulysses S. Grant Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Home" title="Ulysses S. Grant Home">Galena home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsemanship_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Horsemanship of Ulysses S. Grant">Horsemanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrests_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Arrests of Ulysses S. Grant">speeding arrests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_Tomb" title="Grant's Tomb">Grant's Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="List of memorials to Ulysses S. Grant">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Grant Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant#Memorials_and_presidential_library" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Grant (ship)"><i>General Grant</i> ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_Grove" title="General Grant Grove">grove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Cottage_State_Historic_Site" title="Grant Cottage State Historic Site">Grant Cottage State Historic Site</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peacemakers" title="The Peacemakers">The Peacemakers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ulysses_S._Grant_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Ulysses S. Grant (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Arch" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch">Brooklyn relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Monument" title="Ulysses S. Grant Monument">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/These_Are_My_Jewels" title="These Are My Jewels">Ohio Statehouse statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Equestrian statue of Ulysses S. Grant">Philadelphia statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Ulysses_S._Grant_(San_Francisco)" title="Bust of Ulysses S. Grant (San Francisco)">San Francisco bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#Ulysses_S._Grant" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_as_the_Dominant_Force_in_the_World" title="Electricity as the Dominant Force in the World">$5 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_fifty-dollar_bill" title="United States fifty-dollar bill">$50 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Memorial_coinage" title="Grant Memorial coinage">1922 Grant Memorial coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_High_School_(Los_Angeles)" title="Grant High School (Los Angeles)">Grant High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Grant_Hotel" title="U.S. Grant Hotel">U.S. Grant Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Cultural depictions of Ulysses S. Grant">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_(film)" title="Ulysses S. Grant (film)">Ulysses S. Grant</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grant_(miniseries)" title="Grant (miniseries)">Grant</a></i> (2020 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Grant_family" title="Category:Grant family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Simpson_Grant" title="Hannah Simpson Grant">Hannah Simpson Grant</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Root_Grant" title="Jesse Root Grant">Jesse Root Grant</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">Julia Grant</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dent_Grant" title="Frederick Dent Grant">Frederick Dent Grant</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Jr." title="Ulysses S. Grant Jr.">Ulysses S. Grant Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Root_Grant_(politician)" title="Jesse Root Grant (politician)">Jesse Root Grant II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Grant" title="Nellie Grant">Nellie Grant</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_III" title="Ulysses S. Grant III">Ulysses S. Grant III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Grant" title="Chapman Grant">Chapman Grant</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_IV" title="Ulysses S. Grant IV">Ulysses S. Grant IV</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Dent_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne_Spiransky-Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant">Julia Dent Grant</a> (granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">← Andrew Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Category:Ulysses S. 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