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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Co-living</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ownership form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitatge" title="Cohabitatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cohabitatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cohousing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bof%C3%A6llesskab" title="Bofællesskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bofællesskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cohousing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covivienda" title="Covivienda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Covivienda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitat" title="Cohabitat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cohabitat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covivenda" title="Covivenda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intentional community of private homes clustered around shared space</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg/250px-SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg/375px-SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg/500px-SunwardCohousingPlayStructure2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Cohousing playground next to common house</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cohousing</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> self-governing,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cooperative community where residents live in private homes often clustered around shared space.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term originated in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families live in attached or <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">single-family homes</a> with traditional amenities, usually including a private <a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a>. As part of the communal orientation, shared spaces typically feature a common house, which may include a large kitchen and dining area, laundry, and recreational spaces. Walkways, open space, parking, playgrounds and gardens are common examples of shared outdoor spaces designed to promote social interactions. Neighbors also often share resources like tools, babysitting and creative skills. </p><p>Neighbors collaboratively plan and manage community activities and shared spaces while maintaining their own income and private lives.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal structure is typically a <a href="/wiki/Homeowner_association" title="Homeowner association">homeowner association</a> or <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some use <a href="/wiki/Land_trust" title="Land trust">community land trusts.</a><sup id="cite_ref-CLT_for_cohousing_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLT_for_cohousing-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote the common good, cohousing members regularly share meals, attend meetings, and participate in community work days.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of cohousing's social nature, neighbors gather for parties, games, gardening, musical performances, movies, sports, and celebrations. Living in cohousing makes it easy for residents to form clubs, organize child and elder care, share information, free cycle and <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cohousing facilitates interaction among neighbors and thereby provides social, practical, economic, and environmental benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-McCamant,_Kathryn_1994_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCamant,_Kathryn_1994-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durrett,_Charles_2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrett,_Charles_2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With democracy in action in their cohousing community, residents also tend to be more active in civic<sup id="cite_ref-civid_invovlement_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civid_invovlement-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affairs in the broader community. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cohousing" title="Special:EditPage/Cohousing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Based on active participation by residents,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohousing communities are usually structured – in principle and often in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> – to encourage interactions<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the formation of rich relationships among their members. Neighbors are encouraged to cooperate within the community and to care for each other.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community involvement is a way of life. So as to promote an interdependent village-like<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> experience where neighbors all know each other, cohousing developments are usually limited to around 20–50 homes and frequently feature large <a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">common areas</a> where residents interact. While cohousing developments are designed to encourage community, residents have as much <a href="/wiki/Personal_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal privacy">personal privacy</a> as they want. Residents are able to choose how much they engage in order to find the right balance between their privacy and the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Segal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decision-making in cohousing communities is often based on building a consensus within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-consensus_decision-making_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consensus_decision-making-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents work together to maintain the shared space which they can all use,<sup id="cite_ref-Segal_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually saving money.<sup id="cite_ref-three_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time residents manage their own space in ways that appeal to them. </p><p>Although most cohousing groups seek to develop multi-generational communities, some are also based on <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others create supportive communities for senior living. Cohousing proponent and architect Charles Durrett wrote a handbook on creating senior cohousing<sup id="cite_ref-Durrett,_Charles_2009_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrett,_Charles_2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the cohousing leader and architect Kathryn McCamant created the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cohousing-solutions.com/about-the-program">500 Communities Program</a> to train professionals to support groups building sustainable cohousing. Although all cohousing communities are intentional<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—including many ecovillages<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sawyerhill.org/">Sawyer Hill</a> in Massachusetts and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laecovillage.org/">Los Angeles Ecovillage</a> in California)--the broader term of intentional communities encompasses alternative forms of living, ranging from communes to <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a> to <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> which aren't always managed collaboratively and don't necessarily include the privacy and individual living space of cohousing. The collaborative democracy<sup id="cite_ref-three_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that distinguishes cohousing generally provides a foundation for a range of beliefs and ways of understanding to flourish,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however some cohousing communities are instead based on shared religious beliefs or philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-religion_in_cohousing_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion_in_cohousing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-living">Co-living</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Co-living"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cohousing" title="Special:EditPage/Cohousing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cohousing can be considered related to <a href="/wiki/Co-living" title="Co-living">co-living</a> as the concepts appear to overlap. Both co-living and cohousing have shared areas that benefit all, such as spaces for events or communal meals. Cohousing provides self-contained private dwellings (often houses but sometimes apartments), often owned by the resident, but sometimes rented. Co-living on the other hand may have independent units within the same building (apartments or rooms), which are often rented. However, none of these are exclusive, thus the potential overlaps. The key distinction is that cohousing embeds collective resident control and stewardship into its legal form and decision making whereas co-living is typically owned and run by external investors or operators, although the owner sometimes also lives in the co-living space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are precedents for cohousing with the <a href="/wiki/Siheyuan" title="Siheyuan">Siheyuan</a>, or quadrangle design of housing in China which has a shared courtyard and is thus similar in some respects to cohousing. Unlike the utopian movement in 18th and 19th century, the three villages of <a href="/wiki/Arden,_Delaware" title="Arden, Delaware">Arden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardentown,_Delaware" title="Ardentown, Delaware">Ardentown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ardencroft,_Delaware" title="Ardencroft, Delaware">Ardencroft</a>, Delaware founded at the turn of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Gweled,_Pennsylvania" title="Bryn Gweled, Pennsylvania">Bryn Gweled Homesteads</a> founded in 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Southampton,_Pennsylvania" title="Southampton, Pennsylvania">Southampton, Pennsylvania</a> incorporate private homes on commonly owned land while promoting cooperative values. These cohousing communities were established in part based on <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>’s single-tax theory. <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_housing_cooperatives" title="List of New York City housing cooperatives">In the 1920s in New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">rise of cooperative apartment housing</a>, which now make up over 70% of all homes in Manhattan, similarly incorporate shared facilities, self government and greater social interaction but rarely include prospective residents participation in the design process nor the intentionality of current cohousing. Swedish social scientists and architects advanced common space coupled with private homes, followed by the modernists in the 1930's-'50's who spurred the building of many cohousing communities,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Marieberg<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Stockholm. </p><p>Distinct from communal living experiments associated with the hippie movement,<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern application of cohousing developed in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in the 1960s among groups of <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">families</a> who were dissatisfied with existing housing and communities that they felt did not meet their needs, particularly in respect to work-life balance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bodil Graae wrote a newspaper article titled "Children Should Have One Hundred Parents",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spurring a group of 50 families to organize around a community project in 1967. This group split into two groups who developed the cohousing projects <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ttedammen" title="Sættedammen">Sættedammen</a> and <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%A5planet" class="extiw" title="da:Skråplanet">Skråplanet</a>, which are among the oldest known modern cohousing communities. The key organizer was <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gudmand-H%C3%B8yer" class="extiw" title="da:Jan Gudmand-Høyer">Jan Gudmand Høyer</a> who drew inspiration from his architectural studies at Harvard and interaction with experimental U.S. communities of the era. He published the article "The Missing Link between Utopia and the Dated Single Family House"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1968, converging a second group. </p><p>Self-governing cohousing communities, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sharingwood.net/">Sharingwood</a> in Washington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nstreetcohousing.org/">N Street</a> in California, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecovillageithaca.org/">Ecovillage at Ithaca</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cantinesislandcohousing.org/">Cantines Island</a> both in New York were built in the '80's and '90's with cooperatively owned space and a social structure that encourages supportive interactions, balanced with privately owned homes, as collaborative alternatives to typical American subdivisions. The Danish term <i>bofællesskab</i> (living community) was promoted in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> as <i>cohousing</i> by two American <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_McCamant" title="Kathryn McCamant">Kathryn McCamant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Durrett" title="Charles Durrett">Charles Durrett</a>, who visited several cohousing communities and wrote about what they learned in books with the aim of advancing cohousing development.<sup id="cite_ref-McCamant,_Kathryn_1994_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCamant,_Kathryn_1994-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on the success of a few earlier, established cohousing developments, the first community in the United States to be designed, constructed and occupied as cohousing by the McCamant Durrett team is <a href="/wiki/Muir_Commons" title="Muir Commons">Muir Commons</a> in Davis, California in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following decades, their vision<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of cohousing has become dominant, while communities such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hundredfoldfarm.org/">Hundredfold Farm</a> in Pennsylvania and Genesee Gardens in Michigan represent more expansive models of how families join to form cohousing communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cohousing communities are part of the cooperative economy in the United States and are predicted to expand rapidly in the next few decades as individuals and families seek to live more sustainably, and in community with neighbors. Since the Muir Commons in <a href="/wiki/Davis,_California" title="Davis, California">Davis, California</a> was completed in 1991, more than 160 communities have been established in 25 states plus the District of Columbia, with more than 125 in process. Most cohousing communities are intergenerational with both children and elders; in recent years, senior cohousing focused on older adult needs have grown. These communities are often environmentally friendly and socially sustainable. </p><p>Hundreds of cohousing communities exist in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and other countries in northern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, there are 17 completed communities, and approximately 42 in the forming, development, or construction phase (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cohousing.ca/communities/">The Canadian Cohousing Network</a>). There are more than 300 cohousing communities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (73 mixed-generation and 231 senior cohousing), with about 60 others in planning or construction phases.<sup id="cite_ref-FGW_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGW-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also communities in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cohousing started to develop in the UK at the end of the 1990s. The movement has gradually built up momentum and there are now 14 purpose built cohousing communities. A further 40+ cohousing groups are developing projects and new groups are forming all the time. Cohousing communities in the UK range from around eight households to around 30 households. Most communities are mixed communities with single people, couples and families but some are only for people over 50 and one is only for women over 50 years. The communities themselves range from new developments built to modern eco standards to conversions of everything from farms to Jacobean mansions to former hospital buildings and are in urban, rural and semi- rural locations. </p><p>One of the prominent voices for cohousing in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kim_(architect)" title="Grace Kim (architect)">Grace Kim</a>, a principal of Schemata Workshop architectural firm in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, a founder of Capitol Hill Urban Cohousing in Seattle, and a boardmember of the US Cohousing Association. For Kim, cohousing provides a possible solution to the worldwide problems of <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a> and isolation, through the intentionality of people to live collaboratively. Kim spoke in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> at an April 2017 <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED talk</a> on the topic of cohousing, asserting that cohousing can make us happier via an intentionality on relationships that births <i><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">communitas</a></i>—the spirit of community.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cohousing" title="Special:EditPage/Cohousing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because each cohousing community is planned in its context, cohousing often follows the principles of <a href="/wiki/Complementary_architecture" title="Complementary architecture">complementary architecture</a>. A key feature of this model is its flexibility to the needs and values of its residents and the characteristics of the site. Cohousing can be <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a>. The physical form is typically compact but varies from low-rise apartments to <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouses</a> to clustered <a href="/wiki/Detached_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Detached house">detached houses</a>. They tend to keep <a href="/wiki/Auto-free_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-free zones">cars to the periphery</a> which promotes walking through the community and interacting with neighbors as well as increasing safety for children at play within the community. Shared green space is another typical characteristic, whether for gardening, play, or places to gather. When more land is available than is needed for the physical structures, the structures are usually clustered closely together, leaving as much of the land as possible "open" for shared use. This aspect of cohousing directly addresses the growing problem of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:SunwardPanorama2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/SunwardPanorama2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="650" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>The Sunward Cohousing community illustrating greenspace preservation, tightly clustered housing, and parking on periphery, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to "from-scratch" new-built communities (including those physically retrofitting/re-using existing structures), there are also "retrofit" (aka "organic") communities, in which neighbors create "intentional neighborhoods" by buying adjacent properties and removing fences. Examples range from N Street Cohousing in Davis, California to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolcohousing.com/">Bristol Village</a> in Vermont. Often infill cohousing members create amenities such as common houses after the fact while living there. </p><p>Cohousing differs from some types of <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional communities</a> in that the residents do not have a shared economy nor, usually, a common set of beliefs or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, but instead invest in creating a socially rich and interconnected community. A non-hierarchical structure employing a cooperative decision-making model is how residents usually manage their communities. Some individuals take on leadership roles, such as being responsible for coordinating a <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a>, developing budgets or facilitating meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_form">Ownership form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ownership form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cohousing communities in the U.S. currently rely on one of two existing legal forms of real estate ownership: individually titled houses with common areas owned by a <a href="/wiki/Homeowner_association" title="Homeowner association">homeowner association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominiums</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperative</a>. Condo ownership is most common because it fits many financial institutions' and cities' models for multi-unit owner-occupied housing development. U.S. banks lend more readily on single-family homes and condominiums than <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Durrett" title="Charles Durrett">Charles Durrett</a> points out that rental cohousing is a very likely future model, as it already is being practiced in Europe. In Australia, due to higher legal complexity of cooperatives, cohousing projects are most commonly developed under <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_company" title="Proprietary company">limited proprietary company</a> with cooperative-like rules.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cohousing differs from standard <a href="/wiki/Condominium" title="Condominium">condominium</a> development and master-planned subdivisions because the development is designed by, or with considerable input from, its future residents. The design process invariably emphasizes consciously fostering social relationships among its residents. Common facilities are based on the actual needs of the residents, rather than on what a developer thinks will help sell units. Turnover in cohousing developments is typically very low, and there is usually a waiting list for homes to become available. </p><p>In Europe the term "joint building ventures" has been coined to define the form of ownership and housing characterized as cohousing. According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Urban_Knowledge_Network" title="European Urban Knowledge Network">European Urban Knowledge Network</a> (EUKN): "Joint building ventures are a legal federation of persons willing to build who want to create owner-occupied housing and to participate actively in planning and building."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-led_housing" title="Community-led housing">Community-led housing</a> – Way to let future residents design and develop housing, aka <a href="/wiki/Baugruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baugruppe">Baugruppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a> – Approach to agriculture and land management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a> – Making products and environments compatible with human aging</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Albright-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albright_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albright_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlbright2017" class="citation web cs1">Albright, Ty (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cohousing.org/more-than-cohousing-cohousing-like-and-other-alternative-housing-solutions-whats-the-difference/">"More than Cohousing – Cohousing Like and other Alternative Housing Solutions – what's the difference?"</a>. <i>cohousing.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rwarchives.com&rft.atitle=Spirituality+and+community+drive+co-housing+movement&rft.date=1999-02-01&rft.aulast=Cimino&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rwarchives.com%2F1999%2F02%2Fspirituality-community-drive-co-housing-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohousing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arden.delaware.gov/">"Village of Arden, Delaware — A Single-Tax Community, Founded 1900"</a>. <i>arden.delaware.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arden.delaware.gov&rft.atitle=Village+of+Arden%2C+Delaware+%E2%80%94+A+Single-Tax+Community%2C+Founded+1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farden.delaware.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohousing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVestbro2008" class="citation web cs1">Vestbro, Dick Urban (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kollektivhus.nu/pdf/colhisteng08.pdf">"History of cohousing – internationally and in Sweden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kollektivhus.nu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kollektivhus.nu&rft.atitle=History+of+cohousing+%E2%80%93+internationally+and+in+Sweden&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Vestbro&rft.aufirst=Dick+Urban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kollektivhus.nu%2Fpdf%2Fcolhisteng08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohousing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlesner2021" class="citation web cs1">Plesner, Alexander (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alexandraplesner.medium.com/the-history-of-coliving-d79bda766dc4">"The History of Coliving"</a>. <i>alexandraplesner.medium.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Børn skal have Hundrede Foraeldre", "Politiken" [Copenhagen], April 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gudmand-H%C3%B8yer" class="extiw" title="da:Jan Gudmand-Høyer">Gudmand-Høyer, Jan</a>. "Det manglende led mellem utopi og det foraeldede en familiehus." "Information" 26 June 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCamantCharles_DurrettEllen_Hertzman1994" class="citation book cs1">McCamant, Kathryn; Charles Durrett; Ellen Hertzman (1994). <i>Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach to Housing Ourselves</i> (2nd ed.). 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Vancouver<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Cohousing+can+make+us+Happier+%28and+Live+Longer%29&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Fgrace_kim_how_cohousing_can_make_us_happier_and_live_longer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohousing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140812040026/http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Housing/Housing_Policy/Housing_Need/Guideline_of_Joint_Building_Ventures_in_Hamburg">"Guideline of Joint Building Ventures in Hamburg"</a>. <i>eukn.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Housing/Housing_Policy/Housing_Need/Guideline_of_Joint_Building_Ventures_in_Hamburg">the original</a> on 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eukn.org&rft.atitle=Guideline+of+Joint+Building+Ventures+in+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eukn.org%2FE_library%2FHousing%2FHousing_Policy%2FHousing_Need%2FGuideline_of_Joint_Building_Ventures_in_Hamburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohousing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christian, Diana Leafe <i>Creating</i> <i>a</i> <i>Life</i> <i>Together</i>: <i>Practical</i> <i>Tools</i> <i>to</i> <i>Grow</i> <i>Ecovillages</i> <i>and</i> <i>Intentional</i> <i>Communities,</i> New Society Publishers, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865714711" title="Special:BookSources/0865714711">0865714711</a>.</li> <li>Christian, Diana Leafe <i>Finding</i> <i>Community</i>: <i>How</i> <i>to</i> <i>Join</i> <i>an</i> <i>Ecovillage</i> <i>or</i> <i>Intentional</i> <i>Community,</i> New Society Publishers, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865715785" title="Special:BookSources/0865715785">0865715785</a>.</li> <li>Gresleri, Jacopo. <i>Cohousing. Esperienze internazionali di abitare condiviso</i>, Genova: Plug in, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8895459226" title="Special:BookSources/978-8895459226">978-8895459226</a></li> <li>McCamant, Kathryn; Durrett, Charles. <i>Creating Cohousing: Building Sustainable Communities</i>, New Society Publishers, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865716728" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865716728">978-0865716728</a>.</li> <li>Durrett, Charles. <i>The Senior Cohousing Handbook: A Community Approach to Independent Living</i>, 2nd ed., New Society Publishers, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865716117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865716117">978-0865716117</a>.</li> <li>McCamant, Kathryn; Durrett, Charles. <i>Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach to Housing Ourselves</i> (2nd ed.), Ten Speed Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898155398" title="Special:BookSources/0898155398">0898155398</a>.</li> <li>Meltzer, Graham S. <i>Sustainable Community: Learning from the Cohousing Model.</i> Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412049946" title="Special:BookSources/1412049946">1412049946</a></li> <li>Scotthansen, Chris & Kelly. <i>The Cohousing Handbook: Building a Place for Community,</i> Hartley & Marks, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881791266" title="Special:BookSources/9780881791266">9780881791266</a></li> <li>Williams, Jo. Designing neighbourhoods for social interaction: The case of cohousing", <i>Journal of Urban Design</i> 2005, Vol. 10, No. 2, 195–227.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cohousing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cohousing">Cohousing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.ic.org/records/cohousing.php">Communities Self-Identifying as "Uses Cohousing Model" in FIC's Communities Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222161348/http://directory.ic.org/records/cohousing.php">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cohousing.org">CohoUS an association a community of communities, includes directory of US cohousing communities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.cohousing.org/archives/cohousing-l/">Cohousing-L, mailing list about cohousing (45,000 messages 1993–2020).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic.org/">Foundation for Intentional Community (FIC)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohousing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191517/http://notsocrazy.net/cohousing.html"><i>Voices of Cohousing: Rebuilding villages in the city</i> (Documentary)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 30 September 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119163706/http://www.cohousingco.com/media.cfm"><i>Cohousing Interviews with Charles Durrett</i> (Several videos about Cohousing)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 19 January 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Kim_(architect)" title="Grace Kim (architect)">Grace Kim</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/grace_kim_how_cohousing_can_make_us_happier_and_live_longer">How cohousing can make us happier (and live longer)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Co-operatives" title="Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Co-operatives" title="Template talk:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li>Agent-owned company</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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