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Tabel periodik - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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</button> <ul id="toc-Ikhtisar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktur_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Struktur atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konfigurasi_elektron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konfigurasi_elektron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Konfigurasi elektron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konfigurasi_elektron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urutan_pengisian_kulit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urutan_pengisian_kulit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Urutan pengisian kulit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urutan_pengisian_kulit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk_penyajian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_penyajian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bentuk penyajian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_penyajian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode_pengelompokan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_pengelompokan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metode pengelompokan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metode_pengelompokan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Metode pengelompokan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metode_pengelompokan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Golongan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Periode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Blok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logam,_metaloid,_dan_nonlogam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logam,_metaloid,_dan_nonlogam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Logam, metaloid, dan nonlogam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logam,_metaloid,_dan_nonlogam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tren_periodik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tren_periodik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tren periodik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tren_periodik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tren periodik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tren_periodik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jari-jari_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jari-jari_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jari-jari atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jari-jari_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energi_ionisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energi_ionisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Energi ionisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energi_ionisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronegativitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronegativitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Elektronegativitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronegativitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afinitas_elektron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afinitas_elektron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Afinitas elektron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afinitas_elektron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_logam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_logam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sifat logam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_logam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manifestasi_lebih_lanjut_dari_periodisitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifestasi_lebih_lanjut_dari_periodisitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Manifestasi lebih lanjut dari periodisitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manifestasi_lebih_lanjut_dari_periodisitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Percobaan_sistematisasi_pertama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percobaan_sistematisasi_pertama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Percobaan sistematisasi pertama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percobaan_sistematisasi_pertama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabel_Mendeleev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabel_Mendeleev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tabel Mendeleev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabel_Mendeleev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versi_kedua_beserta_pengembangannya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versi_kedua_beserta_pengembangannya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Versi kedua beserta pengembangannya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versi_kedua_beserta_pengembangannya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabel_periodik_yang_berbeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabel_periodik_yang_berbeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tabel periodik yang berbeda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tabel_periodik_yang_berbeda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tabel periodik yang berbeda</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tabel_periodik_yang_berbeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variasi_bentuk_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variasi_bentuk_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Variasi bentuk umum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variasi_bentuk_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_alternatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_alternatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Struktur alternatif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_alternatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertanyaan_terbuka_dan_kontroversi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertanyaan_terbuka_dan_kontroversi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pertanyaan terbuka dan kontroversi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pertanyaan_terbuka_dan_kontroversi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pertanyaan terbuka dan kontroversi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pertanyaan_terbuka_dan_kontroversi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unsur_yang_tidak_diketahui_sifat_kimianya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur_yang_tidak_diketahui_sifat_kimianya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Unsur yang tidak diketahui sifat kimianya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsur_yang_tidak_diketahui_sifat_kimianya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengembangan_tabel_periodik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengembangan_tabel_periodik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pengembangan tabel periodik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengembangan_tabel_periodik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prediksi_unsur_dengan_nomor_atom_terbesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prediksi_unsur_dengan_nomor_atom_terbesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Prediksi unsur dengan nomor atom terbesar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prediksi_unsur_dengan_nomor_atom_terbesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Model_Bohr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_Bohr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Model Bohr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_Bohr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persamaan_relativistik_Dirac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persamaan_relativistik_Dirac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Persamaan relativistik Dirac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persamaan_relativistik_Dirac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penempatan_hidrogen_dan_helium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penempatan_hidrogen_dan_helium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Penempatan hidrogen dan helium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penempatan_hidrogen_dan_helium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golongan_yang_termasuk_dalam_logam_transisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golongan_yang_termasuk_dalam_logam_transisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Golongan yang termasuk dalam logam transisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golongan_yang_termasuk_dalam_logam_transisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsur-unsur_periode_6_dan_7_pada_golongan_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur-unsur_periode_6_dan_7_pada_golongan_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Unsur-unsur periode 6 dan 7 pada golongan 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsur-unsur_periode_6_dan_7_pada_golongan_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk_optimal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_optimal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Bentuk optimal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_optimal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perluasan_setelah_periode_ketujuh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perluasan_setelah_periode_ketujuh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perluasan setelah periode ketujuh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perluasan_setelah_periode_ketujuh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabel periodik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 202 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">202 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аелементқәа рпериодикатә система – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аелементқәа рпериодикатә система" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodieke_tabel" title="Periodieke tabel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Periodieke tabel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Periodensystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%A8_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD_%E1%88%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%A5" title="የንጥረ ነገሮች ሠንጠረዥ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የንጥረ ነገሮች ሠንጠረዥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_periodica_d%27os_elementos" title="Tabla periodica d'os elementos – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tabla periodica d'os elementos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الجدول الدوري – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجدول الدوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="طابلو دوري – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طابلو دوري" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="جدول دورى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جدول دورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকা – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabla periódica – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_elementl%C9%99rin_d%C3%B6vri_sistemi" title="Kimyəvi elementlərin dövri sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi elementlərin dövri sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="شیمیایی المنتلر تابلوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی المنتلر تابلوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Химик элементтарҙың периодик системаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химик элементтарҙың периодик системаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A9l_p%C3%A9riodik" title="Tabél périodik – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tabél périodik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodnsystem" title="Periodnsystem – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Periodnsystem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeliej%C4%97va_kem%C4%97niu_elementu_lental%C4%97" title="Mendeliejėva kemėniu elementu lentalė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mendeliejėva kemėniu elementu lentalė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryodikong_tableta" title="Peryodikong tableta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Peryodikong tableta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пэрыядычная сыстэма хімічных элемэнтаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрыядычная сыстэма хімічных элемэнтаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Периодична система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Периодична система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीरियॉडिक टेबल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%EA%A9%BB_%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အထဲ့ရော့ꩻ ထာꩻရွောင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အထဲ့ရော့ꩻ ထာꩻရွောင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF" title="পর্যায় সারণি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্যায় সারণি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩ་རྫས་ཀྱི་དུས་འཁོར་རེའུ་མིག། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩ་རྫས་ཀྱི་དུས་འཁོར་རེའུ་མིག།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="পর্যায় সারণী – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পর্যায় সারণী" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taolenn_beriodek_an_elfenno%C3%B9" title="Taolenn beriodek an elfennoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taolenn beriodek an elfennoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Periodni sistem elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Үелхэ системэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үелхэ системэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Taula periòdica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3_ci%C5%AD-g%C4%AD-bi%C4%93u" title="Nguòng-só ciŭ-gĭ-biēu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-só ciŭ-gĭ-biēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химин хӀумалгийн рогӀаллин система – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Химин хӀумалгийн рогӀаллин система" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaang_peryodiko" title="Talaang peryodiko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Talaang peryodiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="خشتەی خولی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خشتەی خولی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavola_periodica" title="Tavola periodica – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tavola periodica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodick%C3%A1_tabulka" title="Periodická tabulka – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Periodická tabulka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Элементсен периодла тытăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элементсен периодла тытăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabl_cyfnodol" title="Tabl cyfnodol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tabl cyfnodol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiske_system" title="Periodiske system – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Periodiske system" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Periodensystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloyo_periyodik" title="Tabloyo periyodik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tabloyo periyodik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%AA" title="ޕީރިއަޑިކް ތާވަލު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕީރިއަޑިކް ތާވަލު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Περιοδικός πίνακας των χημικών στοιχείων – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιοδικός πίνακας των χημικών στοιχείων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Periodic table" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioda_tabelo" title="Perioda tabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perioda tabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica_de_los_elementos" title="Tabla periódica de los elementos – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla periódica de los elementos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiliste_elementide_perioodilisuss%C3%BCsteem" title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taula periodikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabra_peri%C3%BAdica_e_los_elementus" title="Tabra periúdica e los elementus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tabra periúdica e los elementus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جدول تناوبی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaksollinen_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Jaksollinen järjestelmä – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaksollinen järjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelejevi_tap%C3%B5l" title="Mendelejevi tapõl – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mendelejevi tapõl" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skei%C3%B0bundna_skipanin" title="Skeiðbundna skipanin – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skeiðbundna skipanin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tableau périodique des éléments" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioodisch_tab%C3%A4le" title="Perioodisch tabäle – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perioodisch tabäle" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabele_periodiche" title="Tabele periodiche – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tabele periodiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodyk_systeem_fan_de_eleminten" title="Periodyk systeem fan de eleminten – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Periodyk systeem fan de eleminten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1bla_peiriadach" title="Tábla peiriadach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tábla peiriadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素週期表 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="元素週期表" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablo_p%C3%A9ryodik_di_s%C3%A9_%C3%A9l%C3%A9man" title="Tablo péryodik di sé éléman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tablo péryodik di sé éléman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0r_pillteach" title="Clàr pillteach – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clàr pillteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos" title="Táboa periódica dos elementos – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Táboa periódica dos elementos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%E1%BB%B9i_k%C3%ADmiko_rechaukaha" title="Apỹi kímiko rechaukaha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apỹi kímiko rechaukaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%95" title="આવર્ત કોષ્ટક – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આવર્ત કોષ્ટક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taabyl_reiltagh_ny_bunstooghyn" title="Taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-su_ch%C3%BB-kh%C3%AC-p%C3%A9u" title="Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הטבלה המחזורית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטבלה המחזורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Periodic table" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sustav_elemenata" title="Periodni sustav elemenata – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Periodni sustav elemenata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablo_klasifikasyon_peryodik_eleman" title="Tablo klasifikasyon peryodik eleman – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tablo klasifikasyon peryodik eleman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_elemek_peri%C3%B3dusos_rendszere" title="Kémiai elemek periódusos rendszere – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai elemek periódusos rendszere" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պարբերական աղյուսակ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարբերական աղյուսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabella_periodic_del_elementos" title="Tabella periodic del elementos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tabella periodic del elementos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelle_periodic" title="Tabelle periodic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tabelle periodic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiko_a_lamisaan_dagiti_elemento" title="Periodiko a lamisaan dagiti elemento – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Periodiko a lamisaan dagiti elemento" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химе элементий мура система – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Химе элементий мура система" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodala_tabelo" title="Periodala tabelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Periodala tabelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotukerfi%C3%B0" title="Lotukerfið – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lotukerfið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavola_periodica_degli_elementi" title="Tavola periodica degli elementi – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tavola periodica degli elementi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="周期表 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="周期表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiriadik_tiebl" title="Piiriadik tiebl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Piiriadik tiebl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dikni_selratni_cartu" title="dikni selratni cartu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dikni selratni cartu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C3%A9lan_unsur_miturut_lambang" title="Pratélan unsur miturut lambang – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pratélan unsur miturut lambang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიურ ელემენტთა პერიოდული სისტემა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიურ ელემენტთა პერიოდული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelwit_tawalant" title="Tafelwit tawalant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafelwit tawalant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metha_Njokereri" title="Metha Njokereri – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Metha Njokereri" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="តារាងខួបនៃធាតុគីមី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តារាងខួបនៃធាតុគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%95" title="ಆವರ್ತ ಕೋಷ್ಟಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವರ್ತ ಕೋಷ್ಟಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C" title="주기율표 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주기율표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7_%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Периоддэз сьӧрті химия ӧтувторрезлӧн тэчас – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Периоддэз сьӧрті химия ӧтувторрезлӧн тэчас" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEstema_vedor%C3%AE_ya_elementan" title="Sîstema vedorî ya elementan – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîstema vedorî ya elementan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химия элементъяслӧн период система – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Химия элементъяслӧн период система" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Vosen_Beriodek" title="An Vosen Beriodek – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="An Vosen Beriodek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Элементтер мезгилдик системасы – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элементтер мезгилдик системасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_periodicum" title="Systema periodicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema periodicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystem_vun_den_Elementer" title="Periodesystem vun den Elementer – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Periodesystem vun den Elementer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Химиядин элементрин девирдин система – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Химиядин элементрин девирдин система" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiek_systeem_vaan_eleminte" title="Periodiek systeem vaan eleminte – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Periodiek systeem vaan eleminte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_periodica_di_elemenc" title="Tabela periodica di elemenc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tabela periodica di elemenc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Taula periodica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A1nda_ya_bileko" title="Etánda ya bileko – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etánda ya bileko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຕາຕະລາງທາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາຕະລາງທາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodin%C4%97_element%C5%B3_lentel%C4%97" title="Periodinė elementų lentelė – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Periodinė elementų lentelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisko_elementu_periodisk%C4%81_tabula" title="Ķīmisko elementu periodiskā tabula – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmisko elementu periodiskā tabula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabilaon%27ny_singa" title="Tabilaon'ny singa – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tabilaon'ny singa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D3%B1%D2%A5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Химий тӱҥлык-влакын периодик радамлыкше – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий тӱҥлык-влакын периодик радамлыкше" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripanga_p%C5%ABmotu" title="Ripanga pūmotu – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ripanga pūmotu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tabel periodik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Периоден систем на елементите – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Периоден систем на елементите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Үелэх систем – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үелэх систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C" title="သ္ၚိအင်ကာလ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သ္ၚိအင်ကာလ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jadual berkala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavla_perjodika" title="Tavla perjodika – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tavla perjodika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabela periódica – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tabela periódica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဒြပ်စင်အလှည့်ကျဇယား – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်စင်အလှည့်ကျဇယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C4%93uhc%C4%81y%C5%8Dtl_nemachiy%C5%8Dt%C4%ABlp%C4%81ntli" title="Tlapēuhcāyōtl nemachiyōtīlpāntli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapēuhcāyōtl nemachiyōtīlpāntli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Periodensystem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्त सारणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आवर्त सारणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" title="तत्त्वमां – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तत्त्वमां" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Periodiek systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="daftar pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Taula periodica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabatee_Wahiyyoolee" title="Gabatee Wahiyyoolee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gabatee Wahiyyoolee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Элементты периодон системæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Элементты периодон системæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablang_periodiku_da_ring_elementu" title="Tablang periodiku da ring elementu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tablang periodiku da ring elementu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A8l_peri%C3%B3diko" title="Tabèl periódiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tabèl periódiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Tableau périodique – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_okresowy_pierwiastk%C3%B3w" title="Układ okresowy pierwiastków – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ okresowy pierwiastków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0ula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Tàula periòdica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tàula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%88%DA%A9_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84" title="پیریاڈک ٹیبل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیریاڈک ٹیبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Περιοδικόν Πινάκιν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Περιοδικόν Πινάκιν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="دعناصرو دوراني جدول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دعناصرو دوراني جدول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabela periódica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabela periódica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallawap_%C3%B1iqi_rakirinkuna" title="Qallawap ñiqi rakirinkuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallawap ñiqi rakirinkuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_periodic%C3%A3-a_elements%C3%A3lor" title="Tabela periodicã-a elementsãlor – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Tabela periodicã-a elementsãlor" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavele_Periodiche" title="Tavele Periodiche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Tavele Periodiche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Периодическая система химических элементов – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Периодическая система химических элементов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Періодічна сістема елементів – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Періодічна сістема елементів" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="आवर्तसारणी – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आवर्तसारणी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Периодтаах таабыл – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Периодтаах таабыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0ula_peri%C3%B2dica_de_is_elementos" title="Tàula periòdica de is elementos – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tàula periòdica de is elementos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0vula_piri%C3%B2dica" title="Tàvula piriòdica – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tàvula piriòdica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_cairt" title="Periodic cairt – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Periodic cairt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="دوري جدول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دوري جدول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodala%C5%A1_tabealla" title="Periodalaš tabealla – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Periodalaš tabealla" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Periodni sistem elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taflwit_tazdawant_n_ifr%E1%B8%8Disn" title="Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ආවර්තිතා වගුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආවර්තිතා වගුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Periodic table" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodick%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka" title="Periodická tabuľka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Periodická tabuľka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elementov" title="Periodni sistem elementov – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Periodni sistem elementov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1i%C4%91ul%C3%A2%C5%A1_vu%C3%A1h%C3%A1d%C3%A2h" title="Ráiđulâš vuáhádâh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ráiđulâš vuáhádâh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapotera_cheNhangande_Dzakadevana" title="Chapotera cheNhangande Dzakadevana – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chapotera cheNhangande Dzakadevana" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwalka_Curiyayaasha" title="Jadwalka Curiyayaasha – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jadwalka Curiyayaasha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_periodik_i_elementeve" title="Sistemi periodik i elementeve – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi periodik i elementeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Периодни систем – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Периодни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiki_sistemi" title="Periodiki sistemi – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Periodiki sistemi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafole_ya_periodiki" title="Tafole ya periodiki – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Tafole ya periodiki" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiske_Tabelle" title="Periodiske Tabelle – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Periodiske Tabelle" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A9l_periodik" title="Tabél periodik – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tabél periodik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiska_systemet" title="Periodiska systemet – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periodiska systemet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_radidia" title="Mfumo radidia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfumo radidia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82%C5%8Fd_%C3%B4kresowy_elymynt%C5%8Dw" title="Ukłŏd ôkresowy elymyntōw – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ukłŏd ôkresowy elymyntōw" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="தனிம அட்டவணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிம அட்டவணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Ҷадвали даврии унсурҳои кимиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷадвали даврии унсурҳои кимиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ตารางธาตุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตารางธาตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiki_elementleri%C5%88_periodik_ulgamy" title="Himiki elementleriň periodik ulgamy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiki elementleriň periodik ulgamy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talahanayang_peryodiko" title="Talahanayang peryodiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talahanayang peryodiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebol_bilong_ol_elemen" title="Tebol bilong ol elemen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tebol bilong ol elemen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyodik_tablo" title="Periyodik tablo – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Periyodik tablo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Менделеевның периодик таблицасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Менделеевның периодик таблицасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Химиктиг элементилерниң периодтуг системазы – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Химиктиг элементилерниң периодтуг системазы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئېلېمېنتلارنىڭ دەۋرىي جەەدۋىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلېمېنتلارنىڭ دەۋرىي جەەدۋىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Періодична система хімічних елементів – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Періодична система хімічних елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="دوری جدول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوری جدول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_elementlar_davriy_sistemasi" title="Kimyoviy elementlar davriy sistemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy elementlar davriy sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabe%C5%82a_peri%C3%B2dega" title="Tabeła periòdega – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tabeła periòdega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himi%C5%BEiden_elementoiden_periodine_tablut" title="Himižiden elementoiden periodine tablut – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himižiden elementoiden periodine tablut" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng tuần hoàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiek_syst%C3%A8me" title="Periodiek système – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Periodiek système" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5vlea_periodike_des_elemints" title="Tåvlea periodike des elemints – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tåvlea periodike des elemints" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taramdan_peryodika" title="Taramdan peryodika – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taramdan peryodika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="元素周期表" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ელემენტეფიშ პერიოდული სისტემა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტეფიშ პერიოდული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="פעריאדישע טאבעלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעריאדישע טאבעלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C3%ACl%C3%AC_%C3%A0y%C3%A8_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%ADm%E1%BA%B9%CC%80nt%C3%AC" title="Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzsoq_Couhgibyauj" title="Yenzsoq Couhgibyauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzsoq Couhgibyauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li 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Jika Anda tidak dapat menyunting Artikel ini dan Anda ingin melakukannya, Anda dapat memohon <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan%3ATabel_periodik&preload=Templat%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Templat%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Permintaan+penyuntingan+halaman+dilindungi+sebagian+pada+13+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Tabel+periodik">permintaan penyuntingan</a></span>, diskusikan perubahan yang ingin dilakukan di <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Tabel_periodik#top" title="Pembicaraan:Tabel periodik">halaman pembicaraan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">memohon untuk melepaskan pelindungan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Masuk_log" title="Istimewa:Masuk log">masuk</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Masuk_log/signup" title="Istimewa:Masuk log/signup">buatlah sebuah akun</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_(polyatomic)-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Periodic_table_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg/500px-Periodic_table_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Periodic_table_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg/750px-Periodic_table_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Periodic_table_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg/1000px-Periodic_table_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik modern, dalam tata letak 18 kolom</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tabel periodik</b>, juga dikenal sebagai <b>tabel periodik unsur</b> (<b>kimia</b>), adalah tampilan tabular dari <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur-unsur kimia</a>. Tabel ini banyak digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>, dan ilmu-ilmu lainnya, dan umumnya dipandang sebagai ikon dari kimia. Tabel ini merupakan rumusan grafik dari hukum periodik, yang menyatakan bahwa sifat-sifat unsur kimia menunjukkan ketergantungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungsi_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungsi periodik (halaman belum tersedia)">periodik</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atomnya</a>. </p><p>Tabel ini dibagi menjadi empat area persegi panjang yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">blok</a>. Baris-baris tabel disebut <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">periode</a>, dan kolom-kolomnya disebut <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">golongan</a>. Unsur-unsur dari golongan yang sama dari tabel periodik menunjukkan karakteristik kimia yang serupa. <a href="/wiki/Tren_periodik" title="Tren periodik">Tren</a> berjalan melalui tabel periodik, dengan karakter <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a> (menjaga elektronnya sendiri) meningkat dari kiri ke kanan dalam satu periode, dan dari bawah ke atas melintasi satu golongan, dan karakter <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> (menyerahkan elektron ke atom lain) meningkat ke arah yang berlawanan. Alasan yang mendasari tren ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi elektron</a> atom. </p><p>Tabel periodik pertama yang diterima secara umum adalah tabel kimiawan Rusia <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> pada tahun 1869: ia merumuskan hukum periodik sebagai ketergantungan sifat kimia pada massa atom. Karena dahulu tidak semua unsur diketahui, ada celah dalam tabel periodiknya, dan Mendeleev berhasil menggunakan hukum periodik untuk <a href="/wiki/Unsur-unsur_prediksi_Mendeleev" title="Unsur-unsur prediksi Mendeleev">memprediksi sifat beberapa unsur yang hilang</a>. Hukum periodik diakui sebagai penemuan mendasar pada akhir abad ke-19, dan dijelaskan dengan penemuan nomor atom dan karya perintis dalam <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a> pada awal abad ke-20 yang menerangi struktur internal atom. Dengan penemuan <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> pada tahun 1945 bahwa <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a> sebenarnya adalah unsur blok-f dan bukannya unsur blok-d, bentuk tabel yang dikenali dapat dicapai. Tabel periodik dan hukum sekarang menjadi bagian sentral dan tak terpisahkan dari kimia modern. </p><p>Tabel periodik terus berkembang seiring dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Di alam, hanya unsur sampai nomor atom 94 yang ada; untuk melangkah lebih jauh, perlu untuk <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_sintetis" title="Unsur kimia sintetis">menyintesis</a> unsur baru di laboratorium. Saat ini, semua 118 unsur pertama telah diketahui, melengkapi tujuh baris pertama tabel, tetapi karakterisasi kimia masih diperlukan untuk elemen terberat untuk memastikan bahwa sifat mereka cocok dengan posisinya. Belum diketahui seberapa jauh tabel akan terbentang <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">di luar tujuh baris ini</a> dan apakah pola bagian tabel yang diketahui akan berlanjut ke wilayah yang tidak diketahui ini. Beberapa diskusi ilmiah juga berlanjut mengenai apakah beberapa elemen diposisikan dengan benar dalam tabel hari ini. Ada banyak <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">representasi alternatif</a> dari hukum periodik, dan ada beberapa diskusi mengenai apakah ada bentuk optimal dari tabel periodik. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikhtisar">Ikhtisar</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur_atom">Struktur atom</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png/330px-Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png/495px-Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png/660px-Atomic-orbital-clouds_spdf_m0.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tampilan 3D dari beberapa orbital <a href="/wiki/Atom_bakhidrogen" title="Atom bakhidrogen">atom bakhidrogen</a> yang menunjukkan kerapatan dan fase probabilitas (orbital g dan yang lebih tinggi tidak ditampilkan)</figcaption></figure> <p>Konstituen terkecil dari semua materi normal dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. Atom sangat kecil, berukuran sekitar sepersepuluh miliar meter; sehingga struktur internal mereka diatur oleh <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atom terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">nukleus</a> bermuatan positif, terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> bermuatan positif dan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> tidak bermuatan, dikelilingi oleh awan elektron bermuatan negatif; muatannya hilang, sehingga atom bersifat netral.<sup id="cite_ref-FI2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elektron berpartisipasi dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a>, tetapi nukleus tidak.<sup id="cite_ref-FI2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika atom berpartisipasi dalam reaksi kimia, mereka dapat memperoleh atau kehilangan elektron untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> bermuatan positif atau negatif; atau mereka mungkin berbagi elektron satu sama lain sebagai gantinya.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atom dapat dibagi lagi menjadi berbagai jenis berdasarkan jumlah proton (dan juga elektron) yang mereka miliki.<sup id="cite_ref-FI2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a>, sering dilambangkan dengan <i>Z</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a> nomor adalah <i>Zahl</i>. Setiap nomor atom berbeda karena itu sesuai dengan kelas atom: kelas ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur kimia diklasifikasikan dan diatur oleh tabel periodik. <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> adalah unsur dengan nomor atom 1; <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, nomor atom 2; <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a>, nomor atom 3; dan seterusnya. Masing-masing nama ini selanjutnya dapat disingkat menjadi satu atau dua huruf, yang disebut dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang unsur</a>; untuk hidrogen, helium, dan litium berturut-turut adalah H, He, dan Li.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neutron tidak mempengaruhi identitas kimia atom, tetapi mempengaruhi beratnya. Atom dengan jumlah proton yang sama tetapi jumlah neutron yang berbeda disebut <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> dari unsur kimia yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur alami biasanya terjadi sebagai campuran isotop yang berbeda; karena setiap isotop biasanya muncul dengan kelimpahan yang berkarakter, unsur-unsur yang terbentuk secara alami memiliki <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom">massa atom</a> yang terdefinisi dengan baik, yang didefinisikan sebagai massa rata-rata atom yang terbentuk secara alami dari unsur tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaaw_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaaw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat ini, 118 unsur telah diketahui, dengan 94 unsur pertama diketahui terjadi secara alami di Bumi saat ini. Dari 94 unsur alami, 80 diantaranya memiliki isotop stabil; tiga lagi (<a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>) mengalami <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">peluruhan radioaktif</a>, tetapi sangat lambat sehingga sejumlah besar dapat bertahan dari pembentukan Bumi; dan sebelas peluruhan lainnya cukup cepat sehingga jejak mereka hanya bertumpu pada regenerasi konstan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif" title="Deret radioaktif">produk peluruhan</a> thorium dan uranium. Ke-83 unsur yang bertahan dari pembentukan Bumi disebut <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a>. Semua 24 unsur buatan yang diketahui adalah radioaktif.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konfigurasi_elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></div> <p>Tabel periodik adalah deskripsi grafis dari hukum periodik<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyatakan bahwa sifat dan struktur atom unsur kimia adalah fungsi periodik dari <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atomnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur ditempatkan dalam tabel periodik berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi elektronnya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menunjukkan pengulangan periodik yang menjelaskan <a href="/wiki/Tren_periodik" title="Tren periodik">tren periodik</a> di seluruh tabel periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah elektron dapat dianggap menghuni <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital atom</a>, yang mencirikan bahwa kemungkinan ia dapat ditemukan di wilayah atom tertentu. Energi mereka <a href="/wiki/Kuantisasi_(fisika)" title="Kuantisasi (fisika)">terkuantisasi</a>, yang mengatakan bahwa mereka hanya dapat mengambil nilai diskrit. Selanjutnya, elektron mematuhi <a href="/wiki/Asas_larangan_Pauli" title="Asas larangan Pauli">asas larangan Pauli</a>: elektron yang berbeda harus selalu berada dalam keadaan yang berbeda. Hal ini memungkinkan klasifikasi keadaan yang memungkinkan elektron dapat mengambil berbagai tingkat energi yang dikenal sebagai kulit, dibagi menjadi subkulit individu, yang masing-masing berisi jenis orbital tertentu. Setiap orbital dapat berisi hingga dua elektron: mereka dibedakan oleh kuantitas yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a>, yang dapat naik atau turun.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elektron mengatur dirinya sendiri dalam atom sedemikian rupa sehingga energi total yang dimilikinya diminimalkan, lalu mereka menempati orbital dengan energi terendah yang tersedia kecuali jika energi telah disuplai.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanya elektron terluar (disebut <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a>) yang memiliki energi yang cukup untuk melepaskan diri dari inti dan berpartisipasi dalam reaksi kimia dengan atom lain. Yang lainnya disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_inti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron inti (halaman belum tersedia)">elektron inti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">ℓ →</span><br /> <span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>n</i> ↓</span> </th> <th>0 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Orbital </th> <th>s </th> <th>p </th> <th>d </th> <th>f </th> <th>g </th> <th>h </th> <th>i </th> <th>Kapasitas kulit (<span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">2n<sup>2</sup></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">1s </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">2s </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">2p </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">3s </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">3p </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">3d </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">4s </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">4p </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">4d </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">4f </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">5s </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">5p </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">5d </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">5f </td> <td bgcolor="#fd99ff">5g </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">6s </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">6p </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">6d </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">6f </td> <td bgcolor="#fd99ff">6g </td> <td bgcolor="#7ed9d9">6h </td> <td> </td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">7s </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">7p </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">7d </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">7f </td> <td bgcolor="#fd99ff">7g </td> <td bgcolor="#7ed9d9">7h </td> <td bgcolor="#e0c880">7i </td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kapasitas subkulit </th> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>26 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unsur-unsur diketahui dapat memiliki hingga tujuh kulit pertama. Kulit pertama hanya berisi satu orbital, orbital s berbentuk bola. Karena sebagai kulit pertama, orbital ini disebut orbital 1s. Orbital ini dapat menampung hingga dua elektron. Kulit kedua juga berisi orbital 2s, tetapi juga mengandung tiga orbital p berbentuk seperti dumbbell, dan dengan demikian dapat mengisi hingga delapan elektron (2×1 + 2×3 = 8). Kulit ketiga berisi satu orbital 3s, tiga orbital 3p, dan lima orbital 3d, sehingga memiliki kapasitas 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 = 18. Kulit keempat berisi satu orbital 4s, tiga orbital 4p, lima orbital 4d, dan tujuh orbital 4f, sehingga menghasilkan kapasitas 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 + 2×7 = 32.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulit yang lebih tinggi mengandung lebih banyak jenis orbital yang melanjutkan polanya, tetapi jenis orbital seperti itu tidak diisi dengan unsur-unsur yang diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudsmit_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudsmit-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenis subkulit dicirikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum" title="Bilangan kuantum">bilangan kuantum</a>. Empat angka menggambarkan elektron dalam atom secara lengkap: <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_utama" title="Bilangan kuantum utama">bilangan kuantum utama</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> (kulit), <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_azimut" title="Bilangan kuantum azimut">bilangan kuantum azimut</a> <span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">ℓ</span> (jenis orbital), <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_magnetik" title="Bilangan kuantum magnetik">bilangan kuantum magnetik</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span><sub>ℓ</sub> (di mana dari orbital jenis tertentu ia berada), dan <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_spin" title="Bilangan kuantum spin">bilangan kuantum spin</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urutan_pengisian_kulit">Urutan pengisian kulit</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aufbau_Principle-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aufbau_Principle-en.svg/192px-Aufbau_Principle-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aufbau_Principle-en.svg/288px-Aufbau_Principle-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aufbau_Principle-en.svg/384px-Aufbau_Principle-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Urutan pengisian kulit yang ideal (paling akurat untuk <span class="nowrap"> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> ≲ 4 .</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Urutan pengisian orbital diberikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">prinsip Aufbau</a>, juga dikenal sebagai aturan Madelung atau Klechkovsky. Kulitnya tumpang tindih dalam energi, menciptakan urutan yang kira-kira sebagai berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrovsky_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrovsky-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>1s ≪ 2s < 2p ≪ 3s < 3p ≪ 4s < 3d < 4p ≪ 5s < 4d < 5p ≪ 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p ≪ 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p ≪ ...</dd></dl> <p>Di sini tanda ≪ berarti "jauh lebih sedikit dari" sebagai lawan dari < yang berarti hanya "kurang dari".<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrovsky_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrovsky-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan kata lain, elektron memasuki orbital dalam urutan peningkatan <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> + <span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">ℓ</span>, dan jika dua orbital tersedia dengan nilai <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> + <span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">ℓ</span> yang sama, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> yang lebih rendah akan ditempati terlebih dahulu.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudsmit_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudsmit-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wong_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tumpang tindih menjadi cukup dekat pada titik di mana orbital d memasuki gambar,<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci328_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci328-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan urutannya dapat sedikit bergeser dengan nomor atom<sup id="cite_ref-Cao_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cao-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan muatan atom.<sup id="cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mulai dari atom yang paling sederhana, ini memungkinkan kita menyusun tabel periodik satu per satu sesuai urutan nomor atom, dengan mempertimbangkan kasus atom tunggal. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, hanya ada satu elektron, yang harus berada di orbital 1s dengan energi terendah. Konfigurasi hidrogen ditulis dengan 1s<sup>1</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> menambahkan elektron kedua, yang juga masuk ke 1s dan mengisi kulit pertama sepenuhnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsur ketiga, <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a>, tidak memiliki ruang lagi di kulit pertama. Oleh karena itu, elektron ketiganya harus masuk ke subkulit 2s, memberikan konfigurasi 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>1</sup>. Elektron 2s adalah satu-satunya elektron valensi litium, karena orbital 1s sekarang terlalu dekat dengan nukleus untuk berpartisipasi secara kimia. Subkulit 2s dilengkapi dengan oleh unsur berikutnya, <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup>). Unsur-unsur berikutnya kemudian melanjutkan mengisi orbital p. <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>1</sup>) menempatkan elektron barunya pada orbital 2p; <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup>) mengisi orbital 2p kedua; dan dengan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>3</sup>) ketiga orbital 2p menjadi terisi tunggal. Hal ini sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_penggandaan_maksimum_Hund" title="Kaidah penggandaan maksimum Hund">aturan Hund</a>, yang menyatakan bahwa atom akan lebih suka menempati sendiri setiap orbital dari jenis yang sama sebelum mengisinya dengan elektron kedua. <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>4</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">fluorin</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>5</sup>), dan <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>) kemudian melengkapi orbital 2p yang sudah terisi tunggal; dengan neon mengisi kulit kedua sepenuhnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mulai dari unsur 11, <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a>, tidak ada lagi ruang di kulit kedua, yang mulai sekarang adalah kulit inti seperti yang pertama. Jadi elektron kesebelas memasuki orbital 3s sebagai gantinya. Inti 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> disingkat [Ne], karena identik dengan konfigurasi elektron neon: jadi konfigurasi natrium ditulis [Ne] 3s<sup>1</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> ([Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup>) menyelesaikan orbital 3s ini, dan sejak itu enam unsur <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> mengisi tiga orbital 3p ([Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>1</sup> hingga [Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup>). Hal ini menciptakan rangkaian analog di mana struktur kulit terluar natrium melalui argon persis sejalan dengan litium hingga neon, dan merupakan dasar untuk periodisitas kimia yang diilustrasikan oleh tabel periodik:<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pada interval nomor atom yang teratur tetapi berubah, sifat-sifat unsur kimia kira-kira berulang.<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri17_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>18 unsur pertama dengan demikian dapat diatur sebagai awal dari tabel periodik. Unsur-unsur dalam kolom yang sama memiliki jumlah elektron terluar dan konfigurasi elektron terluar yang sama: kolom-kolom ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">golongan</a>. Pengecualian tunggal adalah helium, yang memiliki dua elektron terluar seperti berilium dan magnesium, tetapi ditempatkan dengan neon dan argon untuk menekankan bahwa kulit terluarnya penuh. Ada delapan kolom dalam fragmen tabel periodik ini, sesuai dengan paling banyak delapan elektron terluar.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah baris dimulai ketika kulit baru mulai terisi; baris-baris ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">periode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terakhir, pewarnaan menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">blok</a>: unsur-unsur di blok-s (berwarna merah) mengisi orbital s, sedangkan di blok-p (berwarna kuning) mengisi orbital p.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td> <td>2×1 = <b>2</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">1s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0p</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">3<br /><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">4<br /><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">5<br /><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">6<br /><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">7<br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">8<br /><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">9<br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">10<br /><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">2×(1+3) = <b>8</b> unsur</span><br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">2s</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">2p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">11<br /><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">12<br /><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">13<br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">14<br /><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">15<br /><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">16<br /><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">17<br /><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">18<br /><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3) = <b>8</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">3s</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">3p</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mulai baris berikutnya, untuk <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>, orbital 4s memiliki energi terendah, dan karena itu mereka mengisinya. Kalium menambahkan satu elektron ke kulit 4s ([Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>), dan kalsium kemudian melengkapinya ([Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup>). Namun, mulai dari <a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">skandium</a>, orbital 3d menjadi energi tertinggi berikutnya. Orbital 4s dan 3d memiliki energi yang kira-kira sama dan mereka bersaing untuk mengisi elektron, sehingga pendudukan tidak cukup konsisten mengisi orbital 3d satu per satu. Urutan energi yang tepat dari 3d dan 4s berubah sepanjang baris, dan juga berubah tergantung pada berapa banyak elektron yang dilepaskan dari atom. Misalnya, karena adanya gaya tolak menolak antara elektron 3d dan elektron 4s, pada <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a> tingkat energi 4s menjadi sedikit lebih tinggi daripada 3d, sehingga menjadi lebih menguntungkan untuk memiliki konfigurasi [Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> daripada konfigurasi [Ar] 3d<sup>4</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup>. Anomali serupa terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini adalah pelanggaran aturan Madelung. Anomali semacam ini tidak memiliki signifikansi kimia,<sup id="cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena berbagai konfigurasi memiliki energi yang sangat dekat satu sama lain<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci328_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci328-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sehingga keberadaan atom di dekatnya dapat menggeser keseimbangan.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, tabel periodik mengabaikan ini dan hanya mempertimbangkan konfigurasi yang diidealkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>, orbital 3d terisi penuh dengan total sepuluh elektron. Berikutnya adalah orbital 4p yang melengkapi baris, yang diisi secara bertahap dari <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a>, dengan cara yang sama sekali mirip dengan elemen blok-p sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FIII19_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari galium dan seterusnya, orbital 3d membentuk bagian dari inti elektronik, dan tidak lagi berpartisipasi dalam kimia. Elemen blok s dan p, yang mengisi kulit terluarnya, disebut <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_utama" title="Unsur golongan utama">unsur golongan utama</a>; elemen blok-d (berwarna biru di bawah), yang mengisi kulit bagian dalam, disebut <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">unsur transisi</a> (atau logam transisi, karena semuanya adalah logam).<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci326_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci326-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karena 5s terisi sebelum 4d, yang terisi sebelum 5p, baris kelima memiliki struktur yang persis sama dengan baris keempat (meskipun sekali lagi ada beberapa anomali saat mengisi orbital 4d).<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td> <td>2×1 = <b>2</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">1s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0d</span></span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0p</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">3<br /><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">4<br /><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">5<br /><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">6<br /><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">7<br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">8<br /><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">9<br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">10<br /><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3) = <b>8</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">2s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0d</span></span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">2p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">11<br /><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">12<br /><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">13<br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">14<br /><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">15<br /><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">16<br /><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">17<br /><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">18<br /><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3) = <b>8</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">3s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0d</span></span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">3p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">20<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">23<br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">25<br /><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">27<br /><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">28<br /><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">30<br /><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">32<br /><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">36<br /><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">2×(1+3+5) = <b>18</b> unsur</span><br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">4s</span> <span style="background: #99ccff;; display: inline-block;">3d</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">4p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">37<br /><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">38<br /><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">39<br /><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">42<br /><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">43<br /><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">44<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">45<br /><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">46<br /><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">47<br /><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">48<br /><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">49<br /><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">50<br /><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">51<br /><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">54<br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3+5) = <b>18</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">5s</span> <span style="background: #99ccff;; display: inline-block;">4d</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">5p</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Baris keenam tabel juga dimulai dengan dua elemen blok-s: <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>. Setelah ini, elemen blok-f pertama (berwarna hijau di bawah) mulai muncul, dimulai dengan <a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">lantanum</a>. Golongan ini kadang-kadang disebut unsur transisi dalam.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci326_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci326-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena sekarang tidak hanya terdapat subkulit 4f tetapi juga 5d dan 6s pada energi yang sama, persaingan terjadi sekali lagi dengan banyak konfigurasi yang tidak beraturan;<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci328_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci328-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hal ini mengakibatkan beberapa perselisihan tentang di mana tepatnya blok-f seharusnya dimulai, tetapi kebanyakan yang mempelajari masalah ini setuju bahwa itu dimulai di lantanum sesuai dengan prinsip Aufbau.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun lantanum sendiri tidak mengisi orbital 4f karena gaya tolak menolak antar elektron,<sup id="cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> orbital 4f-nya memiliki energi yang cukup rendah untuk berpartisipasi dalam kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada <a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">iterbium</a>, tujuh orbital 4f terisi penuh dengan empat belas elektron; setelah itu diikuti oleh serangkaian sepuluh unsur transisi (<a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">lutesium</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-JensenLr_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JensenLr-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaF3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaF3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan akhirnya enam unsur golongan utama (<a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">talium</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>) melengkapi periode tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyykko_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyykko-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baris ketujuh juga sejalan dengan baris keenam: 7s mengisi, lalu 5f, lalu 6d, dan akhirnya 7p, dengan beberapa anomali di sepanjang jalan.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk waktu yang sangat lama, baris ketujuh tidak lengkap karena sebagian besar elemennya tidak terjadi di alam. Unsur-unsur yang hilang <a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">setelah uranium</a> mulai disintesis di laboratorium pada tahun 1940, ketika <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> dibuat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baris ini selesai dengan penyintetisan <a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">tenesin</a> pada tahun 2010<sup id="cite_ref-117s_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117s-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (elemen terakhir, <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a>, telah dibuat pada tahun 2002),<sup id="cite_ref-pp2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan elemen terakhir pada baris ketujuh ini divalidasi dan diberi nama pada tahun 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-20161130_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-20161130-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td> <td>2×1 = <b>2</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">1s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0f</span></span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0d</span></span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0p</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">3<br /><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">4<br /><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">5<br /><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">6<br /><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">7<br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">8<br /><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">9<br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">10<br /><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3) = <b>8</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">2s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0f</span></span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0d</span></span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">2p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">11<br /><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">12<br /><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">13<br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">14<br /><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">15<br /><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">16<br /><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">17<br /><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">18<br /><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3) = <b>8</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">3s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0f</span></span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0d</span></span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">3p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">20<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">23<br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">25<br /><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">27<br /><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">28<br /><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">30<br /><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">32<br /><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">36<br /><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3+5) = <b>18</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">4s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0f</span></span> <span style="background: #99ccff;; display: inline-block;">3d</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">4p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">37<br /><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">38<br /><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">39<br /><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">42<br /><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">43<br /><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">44<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">45<br /><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">46<br /><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">47<br /><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">48<br /><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">49<br /><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">50<br /><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">51<br /><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">54<br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3+5) = <b>18</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">5s</span> <span style="; display: inline-block;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0f</span></span> <span style="background: #99ccff;; display: inline-block;">4d</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">5p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">55<br /><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">56<br /><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">72<br /><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">73<br /><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">74<br /><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">75<br /><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">76<br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">77<br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">78<br /><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">79<br /><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">80<br /><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">81<br /><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">82<br /><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">83<br /><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">84<br /><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">85<br /><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">86<br /><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">2×(1+3+5+7) = <b>32</b> unsur</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">6s</span> <span style="background: #9bff99;; display: inline-block;">4f</span> <span style="background: #99ccff;; display: inline-block;">5d</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">6p</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">88<br /><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">104<br /><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">105<br /><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">106<br /><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">107<br /><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">108<br /><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">109<br /><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">110<br /><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">111<br /><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">112<br /><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">113<br /><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">114<br /><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">115<br /><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">116<br /><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">117<br /><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">118<br /><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td> <td>2×(1+3+5+7) = <b>32</b> unsur<br /><span style="background: #ff9999;; display: inline-block;">7s</span> <span style="background: #9bff99;; display: inline-block;">5f</span> <span style="background: #99ccff;; display: inline-block;">6d</span> <span style="background: #fdff8c;; display: inline-block;">7p</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ini melengkapi tabel periodik modern, dengan ketujuh baris terisi penuh.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-20161130_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-20161130-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tabel berikut menunjukkan konfigurasi elektron atom netral fase gas dari setiap unsur. Konfigurasi yang berbeda dapat disetujui di lingkungan kimia yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur golongan utama memiliki konfigurasi elektron yang sepenuhnya teratur; elemen transisi dan transisi dalam menunjukkan dua puluh ketidakteraturan karena kompetisi yang disebutkan di atas antara subkulit yang dekat dalam tingkat energi. Untuk sepuluh unsur terakhir (109–118), data eksperimen yang diperoleh kurang<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan oleh karena itu konfigurasi yang dihitung telah ditampilkan sebagai gantinya.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subkulit yang terisi penuh telah berwarna abu-abu. </p> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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title="Templat:Tabel periodik (konfigurasi elektron)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(konfigurasi_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (konfigurasi elektron) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(konfigurasi_elektron)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a> atom gas netral pada keadaan dasar</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p>1s:</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">1<br />H</a></small><p>1</p> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">2<br />He</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span></p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p><small style="color:gray">[He]<br />+</small><br />2s:<br />2p:</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff6666;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">3<br />Li</a></small><p>1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">4<br />Be</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-</p> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">5<br />B</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#a1ffc3;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">6<br />C</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />2</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">7<br />N</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />3</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">8<br />O</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />4</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">9<br />F</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />5</p> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">10<br />Ne</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />6</span></p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p><small style="color:gray">[Ne]<br />+</small><br />3s:<br />3p:</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff6666;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">11<br />Na</a></small><p>1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">12<br />Mg</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-</p> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">13<br />Al</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">14<br />Si</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />2</p> </td> <td style="background:#a1ffc3;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">15<br />P</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />3</p> </td> <td style="background:#a1ffc3;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">16<br />S</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />4</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">17<br />Cl</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />5</p> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">18<br />Ar</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />6</span></p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p><small style="color:gray">[Ar]<br />+</small><br />4s:<br />3d:<br />4p:</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff6666;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">19<br />K</a></small><p>1<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">20<br />Ca</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">21<br />Sc</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">22<br />Ti</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />2<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">23<br />V</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />3<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">24<br />Cr</a></small><p>1<br />5<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">25<br />Mn</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />5<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">26<br />Fe</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />6<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">27<br />Co</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />7<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">28<br />Ni</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />8<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">29<br />Cu</a></small><p>1<br /><span style="color:gray">10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">30<br />Zn</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">31<br />Ga</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">32<br />Ge</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />2</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">33<br />As</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />3</p> </td> <td style="background:#a1ffc3;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">34<br />Se</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />4</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">35<br />Br</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />5</p> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">36<br />Kr</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10<br />6</span></p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p><small style="color:gray">[Kr]<br />+</small><br />5s:<br />4d:<br />5p:</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff6666;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">37<br />Rb</a></small><p>1<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">38<br />Sr</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">39<br />Y</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">40<br />Zr</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />2<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">41<br />Nb</a></small><p>1<br />4<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">42<br />Mo</a></small><p>1<br />5<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">43<br />Tc</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />5<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">44<br />Ru</a></small><p>1<br />7<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">45<br />Rh</a></small><p>1<br />8<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">46<br />Pd</a></small><p>-<br /><span style="color:gray">10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">47<br />Ag</a></small><p>1<br /><span style="color:gray">10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">48<br />Cd</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">49<br />In</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">50<br />Sn</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />2</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">51<br />Sb</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />3</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">52<br />Te</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />4</p> </td> <td style="background:#e7ff8f;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">53<br />I</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10</span><br />5</p> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">54<br />Xe</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />10<br />6</span></p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p><small style="color:gray">[Xe]<br />+</small><br />6s:<br />4f:<br />5d:<br />6p:</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff6666;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">55<br />Cs</a></small><p>1<br />-<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">56<br />Ba</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">57<br />La</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">58<br />Ce</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />1<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">59<br />Pr</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />3<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">60<br />Nd</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />4<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">61<br />Pm</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />5<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">62<br />Sm</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />6<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">63<br />Eu</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />7<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">64<br />Gd</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />7<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">65<br />Tb</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />9<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">66<br />Dy</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />10<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">67<br />Ho</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />11<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">68<br />Er</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />12<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">69<br />Tm</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />13<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">70<br />Yb</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">71<br />Lu</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">72<br />Hf</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />2<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">73<br />Ta</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />3<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">74<br />W</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />4<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">75<br />Re</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />5<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">76<br />Os</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />6<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">77<br />Ir</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />7<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">78<br />Pt</a></small><p>1<br /><span style="color:gray">14</span><br />9<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">79<br />Au</a></small><p>1<br /><span style="color:gray">14<br />10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">80<br />Hg</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">81<br />Tl</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">82<br />Pb</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />2</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">83<br />Bi</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />3</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">84<br />Po</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />4</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">85<br />At</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />5</p> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">86<br />Rn</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10<br />6</span></p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%;vertical-align:bottom"><p><small style="color:gray">[Rn]<br />+</small><br />7s:<br />5f:<br />6d:<br />7p:</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff6666;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">87<br />Fr</a></small><p>1<br />-<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">88<br />Ra</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">89<br />Ac</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">90<br />Th</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />-<br />2<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">91<br />Pa</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />2<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">92<br />U</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />3<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">93<br />Np</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />4<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">94<br />Pu</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />6<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">95<br />Am</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />7<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">96<br />Cm</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />7<br />1<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">97<br />Bk</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />9<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">98<br />Cf</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />10<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">99<br />Es</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />11<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">100<br />Fm</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />12<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">101<br />Md</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2</span><br />13<br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">102<br />No</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />-<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">103<br />Lr</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />-<br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">104<br />Rf</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />2<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">105<br />Db</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />3<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">106<br />Sg</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />4<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">107<br />Bh</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />5<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">108<br />Hs</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />6<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">109<br />Mt</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />7<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">110<br />Ds</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />8<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">111<br />Rg</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14</span><br />9<br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">112<br />Cn</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />-</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">113<br />Nh</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />1</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">114<br />Fl</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />2</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">115<br />Mc</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />3</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">116<br />Lv</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />4</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">117<br />Ts</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10</span><br />5</p> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;width:3%"><small><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">118<br />Og</a></small><p><span style="color:gray">2<br />14<br />10<br />6</span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0.5em 0 0 0;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:112%;"> <td><div style="text-align:center; position:relative; white-space:nowrap;"> <b>Keterangan warna latar belakang</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="position:absolute; right:0; top:0; margin:0 5px;"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Periodic_table_legend" title="Templat:Periodic table legend"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Periodic_table_legend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Periodic table legend (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Periodic_table_legend&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat<br />kimia<br />tidak diketahui </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan­tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca-​transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_penyajian">Bentuk penyajian</h3></div> <p>Untuk alasan ruang, tabel periodik biasanya disajikan dengan elemen blok-f yang dipotong dan ditempatkan sebagai catatan kaki di bawah bagian utama tabel, seperti di bawah ini.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" style="border-spacing:1px; table-layout:fixed; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1800px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; vertical-align:top; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik" title="Templat:Tabel periodik"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabel Periodik</a></div> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left;"><small><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></small> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </th> <th> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:82%; text-align:center; line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Logam alkali </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Logam alkali tanah </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pniktogen </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Kalkogen </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halogen </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Gas Mulia </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </p> </th> <td><div title="Hidrogen: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Hidro­gen</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">1</div><div><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a></div></div> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td><div title="Helium: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">He­lium</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">2</div><div><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </th> <td><div title="Litium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lit­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">3</div><div><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Berilium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Beri­lium</div><div style="color:#000000;">4</div><div><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a></div></div> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><div title="Boron: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Boron</div><div style="color:#000000;">5</div><div><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Karbon: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kar­bon</div><div style="color:#000000;">6</div><div><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nitrogen: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nitro­gen</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">7</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Oksigen: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Oksi­gen</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">8</div><div><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Fluorin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fluor­in</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">9</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Neon: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Neon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">10</div><div><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </th> <td><div title="Natrium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nat­rium</div><div style="color:#000000;">11</div><div><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Magnesium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Magne­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">12</div><div><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></div></div> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><div title="Aluminium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Alumi­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">13</div><div><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Silikon: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Sili­kon</div><div style="color:#000000;">14</div><div><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Fosforus: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fos­for</div><div style="color:#000000;">15</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Belerang: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Bele­rang</div><div style="color:#000000;">16</div><div><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Klorin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Klor­in</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">17</div><div><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Argon: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Argon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">18</div><div><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td><div title="Kalium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kali­um</div><div style="color:#000000;">19</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kalsium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kal­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">20</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div title="Skandium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Skan­dium</div><div style="color:#000000;">21</div><div><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Titanium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tita­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">22</div><div><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Vanadium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Vana­dium</div><div style="color:#000000;">23</div><div><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kromium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Krom­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">24</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Mangan: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Man­gan</div><div style="color:#000000;">25</div><div><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Besi: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Besi</div><div style="color:#000000;">26</div><div><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kobalt: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ko­balt</div><div style="color:#000000;">27</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nikel: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nikel</div><div style="color:#000000;">28</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tembaga: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tem­baga</div><div style="color:#000000;">29</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Seng: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Seng</div><div style="color:#000000;">30</div><div><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Galium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Gali­um</div><div style="color:#000000;">31</div><div><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Germanium: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Germa­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">32</div><div><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Arsen: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Arsen</div><div style="color:#000000;">33</div><div><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Selenium: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Sele­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">34</div><div><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Bromin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; cair" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Brom­in</div><div style="color:#008000;">35</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kripton: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Krip­ton</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">36</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td><div title="Rubidium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Rubid­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">37</div><div><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Stronsium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Stron­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">38</div><div><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div title="Itrium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Itr­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">39</div><div><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Zirkonium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Zirko­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">40</div><div><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Niobium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nio­bium</div><div style="color:#000000;">41</div><div><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Molibdenum: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Molib­denum</div><div style="color:#000000;">42</div><div><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Teknesium: logam transisi; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tek­nesium</div><div style="color:#000000;">43</div><div><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Rutenium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ruthe­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">44</div><div><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Rodium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Rod­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">45</div><div><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Paladium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Pala­dium</div><div style="color:#000000;">46</div><div><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Perak: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Perak</div><div style="color:#000000;">47</div><div><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kadmium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kad­mium</div><div style="color:#000000;">48</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Indium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Indi­um</div><div style="color:#000000;">49</div><div><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Timah: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Timah</div><div style="color:#000000;">50</div><div><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Antimon: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Anti­mon</div><div style="color:#000000;">51</div><div><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Telurium: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Telu­rium</div><div style="color:#000000;">52</div><div><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Iodin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Iodin</div><div style="color:#000000;">53</div><div><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin"> I </a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Xenon: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Xenon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">54</div><div><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td><div title="Sesium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Se­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">55</div><div><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Barium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ba­rium</div><div style="color:#000000;">56</div><div><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Lutesium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lute­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">71</div><div><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Hafnium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Haf­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">72</div><div><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tantalum: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tanta­lum</div><div style="color:#000000;">73</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Wolfram: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Wolf­ram</div><div style="color:#000000;">74</div><div><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Renium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Re­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">75</div><div><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Osmium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Os­mium</div><div style="color:#000000;">76</div><div><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Iridium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Iri­dium</div><div style="color:#000000;">77</div><div><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Platina: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Plat­ina</div><div style="color:#000000;">78</div><div><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Emas: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Emas</div><div style="color:#000000;">79</div><div><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Raksa: logam transisi; primordial; cair" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Raksa</div><div style="color:#008000;">80</div><div><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Talium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tal­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">81</div><div><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Timbal: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tim­bal</div><div style="color:#000000;">82</div><div><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Bismut: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Bis­mut</div><div style="color:#000000;">83</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Polonium: logam pascatransisi; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Polo­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">84</div><div><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Astatin: metaloid; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Asta­tin</div><div style="color:#000000;">85</div><div><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Radon: gas mulia; from decay; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Radon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">86</div><div><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </th> <td><div title="Fransium: logam alkali; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fran­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">87</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Radium: logam alkali tanah; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ra­dium</div><div style="color:#000000;">88</div><div><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Lawrensium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lawren­sium</div><div style="color:#696969;">103</div><div><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Ruterfordium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ruther­fordium</div><div style="color:#696969;">104</div><div><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Dubnium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Dub­nium</div><div style="color:#696969;">105</div><div><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Seaborgium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Sea­borgium</div><div style="color:#696969;">106</div><div><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Bohrium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Bohr­ium</div><div style="color:#696969;">107</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Hasium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Has­sium</div><div style="color:#696969;">108</div><div><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Meitnerium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Meit­nerium</div><div style="color:#696969;">109</div><div><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Darmstadtium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Darm­stadtium</div><div style="color:#696969;">110</div><div><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Roentgenium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Roent­genium</div><div style="color:#696969;">111</div><div><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kopernisium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Koper­nisium</div><div style="color:#696969;">112</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nihonium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nihon­ium</div><div style="color:#696969;">113</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Flerovium: logam pascatransisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Flerov­ium</div><div style="color:#696969;">114</div><div><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Moskovium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Mosko­vium</div><div style="color:#696969;">115</div><div><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Livermorium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Liver­morium</div><div style="color:#696969;">116</div><div><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tenesin: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tene­sin</div><div style="color:#696969;">117</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Oganeson: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ogane­son</div><div style="color:#696969;">118</div><div><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="height:1em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Lantanum: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lan­tanum</div><div style="color:#000000;">57</div><div><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Serium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Serium</div><div style="color:#000000;">58</div><div><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Praseodimium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Praseo­dimium</div><div style="color:#000000;">59</div><div><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Neodimium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Neodi­mium</div><div style="color:#000000;">60</div><div><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Prometium: lantanida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Prome­tium</div><div style="color:#000000;">61</div><div><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Samarium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Sama­rium</div><div style="color:#000000;">62</div><div><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Europium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Europ­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">63</div><div><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Gadolinium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Gadolin­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">64</div><div><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Terbium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ter­bium</div><div style="color:#000000;">65</div><div><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Disprosium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Dispro­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">66</div><div><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Holmium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Hol­mium</div><div style="color:#000000;">67</div><div><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Erbium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Erbium</div><div style="color:#000000;">68</div><div><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tulium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tulium</div><div style="color:#000000;">69</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Iterbium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Iter­bium</div><div style="color:#000000;">70</div><div><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a></div></div> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Aktinium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Akti­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">89</div><div><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Torium: aktinida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tor­ium</div><div style="color:#000000;">90</div><div><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Protaktinium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Protak­tinium</div><div style="color:#000000;">91</div><div><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Uranium: aktinida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ura­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">92</div><div><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Neptunium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Neptu­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">93</div><div><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Plutonium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Pluto­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">94</div><div><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Amerisium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ameri­sium</div><div style="color:#000000;">95</div><div><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kurium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Curi­um</div><div style="color:#000000;">96</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Berkelium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Berke­lium</div><div style="color:#000000;">97</div><div><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kalifornium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kalifor­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">98</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Einsteinium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Einstei­nium</div><div style="color:#000000;">99</div><div><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Fermium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fer­mium</div><div style="color:#696969;">100</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Mendelevium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Mende­levium</div><div style="color:#696969;">101</div><div><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nobelium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nobe­lium</div><div style="color:#696969;">102</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a></div></div> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="font-size:90%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19"> <p><span id="Periodic_table_legend_for_category"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#000000; background:#e0e0e0;">hitam=<a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat"><span style="color:#000000">padat</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#008000; background:#e0e0e0;">hijau=<a href="/wiki/Cair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cair"><span style="color:#008000">cair</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#ff0000; background:#e0e0e0;">merah=<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color:#ff0000">gas</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#696969; background:#e0e0e0;">abu-abu=tidak diketahui </td> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur primordial">Primordial</a> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik"><span class="nowrap">Hasil peluruhan</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">Sintetis</a> </td> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat<br />kimia<br />tidak diketahui </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan­tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca-​transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kedua bentuk tersebut mewakili tabel periodik yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk dengan blok-f yang termasuk dalam bagian utama kadang-kadang disebut bentuk 32-kolom<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau bentuk panjang;<sup id="cite_ref-Thyssen_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thyssen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bentuk dengan potongan blok-f kadang-kadang disebut bentuk 18-kolom<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau bentuk sedang-panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-Thyssen_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thyssen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk 32-kolom memiliki keuntungan menampilkan semua elemen dalam urutan yang benar, tetapi memiliki kelemahan membutuhkan lebih banyak ruang.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semua tabel periodik menunjukkan simbol unsur; banyak juga yang memberikan informasi tambahan tentang elemen, baik melalui kode warna atau sebagai data dalam sel. Tabel di atas menunjukkan nama dan nomor atom unsur, klasifikasi unsur yang berbeda, dan kejadian alami. Tabel lain dapat mencakup sifat-sifat seperti keadaan materi, titik leleh dan titik didih, massa jenis, massa atom relatif, pengelompokan bloknya, serta memberikan. Untuk unsur-unsur berumur pendek tanpa <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom_relatif" title="Massa atom relatif">massa atom relatif</a>, nomor massa dari isotop yang diketahui paling stabil digunakan sebagai gantinya. </p><p>Di bawah konvensi penamaan internasional, golongan-golongan diberi nomor numerik dari 1 sampai 18 dari kolom paling kiri (logam alkali) ke kolom paling kanan (gas mulia). Grup blok-f diabaikan dalam penomoran ini.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golongan juga dapat diberi nama berdasarkan elemen pertamanya, misalnya "golongan skandium" untuk golongan 3.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelumnya, golongan dikenal dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Angka_Romawi" title="Angka Romawi">angka Romawi</a>. Di Amerika, angka Romawi diikuti oleh "A" jika golongan berada di <a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">-p</a>, atau "B" jika golongan berada di <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a>. Angka Romawi yang digunakan sesuai dengan digit terakhir dari konvensi penamaan hari ini (misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">unsur golongan 4</a> adalah golongan IVB, dan <a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">unsur golongan 14</a> adalah golongan IVA). Di Eropa, hurufnya serupa, hanya terdapat perbedaan letaknya, "A" digunakan jika golongan itu sebelum <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">golongan 10</a>, dan "B" digunakan untuk golongan yang termasuk dan setelah golongan 10. Selain itu, golongan 8, 9 dan 10 dulu diperlakukan sebagai satu golongan berukuran tiga kali lipat, yang dikenal secara kolektif di kedua notasi sebagai golongan VIII. Pada tahun 1988, sistem penamaan IUPAC baru mulai digunakan, dan nama grup lama tidak digunakan lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb" style="table-layout:fixed; margin:5px 5px 5px 0; clear:both; width:100%;"> <div style="table-layout:fixed; overflow:auto;"> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="21" style="padding:2px 0.5em; background:#d8d8d8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(nama_golongan)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (nama golongan)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(nama_golongan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (nama golongan) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(nama_golongan)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Golongan dalam <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tabel periodik</a></div> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">a</a></sup> </td> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a> <span class="nowrap"><small>(I–VIII)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">I </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">II </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIII </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">I </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">II </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group0"><a href="#endnote_group0">b</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#CAS_dan_IUPAC_versi_lama" title="Golongan tabel periodik">CAS</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(AS, susunan A-B-A)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIIIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIIIA </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#CAS_dan_IUPAC_versi_lama" title="Golongan tabel periodik">IUPAC lama</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(Eropa, susunan A-B)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIII </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:111%; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nama_trivial" title="Nama trivial">Nama trivial</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Logam alkali </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Logam alkali tanah </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Logam koin<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Logam vola­til<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Ikosa­gen<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Kris­talo­gen<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Pnik­togen </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Kal­ko­gen </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Halo­gen </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gas mu­lia </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:111%; text-align:left;">Nama menurut unsur </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Li­tium </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Beri­lium </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Skan­dium </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Tita­nium </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Vana­dium </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Kro­mium </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Ma­ngan </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Besi </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Ko­balt </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Nikel </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Tem­baga </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Seng </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Boron </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Kar­bon </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Nitro­gen </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Ok­si­gen </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Flu­orin </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. He­lium <i>/</i> Neon </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">Periode 1</a> </td> <td title="Hydrogen: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_hydrogen"><a href="#endnote_hydrogen">c</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td title="Helium: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">Periode 2</a> </td> <td title="Lithium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Beryllium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Boron: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Carbon: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oxygen: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">Periode 3</a> </td> <td title="Sodium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Aluminium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silicon: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Phosphorus: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="Sulfur: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Chlorine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">Periode 4</a> </td> <td title="Potassium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Calcium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Scandium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Chromium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Manganese: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Iron: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Cobalt: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nickel: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Copper: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zinc: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Gallium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsenic: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Krypton: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">Periode 5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Strontium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </td> <td title="Yttrium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirconium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molybdenum: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Technetium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ruthenium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rhodium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Palladium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Silver: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cadmium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Tin: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimony: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Tellurium: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">Periode 6</a> </td> <td title="Caesium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#ffbfff; padding:0 1px; width:*;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">La–Yb</a></span> </td> <td title="Lutetium: lanthanides" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffbfff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lu</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </td> <td title="Hafnium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Tungsten: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Rhenium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platinum: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Gold: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Mercury: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Thallium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Lead: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismuth: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatine: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">Periode 7</a> </td> <td title="Francium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#ff99cc; padding:0 1px;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Ac–No</a></span> </td> <td title="Lawrencium: actinides" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </td> <td title="Rutherfordium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hassium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Copernicium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium: post-transition metal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moscovium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tennessine: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganesson: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">a</a></sup> Nomor penggolongan modern menurut IUPAC (saat ini). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group0"><a href="#endnote_group0">b</a></sup> Meskipun tidak termasuk dalam tabel asli Mendeleev, Mendeleev kemudian (1902) menerima bukti keberadaan gas mulia, dan menempatkan mereka terpisah pada "golongan 0". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_hydrogen"><a href="#endnote_hydrogen">c</a></sup> Hidrogen (H), meskipun terdapat pada golongan 1, tetapi tidak termasuk dalam logam alkali. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> Golongan 3: Tergantung dari sumbernya, lutesium (Lu) dan lawrensium (Lr) dapat dimasukkan; lantanum (La) dan aktinium (Ac) dapat dimasukkan; <a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">blok-f</a> (dengan 15 lantanida dan 15 aktinida) dapat dimasukkan. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> Nama golongan ini tidak direkomendasikan oleh IUPAC. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode_pengelompokan">Metode pengelompokan</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golongan">Golongan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a></div> <p><i>Golongan</i> atau <i>famili</i> adalah kolom vertikal dalam tabel periodik. Golongan biasanya mempunyai tren periodik yang lebih bermakna daripada periode dan blok, yang akan dijelaskan kemudian. Teori mekanika kuantum modern dari struktur atom menjelaskan bahwa unsur-unsur yang berada dalam golongan yang sama memiliki konfigurasi elektron yang sama pada kulit valensinya.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akibatnya, unsur-unsur dalam golongan yang sama cenderung memiliki sifat serta tren yang jelas seiring dengan kenaikan nomor atom.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, dalam beberapa bagian tabel periodik, seperti blok-d dan blok-f, kesamaan horisontal lebih penting, atau lebih jelas daripada kesamaan vertikalnya.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada konvensi tatanama internasional, golongan diberi angka numerik dari 1 hingga 18 dari kolom paling kiri (logam alkali) hingga kolom paling kanan (gas mulia).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelumnya, dikenal penomoran menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Angka_Romawi" title="Angka Romawi">angka Romawi</a>. Di Amerika, angka Romawi diikuti dengan huruf "A" jika golongan berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a>, atau "B" jika berada pada <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a>. Angka Romawi digunakan merujuk pada angka terakhir konvensi penamaan terkini (misal: <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">unsur golongan 4</a> sebelumnya adalah IVB, dan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur golongan 14">golongan 14</a> sebelumnya adalah golongan IVA). Di Eropa, penggunaan abjad juga sama, kecuali: "A" digunakan jika golongan berada sebelum <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">golongan 10</a>, dan "B" digunakan untuk golongan 10 dan seterusnya. Selain itu, golongan 8, 9, dan 10 diperlakukan sebagai satu golongan berukuran tiga, telah diketahui secara umum yang diberi tanda golongan VIII. Pada tahun 1988, digunakan sistem penamaan IUPAC baru, dan nama golongan lama telah dianggap usang.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa golongan ini telah memiliki nama trivial (non-sistematis), seperti terlihat pada tabel di bawah, meskipun jarang digunakan. Golongan 3–10 tidak memiliki nama trivial dan hanya merujuk pada nomor golongannya atau nama unsur teratas dalam golongan tersebut (misalnya, "golongan skandium" untuk Golongan 3), karena hanya memiliki sedikit kesamaan tren vertikal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsur-unsur dalam golongan yang sama cenderung menunjukkan pola tertentu dalam hal jari-jari atom, energi ionisasi, dan elektronegativitas. Dari atas ke bawah dalam satu golongan, jari-jari atom bertambah. Oleh karena lebih banyak tingkat energi yang terisi, elektron valensi ditemukan lebih jauh dari inti atom. Dari atas ke bawah, masing-masing unsur yang berurutan memiliki energi ionisasi yang lebih rendah karena lebih mudah melepaskan elektron akibat ikatan atom yang kurang kuat. Demikian pula, dari atas ke bawah elektronegativitasnya juga semakin kecil akibat penambahan jarak antara elektron valensi dengan inti atom.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat perkecualian terhadap tren ini, misalnya yang terjadi pada golongan 11 di mana elektronegativitas meningkat dalam satu golongan dari atas ke bawah.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb" style="table-layout:fixed; margin:5px 5px 5px 0; clear:both; width:100%;"> <div style="table-layout:fixed; overflow:auto;"> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="21" style="padding:2px 0.5em; background:#d8d8d8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(nama_golongan)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (nama golongan)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(nama_golongan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (nama golongan) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(nama_golongan)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Golongan dalam <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tabel periodik</a></div> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">a</a></sup> </td> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a> <span class="nowrap"><small>(I–VIII)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">I </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">II </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIII </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">I </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">II </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group0"><a href="#endnote_group0">b</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#CAS_dan_IUPAC_versi_lama" title="Golongan tabel periodik">CAS</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(AS, susunan A-B-A)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIIIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIIIA </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#CAS_dan_IUPAC_versi_lama" title="Golongan tabel periodik">IUPAC lama</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(Eropa, susunan A-B)</small></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIII </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:111%; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nama_trivial" title="Nama trivial">Nama trivial</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Logam alkali </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Logam alkali tanah </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Logam koin<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Logam vola­til<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Ikosa­gen<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Kris­talo­gen<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Pnik­togen </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Kal­ko­gen </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Halo­gen </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gas mu­lia </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:111%; text-align:left;">Nama menurut unsur </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Li­tium </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Beri­lium </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Skan­dium </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Tita­nium </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Vana­dium </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Kro­mium </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Ma­ngan </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Besi </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Ko­balt </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Nikel </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Tem­baga </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Seng </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Boron </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Kar­bon </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Nitro­gen </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. Ok­si­gen </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">Gol. Flu­orin </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">Gol. He­lium <i>/</i> Neon </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">Periode 1</a> </td> <td title="Hydrogen: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_hydrogen"><a href="#endnote_hydrogen">c</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td title="Helium: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">Periode 2</a> </td> <td title="Lithium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Beryllium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Boron: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Carbon: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oxygen: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">Periode 3</a> </td> <td title="Sodium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Aluminium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silicon: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Phosphorus: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="Sulfur: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Chlorine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">Periode 4</a> </td> <td title="Potassium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Calcium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Scandium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Chromium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Manganese: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Iron: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Cobalt: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nickel: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Copper: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zinc: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Gallium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsenic: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium: polyatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Krypton: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">Periode 5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Strontium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </td> <td title="Yttrium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirconium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molybdenum: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Technetium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ruthenium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rhodium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Palladium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Silver: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cadmium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Tin: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimony: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Tellurium: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodine: diatomic nonmetals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">Periode 6</a> </td> <td title="Caesium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#ffbfff; padding:0 1px; width:*;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">La–Yb</a></span> </td> <td title="Lutetium: lanthanides" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffbfff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lu</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </td> <td title="Hafnium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Tungsten: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Rhenium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platinum: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Gold: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Mercury: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Thallium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Lead: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismuth: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium: post-transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatine: metalloids" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccc99; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon: noble gases" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#c0ffff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">Periode 7</a> </td> <td title="Francium: alkali metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium: alkaline earth metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#ff99cc; padding:0 1px;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Ac–No</a></span> </td> <td title="Lawrencium: actinides" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> </td> <td title="Rutherfordium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hassium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Copernicium: transition metals" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium: post-transition metal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moscovium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tennessine: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganesson: unknown chemical properties" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">a</a></sup> Nomor penggolongan modern menurut IUPAC (saat ini). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group0"><a href="#endnote_group0">b</a></sup> Meskipun tidak termasuk dalam tabel asli Mendeleev, Mendeleev kemudian (1902) menerima bukti keberadaan gas mulia, dan menempatkan mereka terpisah pada "golongan 0". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_hydrogen"><a href="#endnote_hydrogen">c</a></sup> Hidrogen (H), meskipun terdapat pada golongan 1, tetapi tidak termasuk dalam logam alkali. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_group3"><a href="#endnote_group3">d</a></sup> Golongan 3: Tergantung dari sumbernya, lutesium (Lu) dan lawrensium (Lr) dapat dimasukkan; lantanum (La) dan aktinium (Ac) dapat dimasukkan; <a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">blok-f</a> (dengan 15 lantanida dan 15 aktinida) dapat dimasukkan. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nonIUPAC"><a href="#endnote_nonIUPAC">e</a></sup> Nama golongan ini tidak direkomendasikan oleh IUPAC. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periode">Periode</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode tabel periodik</a></div> <p><i>Periode</i> adalah baris horizontal dalam tabel periodik. Meskipun golongan lebih menggambarkan tren periodik, tetapi ada beberapa bagian di mana tren horizontal lebih signifikan daripada tren vertikal. Seperti pada blok-f, di mana <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a> membentuk dua seri unsur horizontal yang substansial.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsur-unsur dalam periode yang sama menunjukkan tren jari-jari atom, energi ionisasi, <a href="/wiki/Afinitas_elektron" title="Afinitas elektron">afinitas elektron</a>, dan elektronegativitas. Dari kiri ke kanan dalam periode yang sama, jari-jari atom biasanya menyusut. Hal ini terjadi karena masing-masing unsur yang berurutan menambah proton dan elektron, yang menyebabkan elektron tertarik lebih dekat ke inti atom.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penurunan jari-jari atom ini juga menyebabkan energi ionisasi meningkat dari kiri ke kanan dalam satu periode. Semakin kuat ikatan suatu unsur, semakin banyak energi yang diperlukan untuk melepas elektron. Elektronegativitas meningkat sesuai kenaikan energi ionisasi karena elektron tertarik ke inti atom.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afinitas elektron juga menunjukkan kecenderungan serupa dalam periode yang sama. Logam (periode sebelah kiri) umumnya memiliki afinitas elektron yang lebih rendah daripada non logam (periode sebelah kanan), dengan pengecualian pada gas mulia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blok">Blok</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_(32_column).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg/350px-Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg/525px-Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg/700px-Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Kiri ke kanan: blok-s, -f, -d, -p dalam tabel periodik</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok tabel periodik</a></div> <p>Bagian tertentu pada tabel periodik dapat dirujuk sebagai blok sesuai dengan urutan pengisian kulit elektron unsur-unsurnya. Masing-masing blok diberi nama sesuai dengan sub kulit tempat elektron terakhir berada.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">Blok-s</a> terdiri dari dua golongan pertama (logam alkali dan alkalil tanah) ditambah hidrogen dan helium. <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">Blok-p</a> terdiri dari enam golongan terakhir, yaitu golongan 13 hingga 18 sesuai IUPAC (3A hingga 8A sesuai penamaan Amerika), dan mengandung, sebagian besar, <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">Blok-d</a> terdiri dari golongan 3 hingga 12 (atau golongan 3B hingga 2B dalam penggolongan sistem Amerika) dan seluruhnya merupakan <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">Blok-f</a>, sering kali diletakkan di bawah tabel utama, tidak mempunyai nomor golongan dan terdiri dari lantanida dan aktinida.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logam,_metaloid,_dan_nonlogam"><span id="Logam.2C_metaloid.2C_dan_nonlogam"></span>Logam, metaloid, dan nonlogam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_(metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals,_32_columns).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png/300px-Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png/450px-Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png/600px-Periodic_table_%28metals%E2%80%93metalloids%E2%80%93nonmetals%2C_32_columns%29.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:#eee8aa; color:;"> </span> Logam</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:#cccc99; color:;"> </span> metaloid</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:#b0e0e6; color:;"> </span> nonlogam</span>, dan <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: none;background-color:#e8e8e8; color:;"> </span> unsur dengan sifat kimia tak diketahui</span></span> dalam tabel periodik. Beberapa sumber tidak sepakat dengan klasifikasi beberapa unsur ini.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesuai dengan sifat fisika dan kimianya, unsur dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam tiga kategori besar yaitu <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a>. Logam umumnya berkilau, padatan dengan konduktivitas tinggi, dapat membentuk aloy dengan logam lainnya dan membentuk senyawa ion serupa garam dengan nonlogam (selain <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a>). Sebagian besar nonlogam berupa gas berwarna atau tak berwarna; nonlogam yang membentuk senyawa dengan nonlogam lainnya berikatan secara kovalen. Di antara logam dan nonlogam ada metaloid, yang mempunyai sifat di antara logam dan nonlogam atau campuran keduanya.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Logam dan nonlogam dapat diklasifikasikan lebih lanjut ke dalam subkategori yang menunjukkan gradasi sifat dari logam ke nonlogam, untuk unsur-unsur dalam periode yang sama. Logam terbagi ke dalam logam alkali yang reaktif, logam alkali tanah yang kurang reaktif, lantanida dan aktinida, logam transisi, dan terakhir logam pasca-transisi dengan sifat fisika dan kimia paling lemah. Nonlogam dibagi menjadi nonlogam poliatomik, yang lebih mirip dengan metaloid; nonlogam diatomik, yang merupakan nonlogam esensial; dan gas mulia monoatomik, yang merupakan nonlogam dan hampir inert sempurna. Penggolongan terspesialisasi seperti logam refraktori dan logam mulia, yang merupakan (dalam kasus ini) logam transisi, juga diketahui<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan terkadang dicantumkan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mengelompokkan unsur ke dalam kategori dan subkategori berdasarkan kesamaan sifat tidaklah sempurna. Terdapat suatu spektrum sifat di dalam masing-masing kategori dan tidaklah sulit untuk menentukan tumpangsuh pada perbatasan, seperti dalam kasus kebanyakan skema klasifikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berilium, misalnya, diklasifikasikan sebaga logam alkali tanah, meskipun memiliki kecenderungan amfoter secara kimia dan kebanyakan membentuk senyawa kovalen adalah dua hal yang melemahkan posisinya sebagai logam. Radon dikelompokkan sebagai nonlogam dan merupakan gas mulia tetapi mempunyai kecenderungan membentuk kation seperti logam. Dimungkinkan ada klasifikasi lainnya seperti pembagian unsur ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">kategori kelimpahan mineraloginya</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_kristal_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur kristal tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)">struktur kristalnya</a>. Pengkategorian unsur dimulasi sejak Hinrichs,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pada tahun 1869 menulis bahwa garis batas sederhana dapat digambarkan pada tabel periodik untuk menunjukkan unsur dengan kesamaan sifat, seperti logam dan nonlogam, atau unsur-unsur gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tren_periodik">Tren periodik</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tren_periodik" title="Tren periodik">Tren periodik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tren_periodik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tren_periodik.svg/300px-Tren_periodik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tren_periodik.svg/450px-Tren_periodik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tren_periodik.svg/600px-Tren_periodik.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Tren tabel periodik (arah panah menunjukkan kenaikan)</figcaption></figure> <p>Karena reaksi kimia melibatkan elektron valensi,<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unsur-unsur dengan konfigurasi elektron terluar yang serupa mungkin dapat bereaksi serupa dan membentuk senyawa dengan proporsi unsur-unsur yang serupa di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur tersebut ditempatkan dalam golongan yang sama, dan dengan demikian cenderung ada kesamaan dan kecenderungan yang jelas dalam sifat kimia saat sebuah unsur bergerak satu golongan ke bawah.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena konfigurasi yang mirip kembali secara berkala, sifat-sifat unsur menunjukkan pengulangan periodik. These periodic recurrences were Pengulangan periodik ini telah diketahui jauh sebelum teori dasar yang menjelaskannya dikembangkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chang2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi">valensi</a> suatu unsur dapat didefinisikan baik sebagai jumlah atom hidrogen yang dapat bergabung dengannya untuk membentuk hidrida biner sederhana, atau sebagai dua kali jumlah atom oksigen yang dapat bergabung dengannya untuk membentuk oksida biner sederhana (yaitu, bukan <a href="/wiki/Peroksida" title="Peroksida">peroksida</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Superoksida" title="Superoksida">superoksida</a>). Valensi unsur golongan utama berhubungan langsung dengan nomor golongan: hidrida dalam golongan utama 1–2 dan 13–17 mengikuti rumus MH, MH<sub>2</sub>, MH<sub>3</sub>, MH<sub>4</sub>, MH<sub>3</sub>, MH<sub>2</sub>, dan terakhir MH. Oksida tertinggi malah meningkatkan valensi, mengikuti rumus M<sub>2</sub>O, MO, M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MO<sub>2</sub>, M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, MO<sub>3</sub>, M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konfigurasi elektron menunjukkan penjelasan yang siap dari jumlah elektron yang tersedia untuk ikatan,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun penjelasan penuh memerlukan pertimbangan energi yang akan dilepaskan dalam membentuk senyawa dengan valensi yang berbeda daripada hanya mempertimbangkan konfigurasi elektronnya saja.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood113_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood113-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saat ini gagasan valensi telah diperluas dengan <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">bilangan oksidasi</a>, yang merupakan muatan formal yang tersisa pada suatu unsur ketika semua unsur lain dalam suatu senyawa telah dihilangkan menjadi ionnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karena unsur-unsur dalam golongan yang sama memiliki konfigurasi valensi yang sama, mereka biasanya menunjukkan perilaku kimia yang serupa. Misalnya, semua <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">logam alkali</a> di golongan pertama memiliki satu elektron valensi, dan membentuk kelas unsur yang sangat homogen: semuanya adalah logam lunak dan reaktif. Namun, ada banyak faktor yang terlibat, dan suatu golongan seringkali bisa agak heterogen. Misalnya, unsur stabil <a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">golongan 14</a> terdiri dari nonlogam (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>), dua semikonductor (<a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>), dan dua logam (<a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>). Mereka tetap bersatu dengan memiliki empat elektron valensi.<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri14_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jari-jari_atom">Jari-jari atom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png/300px-Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png/450px-Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png/600px-Empirical_atomic_radius_trends.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Nomor atom diplot terhadap jari-jari atom<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Jari-jari atom dalam tabel periodik bervariasi dalam cara yang dapat diperkirakan dan dijelaskan. Misalnya, jari-jari atom menurun untuk unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam satu periode, dari logam alkali hingga gas mulia; dan jari-jari atom naik untuk unsur-unsur dalam satu golongan dari atas ke bawah. Jari-jari atom naik tajam antara gas mulia di akhir periode dan logam alkali di awal periode berikutnya. Kecenderungan jari-jari atom ini (dan berbagai sifat fisika dan kimia unsur-unsur lainnya) dapat dijelaskan menggunakan teori kulit elektron atom. Teori tersebut menyajikan bukti-bukti penting untuk pengembangan dan penegasan <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">teori kuantum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elektron pada subkulit-4f, mulai dari <a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">cerium</a> (unsur 58) hingga <a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">iterbium</a> (unsur 70), tidak terlalu efektif melindungi kenaikan muatan inti karena subkulit-4f terlalu jauh dari inti atom. Unsur-unsur tepat setelah lantanida memiliki jari-jari atom yang lebih kecil daripada yang diperkirakan dan hampir sama dengan jari-jari atom unsur-unsur tepat di atasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> secara virtual memiliki jari-jari atom dan (sifat kimia) seperti <a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> memiliki jari-jari atom yang sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, dan selanjutnya. Hal ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kontraksi_lantanida" title="Kontraksi lantanida">kontraksi lantanida</a>. Pengaruh kontraksi lantanida terpantau hingga <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> (unsur 78), setelah ditutupi oleh <a href="/wiki/Efek_relativistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Efek relativistik">efek relativistik</a> yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Efek_pasangan_inert" class="mw-redirect" title="Efek pasangan inert">efek pasangan inert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontraksi_blok-d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontraksi blok-d (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontraksi blok-d</a>, yang memiliki pengaruh sama antara <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a>, kurang begitu dikenal dibandingkan kontraksi lantanida, tetapi menimbulkan akibat yang serupa.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energi_ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:First_Ionization_Energy.svg&lang=id" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/langid-500px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/langid-750px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Ionization_Energy.svg/langid-1000px-First_Ionization_Energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Energi ionisasi: masing-masing periode dimulai dari yang terkecil pada logam alkali, hingga yang terbesar pada gas mulia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ionization_energies-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ionization_energies-id.svg/300px-Ionization_energies-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ionization_energies-id.svg/450px-Ionization_energies-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ionization_energies-id.svg/600px-Ionization_energies-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Kecenderungan periodisasi dari <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Energi ionisasi pertama adalah energi yang diserap untuk melepas satu elektron dari sebuah atom. Energi ionisasi kedua adalah energi yang diserap untuk melepas elektron kedua dari sebuah atom, dan seterusnya. Untuk sebuah atom, energi ionisasi yang berurutan meningkat sesuai dengan kenaikan derajat ionisasi. Magnesium, misalnya, memiliki energi ionisasi pertama 738 kJ/mol dan yang kedua sebesar 1.450 kj/mol. Elektron pad orbital yang lebih dekat mengalami gaya tarik elektrostatik yang lebih besar, sehingga untuk melepaskannya diperlukan energi yang lebih banyak. Energi ionisasi meningkat dari bawah ke atas (dalam satu golongan) dan dari kiri ke kanan (dalam satu periode) tabel periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lonjakan besar energi ionisasi terjadi saat melepaskan satu elektron dari konfigurasi gas mulia (kulit elektron lengkap). Magnesium, misalnya, dua energi ionisasi pertama yang sudah dijelaskan di atas digunakan untuk melepaskan dua elektron 3s, dan energi ionisasi ketiga jauh lebih besar yaitu 7.730 kj/mol, untuk menghilangkan sebuah elektron 2p dari konfigurasi Mg<sup>2+</sup> yang mirip <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. Lonjakan serupa juga terjadi pada energi ionisasi atom-atom baris ketiga lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png/300px-Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png/450px-Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png/600px-Periodic_variation_of_Pauling_electronegativities.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Grafik yang menunjukkan kenaikan elektronegativitas sebanding dengan kenaikan nomor atom dalam satu golongan</figcaption></figure> <p>Elektronegativitas adalah kecenderungan suatu <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> untuk menarik <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elektronegativitas suatu atom dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> dan jarak antara <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a> dengan inti atom. Semakin besar elektronegativitasnya, semakin kuat unsur menarik elektron. Ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> pada tahun 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara umum, elektronegativitas meningkat dari kiri ke kanan dalam periode yang sama, dan menurun dari atas ke bawah dalam golongan yang sama. Oleh karena itu, <a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">fluorin</a> adalah unsur yang paling elektronegatif,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a> adalah yang paling lemah elektronegativitasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat beberapa pengecualian dari aturan umum ini. <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Galium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> memiliki elektronegativitas yang lebih tinggi daripada <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> karena kontraksi blok-d. Unsur-unsur periode empat tepat setelah baris pertama logam transisi memiliki jari-jari atom yang lebih kecil karena elektron-3d tidak efektif melindungi kenaikan muatan inti, dan ukuran atam yang lebih kecil berkorelasi dengan elektronegativitas yang lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anomali elektronegativitas <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> yang lebih besar daripada <a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">talium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> tampaknya lebih disebabkan pada pengumpulan data (dan ketersediaan data)—termasuk metode kalkulasi—karena metode Pauling tidak menunjukkan kejanggalan tren untuk unsur-unsur tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afinitas_elektron">Afinitas elektron</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Afinitas_elektron" title="Afinitas elektron">Afinitas elektron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg&lang=id" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg/langid-400px-Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg/langid-600px-Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg/langid-800px-Electron_affinity_of_the_elements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Ketergantungan afinitas elektron pada nomor atom.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nilainya secara umum meningkat untuk periode yang sama, puncaknya ada pada golongan halogen sebelum menurun drastis pada gas mulia. Contoh puncak terlokalisasi dapat dilihat pada hidrogen, logam alkali dan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">unsur golongan 11</a> karena kecenderungan melengkapi kulit-s (dengan kulit 6s pada emas distabilkan oleh efek relativistik dan keberadaan subkulit 4f yang terisi penuh). Efek lokalisasi dapat dilihat pada logam alkali tanah, dan nitrogen, fosfor, mangan serta renium akibat kulit-s terisi penuh, atau kulit-p atau -d yang setengah terisi.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Afinitas elektron suatu atom adalah jumlah energi yang dilepaskan ketika sebuah elektron ditambahkan ke dalam atom netral untuk membentuk ion negatif. Meskipun afinitas elektron sangat bervariasi, tetapi ada pola yang dapat ditarik. Secara umum, <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a> memiliki nilai afinitas elektron yang lebih positif daripada <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Klorin</a> adalah yang paling kuat dalam menarik elektron. Afinitas elektron gas mulia belum sepenuhnya terukur, oleh karenanya <i>mungkin</i> memiliki nilai yang sedikit negatif.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afinitas elektron umumnya meningkat sepanjang periode. Hal ini disebabkan oleh terisinya kulit valensi atom; sebuah atom golongan 17 membebaskan energi lebih besar daripada atom golongan 1 untuk menarik elektron karena atom-atom golongan 17 memiliki kulit valensi yang hampir penuh sehingga lebih stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kecenderungan afinitas elektron menurun sepanjang golongan dari atas ke bawah sudah diperkirakan. Elektron tambahan akan memasuki orbital yang lebih jauh dari inti atom. Oleh karena elektron ini kurang tertarik oleh inti atom, maka pelepasan energinya juga lebih kecil ketika ditambahkan. Meski demikian, dalam satu golongan dari atas ke bawah, sekitar sepertiga unsur mengalami anomali, yaitu unsur-unsur yang lebih berat memiliki afinitas elektron yang lebih tinggi daripada unsur-unsur yang lebih ringan. Sebagian besar, hal ini akibat dari kurangnya perlindungan dari elektron-elektron d dan f. Penurunan seragan afinitas elektron hanya berlaku pada atom-atom golongan 1.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_logam">Sifat logam</h3></div> <p>Zat sederhana adalah zat yang terbentuk dari atom-atom dari satu unsur kimia. Zat sederhana dari atom yang lebih elektronegatif cenderung berbagi elektron (membentuk ikatan kovalen) satu sama lain. Mereka membentuk molekul kecil (seperti hidrogen atau oksigen, yang atom-atomnya berpasangan) atau struktur raksasa yang membentang tanpa batas (seperti karbon atau silikon). Gas mulia tetap sebagai atom tunggal, karena mereka sudah memiliki kulit yang terisi penuh.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zat yang terdiri dari molekul diskrit atau atom tunggal disatukan oleh gaya tarik menarik yang lebih lemah antara molekul, seperti <a href="/wiki/Gaya_London" title="Gaya London">gaya dispersi London</a>: ketika elektron bergerak di dalam molekul, mereka menciptakan ketidakseimbangan muatan listrik sesaat, yang menginduksi ketidakseimbangan serupa pada molekul di dekatnya dan menciptakan pergerakan elektron yang tersinkronisasi melintasi banyak molekul tetangga.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namun, atom yang lebih elektropositif cenderung kehilangan elektron, menciptakan "lautan" elektron yang menelan kation.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orbital terluar dari satu atom tumpang tindih untuk berbagi elektron dengan semua tetangganya, menciptakan sebuah struktur orbital molekul raksasa yang memanjang di seluruh bagian struktur.<sup id="cite_ref-chemguidemetal_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguidemetal-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Laut" bermuatan negatif ini menarik semua ion dan menyatukannya dalam <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_logam" title="Ikatan logam">ikatan logam</a>. Unsur-unsur yang membentuk ikatan semacam itu disebut <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>; mereka yang tidak disebut <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa elemen dapat membentuk beberapa zat sederhana dengan struktur yang berbeda: ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a>. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">berlian</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> adalah dua alotrop karbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri14_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sifat logam suatu unsur dapat diprediksi dari sifat-sifat elektronik. Ketika orbital atom tumpang tindih selama ikatan logam atau kovalen, mereka menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekul" title="Orbital molekul">orbital molekul</a> ikatan dan antiikatan dengan kapasitas yang sama, dengan orbital antiikatan berenergi lebih tinggi. Karakter ikatan bersih terjadi ketika elektron pada orbital ikatan lebih banyak daripada jumlah elektron pada orbital antiikatan. Ikatan logam dengan demikian dimungkinkan ketika jumlah elektron yang terdelokalisasi oleh setiap atom kurang dari dua kali jumlah orbital yang berkontribusi saat tumpang tindih. Ini adalah situasi untuk unsur-unsur dalam golongan 1 sampai 13; mereka juga memiliki terlalu sedikit elektron valensi untuk membentuk struktur kovalen raksasa di mana semua atom mengambil posisi yang setara, dan hampir semuanya menjadi logam. Pengecualiannya adalah hidrogen dan boron, yang memiliki energi ionisasi yang terlalu tinggi. Hidrogen dengan demikian membentuk molekul kovalen H<sub>2</sub>, dan boron membentuk struktur kovalen raksasa berdasarkan kluster B<sub>12</sub> ikosahedral. Dalam sebuah logam, orbital ikatan dan antiikatan memiliki energi yang tumpang tindih, menciptakan pita tunggal yang dapat dilalui elektron dengan bebas, memungkinkan terjadinya konduksi listrik.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di golongan 14, ikatan logam dan kovalen menjadi mungkin. Dalam kristal berlian, ikatan kovalen antara atom karbon kuat, karena mereka memiliki jari-jari atom kecil dan dengan demikian nukleus lebih banyak menahan elektron. Oleh karena itu, orbital ikatan yang dihasilkan memiliki energi yang jauh lebih rendah daripada orbital antiikatan, dan tidak ada tumpang tindih, sehingga konduksi listrik menjadi tidak mungkin: karbon adalah nonlogam. Namun, ikatan kovalen menjadi lebih lemah untuk atom yang lebih besar, sehingga silikon dan germanium memiliki celah pita yang lebih kecil dan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>: elektron dapat melewati celah saat tereksitasi secara termal. Akhirnya celah pita menghilang dalam timah, sehingga timah dan timbal menjadi logam.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsur-unsur dalam golongan 15 sampai 17 memiliki terlalu banyak elektron untuk membentuk molekul kovalen raksasa yang membentang di seluruh dimensi. Untuk unsur yang lebih ringan, ikatan dalam molekul diatomik kecil begitu kuat sehingga fase terkondensasi tidak dapat terjadi: dengan demikian nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>), oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>), fosforus putih (P<sub>4</sub>), belerang (S<sub>8</sub>), dan halogen stabil (F<sub>2</sub>, Cl<sub>2</sub>, Br<sub>2</sub>, and I<sub>2</sub>) dapat membentuk molekul kovalen dengan sedikit atom. Unsur yang lebih berat cenderung membentuk rantai panjang (misalnya fosforus merah, selenium abu-abu, telurium) atau struktur berlapis (misalnya karbon sebagai grafit, fosforus hitam, arsen abu-abu, antimon abu-abu, bismut) yang hanya memanjang dalam satu atau dua daripada tiga dimensi. Karena struktur ini tidak menggunakan semua orbitalnya untuk ikatan, mereka berakhir dengan pita ikatan, nonikatan, dan antiikatan dengan urutan peningkatan energi. Sama halnya dengan golongan 14, celah pita menyusut untuk unsur yang lebih berat dan pergerakan bebas elektron antara rantai atau lapisan menjadi mungkin. Jadi misalnya fosforus hitam, arsen hitam, selenium abu-abu, telurium, dan iodin adalah semikonduktor; arsen abu-abu, antimon abu-abu, dan bismut adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semilogam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semilogam (halaman belum tersedia)">semilogam</a> (memperlihatkan konduksi kuasi-logam, dengan tumpang tindih pita yang sangat kecil); dan polonium dan mungkin astatin adalah logam sejati.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhirnya, semua unsur golongan 18 alami tetap sebagai atom individu.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam kira-kira diagonal dari kiri atas ke kanan bawah, dengan deret transisi muncul di sebelah kiri diagonal ini (karena mereka memiliki banyak orbital yang tersedia untuk tumpang tindih). Hal ini sudah diperkirakan, karena sifat logam cenderung berkorelasi dengan elektropositivitas dan kesediaan untuk kehilangan elektron, yang meningkat dari kanan ke kiri dan dari atas ke bawah. Dengan demikian, jumlah logam jauh lebih banyak daripada nonlogam. Unsur-unsur yang berada di dekat garis batas sulit untuk diklasifikasikan: mereka cenderung memiliki sifat-sifat yang berada di antara sifat-sifat logam dan nonlogam, dan mungkin memiliki beberapa sifat yang khas dari keduanya. Mereka sering disebut semilogam atau <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah "semilogam" yang digunakan dalam pengertian ini tidak boleh dikacaukan dengan pengertian fisik yang ketat yang berkaitan dengan struktur pita: bismut secara fisik adalah semilogam, tetapi umumnya dianggap sebagai logam oleh ahli kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a>, sebuah logam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine,_San_Pablo_de_Napa,_Daniel_Campos_Province,_Potos%C3%AD,_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">Belerang</a>, sebuah nonlogam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/220px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/440px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a>, sebuah unsur yang sering disebut semilogam atau metaloid</figcaption></figure> <p>Umumnya, logam terlihat mengkilap dan padat.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka biasanya memiliki titik lebur dan titik didih yang tinggi karena kekuatan ikatan logam, dan sering kali dapat ditempa dan ulet (mudah diregangkan dan dibentuk) karena atom dapat bergerak relatif satu sama lain tanpa memutuskan ikatan logam.<sup id="cite_ref-chemguidem_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguidem-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka dapat menghantarkan listrik karena elektron mereka bebas bergerak di ketiga dimensi. Demikian pula, mereka dapat menghantarkan panas, yang ditransfer oleh elektron sebagai <a href="/wiki/Energi_kinetik" title="Energi kinetik">energi kinetik</a> ekstra: mereka bergerak lebih cepat. Sifat-sifat ini bertahan dalam keadaan cair, seolah-olah struktur kristal hancur saat meleleh, atom-atom masih bersentuhan dan ikatan logam tetap ada, meskipun melemah.<sup id="cite_ref-chemguidem_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguidem-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logam cenderung reaktif terhadap nonlogam.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa pengecualian dapat ditemukan untuk generalisasi ini: misalnya, mangan,<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arsen, antimon,<sup id="cite_ref-wiberg_holleman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan bismut cenderung rapuh;<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kromium sangat keras;<sup id="cite_ref-r1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> galium, rubidium, sesium, dan raksa berbentuk cair pada atau mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">suhu kamar</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">logam mulia</a> seperti emas secara kimiawi sangat <i><a href="/wiki/Lengai" title="Lengai">inert</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonlogam menunjukkan sifat yang berbeda. Mereka yang membentuk kristal kovalen raksasa memiliki titik lebur dan titik didih yang tinggi, karena dibutuhkan energi yang cukup besar untuk mengatasi ikatan kovalen yang kuat. Molekul-molekul diskrit yang membentuk sebagian besar disatukan oleh gaya dispersi, yang lebih mudah diatasi; sehingga mereka cenderung memiliki titik leleh dan titik didih yang lebih rendah,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan banyak yang berbentuk cair atau gas pada suhu kamar.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonlogam sering kali tampak kusam. Mereka cenderung reaktif terhadap logam, kecuali untuk gas mulia, yang <i>inert</i> terhadap sebagian besar zat.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka rapuh ketika berbentuk padat karena atom mereka dipegang erat di tempatnya. Mereka kurang rapat dan menghantarkan listrik dengan buruk,<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena tidak ada elektron yang bergerak.<sup id="cite_ref-group4_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-group4-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di dekat garis batas, celah pita kecil dan oleh karena itu banyak elemen di wilayah itu merupakan semikonduktor.<sup id="cite_ref-group4_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-group4-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekali lagi ada pengecualian; misalnya, berlian memiliki konduktivitas termal tertinggi dari semua bahan yang diketahui, lebih besar dari logam apa pun.<sup id="cite_ref-PNU_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNU-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hal yang umum untuk menetapkan kelas metaloid yang melintasi batas antara logam dan nonlogam, karena unsur-unsur di wilayah itu adalah perantara dalam sifat fisik dan kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, tidak ada konsensus dalam literatur untuk elemen mana yang harus ditunjuk. Bila kategori seperti itu digunakan, boron, silikon, germanium, arsen, antimon, dan telurium biasanya disertakan; tetapi kebanyakan sumber memasukkan unsur-unsur lain juga, tanpa kesepakatan tentang unsur-unsur tambahan mana yang harus ditambahkan, dan beberapa lainnya mengurangi dari daftar ini sebagai gantinya.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misalnya, tabel periodik yang digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Himpunan_Kimia_Amerika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Himpunan Kimia Amerika Serikat">American Chemical Society</a> memasukkan polonium sebagai metaloid,<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi yang digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a> tidak,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan yang termasuk dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> tidak mengacu pada metaloid atau semilogam sama sekali.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manifestasi_lebih_lanjut_dari_periodisitas">Manifestasi lebih lanjut dari periodisitas</h3></div> <p>Ada beberapa hubungan lain di seluruh tabel periodik antara unsur-unsur yang tidak berada dalam golongan yang sama, seperti <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_diagonal" title="Hubungan diagonal">hubungan diagonal</a> antara unsur-unsur yang bersebelahan secara diagonal (misalnya litium dan magnesium).<sup id="cite_ref-PTSS2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTSS2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa kesamaan juga dapat ditemukan antara kelompok utama dan kelompok logam transisi, atau antara aktinida awal dan logam transisi awal, ketika unsur-unsur memiliki jumlah elektron valensi yang sama. Jadi, uranium agak menyerupai kromium dan wolfram dalam golongan 6,<sup id="cite_ref-PTSS2_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTSS2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena ketiganya memiliki enam elektron valensi.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baris pertama dari setiap blok cenderung menunjukkan sifat yang agak berbeda dari baris lainnya, karena orbital pertama dari setiap jenis (1s, 2p, 3d, 4f, 5g, dll.) secara signifikan lebih kecil daripada yang diperkirakan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaupp_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaupp-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derajat anomali tertinggi untuk blok-s, sedang untuk blok-p, dan kurang jelas untuk blok-d dan -f.<sup id="cite_ref-PTSS2_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTSS2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada juga perbedaan genap ganjil antara periode (kecuali pada blok-s) yang kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai periodisitas sekunder: unsur-unsur pada periode genap memiliki jari-jari atom yang lebih kecil dan lebih suka kehilangan elektron lebih sedikit, sedangkan unsur-unsur pada periode ganjil (kecuali periode pertama) berbeda dalam arah yang berlawanan. Jadi, banyak sifat di blok-p menunjukkan tren zigzag daripada tren mulus di sepanjang grup. Misalnya, fosforus dan antimon dalam periode ganjil dari grup 15 mudah mencapai bilangan oksidasi +5, sedangkan nitrogen, arsen, dan bismut dalam periode genap lebih suka tetap pada +3.<sup id="cite_ref-PTSS2_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTSS2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-primefan_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primefan-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/220px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/330px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/440px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Raksa cair yang mengalir. Keadaan cairnya pada suhu kamar adalah hasil dari relativitas khusus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ketika inti atom menjadi bermuatan tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Relativitas_khusus" title="Relativitas khusus">relativitas khusus</a> diperlukan untuk mengukur efek inti atom pada awan elektron. <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">Efek relativistik</a> ini mengakibatkan unsur-unsur berat semakin memiliki sifat yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan homolognya yang lebih ringan dalam tabel periodik. Misalnya, efek relativistik menjelaskan mengapa <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a> berwarna keemasan dan <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> adalah cairan.<sup id="cite_ref-PekkaPyykko_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PekkaPyykko-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norrby_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norrby-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek ini diperkirakan akan menjadi sangat kuat pada akhir periode ketujuh, berpotensi menyebabkan runtuhnya periodisitas.<sup id="cite_ref-primefan2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primefan2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konfigurasi elektron dan sifat kimia hanya diketahui dengan jelas sampai unsur 108 (<a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">hasium</a>), sehingga karakterisasi kimia dari unsur terberat tetap menjadi topik penelitian saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Schändel_2003_277_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schändel_2003_277-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak sifat fisik lain dari unsur-unsur menunjukkan variasi periodik sesuai dengan hukum periodik, seperti <a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">titik lebur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">titik didih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">kalor peleburan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">entalpi penguapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entalpi#Entalpi_atomisasi" title="Entalpi">entalpi atomisasi</a>, dan sebagainya. Variasi periodik serupa muncul untuk senyawa unsur, yang dapat diamati dengan membandingkan <a href="/wiki/Hidrida" title="Hidrida">hidrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">oksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfida" title="Sulfida">sulfida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">halida</a>, dan sebagainya.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sifat kimia lebih sulit untuk dijelaskan secara kuantitatif, tetapi juga menunjukkan periodisitasnya sendiri. Contohnya termasuk bagaimana bilangan oksidasi cenderung bervariasi dalam langkah 2 dalam unsur golongan utama, tetapi dalam langkah 1 untuk unsur transisi; variasi sifat <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a> dari unsur dan senyawanya; stabilitas senyawa; dan metode mengisolasi unsur.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periodisitas telah digunakan secara luas untuk memprediksi sifat-sifat unsur baru dan senyawa baru yang tidak diketahui, dan merupakan pusat dari kimia modern.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood29bis_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood29bis-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tabel_periodik" title="Sejarah tabel periodik">Sejarah tabel periodik</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percobaan_sistematisasi_pertama">Percobaan sistematisasi pertama</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg/500px-Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg/750px-Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg/1000px-Discovery_of_chemical_elements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur kimia</a> dipetakan ke dalam tabel periodik (pra-, par- dan pasca-)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1789, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> mempublikasikan daftar 33 <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a>. Ia mengelompokkannya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tanah_(kimia)" title="Tanah (kimia)">tanah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimiawan menghabiskan waktu satu abad mencari skema klasifikasi yang lebih memadai. Pada tahun 1829, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> mengamati bahwa banyak unsur yang dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam triad berdasarkan sifat-sifat kimianya. <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Litium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a>, misalnya, dikelompokkan ke dalam satu triad sebagai logam lunak dan <a href="/wiki/Reaktivitas_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaktivitas (kimia)">reaktif</a>. Döbereiner juga mengamati bahwa, jika disusun berdasarkan berat atom, anggota kedua masing-masing triad memiiliki berat atom rata-rata anggota pertama dan ketiga.<sup id="cite_ref-P100_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P100-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini kemudian dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Triad_D%C3%B6bereiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad Döbereiner">Hukum Triad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimiawan Jerman <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Leopold Gmelin</a> meneliti sistem ini, dan pada tahun 1843 mengidentifikasi sepuluh triad, tiga kelompok empat dan satu kelompok lima. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> mempublikasikan penelitiannya pada tahun 1857 yang menjelaskan hubungan antara berbagai kelompok logam. Meskipun banyak kimiawan mencoba untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antar kelompok kecil unsur, mereka belum berhasil membangun suatu skema yang dapat menampung semuanya.<sup id="cite_ref-P100_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P100-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1858, kimiawan Jerman <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">August Kekulé</a> mengamati bahwa karbon sering kali menggandeng empat atom karbon lain. <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">Metana</a>, misalnya, mempunyai satu atom karbon dan empat atom hidrogen. Konsep ini kelak dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi">valensi</a>; unsur yang berbeda berikatan dengan sejumlah atom yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1862, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Emile_B%C3%A9guyer_de_Chancourtois" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois">Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois</a>, geolog Prancis, mempublikasikan bentuk awal tabel periodik, yang disebutnya <i>telluric helix</i> atau sekrup. Ia adalah orang pertama yang mencatat periodisitas unsur-unsur. Dengan menyusun unsur dalam suatu spiral pada silinder menurut kenaikan berat atom, de Chancourtois menunjukkan bahwa unsur-unsur dengan kesamaan sifat terlihat muncul pada interval tertentu. Diagramnya mencantumkan pula beberapa ion dan senyawa sebagai tambahan, selain unsur-unsur. Makalahnya juga lebih banyak menggunakan istilah-istilah geologi daripada kimia, dan tidak menampilkan gambar; alhasil penelitiannya tidak menarik banyak pihak hingga diteruskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1864, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lothar_Meyer" title="Julius Lothar Meyer">Julius Lothar Meyer</a>, kimiawan Jerman, mempublikasikan tabel berisi 44 unsur yang disusun berdasarkan valensi. Tabel tersebut menunjukkan bahwa unsur-unsur dengan kesamaan sifat kimia sering kali memiliki valensi yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di tempat terpisah, <a href="/wiki/William_Odling" title="William Odling">William Odling</a> (kimiawan Inggris) mempublikasikan suatu penyusunan 57 unsur, yang disusun berdasarkan berat atomnya. Dengan beberapa ketakteraturan dan kesenjangan, ia melihat apa yang tampaknya menjadi periodisitas berat atom antara unsur-unsur dan bahwa ini sesuai dengan 'pengelompokan yang sudah pernah diterima.'<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odling menyinggung ide hukum periodik tapi ia tidak mengembangkannya.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia kemudian mengusulkan (pada tahun 1870) klasifikasi unsur-unsur berbasis valensi.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png/300px-Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Newlands_periodiska_system_1866.png 1.5x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander Reina Newlands">Newlands</a>, sperti yang dipersembahkan kepada Chemical Society pada 1866, dan berdasarkan pada hukum oktaf</figcaption></figure> <p>Kimiawan Inggris <a href="/wiki/John_Newlands" title="John Newlands">John Newlands</a> menerbitkan serangkaian makalah dari tahun 1863 hingga 1866 yang mencatat bahwa ketika unsur-unsur disusun berdasarkan kenaikan berat atom, sifat kimia dan fisika yang sama akan berulang pada interval delapan; tampaknya ia menyamakan periodisitas dengan <a href="/wiki/Oktaf" title="Oktaf">oktaf</a> musik.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karenanya disebut <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Oktaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Oktaf">Hukum Oktaf</a>. Bagaimanapun, idenya ini menyebabkan Newlands dicemooh oleh para koleganya, dan <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society</a> menolak mempublikasikan hasil karyanya.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun Newlands mampu merancang sebuah tabel unsur dan menggunakannya untuk memperkirakan keberadaan unsur-unsur yang belum ditemukan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical Society akhirnya mengakui arti penting penemuan Newlands lima tahun setelah pengakuan terhadap Mendeleev.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1867, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Hinrichs" title="Gustavus Hinrichs">Gustavus Hinrichs</a>, kimiawan akademisi kelahiran Denmark yang menetap di Amerika, mempublikasikan sistem periodik spiral berdasarkan spektrum atom, berat atom dan kemiripan sifat kimia. Hasil karyanya dianggap idiosinkratis, tidak membumi dan berbelit-belit.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabel_Mendeleev">Tabel Mendeleev</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/150px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/225px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/300px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Dmitri Mendeleev</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/250px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/375px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/500px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik Mendeleev versi 1869: <i>Suatu percobaan pada sistem unsur. Disusun berdasarkan berat atom dan kesamaan sifat kimianya.</i> Pengaturan awal yang disajikan dalam bentuk periode (vertikal), dan golongan (horizontal)</figcaption></figure><p>Profesor kimia Rusia <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> dan kimiawan Jerman <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lothar_Meyer" title="Julius Lothar Meyer">Julius Lothar Meyer</a> secara terpisah mempublikasikan tabel periodik mereka pada tahun 1869 dan 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabel Mendeleev merupakan versi pertamanya yang dipublikasikan, sementara Meyer merupakan versi pengembangan dari tabel Meyer versi 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keduanya membangun tabelnya dengan menyusun unsur-unsur dalam baris atau kolom sesuai berat atomnya dan memulai baris atau kolom baru ketika karakteristik unsur-unsurnya mulai berulang.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengakuan dan penerimaan yang diperoleh tabel Mendeleev berasal dari dua keputusan yang dibuatnya. Pertama ia meninggalkan beberapa <i>lubang</i> dalam tabel ketika ia menganggap bahwa unsur terkait belum diketemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendeleev bukan kimiawan pertama yang melakukan ini, tetapi ia adalah yang pertama diakui menggunakan tren dalam tabel periodiknya untuk memprediksi sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Unsur-unsur_prediksi_Mendeleev" title="Unsur-unsur prediksi Mendeleev">unsur yang <i>hilang</i></a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keputusan kedua adalah terkadang mengabaikan urutan yang dibuat berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Berat_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom">berat atom</a> dan mengganti dengan unsur di sebelahnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">iodin</a>, agar tercapai klasifikasi yang lebih baik ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">famili kimianya</a>. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1913, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> menemukan nilai eksperimental muatan inti atau <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> masing-masing unsur, dan menunjukkan bahwa pengurutan model Mendeleev sebenarnya merujuk kepada kenaikan nomor atom.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pentingnya nomor atom pada penyusunan tabel periodik tidak diapresiasi hingga eksistensi dan sifat-sifat proton dan netron dipahami. Tabel periodik Mendeleev menggunakan berat atom dan bukan nomor atom untuk menyusun unsur-unsurnya. Informasi yang terukur presisi pada zaman Mendeleev. Berat atom sejauh ini cocok bagi sebagian besar kasus, mampu menyajikan prediksi sifat-sifat unsur-unsur yang hilang secara lebih akurat dibandingkan metode-metode lain yang telah diketahui. Penggantian metode ke nomor atom, memberikan urutan unsur berdasarkan bilangan bulat, dan Moseley memperkirakan bahwa unsur yang hilang (tahun 1913) antara aluminium (Z=13) dan emas (Z=79) adalah Z = 43, 61, 72 dan 75, yang akhirnya diketemukan. Urutan nomor atom masih digunakan hingga sekarang, bahkan sebagai dasar penelitian dan pembuatan produk sintetis baru.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versi_kedua_beserta_pengembangannya">Versi kedua beserta pengembangannya</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev,_1871.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg/342px-Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg.png" decoding="async" width="342" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg/513px-Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg/684px-Periodic_table_by_Mendeleev%2C_1871.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tabel periodik Mendeleev 1871 dengan delapan golongan unsur. Garis putus-putus menandakan unsur yang belum diketahui tahun 1871.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ShortPT20b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ShortPT20b.png/242px-ShortPT20b.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ShortPT20b.png/363px-ShortPT20b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ShortPT20b.png/484px-ShortPT20b.png 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1628" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tabel periodik model delapan kolom, sudah diperbarui dengan seluruh unsur hingga yang ditemukan tahun 2015.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pada tahun 1871, Mendeleev mempublikasikan tabel periodiknya dalam bentuk baru, dengan mengelompokkan unsur-unsur yang memiliki kesamaan dalam kolom, tidak lagi dalam baris, dan kolom-kolom ini diberi angka I hingga VIII sesuai dengan tingkat oksidasi unsur-unsurnya. Ia juga memberikan prakiraan detail sifat-sifat unsur yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya sebagai <i>hilang</i>, tetapi sebetulnya menurut dia ada.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sela ini perlahan-lahan terisi ketika para kimiawan menemukan unsur-unsur tambahan yang ada secara alami.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sering dinyatakan bahwa unsur alami terakhir yang ditemukan adalah <a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a> (merujuk pada Mendeleev sebaga <i>eka-sesium</i>) pada tahun 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, yang diproduksi secara sintetis pada 1940, teridentifikasi ada di alam dalam jumlah renik sebagai unsur primordial pada tahun 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tampilan tabel periodik yang populer,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> juga dikenal sebagai bentuk umum atau bentuk standar (seperti ditunjukkan dalam artikel ini), merupakan hasil karya Horace Groves Deming. Pada tahun 1923, Deming, kimiawan Amerika, mempublikasikan tabel periodik <a href="#Pendek">bentuk pendek</a> dan <a href="#Sedang">sedang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merck & Co. menyiapkan <i>selebaran</i> berisi tabel 18-kolom versi Deming pada tahun 1928, yang kemudian banyak beredar di sekolah-sekolah di Amerika. Pada tahun 1930-an, tabel Deming muncul di buku penuntun dan ensiklopedia kimia. Ini juga didistribusikan selama beberapa tahun oleh Sargent-Welch Scientific Company.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seiring perkembangan teori <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a> modern tentang konfigurasi <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> dalam atom, semakin jelas bahwa masing-masing periode (baris) dalam tabel sesuai dengan pengisian elektron pada <a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">kulit kuantum</a>. Semakin besar atom, semakin banyak sub kulit elektron yang dimiliki, akhirnya, semakin panjang periode yang harus dicantumkan pada tabel.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/150px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/225px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/300px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> yang, pada tahun 1945, mengusulkan tabel periodik baru dengan meletakkan aktinida sebagai bagian dari seri blok-f kedua</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1945, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a>, ilmuwan Amerika, memberikan saran agar <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">unsur-unsur aktinida</a>, seperti halnya <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a>, mengisi sub-level f. Sebelumnya, aktinida dimasukkan ke dalam baris keempat blok-d. Kolega Seaborg menyarankan agar tidak mempublikasikan usulan radikal semacam ini karena dapat berdampak buruk pada kariernya. Setelah mempertimbangkan masak-masak hal tersebut tidak membawa dampak buruk pada reputasi maupun kariernya, akhirnya Seaborg mempublikasikan usulannya. Usulan Seaborg dinyatakan benar dan Seaborg memenangkan <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel">Hadiah Nobel</a> bidang kimia pada tahun 1951 atas penelitiannya sintesis unsur-unsur aktinida.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun ada sejumlah kecil <a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">unsur-unsur transuranium</a> terdapat secara alami,<sup id="cite_ref-emsley_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emsley-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi kesemuanya pertama kali ditemukan di laboratorium. Produksinya telah memperluas tabel periodik secara signifikan. Transuranium pertama yang disintesis adalah <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> (1939).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena kebanyakan unsur-unsur transuranium sangat tidak stabil dan meluruh dengan cepat, tantangannya adalah mendeteksi dan melakukan karakterisasi segera setelah diproduksi. Ada <a href="/wiki/Kontroversi_penamaan_unsur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontroversi penamaan unsur">kontroversi</a> mengenai persaingan klaim penemuan untuk beberapa elemen. Hal ini membutuhkan tinjauan independen untuk menentukan pihak mana yang memiliki prioritas, dan berhak atas klaim tersebut. Unsur paling terkini yang diterima adalah <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> (unsur 114) dan <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> (unsur 116), keduanya diresmikan pada 31 Mei 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, kolaborasi Rusia–AS di <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Moskwa">Oblast Moskwa</a>, Rusia, mengaku telah mensintesis enam atom <a href="/wiki/Ununseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptium">ununseptium</a> (unsur 117), membuatnya sebagai pengakuan terkini.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 30 Desember 2015, unsur nomor 113, 115, 117, dan 118 diakui secara resmi oleh <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, sehingga melengkapi baris ke-7 tabel periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nama dan simbol resmi untuk masing-masing unsur ini, yang akan menggantikan nama dan simbol sementara seperti ununpentium (Uup) untuk unsur nomor 115, diperkirakan akan diumumkan kemudian tahun 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tabel_periodik_yang_berbeda">Tabel periodik yang berbeda</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variasi_bentuk_umum">Variasi bentuk umum</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 20px"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right"><img alt="Right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg/130px-Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg/195px-Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg/260px-Periodic_table_14CeTh_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><br /><small>Tipe I—La, Ac di bawah Y</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ada tiga varian utama tabel periodik bentuk umum atau 18-kolom. Mereka berbeda dalam penggambarannya pada kolom <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">golongan 3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fly_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk keperluan artikel ini tiga variasi dinyatakan sebagai tipe I, tipe II dan tipe III. </p><p><b>Tipe I: Sc, Y, La dan Ac.</b> Lantanum dan aktinium berada dalam tabel utama, pada golongan 3, di bawah skandium dan itrium. Empat belas unsur golongan lantanida dan aktinida yang mengikutinya ditulis sebagai catatan kaki, untuk menghemat tempat. Ada dua baris berisi empat belas unsur, baris pertama dimulai dengan Ce dan diakhiri dengan Lu, baris kedua dimulai dengan torium dan diakhiri dengan lawrensium. Ini adalah varian yang paling umum.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini menekankan kesamaan dalam tren periodik turun menurun pada golongan 1, 2 dan 3, dengan memecah lantanida dan aktinida.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 20px"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right"><img alt="Right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg/130px-Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg/195px-Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg/260px-Periodic_table_14LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><br /><small>Tipe II—Lu, Lr di bawah Y</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tipe II: Sc, Y, Lu dan Lr.</b> Lutesium dan lawrensium berada pada tabel utama, dalam golongan 3, di bawah skandium dan itrium. Catatan kaki adalah 14 unsur golongan lantanida dan aktinida berikutnya dimulai dengan lantanum dan aktinium serta diakhiri dengan iterbium dan nobelium. Varian ini didasarkan pada argumen alternatif dengan memperhatikan kecenderungan periodik sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia lantanum dan lutesium, serta mempertahankan lebar blok-f tetap 14 kolom, dengan tetap memecah lantanida dan aktinida. Ini menekankan kesamaan tren periodik antara golongan 3 dan golongan berikutnya dengan mengorbankan diskontinuitas dalam tren periodik antara golongan 2 dan 3.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 20px"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right"><img alt="Right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg/130px-Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg/195px-Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg/260px-Periodic_table_15LaAc_form---Group_3_%3D_indeterminate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><br /><small>Tipe III—Tanda di bawah Y</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tipe III: Sc, Y, dan penanda.</b> Dua posisi di bawah skandium dikosongkan atau diberi tanda catatan kaki dalam beberapa cara. Catatan kaki lantanida dan aktinida dimulai dengan lantanum dan aktinium serta diakhiri dengan lutesium dan lawrensium, membentuk dua baris lima belas unsur. Varian ini menekankan kesamaan kimiawi 15 unsur lantanida (La–Lu), dengan mengorbankan ambiguitas untuk unsur yang menempati golongan 3 pada dua posisi di bawah skandium dan itrium, dan terlihat lebar blok <i>f</i> menjadi 15 kolom (kenyataannya hanya 14 unsur per baris yang dapat ditampung dalam blok-f).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketiga varian berasal dari kesulitan bersejarah dalam menempatkan lantanida dalam tabel periodik, dan argumen posisi awal dan akhir unsur blok-f.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telah dinyatakan bahwa argumen semacam itu adalah bukti bahwa, "adalah suatu kesalahan memecah sistem [periodik] menjadi blok-blok dengan pembatasan yang tajam."<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sama halnya, beberapa versi tabel tipe III telah dikritik karena menyiratkan bahwa kesemua 15 lantanida menempati kotak tunggal atau menempatkannya di bawah itrium,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> melanggar prinsip dasar satu tempat, satu unsur.<sup id="cite_ref-finally_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finally-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontroversi tentang unsur yang layak menempati posisi Golongan 3 di bawah skandium dan itrium dibahas lebih lanjut dalam seksi <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Unsur-unsur_periode_6_dan_7_pada_golongan_3">Pertanyaan terbuka dan kontroversi</a> artikel ini. </p><p>Tabel tipe II, sebagai varian umum, ditunjukkan bagian ikhtisar artikel ini. Jika dibandingkan dengan varian tipe I, "terdapat lebih sedikit pengecualian yang nyata pada pengisian seri orbital 4f reguler di antara anggota berikutnya."<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbeda dengan varian tipe III, tidak ada ambiguitas pada komposisi golongan 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur_alternatif">Struktur alternatif</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Tabel periodik alternatif</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:32-column_periodic_table-a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/32-column_periodic_table-a.png/650px-32-column_periodic_table-a.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/32-column_periodic_table-a.png/975px-32-column_periodic_table-a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/32-column_periodic_table-a.png/1300px-32-column_periodic_table-a.png 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik 32 kolom</figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat banyak tabel periodik dengan struktur yang lain daripada bentuk standarnya. Selama 100 tahun kehadiran tabel Mendeleev sejak 1869, ia telah memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 700 versi tabel periodik yang berbeda akan dipublikasikan.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sama seperti variasi segi empatnya, format tabel periodik lainnya juga bermunculan, misalnya,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bentuk sirkuler, kubus, silinder, edifisial (seperti gedung), heliks, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:lemniscate" class="extiw" title="en:wikt:lemniscate">lemniscate</a></i>, prisma oktagonal, piramida, terpisah, sferis, spiral, dan segitiga. Alternatif-alternatif semacam ini sering kali dikembangkan untuk menyoroti atau menekankan sifat-sifat fisika atau kimia unsur-unsur yang tidak dapat disajikan dalam tabel periodik tradisional.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Struktur alternatif yang populer<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah versi Theodor Benfey (1960). Unsur-unsur disusun dalam spiral kontinu, dengan hidrogen berada di pusat spiral dan logam transisi, lantanida, serta aktinida berada pada semenanjungnya.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Elementspiral_(polyatomic)-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg/220px-Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg/330px-Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg/440px-Elementspiral_%28polyatomic%29-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik spiral versi Theodor Benfey</figcaption></figure> <p>Kebanyakan tabel periodik adalah dua dimensi;<sup id="cite_ref-emsley_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emsley-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun, tabel tiga dimensi telah dikenal setidaknya sejak 1862 (sebelum tabel dua dimensi Mandeleev tahun 1869). Contoh terkini antara lain Klasifikasi Periodik versi Courtines (1925),<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistem Lamina Wringley (1949),<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heliks Periodik <a href="/wiki/Paul-Antoine_Gigu%C3%A8re" title="Paul-Antoine Giguère">Giguère</a> (1965)<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Pohon Periodik Dufour (1996).<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selangkah lebih maju, Tabel Periodik Fisikawan Stowe (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telah dijelaskan sebagai tabel empat dimensi (mempunyai tiga dimensi spasial dan satu dimensi warna).<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beragam bentuk tabel periodik dapat dianggap sebagai peletakan dasar kontinum kimia-fisika.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjelang akhir kontinum kimia, dapat dijumpai, misalnya, Tabel Periodik versi kimiawan anorganik 'bandel'<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rayner-Canham (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menekankan kecenderungan dan pola, serta sifat dan hubungan kimia yang tidak umum. Menjelang akhir kontinum fisika, muncul Tabel Periodik Kidal Janet (1928). Versi ini memiliki struktur yang menunjukkan hubungan erat dengan urutan pengisian kulit elektron dengan mekanika kuantum.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di tengah-tengah kontinum adalah berbagai variasi bentuk umum atau standar tabel periodik. Hal ini dianggap sebagai ungkapan tren empiris yang lebih baik dalam hal keadaan fisik, konduktivitas listrik dan termal, serta bilangan oksidasi, dan sifat-sifat lainnya dengan mudah disimpulkan dari teknik tradisional laboratorium kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; padding:2px; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="background:#d8d8d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Janet_left-step_periodic_table_(with_shell_filling_sequence)" title="Templat:Janet left-step periodic table (with shell filling sequence)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Janet_left-step_periodic_table_(with_shell_filling_sequence)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Janet left-step periodic table (with shell filling sequence) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Janet_left-step_periodic_table_(with_shell_filling_sequence)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Tabel periodik kidal Janet</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">1s </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">2s </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">2p 3s </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">3p 4s </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">3d 4p 5s </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">4d 5p 6s </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"> I </a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.04%" style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><span class="nowrap">4f 5d 6p 7s</span> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;">5f 6d 7p 8s </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununennium">119</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">120</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33" style="height:7px; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">blok-f</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33" style="text-align:left;">Bentuk tabel periodik ini lebih kongruen dengan urutan pengisian kulit elektron, yang ditunjukkan dengan urutan pada batas kiri (dibaca dari atas ke bawah, dari kiri ke kanan). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pertanyaan_terbuka_dan_kontroversi">Pertanyaan terbuka dan kontroversi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsur_yang_tidak_diketahui_sifat_kimianya">Unsur yang tidak diketahui sifat kimianya</h3></div> <p>Meskipun semua unsur hingga <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> telah ditemukan, untuk unsur-unsur di atas <a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">hassium</a> (unsur 108), hanya <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> (unsur 112) dan <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> (unsur 114) yang telah diketahui sifat kimianya. Unsur lainnya dapat berperilaku secara berbeda dari apa yang diprediksi secara ekstrapolasi, karena efek <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">relativistik</a>. Misalnya, flerovium diprediksi menunjukkan sifat-sifat seperti gas mulia, meskipun terletak dalam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">golongan karbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Percobaan terkini telah membuktikan bahwa, flerovium memiliki sifat kimia seperti timbal, sebagaimana diperkirakan dari posisinya dalam tabel periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengembangan_tabel_periodik">Pengembangan tabel periodik</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Tabel periodik perluasan</a></div> <div style="float: right; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;"> <table style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="margin:0; padding:0;"><div style="width:100%;"><div style="margin:0 auto;"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hidrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="31" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="25" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksigen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Natrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="25" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silikon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Clor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="15" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Skandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mangan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Besi</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tembaga</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seng</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:6px; min-width:6px;"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; margin-top:0; border-top:0; padding-top:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Ununenium" title="Ununenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unbinilium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="float:left; margin:3px 2px; background:black; width:2px; height:2px;"></div> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadtrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadtrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadquadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadquadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadpentium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadpentium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadheksium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadheksium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadheksium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadseptium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadseptium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadoktium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadoktium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadoktium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unpentnilium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unpentnilium (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unpentnilium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unpentunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unpentunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Unhekstrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unhekstrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unheksquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unheksquadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unheksquadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unhekspentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unhekspentium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unhekspentium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unheksheksium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unheksheksium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unheksheksium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Unheksseptium" 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style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Unquadbium</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; padding:0; line-height:100%;">B. Tabel periodik pengembangan versi Fricke hingga unsur 184<sup id="cite_ref-Fricke_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fricke-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Belum jelas apakah unsur-unsur baru akan mengikuti pola yang telah ada pada tabel periodik saat ini sebagai <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur periode 8">periode 8</a>, atau memerlukan penyesuaian lebih lanjut. <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg</a> memperkirakan periode kedelapan untuk mengikuti pola yang telah ada, sehingga: (1) akan memasukkan dua unsur blok-s untuk unsur <a href="/wiki/Ununennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununennium">119</a> (Ununnonium/Uun) dan <a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">120</a> (Ununbibium/Ubb), (2) ada blok baru yaitu <a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-g">blok-g</a> untuk 18 unsur berikutnya, dan (3) 30 unsur tambahan melanjutkan blok-f, -d, dan -p saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berita terkini, fisikawan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekka_Pyykk%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekka Pyykkö (halaman belum tersedia)">Pekka Pyykkö</a> telah membuat teori bahwa unsur-unsur tambahan ini tidak mengikuti aturan atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaidah_Madelung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaidah Madelung (halaman belum tersedia)">kaidah Madelung</a>, yang memprediksikan bagaimana kulit elektron diisi dan oleh sebab itu akan mempengaruhi tampilan tabel periodik saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prediksi_unsur_dengan_nomor_atom_terbesar">Prediksi unsur dengan nomor atom terbesar</h3></div> <p>Jumlah unsur yang mungkin belum diketahui. Perkiraan awal yang dibuat oleh Elliot Adams pada tahun 1911, berdasarkan penyusunan unsur-unsur dalam masing-masing baris tabel periodik adalah: unsur dengan berat atom lebih besar daripada 256± (yang mungkin terletak di antara unsur 99 dan 100 untuk istilah saat ini) tidak mungkin ada.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perkiraan teranyar adalah tabel periodik mungkin segera berakhir setelah <a href="/wiki/Pulau_stabilitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau stabilitas">pulau stabilitas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang diperkirakan berpusat di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Unbiheksium" title="Unbiheksium">unsur 126</a>, karena pengembangan tabel nuklida dan periodik dibatasi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_tetes_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis tetes nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">garis tetes</a> proton dan neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prediksi lain berakhirnya tabel periodik berkisar pada unsur 128 oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Emsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Emsley (halaman belum tersedia)">John Emsley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-emsley_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emsley-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pada unsur 137 oleh <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pada unsur 155 oleh Albert Khazan.<sup id="cite_ref-emsley_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emsley-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Model_Bohr">Model Bohr</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Model_Bohr" title="Model Bohr">Model Bohr</a> menunjukkan kesulitan untuk atom-atom dengan nomor atom lebih besar daripada 137, karena unsur apapun dengan nomor atom lebih dari 137 akan membutuhkan elektron-elektron 1s nya untuk bergerak melebihi <a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_cahaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan cahaya">kecepatan cahaya</a>, <i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, model non-relativistik Bohr tidak akurat jika diterapkan untuk unsur-unsur semacam ini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persamaan_relativistik_Dirac">Persamaan relativistik Dirac</h4></div> <p>Persamaan <a href="/wiki/Teori_relativitas" title="Teori relativitas">relativistik</a> Dirac menghadapi masalah untuk unsur-unsur lebih dari 137 proton. Untuk unsur semacam ini, fungsi gelombang kondisi dasar Dirac adalah berosilasi, dan tidak ada celah antara spektra energi positif dan negatif, seperti dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoks_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoks Klein (halaman belum tersedia)">paradoks Klein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalkulasi yang lebih akurat memperhitungkan pengaruh ukuran terbatas pada inti atom yang menandakan bahwa ikatan energi pertama melebihi batasan yang dimungkinkan untuk unsur-unsur lebih dari 173 proton. Untuk unsur-unsur yang lebih berat, jika orbital terdalam (1s) tidak terisi, medan listrik inti akan menarik elektron keluar ruang hampa, yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Emisi_positron" title="Emisi positron">emisi positron spontan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski demikian, hal ini tidak terjadi jika orbital terdalam terisi, sehingga unsur 173 bukanlah akhir dari tabel periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penempatan_hidrogen_dan_helium">Penempatan hidrogen dan helium</h3></div> <p>Jika mengikuti konfigurasi elektron, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> (konfigurasi elektron 1s<sup>1</sup>) dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> (1s<sup>2</sup>) seharusnya terletak di golongan 1 dan 2, di atas <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> ([He]2s<sup>1</sup>) dan <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> ([He]2s<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, penempatan tersebut jarang digunakan di luar konteks konfigurasi elektron: Ketika <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a> (yang kemudian disebut "gas inert") pertama kali diketemukan sekitar tahun 1900, mereka dikenal sebagai "golongan 0", merefleksikan tidak adanya reaktivitas kimia unsur-unsur ini yang diketahui pada saat itu, dan helium diletakkan di puncak golongan, karena memiliki ke-inert-an yang sama dengan seluruh golongan tersebut. Oleh karena golongan berubah penomoran formalnya, kebanyakan penulis tetap meletakkan helium tepat di atas <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, dalam golongan 18; salah satunya adalah tabel <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> yang berlaku saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sifat-sifat kimia hidrogen tidak terlalu dekat dengan logam-logam alkali, yang menempati golongan 1, dan berdasarkan hal tersebut, terkadang hidrogen diletakkan di tempat lain: alternatif yang paling umum adalah di golongan 17; salah satu faktor pertimbangannya adalah sifat hidrogen yang nonlogam monovalen, dan bahwa fluorin (unsur yang terletak di puncak golongan 17) juga nonlogam monovalen. Terkadang, untuk menunjukkan bahwa hidrogen memiliki sifat-sifat baik seperti logam alkali maupun halogen, hidrogen ditampilkan dalam dua kolom sekaligus.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cara penyajian lain adalah meletakkan hidrogen di atsa karbon dalam golongan 14: dengan meletakkannya sedemikian, sangat cocok dengan kecenderungan kenaikan nilai potensial ionisasi dan afinitas elektron, dan tidak terlalu menyimpang dari tren elektronegativitas.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terakhir, hidrogen kadang diletakkan terpisah dari golongan manapun; hal ini berdasarkan sifat-sifat hidrogen yang sangat berbeda dari golongan manapun: tidak seperti hidrogen, unsur golongan 1 lainnya menunjukkan sifat yang sangat logam; unsur-unsur golongan 17 umumnya membentuk garam (oleh sebab itu ada istilah "halogen"); unsur-unsur golongan lainnya menunjukkan sifat kimia multivalen. Unsur periode 1 lainnya, helium, terkadang juga diletakkan terpisah dari golongan manapun.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sifat-sifat yang membedakan helium dengan gas mulia lainnya (meskipun sifat inert helium sangat dekat dengan neon dan argon<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) adalah bahwa dalam kulit elektron tertutupnya, helium hanya memiliki dua elektron pada orbital terluarnya, sementara gas mulia lainnya memiliki delapan elektron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golongan_yang_termasuk_dalam_logam_transisi">Golongan yang termasuk dalam logam transisi</h3></div> <p>Definisi <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, seperti diberikan oleh IUPAC, adalah unsur yang atomnya mempunyai sub-kulit d tak lengkap, atau yang dapat mengalami kenaikan tingkat oksidasi menjadi kation sehingga sub-kulit d menjadi tak lengkap.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan definisi ini, seluruh unsur dalam golongan 3–11 adalah logam transisi. Definisi IUPAC menyebabkan golongan 12, antara lain seng, kadmium dan raksa, harus keluar dari kategori logam transisi. </p><p>Beberapa kimiawan memperlakukan kategori "unsur <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a>" dan "logam transisi" secara bergantian, sehingga golongan 3–12 termasuk dalam logam transisi. Dalam hal ini, unsur-unsur golongan 12 diperlakukan sebagai kasus khusus dari logam transisi yang mana elektron-elektron d nya tidak biasa terlibat dalam ikatan kimia. Penemuan baru-baru ini yang mengungkapkan raksa dapat menggunakan elektron d nya dalam pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Raksa(IV)_fluorida" title="Raksa(IV) fluorida">raksa(IV) fluorida</a> (HgF<sub>4</sub>) telah mendorong beberapa komentator untuk menyarankan agar raksa dapat diterima sebagai logam transisi.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komentator lain, seperti Jensen,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telah berargumentasi bahwa pembentukan senyawa seperti HgF<sub>4</sub> hanya dapat terjadi di bawah kondisi abnormal. Oleh karenanya, raksa tidak dapat diterima sebagai logam transisi berdasarkan interpretasi apapun dalam istilah makna ilmiah umum.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimiawan lainnya lebih jauh mengeluarkan unsur-unsur golongan 3 dari definisi logam transisi. Mereka melakukannya berdasarkan bahwa unsur-unsur golongan 3 tidak membentuk ion apapun dengan kulit d sebagian terisi, dan oleh karenanya tidak menunjukkan karakteristik kimia logam transisi.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam kasus ini, hanya golongan 4–11 yang diterima sebagai logam transisi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsur-unsur_periode_6_dan_7_pada_golongan_3">Unsur-unsur periode 6 dan 7 pada golongan 3</h3></div> <p>Meskipun skandium dan itrium adalah dua unsur pertama pada golongan 3 identitas dua unsur berikutnya belum dituntaskan. Mereka adalah lantanum dan aktinium; atau lutetium dan lawrencium. Ada argumen kimia dan fisika yang kuat yang mendukung penyusunan terakhir<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi tidak semua penulis telah diyakinkan.<sup id="cite_ref-finally_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finally-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan kimiawan tidak menyadari bahwa ada kontroversi.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float: right; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine"><span 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style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium"><span 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style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununtrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununpentium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununseptium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununoctium</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Lantanum dan aktinium secara tradisional digambarkan sebagai anggota golongan 3.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telah dikemukakan bahwa tata letak ini berasal dari tahun 1940-an, dengan munculnya tabel periodik berdasarkan konfigurasi elektron unsur-unsurnya dan gagasan elektron pembeda. Konfigurasi sesium, barium dan lantanum adalah [Xe]6s<sup>1</sup>, [Xe]6s<sup>2</sup> dan [Xe]5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>. Lantanum memiliki elektron pembeda 5<i>d</i> dan ini memapankannya "pantas berada dalam golongan 3 sebagai anggota pertama blok-d untuk periode 6."<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen82_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen82-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satu set konfigurasi elektron yang konsisten selanjutnya terlihat dalam golongan 3: skandium [Ar] 3d<sup>1</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>, itrium [Kr] 4d<sup>1</sup>5s<sup>2</sup> dan lantanum [Xe] 5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>. Masih dalam periode 6, iterbium memiliki konfigurasi elektron [Xe]4f<sup>13</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup> dan lutetium [Xe]4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>, "menghasilkan elektron pembeda 4<i>f</i> untuk lutetium dan menegaskan ia sebagai anggota terakhir blok-f untuk periode 6."<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen82_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen82-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float: right; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;"> <div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hidrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksigen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Natrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silikon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Clor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Skandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mangan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Besi</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tembaga</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seng</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Pada tabel lain, lutetium dan lawrencium adalah anggota terakhir dari golongan 3.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telah diketahui sejak awal abad ke-20 bahwa, "itrium dan (untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah) skandium memiliki sifat kimia yang lebih mendekati lutetium dan unsur <a href="/wiki/Logam_tanah_jarang" title="Logam tanah jarang">tanah jarang</a> lainnya [yaitu lantanida] daripada ke lantanum."<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen82_212-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen82-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan alasan itu, beberapa ahli kimia pada tahun 1920 dan 1930-an lebih meimilih lutetium untuk dimasukkan ke dalam golongan 3 daripada lantanum. Penelitian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopik</a> terkini menemukan bahwa konfigurasi elektron iterbium ternyata [Xe]4f<sup>14</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>. Ini berarti bahwa iterbium dan lutetium—dengan konfigurasi [Xe]4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>—keduanya memiliki 14 elektron <i>f</i>, "memiliki elektron pembeda <i>d</i> dan bukan <i>f</i>" untuk lutetium dan membuatnya "kandidat yang setara" dengan [Xe]5d<sup>1</sup>6s<sup>2</sup> lantanum, untuk golongan 3 tabel periodik pada posisi di bawah itrium.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen82_212-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen82-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa fisikawan pada tahun 1950-an dan 60-an lebih memilih lutetium, dalam hal perbandingan beberapa sifat fisika dengan yang dimiliki oleh lantanum.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen82_212-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen82-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengaturan ini, di mana lantanum adalah anggota pertama dari blok-<i>f</i>, dibantah oleh beberapa penulis karena lantanum tidak memiliki satupun elektron <i>f</i>. Namun, telah ada bantahan bahwa ini tidak perlu dikhawatirkan mengingat adanya anomali lain dalam tabel periodik—torium, misalnya, tidak memiliki elektron <i>f</i> tetapi merupakan bagian dari blok-<i>f</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adapun lawrencium, konfigurasi elektron yang dikonfirmasi pada tahun 2015 adalah [Rn]5f<sup>14</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>1</sup>. Konfigurasi yang mewakili anomali lain tabel periodik, terlepas dari apakah lawrensium terletak blok-<i>f</i> atau blok-<i>d</i>, karena posisi posisi blok-<i>p</i> yang paling memungkinkan telah "dipesan" untuk <a href="/wiki/Ununtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtrium">ununtrium</a> dengan perkiraan konfigurasi elektron [Rn]5f<sup>14</sup>6d<sup>10</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa tabel, termasuk tabel pada web <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menambahkan catatan kaki untuk dua posisi di bawah skandium dan itrium, dan menampilkan keduanya, lantanum dan lutetium, serta aktinium dan lawrencium sebagai bagian dari unsur deret lantanida dan aktinida. Pengaturan ini menekankan kesamaan sifat-sifat kimia 15 unsur lantanida (La-Lu) lebih penting daripada argumentasi konfigurasi elektron. Unsur-unsur dalam deret aktinida memiliki perilaku yang lebih beragam. Unsur-unsur di awal deret menunjukkan beberapa kesamaan dengan logam transisi; aktinium dan selanjutnya lebih mirip lantanida.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_optimal">Bentuk optimal</h3></div> <p>Banyaknya bentuk tabel periodik yang berbeda memicu pertanyaan: adakah bentuk tabel periodik yang optimal atau definitif (pasti)? Jawaban atas pertanyaan ini adalah bergantung pada bagaimana melihat kebenaran periodisitas kimia yang muncul pada unsur-unsur tersebut, apakah kebenaran mutlak, atau hanya interpretasi manusia yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan, keyakinan dan selera pengamat. Dasar obyektif periodisitas kimia akan menjawab pertanyaan tentang lokasi hidrogen dan helium, serta komposisi golongan 3. Kebenaran mendasar semacam ini, jika ada, kemungkinan belum ditemukan. Tanpa kebenaran mendasar tersebut, banyaknya perbedaan bentuk tabel periodik dapat dianggap sebagai variasi tema periodisitas kimia, yang masing-masing mengeksplorasi dan memberikan penekanan pada aspek, sifat, perspektif dan hubungan antar unsur yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adanya tabel periodik resmi versi standard atau menengah dan panjang diperkirakan adalah hasil dari pengaturan tata letak dengan keseimbangan fitur yang baik dalam arti mudah dibuat dan berukuran layak, serta dapat menggambarkan urutan atom dan tren periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perluasan_setelah_periode_ketujuh">Perluasan setelah periode ketujuh</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Tabel periodik perluasan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Pulau_kestabilan_nuklir" title="Pulau kestabilan nuklir">Pulau kestabilan nuklir</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg/420px-Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg/630px-Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg/840px-Pyykko_periodic_table_172.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Salah satu kemungkinan bentuk tabel periodik yang diperluas hingga unsur 172, dibuat oleh ahli kimia Finlandia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekka_Pyykk%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekka Pyykkö (halaman belum tersedia)">Pekka Pyykkö</a>. Penyimpangan dari aturan Madelung (8s < 5g < 6f < 7d < 8p) mulai muncul pada unsur 139 dan 140,<sup id="cite_ref-PT172_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT172-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun sebagian besar kira-kira terus berlangsung.<sup id="cite_ref-recentattempts_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recentattempts-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Unsur yang paling baru dinamai–nihonium (113), moskovium (115), tenesin (117), dan oganeson (118)–menyelesaikan baris ketujuh tabel periodik.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur berikutnya harus memulai periode kedelapan. Unsur-unsur ini dapat disebut baik dengan nomor atomnya (misalnya "unsur 119"), atau dengan <a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">nama unsur sistematik</a> IUPAC yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan nomor atom (misalnya "ununennium" untuk unsur 119, berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> <i>unus</i> "satu", <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> <i>ennea</i> "sembilan", dan akhiran <i>-ium</i> untuk elemen logam).<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua upaya untuk mensintesis unsur-unsur tersebut sejauh ini telah gagal. Upaya untuk membuat unsur 119 telah berlangsung sejak 2018 di lembaga penelitian <a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> di Jepang. <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> di Rusia juga berencana untuk melakukan upayanya sendiri dalam menyintesis beberapa unsur periode 8 pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2019_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2019-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SHEfactory_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHEfactory-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat ini, diskusi terus berlanjut apakah periode kedelapan yang akan datang ini harus mengikuti pola yang ditetapkan oleh periode sebelumnya atau tidak, karena perhitungan memperkirakan bahwa pada titik ini efek relativistik akan menghasilkan penyimpangan yang signifikan dari aturan Madelung. Berbagai model yang berbeda telah diusulkan. Semua setuju bahwa periode kedelapan harus dimulai seperti periode sebelumnya dengan dua elemen 8s, dan kemudian harus ada seri baru elemen blok-g yang mengisi orbital 5g, tetapi konfigurasi tepat yang dihitung untuk elemen 5g ini sangat bervariasi antar sumber. Di luar seri 5g ini, perhitungan tidak menyetujui apa yang sebenarnya harus diikuti. Pengisian kulit 5g, 6f, 7d, dan 8p diperkirakan terjadi dalam urutan yang kira-kira seperti itu, tetapi mereka cenderung bercampur satu sama lain dan dengan subkulit 9s dan 9p, sehingga tidak jelas elemen mana yang harus masuk kelompok mana lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-PT172_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT172-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recentattempts_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recentattempts-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fricke2_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fricke2-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nefedov_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nefedov-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scerri telah mengajukan pertanyaan apakah tabel periodik yang diperpanjang harus memperhitungkan kegagalan aturan Madelung di wilayah ini, atau jika pengecualian tersebut harus diabaikan.<sup id="cite_ref-recentattempts_222-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recentattempts-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur kulit mungkin juga cukup formal pada titik ini: distribusi elektron dalam atom oganeson diharapkan agak seragam, tanpa struktur kulit yang terlihat.<sup id="cite_ref-oganesson-elf_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oganesson-elf-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabilitas nuklir kemungkinan akan membuktikan faktor penentu yang membatasi jumlah unsur yang mungkin. Namun, argumen ini menganggap bahwa inti atom berbentuk seperti titik. Perhitungan yang lebih akurat harus memperhitungkan ukuran nukleus yang kecil, tetapi bukan nol, yang mendorong batas ke <i>Z</i> = 173. Selain itu, ternyata larangan itu bukan terhadap atom netral, tetapi terhadap inti telanjang: unsur-unsur dengan atom bilangan di luar 173 tidak dapat terionisasi seluruhnya karena kulit 1snya akan terisi oleh produksi pasangan elektron-positron spontan, tetapi tidak menemui kesulitan jika kulit 1snya sudah terisi.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini tergantung pada keseimbangan antara tolakan listrik antara proton dan gaya kuat yang mengikat proton dan neutron bersama-sama.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proton dan neutron tersusun dalam <a href="/wiki/Model_kulit_nuklir" title="Model kulit nuklir">kulit</a>, sama seperti elektron, sehingga kulit tertutup dapat secara signifikan meningkatkan stabilitas: inti superberat yang diketahui ada karena penutupan kulit seperti itu. Mereka mungkin dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Pulau_kestabilan_nuklir" title="Pulau kestabilan nuklir">pulau stabilitas</a> yang diprediksi, di mana nuklida superberat seharusnya memiliki waktu paruh yang jauh lebih lama: prediksi berkisar dari menit atau hari, hingga jutaan atau miliaran tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nuclei_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclei-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, karena jumlah proton meningkat melebihi sekitar 126, efek stabilisasi ini akan hilang saat kulit tertutup dilewatkan. Tidak jelas apakah ada penutupan kulit yang lebih jauh, karena diharapkan adanya noda dari kulit nuklir yang berbeda (seperti yang sudah diperkirakan untuk kulit elektron di oganeson).<sup id="cite_ref-relqed_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relqed-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebih jauh lagi, bahkan jika penutupan kulit kemudian ada, tidak jelas apakah mereka akan memungkinkan unsur berat seperti itu ada.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greinernuclei_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greinernuclei-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radiochimica_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochimica-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PTSS1_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTSS1-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan demikian, mungkin tabel periodik secara praktis berakhir di sekitar unsur 120, karena elemen menjadi terlalu pendek untuk diamati; era penemuan unsur baru akan segera berakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai alternatif, <a href="/wiki/Zat_kuark" title="Zat kuark">zat kuark</a> dapat menjadi stabil pada jumlah massa yang tinggi, di mana nukleus terdiri dari kuark yang mengalir bebas <a href="/wiki/Kuark_up" title="Kuark up">ke atas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kuark_down" title="Kuark down">ke bawah</a> alih-alih mengikatnya menjadi proton dan neutron; ini akan menciptakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benua_kestabilan_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benua kestabilan nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">benua stabilitas</a> dan bukannya sebuah pulau.<sup id="cite_ref-udQM_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udQM-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-udQMnew_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udQMnew-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek lain mungkin ikut bermain: misalnya, dalam unsur yang sangat berat, elektron 1s cenderung menghabiskan banyak waktu begitu dekat dengan nukleus sehingga mereka benar-benar berada di dalamnya, yang akan membuat mereka rentan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan elektron">penangkapan elektron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-colloq_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colloq-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahkan jika unsur periode kedelapan dapat eksis, kemungkinan memproduksinya akan sulit, dan itu akan menjadi lebih sulit saat nomor atom naik.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun unsur 8s diperkirakan dapat dicapai dengan cara sekarang, beberapa elemen 5g pertama diperkirakan membutuhkan teknologi baru,<sup id="cite_ref-Zagrebaev_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagrebaev-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jika mereka dapat diproduksi sama sekali.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eksperimen mengkarakterisasi unsur-unsur ini secara kimia juga akan menimbulkan tantangan besar.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2019_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2019-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 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.div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode tabel periodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok tabel periodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deret_kimia" title="Deret kimia">Deret kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_isotop_(lengkap)" title="Tabel isotop (lengkap)">Tabel isotop (lengkap)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_isotop_(terbagi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel isotop (terbagi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tabel isotop (terbagi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Daftar unsur kimia">Daftar unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">Lambang unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur-unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur" title="Kelimpahan unsur">Kelimpahan unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagu_unsur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagu unsur (halaman belum tersedia)">Lagu unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">Nama unsur sistematik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_Periodik_Cosmochemical_dari_Unsur-Unsur_dalam_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel Periodik Cosmochemical dari Unsur-Unsur dalam Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Tabel Periodik Cosmochemical dari Unsur-Unsur dalam Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Nama_Subkulit_s,p,d,f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Nama Subkulit s,p,d,f (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Nama Subkulit s,p,d,f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_konfigurasi_elektron" title="Tabel konfigurasi elektron">Tabel konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolektor_unsur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolektor unsur (halaman belum tersedia)">Kolektor unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_artikel_yang_berhubungan_dengan_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar artikel yang berhubungan dengan tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar artikel yang berhubungan dengan tabel periodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_nuklida" title="Tabel nuklida">Tabel nuklida</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ada banyak oksida yang lebih rendah: misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a> dalam golongan 15 membentuk dua oksida, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosforus_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosforus trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Fosforus_pentoksida" title="Fosforus pentoksida">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semua ini hanya menggambarkan situasi pada tekanan standar. Di bawah tekanan yang cukup tinggi, celah pita dari setiap unsur padat mengalami penurunan ke nol dan metalisasi terjadi. Jadi, misalnya pada sekitar 170 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(satuan)" title="Bar (satuan)">kbar</a> iodin menjadi logam,<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_metalik" title="Hidrogen metalik">hidrogen metalik</a> harus terbentuk pada tekanan sekitar empat juta <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_(satuan)" title="Atmosfer (satuan)">atmosfer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_lebur_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik lebur unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">titik lebur unsur kimia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">daftar metaloid</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klasifikasi bahkan dapat berubah dalam satu karya. Misalnya, buku <i>Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements</i> karya Sherwin dan Weston (1966) memiliki tabel periodik di hal. 7, mengklasifikasikan antimon sebagai nonlogam, tetapi pada hal. 115, antimon disebut logam.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terdapat inkonsistensi dan beberapa ketakteraturan dalam konvensi ini. Helium diletakkan dalam blok-p tetapi pada kenyataannya adalah unsur blok-s, dan (sebagai contoh) subkulit-d dalam blok-d telah terisi penuh saat golongan 11 tercapai, bukan golongan 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gas mulia, astatin, fransium, dan semua unsur yang lebih berat daripada <a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">americium</a> tidak dimasukkan, karena ketiadaan data.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sementara fluorin adalah unsur paling elektronegatif menurut <a href="/wiki/Skala_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Skala Pauling">skala Pauling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> adalah unsur paling elektronegatif menurut skala lainnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Skala_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Skala Allen">skala Allen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Emsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Emsley (halaman belum tersedia)">John Emsley</a>, dalam bukunya, <i>Nature’s Building Blocks,</i> menuliskan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">amerisium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">kurium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">californium</a> (unsur 95–98) dapat berada secara alami sebagai renik dalam bijih uranium akibat penangkapan netron dan peluruhan beta. Namun penegasan ini tampaknya kurang didukung bukti independen. Lihat: Emsley J. (2011). <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i> (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabel 18-kolom versi Deming dapat dilihat di <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=67">Adams' 16-column Periodic Table of 1911</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418051222/http://meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=67">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-04-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Adam menghilangkan unsur tanah jarang dan 'unsur radioaktif' (yaitu aktinida) dari tabel utama dan menggantikannya dengan tanda sisipan untuk menghemat tempat (unsur tanah jarang antara Ba dan eka-Yt; unsur radioaktif antara eka-Te dan eka-I). Lihat: Elliot Q. A. (1911). "A modification of the periodic table". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society.</i> <b>33</b>(5): 684–688 (687).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baris tabel periodik ekstra-panjang kedua, untuk mengakomodasi unsur-unsur yang telah diketahui dan belum terungkap dengan berat atom lebih besar daripada bismut (thorium, protaktinium dan uranium misalnya), telah didalilkan sejak 1892. Sebagian besar peneliti menganggap bahwa unsur-unsur ini analog dengan unsur transisi seri ketiga: hafnium, tantalum, wolfram. Keberadaan seri transisi dalam kedua, dalam bentuk aktinida, tidak diterima hingga ditetapkannya kesamaan struktur elektronnya dengan lantanida. Lihat: van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). <i>The periodic system of chemical elements.</i> Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 315–316, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0444407766" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/0444407766">ISBN 0-444-40776-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark dan White mengumpulkan koleksi teks kimia umum mereka untuk mengamati tren tabel periodik dari tahun 1948 hingga 2008. Dari 35 teks mereka menemukan 11 tipe I; 9 tipe II; dan 9 tipe III. Lebih dari 20 tahun terakhir sejak periode survey hitungannya adalah 9 tipe I; 9 tipe II dan 2 tipe III. Lihat: <cite id="CITEREFClark_R.W._&_White_G.D.2008" class="citation">Clark R.W. & White G.D. (2008), "The flyleaf periodic table", <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, <b>85</b> (4): 497</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+flyleaf+periodic+table&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Clark+R.W.+%26+White+G.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contoh tabel tipe I lihat <cite id="CITEREFAtkins2006" class="citation">Atkins; et al. (2006), <i>Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-4th), Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shriver+%26+Atkins+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Atkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span> • <cite id="CITEREFMyers2004" class="citation">Myers; et al. (2004), <i>Holt Chemistry</i>, Orlando: Holt, Rinehart & Winston</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holt+Chemistry&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Myers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span> • <cite id="CITEREFChang_R.2000" class="citation">Chang R. (2000), <i>Essential Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-2nd), Boston: McGraw-Hill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Chemistry&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Chang+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contoh tabel tipe II lihat <cite id="CITEREFRayner-Canham_G._&_Overton_T.2013" class="citation">Rayner-Canham G. & Overton T. (2013), <i>Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-6th), New York: W. H. Freeman and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Rayner-Canham+G.+%26+Overton+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> • <cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation">Brown; et al. (2009), <i>Chemistry: The Central Science</i> (edisi ke-11th), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Central+Science&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span> • <cite id="CITEREFMoore1978" class="citation">Moore; et al. (1978), <i>Chemistry</i>, Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogakusha</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Kogakusha&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contoh tabel tipe III lihat <cite id="CITEREFHousecroft_C.E._&_Sharpe_A.G.2008" class="citation">Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. (2008), <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-3rd), Harlow: Pearson Education</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Housecroft+C.E.+%26+Sharpe+A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> • <cite id="CITEREFHalliday2005" class="citation">Halliday; et al. (2005), <i>Fundamentals of Physics</i> (edisi ke-7th), Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physics&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Halliday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span> • <cite id="CITEREFNebergall_et.al.1980" class="citation">Nebergall et.al. (1980), <i>General Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-6th), Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.place=Lexington&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Nebergall+et.al.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg/220px-32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg/330px-32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg/440px-32_column_stretched_periodic_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik bentuk panjang, dihasilkan dari penempatan lantanida dan aktinida ke dalam Golongan 3, di bawah Sc dan Y. Dijelaskan oleh Jensen (lihat catatan) sebagai "antik" dan interpretasi yang tidak akan dianjurkan oleh seorang ahli kimia anorganik modern, kecuali "mereka telah kehilangan semua hubungan antara dasar pengembangan tabel periodik dan fakta-fakta kimia."</figcaption></figure> Jensen menulis: "Dua kotak di bawah Sc dan Y ... masing-masing mengandung baik nomor atom 57-71 dan 89-103 atau simbol La-Lu dan Ac-Lr, seolah-olah menunjukkan bahwa semua 30 unsur dalam catatan kaki masuk dalam hanya dua kotak. Memperluas tabel semacam itu menjadi tabel 32 kolom akan memerlukan sesuatu untuk meregangkan kotak Sc dan Y sehingga mereka menjangkau semua 15 kolom yang dimasukkan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habashi mencoba untuk mengatasi keberatan ini dengan menempatkan 15 lantanida pada 15 kotak vertikal dari posisi tabel periodik di bawah itrium. Lihat: <cite id="CITEREFHabashi_F.2015" class="citation">Habashi F. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225151228/http://www.eurchembull.com/index.php/ECB/article/view/1563/_132">"A New Look at the Periodic Table"</a>, <i>European Chemical Bulletin</i>, <b>4</b> (1): 1–7 (see p. 5), diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurchembull.com/index.php/ECB/article/view/1563/_132">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Chemical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+New+Look+at+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7+%28see+p.+5%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Habashi+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurchembull.com%2Findex.php%2FECB%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1563%2F_132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untuk tabel periodik Sc-Y-La-Ac dan Sc-Y-Lu-Lr, dua tabel berikut membandingkan jumlah elektron <i>f</i> yang ideal untuk unsur periode 6 dan 7 dalam blok-f dengan jumlah nyata elektron <i>f</i>. Terdapat 20 penyimpangan dalam tabel pertama dibandingkan 9 dalam tabel kedua.<br /><br /> <b>TABEL 1: Tabel periodik Sc-Y-La-Ac</b> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Periode 6</b></td> <td><b>Ce</b></td> <td><b>Pr</b></td> <td><b>Nd</b></td> <td><b>Pm</b></td> <td><b>Sm</b></td> <td><b>Eu</b></td> <td><b>Gd</b></td> <td><b>Tb</b></td> <td><b>Dy</b></td> <td><b>Ho</b></td> <td><b>Er</b></td> <td><b>Tm</b></td> <td><b>Yb</b></td> <td><b>Lu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elektron-f ideal</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jumlah aktual</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">3</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">4</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">5</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">6</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">7</td> <td>7</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">9</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">10</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">11</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">12</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">13</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">14</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Periode 7</b></td> <td><b>Th</b></td> <td><b>Pa</b></td> <td><b>U</b></td> <td><b>Np</b></td> <td><b>Pu</b></td> <td><b>Am</b></td> <td><b>Cm</b></td> <td><b>Bk</b></td> <td><b>Cf</b></td> <td><b>Es</b></td> <td><b>Fm</b></td> <td><b>Md</b></td> <td><b>No</b></td> <td><b>Lr</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jumlah aktual</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">0</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">6</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">7</td> <td>7</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">9</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">10</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">11</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">12</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">13</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">14</td> <td>14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>TABEL 2: Tabel periodik blok-f Sc-Y-Lu-Lr menunjukkan konfigurasi elektron</b> (arsir abu-abu muda = cocok dengan jumlah ideal elektron <i>f</i>; arsir abu-abu tua = penyimpangan) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Periode 6</b></td> <td><b>La</b></td> <td><b>Ce</b></td> <td><b>Pr</b></td> <td><b>Nd</b></td> <td><b>Pm</b></td> <td><b>Sm</b></td> <td><b>Eu</b></td> <td><b>Gd</b></td> <td><b>Tb</b></td> <td><b>Dy</b></td> <td><b>Ho</b></td> <td><b>Er</b></td> <td><b>Tm</b></td> <td><b>Yb</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elektron-f ideal</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jumlah aktual</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">0</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">1</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">7</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Periode 7</b></td> <td><b>Ac</b></td> <td><b>Th</b></td> <td><b>Pa</b></td> <td><b>U</b></td> <td><b>Np</b></td> <td><b>Pu</b></td> <td><b>Am</b></td> <td><b>Cm</b></td> <td><b>Bk</b></td> <td><b>Cf</b></td> <td><b>Es</b></td> <td><b>Fm</b></td> <td><b>Md</b></td> <td><b>No</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jumlah aktual</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">0</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">0</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">2</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">3</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">4</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td style="background-color: gainsboro">7</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Untuk jumlah elektron-f ideal pada Tabel 1 lihat: <cite id="CITEREFNewell1977" class="citation">Newell, S.B. (1977), <i><span></span>'Chemistry: An Introduction</i>, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, hlm. 196</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Chemistry%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. Untuk Tabel 2 lihat: <cite id="CITEREFBrown_et.al.2009" class="citation">Brown et.al. (2009), <i>Chemistry: The Central Science</i> (edisi ke-11th), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, hlm. 207, 208–210</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Central+Science&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=207%2C+208-210&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Brown+et.al.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. Dalam kedua kasus perhitungannya adalah tetap dengan <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi keadaan dasar</a> ideal untuk unsur blok-f adalah [Gas mulia](n–2)<i>f</i> <sup>x</sup>ns<sup>2</sup> dengan n = nomor periode dan x = bilangan bulat dari 1 hingga 14. Lihat: <cite id="CITEREFRouvray_D.H.2015" class="citation">Rouvray D.H. (2015), "The Surprising Periodic Table: Ten Remarkable Facts", dalam B. Hargittai & I. Hargittai, <i>Culture of Chemistry: The Best Articles on the Human Side of 20th-Century Chemistry from the Archives of the Chemical Intelligencer</i>, New York: Springer Science+Business Media, hlm. 183–193 (190)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Periodic+Table%3A+Ten+Remarkable+Facts&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Chemistry%3A+The+Best+Articles+on+the+Human+Side+of+20th-Century+Chemistry+from+the+Archives+of+the+Chemical+Intelligencer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183-193+%28190%29&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Rouvray+D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook//35_pt/pt_database.php">The Internet database of periodic tables</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324070522/http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-03-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i> untuk melihat varian-varian ini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penggambaran animasi tabel periodik Giguère yang banyak beredar di internet (termasuk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://101-365.com/periodic/giguere.html">dari sini</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301230507/http://101-365.com/periodic/giguere.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-03-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.) digambarkan secara salah, karena tidak memasukkan hidrogen dan helium. Giguère meletakkan hidrogen, di atas litium, dan helium di atas berilium. Lihat: Giguère P.A. (1966). "The "new look" for the periodic system". <i>Chemistry in Canada</i> <b>18</b> (12): 36–39 (see p. 37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karol (2002, p. 63) berpendapat bahwa efek gravitasi akan menjadi signifikan ketika nomor atom semakin besar secara astronomis, dengan demikian mengatasi fenomena other ketakstabilan inti super-masif lainnya, dan bahwa bintang neutron (dengan nomor atom pada orde 10<sup>21</sup>) bisa dianggap sebagai unsur terberat yang dikenal di jagat raya. Lihat: <cite id="CITEREFKarol2002" class="citation">Karol, P.J. (2002), "The Mendeleev–Seaborg periodic table: Through Z = 1138 and beyond", <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, <b>79</b> (1): 60–63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+Mendeleev%E2%80%93Seaborg+periodic+table%3A+Through+Z+%3D+1138+and+beyond&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-63&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Karol&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meskipun tabel bentuk ini terkadang dirujuk sebagai tabel periodik "yang diakui" atau "resmi" IUPAC, "IUPAC belum menyetujui semua bentuk spesifik tabel periodik…" Lihat: <cite id="CITEREFLeigh2009" class="citation">Leigh, G.J. (January–February 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2009/3101/1_leigh.html">"Periodic Tables and IUPAC"</a>, <i>Chemistry International</i>, <b>31</b> (1), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624051331/http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2009/3101/1_leigh.html">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+International&rft.atitle=Periodic+Tables+and+IUPAC&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009-01%2F2009-02&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2009%2F3101%2F1_leigh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, salah satu otorita terkenal dalam sejarah tabel periodik (Sella 2013), dihargai karena konsep bentuk optimal tabel periodik tetapi akhir-akhir ini berubah pikiran dan sekarang mendukung nilai-nilai pluralitas tabel periodik. Lihat: <cite id="CITEREFSella2013" class="citation">Sella, A. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21929291.200-an-elementary-history-lesson.html#.Uiear8saySM">"An elementary history lesson"</a>, <i>New Scientist</i>, <b>2929</b> (51), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424192934/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21929291.200-an-elementary-history-lesson.html#.Uiear8saySM">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=An+elementary+history+lesson&rft.volume=2929&rft.issue=51&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sella&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg21929291.200-an-elementary-history-lesson.html%23.Uiear8saySM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> dan <cite id="CITEREFScerri2013" class="citation">Scerri, E. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ericscerri23.blogspot.com/"><i>Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122901/http://ericscerri23.blogspot.com/">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+there+an+optimal+periodic+table+and+other+bigger+questions+in+the+philosophy+of+science&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fericscerri23.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FIII2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIII2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1964). "2. The Relation of Wave and Particle Viewpoints". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202243/https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_02.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i></a>. <b>3</b>. Addison–Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-201-02115-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-201-02115-3">0-201-02115-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_02.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+The+Relation+of+Wave+and+Particle+Viewpoints&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-201-02115-3&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Sands%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FIII_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FI2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FI2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FI2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FI2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1964). "2. Basic Physics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217134956/https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_02.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i></a>. <b>1</b>. Addison–Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-201-02115-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-201-02115-3">0-201-02115-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_02.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 Februari 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Basic+Physics&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-201-02115-3&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Sands%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cartoon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gonick, First; Criddle, Craig (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoch00gonirich"><i>The Cartoon Guide to Chemistry</i></a>. Collins. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoch00gonirich/page/17">17</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-06-093677-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-06-093677-0">0-06-093677-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cartoon+Guide+to+Chemistry&rft.pages=17-65&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-093677-0&rft.aulast=Gonick&rft.aufirst=First&rft.au=Criddle%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartoonguidetoch00gonirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00499.html">Atomic number</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01022.html">Chemical element</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-redbook-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-redbook_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410043726/https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/">"Periodic Table of Elements"</a>. <i>iupac.org</i>. IUPAC. 2021. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iupac.org&rft.atitle=Periodic+Table+of+Elements&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fperiodic-table-of-elements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciaaw-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ciaaw_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808155924/https://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights"</a>. <i>www.ciaaw.org</i>. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Agustus 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ciaaw.org&rft.atitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fatomic-weights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scerri17-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri17_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri17_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/periodic+law">"Periodic law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Periodic+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fperiodic%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2009_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2009_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Jensen (halaman belum tersedia)">Jensen, William B.</a> (2009). "Misapplying the Periodic Law". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>86</b> (10): 1186. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JChEd..86.1186J">2009JChEd..86.1186J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed086p1186">10.1021/ed086p1186</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Misapplying+the+Periodic+Law&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1186&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed086p1186&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JChEd..86.1186J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIII19-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIII19_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1964). "19. The Hydrogen Atom and The Periodic Table". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202245/https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_19.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i></a>. <b>3</b>. Addison–Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-201-02115-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-201-02115-3">0-201-02115-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_19.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.+The+Hydrogen+Atom+and+The+Periodic+Table&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-201-02115-3&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Sands%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FIII_19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrucci et al., p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrucci et al., p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ball, David W.; Key, Jessie A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815072718/https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/electronic-structure-and-the-periodic-table/"><i>Introductory Chemistry</i></a> (edisi ke-1st Canadian). Vancouver, British Columbia: BC Campus (opentextbc.ca). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-77420-003-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-77420-003-2">978-1-77420-003-2</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/electronic-structure-and-the-periodic-table/">versi asli</a> tanggal 15 Agustus 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Chemistry&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.edition=1st+Canadian&rft.pub=BC+Campus+%28opentextbc.ca%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-77420-003-2&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Key%2C+Jessie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fintroductorychemistry%2Fchapter%2Felectronic-structure-and-the-periodic-table%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/e_config.html">"Electron Configurations"</a>. <i>www.chem.fsu.edu</i>. Florida State University. May 6, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506074340/https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/e_config.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chem.fsu.edu&rft.atitle=Electron+Configurations&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.fsu.edu%2Fchemlab%2Fchm1045%2Fe_config.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrucci331-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci331_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrucci et al., p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goudsmit-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goudsmit_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goudsmit_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goudsmit, S. A.; Richards, Paul I. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010113455/http://www.pnas.org/content/51/4/664.full.pdf">"The Order of Electron Shells in Ionized Atoms"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (halaman belum tersedia)">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.</a></i> <b>51</b> (4): 664–671 (with correction on p 906). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PNAS...51..664G">1964PNAS...51..664G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.51.4.664">10.1073/pnas.51.4.664</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300183">300183</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16591167">16591167</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/51/4/664.full.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 10 Oktober 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+Electron+Shells+in+Ionized+Atoms&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=664-671+%28with+correction+on+p-906%29&rft.date=1964&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC300183&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16591167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.51.4.664&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PNAS...51..664G&rft.aulast=Goudsmit&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Paul+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F51%2F4%2F664.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostrovsky-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrovsky_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrovsky_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ostrovsky, V. N. (May 2001). "What and How Physics Contributes to Understanding the Periodic Law". <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 145–181. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011476405933">10.1023/A:1011476405933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=What+and+How+Physics+Contributes+to+Understanding+the+Periodic+Law&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-181&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011476405933&rft.aulast=Ostrovsky&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wong, D. Pan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1979-11_56_11/page/714">"Theoretical justification of Madelung's rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">J. Chem. Educ.</a></i> <b>56</b> (11): 714–718. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979JChEd..56..714W">1979JChEd..56..714W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed056p714">10.1021/ed056p714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=Theoretical+justification+of+Madelung%27s+rule&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=714-718&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed056p714&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979JChEd..56..714W&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=D.+Pan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1979-11_56_11%2Fpage%2F714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrucci328-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci328_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci328_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci328_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrucci et al., p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cao-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cao_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cao, Changsu; Vernon, René E.; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (6 Januari 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7818537">"Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Chemistry</i>. <b>8</b> (813): 813. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffchem.2020.00813">10.3389/fchem.2020.00813</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7818537">7818537</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33490030">33490030</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Understanding+Periodic+and+Non-periodic+Chemistry+in+Periodic+Tables&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=813&rft.pages=813&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7818537&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33490030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffchem.2020.00813&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Changsu&rft.au=Vernon%2C+Ren%C3%A9+E.&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+W.+H.+Eugen&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7818537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jorgensen-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgensen_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jørgensen, Christian (1973). "The Loose Connection between Electron Configuration and the Chemical Behavior of the Heavy Elements (Transuranics)". <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 12–19. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197300121">10.1002/anie.197300121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=The+Loose+Connection+between+Electron+Configuration+and+the+Chemical+Behavior+of+the+Heavy+Elements+%28Transuranics%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-19&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.197300121&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrucci326-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci326_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci326_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrucci et al., pp. 326–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen2015-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2015_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jensen, William B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130011116/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1">"The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update"</a>. <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>17</b>: 23–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9216-1">10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 Januari 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+positions+of+lanthanum+%28actinium%29+and+lutetium+%28lawrencium%29+in+the+periodic+table%3A+an+update&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=23-31&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9216-1&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9216-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hamilton, David C. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physics_1965-08_33_8/page/637">"Position of Lanthanum in the Periodic Table"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>33</b> (8): 637–640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965AmJPh..33..637H">1965AmJPh..33..637H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1972042">10.1119/1.1972042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Position+of+Lanthanum+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=637-640&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1972042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965AmJPh..33..637H&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-journal-of-physics_1965-08_33_8%2Fpage%2F637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JensenLr-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JensenLr_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jensen, W. B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223091325/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/251.%20Lawrencium.pdf">"Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/251.%20Lawrencium.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 23 Desember 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Comments+on+the+Position+of+Lawrencium+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F251.%2520Lawrencium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, Fan; Le-Min, Li (2002). "镧系元素 4f 轨道在成键中的作用的理论研究" [Theoretical Study on the Role of Lanthanide 4f Orbitals in Bonding]. <i>Acta Chimica Sinica</i> (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). <b>62</b> (8): 1379–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Chimica+Sinica&rft.atitle=%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0+4f+%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%9C%A8%E6%88%90%E9%94%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1379-84&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Le-Min%2C+Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaF3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaF3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xu, Wei; Ji, Wen-Xin; Qiu, Yi-Xiang; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Wang, Shu-Guang (2013). "On structure and bonding of lanthanoid trifluorides LnF<sub>3</sub> (Ln = La to Lu)". <i>Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics</i>. <b>2013</b> (15): 7839–47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PCCP...15.7839X">2013PCCP...15.7839X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC3CP50717C">10.1039/C3CP50717C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23598823">23598823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=On+structure+and+bonding+of+lanthanoid+trifluorides+LnF%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28Ln+%3D+La+to+Lu%29&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=7839-47&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23598823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC3CP50717C&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PCCP...15.7839X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Ji%2C+Wen-Xin&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Yi-Xiang&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+W.+H.+Eugen&rft.au=Wang%2C+Shu-Guang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyykko-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pyykko_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chi, Chaoxian; Pan, Sudip; Jin, Jiaye; Meng, Luyan; Luo, Mingbiao; Zhao, Lili; Zhou, Mingfei; Frenking, Gernot (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemistry%E2%80%94A_European_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemistry—A European Journal (halaman belum tersedia)">Chem. Eur. J.</a></i> <b>25</b> (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eur.+J.&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%298%5D%2B%2F%E2%88%92+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=11772-11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chi&rft.aufirst=Chaoxian&rft.au=Pan%2C+Sudip&rft.au=Jin%2C+Jiaye&rft.au=Meng%2C+Luyan&rft.au=Luo%2C+Mingbiao&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Lili&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, p. 354–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117s-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117s_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Oganessian, Yu.Ts.</a>; Abdullin, F.Sh.; Bailey, P.D.; Benker, D.E.; Bennett, M.E.; Dmitriev, S.N.; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202231/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Synthesis-of-a-new-element-with-atomic-number-Z-%3D-Oganessian-Abdullin/ec9412add23e66f34b6bf51ebd7332278af413fc">"Synthesis of a new element with atomic number <span class="nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Z</span> = 117</span>"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>104</b> (14): 142502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvL.104n2502O">2010PhRvL.104n2502O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.104.142502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20481935">20481935</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ec9412add23e66f34b6bf51ebd7332278af413fc">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+a+new+element+with+atomic+number+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+mvar%22+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%3B%22%3EZ%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3D+117%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=142502&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20481935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.104.142502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PhRvL.104n2502O&rft.aulast=Oganessian&rft.aufirst=Yu.Ts.&rft.au=Abdullin%2C+F.Sh.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+P.D.&rft.au=Benker%2C+D.E.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Dmitriev%2C+S.N.&rft.au=Ezold%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Itkis%2C+M.G.&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Yuri+V.&rft.au=Mezentsev%2C+A.N.&rft.au=Moody%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+S.L.&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+A.N.&rft.au=Porter%2C+C.E.&rft.au=Ramayya%2C+A.V.&rft.au=Riley%2C+F.D.&rft.au=Roberto%2C+J.B.&rft.au=Ryabinin%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Rykaczewski%2C+K.P.&rft.au=Sagaidak%2C+R.N.&rft.au=Shaughnessy%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Shirokovsky%2C+I.V.&rft.au=Stoyer%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Subbotin%2C+V.G.&rft.au=Sudowe%2C+R.&rft.au=Sukhov%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Tsyganov%2C+Yu.S.&rft.au=Utyonkov%2C+Vladimir+K.&rft.au=Voinov%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Vostokin%2C+G.K.&rft.au=Wilk%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fec9412add23e66f34b6bf51ebd7332278af413fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp2002-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp2002_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oganessian, Yu. T.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041213100709/http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2002/287%28D7-2002-287%29e.pdf">"Results from the first <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>249</sup>Cf</span>+<span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>48</sup>Ca</span> experiment"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>JINR Communication</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2002/287(D7-2002-287)e.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 13 Desember 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JINR+Communication&rft.atitle=Results+from+the+first+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3E%3Csup%3E249%3C%2Fsup%3ECf%3C%2Fspan%3E%2B%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3E%3Csup%3E48%3C%2Fsup%3ECa%3C%2Fspan%3E+experiment&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Oganessian%2C+Yu.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinr.ru%2Fpublish%2FPreprints%2F2002%2F287%28D7-2002-287%29e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-20161130-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-20161130_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-20161130_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Staff (30 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111959/https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118/">"IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118/">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUPAC&rft.atitle=IUPAC+Announces+the+Names+of+the+Elements+113%2C+115%2C+117%2C+and+118&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fiupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208182536/https://www.nist.gov/pml/periodic-table-elements">"Periodic Table of the Elements"</a>. <i>www.nist.gov</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/periodic-table-elements">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Februari 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nist.gov&rft.atitle=Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.date=2019-08&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fperiodic-table-elements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fricke, B. (1975). Dunitz, J. D., ed. "Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". <i>Structure and Bonding</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <b>21</b>: 89–144. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0116496">10.1007/BFb0116496</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-07109-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-540-07109-9">978-3-540-07109-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Structure+and+Bonding&rft.atitle=Superheavy+elements+a+prediction+of+their+chemical+and+physical+properties&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=89-144&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0116496&rft.isbn=978-3-540-07109-9&rft.aulast=Fricke&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fluck-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fluck_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fluck_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fluck, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152951/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">"New Notations in the Periodic Table"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure Appl. Chem.</a></i> <b>60</b> (3): 431–436. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431">10.1351/pac198860030431</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 25 Maret 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=New+Notations+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-436&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac198860030431&rft.aulast=Fluck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1988%2Fpdf%2F6003x0431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thyssen-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thyssen_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thyssen_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thyssen, P.; Binnemans, K. (2011). Gschneidner Jr., K. A.; Bünzli, J-C.G; Vecharsky, Bünzli, ed. <i>Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis</i>. <i>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</i>. <b>41</b>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. hlm. 1–94. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53590-0.00001-7">10.1016/B978-0-444-53590-0.00001-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-444-53590-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-444-53590-0">978-0-444-53590-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accommodation+of+the+Rare+Earths+in+the+Periodic+Table%3A+A+Historical+Analysis&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=1-94&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53590-0.00001-7&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53590-0&rft.aulast=Thyssen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Binnemans%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; Hutton, A. T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123034019/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. RSC Publishing. hlm. 51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-85404-438-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-85404-438-2">978-0-85404-438-2</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+IUPAC+Recommendations+2005&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-438-2&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=N.+G.&rft.au=Damhus%2C+T.&rft.au=Hartshorn%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Hutton%2C+A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri 2007, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMessler2010" class="citation">Messler, R. W. (2010), <i>The essence of materials for engineers</i>, Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers., hlm. 32, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7637-7833-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7637-7833-8">0-7637-7833-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essence+of+materials+for+engineers&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=0-7637-7833-8&rft.aulast=Messler&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bagnall, K.W. (1967). "Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry". Dalam Fields, P.R.; Moeller, T. <i>Advances in chemistry, Lanthanide/Actinide chemistry</i>. Advances in Chemistry. <b>71</b>. American Chemical Society. hlm. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fba-1967-0071">10.1021/ba-1967-0071</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8412-0072-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8412-0072-6">0-8412-0072-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+actinide+and+lanthanide+chemistry&rft.btitle=Advances+in+chemistry%2C+Lanthanide%2FActinide+chemistry&rft.series=Advances+in+Chemistry&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fba-1967-0071&rft.isbn=0-8412-0072-6&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=K.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Day, M.C., Jr.; Selbin, J. (1969). <i>Theoretical inorganic chemistry</i> (edisi ke-2nd). New York: Nostrand-Rienhold Book Corporation. hlm. 103. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7637-7833-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7637-7833-8">0-7637-7833-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+inorganic+chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Nostrand-Rienhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7637-7833-8&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=M.C.%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Selbin%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holman, J.; Hill, G.C (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse"><i>Chemistry in context</i></a> (edisi ke-5th). Walton-on-Thames: Nelson Thornes. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-17-448276-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-17-448276-0">0-17-448276-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+in+context&rft.place=Walton-on-Thames&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-17-448276-0&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hill%2C+G.C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryinconte00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh1990" class="citation">Leigh, G.J. (1990), <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990</i>, Blackwell Science, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-632-02494-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-632-02494-1">0-632-02494-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+Recommendations+1990&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-632-02494-1&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFluck1988" class="citation">Fluck, E. (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">"New Notations in the Periodic Table"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure Appl. Chem.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <b>60</b> (3): 431–436, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431">10.1351/pac198860030431</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152951/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=New+Notations+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-436&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac198860030431&rft.aulast=Fluck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1988%2Fpdf%2F6003x0431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStoker2007" class="citation">Stoker, Stephen H. (2007), <i>General, organic, and biological chemistry</i>, New York: Houghton Mifflin, hlm. 68, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-618-73063-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-618-73063-6">978-0-618-73063-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52445586">52445586</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General%2C+organic%2C+and+biological+chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52445586&rft.isbn=978-0-618-73063-6&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMascetta2003" class="citation">Mascetta, Joseph (2003), <i>Chemistry The Easy Way</i> (edisi ke-4th), New York: Hauppauge, hlm. 50, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7641-1978-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7641-1978-1">978-0-7641-1978-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52047235">52047235</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+The+Easy+Way&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hauppauge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52047235&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-1978-1&rft.aulast=Mascetta&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKotzTreichelTownsend2009" class="citation">Kotz, John; Treichel, Paul; Townsend, John (2009), <i>Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Volume 2</i> (edisi ke-7th), Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole, hlm. 324, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-495-38712-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-495-38712-1">978-0-495-38712-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/220756597">220756597</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Reactivity%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Belmont&rft.pages=324&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220756597&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38712-1&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Treichel%2C+Paul&rft.au=Townsend%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gray">Gray</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation">Jones, Chris (2002), <i>d- and f-block chemistry</i>, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, hlm. 2, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-22476-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-22476-1">978-0-471-22476-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/300468713">300468713</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=d-+and+f-block+chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300468713&rft.isbn=978-0-471-22476-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSilberberg2006" class="citation">Silberberg, M.S. (2006), <i>Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change</i> (edisi ke-4th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, hlm. 536, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-111658-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-111658-3">0-07-111658-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+molecular+nature+of+matter+and+change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=536&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-07-111658-3&rft.aulast=Silberberg&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMansonHalford2006" class="citation">Manson, S.S.; Halford, G.R. (2006), <i>Fatigue and durability of structural materials</i>, Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, hlm. 376, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87170-825-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87170-825-6">0-87170-825-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatigue+and+durability+of+structural+materials&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87170-825-6&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft.au=Halford%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBullinger2009" class="citation">Bullinger, Hans-Jörg (2009), <i>Technology guide: Principles, applications, trends</i>, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, hlm. 8, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-88545-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-540-88545-0">978-3-540-88545-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+guide%3A+Principles%2C+applications%2C+trends&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-88545-0&rft.aulast=Bullinger&rft.aufirst=Hans-J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation">Jones, B.W. (2010), <i>Pluto: Sentinel of the outer solar system</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 169–71, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-19436-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-19436-5">978-0-521-19436-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluto%3A+Sentinel+of+the+outer+solar+system&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=169-71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19436-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHinrichs1869" class="citation">Hinrichs, G.D. (1869), "On the classification and the atomic weights of the so-called chemical elements, with particular reference to Stas's determinations", <i>Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science</i>, <b>18</b> (5): 112–124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+classification+and+the+atomic+weights+of+the+so-called+chemical+elements%2C+with+particular+reference+to+Stas%27s+determinations&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=112-124&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Hinrichs&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood27-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood27_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 27–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Messler, R. W. (2010). <i>The essence of materials for engineers</i>. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. hlm. 32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7637-7833-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7637-7833-0">978-0-7637-7833-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essence+of+materials+for+engineers&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-7833-0&rft.aulast=Messler&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myers_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Myers, R. (2003). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicschemistry00myer_641"><i>The basics of chemistry</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicschemistry00myer_641/page/n74">61</a>–67. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-313-31664-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-313-31664-7">978-0-313-31664-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+basics+of+chemistry&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=61-67&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31664-7&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicschemistry00myer_641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chang2_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chang, R. (2002). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riimchemistry00chan/page/289"><i>Chemistry</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (edisi ke-7). New York: McGraw-Hill. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riimchemistry00chan/page/289">289–310, 340–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-07-112072-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-07-112072-2">978-0-07-112072-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=289-310%2C+340-42&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-112072-2&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friimchemistry00chan%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood113-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood113_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scerri14-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri14_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri14_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJolly1991" class="citation">Jolly, W.L. (1991), <i>Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-2nd), McGraw-Hill, hlm. 22, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-07-112651-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-07-112651-9">978-0-07-112651-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-07-112651-9&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/E01990.html">Electronegativity</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPauling1932" class="citation">Pauling, L (1932), "The Nature of the Chemical Bond. IV. The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativity of Atoms", <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, <b>54</b> (9): 3570–3582, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01348a011">10.1021/ja01348a011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+the+Chemical+Bond.+IV.+The+Energy+of+Single+Bonds+and+the+Relative+Electronegativity+of+Atoms&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3570-3582&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01348a011&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAllred1960" class="citation">Allred, A.L. (1960), "Electronegativity values from thermochemical data", <i>Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry</i>, Northwestern University, <b>17</b> (3–4): 215–221, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980142-5">10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Electronegativity+values+from+thermochemical+data&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=215-221&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980142-5&rft.aulast=Allred&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huheey, Keiter & Keiter, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siekierski, Slawomir; Burgess, John (2002). <i>Concise chemistry of the elements</i>. Chichester: Horwood Publishing. hlm. 35‒36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-898563-71-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-898563-71-3">1-898563-71-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+chemistry+of+the+elements&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=35%E2%80%9236&rft.pub=Horwood+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-898563-71-3&rft.aulast=Siekierski&rft.aufirst=Slawomir&rft.au=Burgess%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, pp. 307–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huheey, Keiter & Keiter, pp. 42, 880–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html">"Intermolecular bonding–van der Waals forces"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122154740/https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intermolecular+bonding%E2%80%93van+der+Waals+forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Fatoms%2Fbonding%2Fvdw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemguidemetal-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chemguidemetal_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421105423/http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/metallic.html">"Metallic Bonding"</a>. <i>Chemguide</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/metallic.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemguide&rft.atitle=Metallic+Bonding&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Fatoms%2Fbonding%2Fmetallic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siekierski-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siekierski_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siekierski_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siekierski_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siekierski_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siekierski_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisechemistry00siek"><i>Concise Chemistry of the Elements</i></a>. Horwood. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisechemistry00siek/page/n70">60</a>–66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-898563-71-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-898563-71-6">978-1-898563-71-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=60-66&rft.pub=Horwood&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898563-71-6&rft.aulast=Siekierski&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisechemistry00siek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McMinis, J.; Clay, R.C.; Lee, D.; Morales, M.A. (2015). "Molecular to Atomic Phase Transition in Hydrogen under High Pressure". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review Letters">Phys. Rev. Lett.</a></i> <b>114</b> (10): 105305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvL.114j5305M">2015PhRvL.114j5305M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.114.105305">10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.105305</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25815944">25815944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Molecular+to+Atomic+Phase+Transition+in+Hydrogen+under+High+Pressure&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=105305&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25815944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.114.105305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhRvL.114j5305M&rft.aulast=McMinis&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Clay%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.&rft.au=Morales%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hawkes, Stephen J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2001-12_78_12/page/1686">"Semimetallicity?"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>78</b> (12): 1686. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed078p1686">10.1021/ed078p1686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Semimetallicity%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1686&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed078p1686&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2001-12_78_12%2Fpage%2F1686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemguidem-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemguidem_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemguidem_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424070514/http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html">"Metallic Structures"</a>. <i>Chemguide</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemguide&rft.atitle=Metallic+Structures&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Fatoms%2Fstructures%2Fmetals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Mangan". <i>Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</i> (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-91–100). Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 1110–1117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-007511-3">978-3-11-007511-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mangan&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1110-1117&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiberg_holleman-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiberg_holleman_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). <i>Inorganic chemistry</i>. Academic Press. hlm. 758. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-352651-9">978-0-12-352651-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.pages=758&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammond, C. R. (2004). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/4"><i>The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (edisi ke-81st). Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/4">4–1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0485-9">978-0-8493-0485-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%2C+US%29&rft.pages=4-1&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r1_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">G.V. Samsonov, ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123344/http://ihtik.lib.ru/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar"><i>Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements</i></a>. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. hlm. 387–446. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6066-7_7">10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4684-6066-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4684-6066-7">978-1-4684-6066-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihtik.lib.ru/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar">versi asli</a> tanggal 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Properties+of+the+Elements&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+physicochemical+properties+of+the+elements&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=387-446&rft.pub=IFI-Plenum&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6066-7_7&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-6066-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fihtik.lib.ru%2F2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika%2F2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995). "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals". <i>Nature</i>. <b>376</b> (6537): 238–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.376..238H">1995Natur.376..238H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F376238a0">10.1038/376238a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Why+gold+is+the+noblest+of+all+the+metals&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6537&rft.pages=238-240&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F376238a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.376..238H&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Norskov%2C+J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnson, P. B.; Christy, R. W. (1972). "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals". <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>6</b> (12): 4370–4379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972PhRvB...6.4370J">1972PhRvB...6.4370J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.6.4370">10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Optical+Constants+of+the+Noble+Metals&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4370-4379&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.6.4370&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972PhRvB...6.4370J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Christy%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142013/http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/period3/elementsphys.html">"Atomic and Physical Properties of the Period 3 Elements"</a>. <i>Chemguide</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/period3/elementsphys.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemguide&rft.atitle=Atomic+and+Physical+Properties+of+the+Period+3+Elements&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Finorganic%2Fperiod3%2Felementsphys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-group4-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-group4_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-group4_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427234147/https://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group4/properties.html">"The Trend From Non-Metal to Metal In the Group 4 Elements"</a>. <i>Chemguide</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group4/properties.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemguide&rft.atitle=The+Trend+From+Non-Metal+to+Metal+In+the+Group+4+Elements&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Finorganic%2Fgroup4%2Fproperties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNU-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNU_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>70</b> (24): 3764–3767. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhRvL..70.3764W">1993PhRvL..70.3764W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.70.3764">10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10053956">10053956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Thermal+conductivity+of+isotopically+modified+single+crystal+diamond&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=3764-3767&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10053956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.70.3764&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PhRvL..70.3764W&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Lanhua&rft.au=Kuo%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Banholzer%2C+W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203123434/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/periodictable.html">"Periodic Table of Chemical Elements"</a>. <i>www.acs.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>. 2021. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/periodictable.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Februari 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acs.org&rft.atitle=Periodic+Table+of+Chemical+Elements&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Fperiodictable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321033913/https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table">"Periodic Table"</a>. <i>www.rsc.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. 2021. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 Maret 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rsc.org&rft.atitle=Periodic+Table&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Seaborg, G. (c. 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130112151/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element">"transuranium element (chemical element)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=transuranium+element+%28chemical+element%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F603220%2Ftransuranium-element&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sherwin, E.; Weston, G. J. (1966). Spice, J. E., ed. <i>Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements</i>. Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4831-3905-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4831-3905-0">978-1-4831-3905-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Non-Metallic+Elements&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-3905-0&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Weston%2C+G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTSS2-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PTSS2_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTSS2_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTSS2_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTSS2_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, pp. 407–420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jensen, William B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184706/http://www.che.uc.edu/Jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/028.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">"Classification, symmetry and the periodic table"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comp. & Maths. With Appls</i>. <b>12B</b> (I/2). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/Jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/028.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 31 Januari 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comp.+%26+Maths.+With+Appls.&rft.atitle=Classification%2C+symmetry+and+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=12B&rft.issue=I%2F2&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2FJensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F028.%2520Periodic%2520Table.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaupp-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaupp_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kaupp, Martin (1 Desember 2006). "The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table". <i>Journal of Computational Chemistry</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 320–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcc.20522">10.1002/jcc.20522</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17143872">17143872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computational+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+radial+nodes+of+atomic+orbitals+for+chemical+bonding+and+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=320-25&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcc.20522&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17143872&rft.aulast=Kaupp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-primefan-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-primefan_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kulsha, Andrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022010244/http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/personal/ptable.pdf">"Периодическая система химических элементов Д. И. Менделеева"</a> [D. I. Mendeleev's periodic system of the chemical elements] <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>primefan.ru</i> (dalam bahasa Rusia). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/personal/ptable.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 22 Oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=primefan.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%94.+%D0%98.+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kulsha&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primefan.ru%2Fstuff%2Fpersonal%2Fptable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PekkaPyykko-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PekkaPyykko_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pyykkö, Pekka; Desclaux, Jean Paul (1979). "Relativity and the periodic system of elements". <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>. <b>12</b> (8): 276. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far50140a002">10.1021/ar50140a002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Relativity+and+the+periodic+system+of+elements&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=276&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far50140a002&rft.aulast=Pyykk%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft.au=Desclaux%2C+Jean+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norrby-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norrby_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Norrby, Lars J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1991-02_68_2/page/110">"Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 110. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JChEd..68..110N">1991JChEd..68..110N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed068p110">10.1021/ed068p110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Why+is+mercury+liquid%3F+Or%2C+why+do+relativistic+effects+not+get+into+chemistry+textbooks%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed068p110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JChEd..68..110N&rft.aulast=Norrby&rft.aufirst=Lars+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1991-02_68_2%2Fpage%2F110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-primefan2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-primefan2_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kulsha, A. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017082931/http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/chem/ptable/ptable.pdf">"Есть ли граница у таблицы Менделеева?"</a> [Is there a boundary to the Mendeleev table?] <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.primefan.ru</i> (dalam bahasa Rusia). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/chem/ptable/ptable.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 17 Oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.primefan.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%3F&rft.aulast=Kulsha&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primefan.ru%2Fstuff%2Fchem%2Fptable%2Fptable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schändel_2003_277-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schändel_2003_277_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schändel, M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofsuper0000unse_y0o9"><i>The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements</i></a>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofsuper0000unse_y0o9/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-1250-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-1250-1">978-1-4020-1250-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1250-1&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4ndel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryofsuper0000unse_y0o9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 25–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood29bis-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood29bis_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfried2002" class="citation">Siegfried, Robert (2002), <i>From elements to atoms a history of chemical composition</i>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, hlm. 92, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87169-924-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87169-924-9">0-87169-924-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+elements+to+atoms+a+history+of+chemical+composition&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Cataloging-in-Publication+Data&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87169-924-9&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P100-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P100_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P100_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHorvitz2002" class="citation">Horvitz, Leslie (2002), <i>Eureka!: Scientific Breakthroughs That Changed The World</i>, New York: John Wiley, hlm. 43, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-23341-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-23341-1">978-0-471-23341-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50766822">50766822</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eureka%21%3A+Scientific+Breakthroughs+That+Changed+The+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50766822&rft.isbn=978-0-471-23341-1&rft.aulast=Horvitz&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Spronsen1969" class="citation">van Spronsen, J.W. (1969), <i>The periodic system of chemical elements</i>, Amsterdam: Elsevier, hlm. 19, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-444-40776-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-444-40776-6">0-444-40776-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+periodic+system+of+chemical+elements&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-444-40776-6&rft.aulast=van+Spronsen&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annales.org/archives/x/chancourtois.html">"Alexandre-Emile Bélguier de Chancourtois (1820-1886)"</a>, <i>Annales des Mines history page</i> (dalam bahasa bahasa Prancis), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127153250/http://www.annales.org/archives/x/chancourtois.html">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Mines+history+page&rft.atitle=Alexandre-Emile+B%C3%A9lguier+de+Chancourtois+%281820-1886%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annales.org%2Farchives%2Fx%2Fchancourtois.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venable, pp. 85–86; 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOdling2002" class="citation">Odling, W. (2002), "On the proportional numbers of the elements", <i>Quarterly Journal of Science</i>, <b>1</b> (643): 642–648</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+proportional+numbers+of+the+elements&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=643&rft.pages=642-648&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Odling&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2011" class="citation">Scerri, Eric R. (2011), <i>The periodic table: A very short introduction</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-958249-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-958249-5">978-0-19-958249-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%3A+A+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958249-5&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kaji, M. (2004). "Discovery of the periodic law: Mendeleev and other researchers on element classification in the 1860s". Dalam Rouvray, D.H.; King, R. Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableint0000unse"><i>The periodic table: Into the 21st Century</i></a>. 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(1965), <i>The Atomic Debates: 'Memorable and Interesting Evenings in the Life of the Chemical Society'<span></span></i>, <b>56</b> (1), Isis (The University of Chicago Press), hlm. 5–25, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349922">10.1086/349922</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Debates%3A+%27Memorable+and+Interesting+Evenings+in+the+Life+of+the+Chemical+Society%27&rft.pages=5-25&rft.pub=Isis+%28The+University+of+Chicago+Press%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349922&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft.au=Knight%2C+D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri 2007, pp. 87, 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman1969" class="citation">Kauffman, George B. (March 1969), "American forerunners of the periodic law", <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, <b>46</b> (3): 128–135 (132), <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969JChEd..46..128K">1969JChEd..46..128K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed046p128">10.1021/ed046p128</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=American+forerunners+of+the+periodic+law&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=128-135+%28132%29&rft.date=1969-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed046p128&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969JChEd..46..128K&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMendelejew1869" class="citation">Mendelejew, Dimitri (1869), "Über die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente", <i>Zeitschrift für Chemie</i> (dalam bahasa bahasa Jerman): 405–406</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Chemie&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Beziehungen+der+Eigenschaften+zu+den+Atomgewichten+der+Elemente&rft.pages=405-406&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Mendelejew&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venable, pp. 96–97; 100–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, pp. 100–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPullman1998" class="citation">Pullman, Bernard (1998), <i>The Atom in the History of Human Thought</i>, Translated by Axel Reisinger, Oxford University Press, hlm. 227, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-515040-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-515040-6">0-19-515040-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atom+in+the+History+of+Human+Thought&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Translated+by+Axel+Reisinger%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-515040-6&rft.aulast=Pullman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins1995" class="citation">Atkins, P.W. 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Ed.</i>, <b>46</b> (44): 8371–8375, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200703710">10.1002/anie.200703710</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899620">17899620</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Mercury+Is+a+Transition+Metal%3A+The+First+Experimental+Evidence+for+HgF4&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=8371-8375&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200703710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899620&rft.au=Xuefang+Wang&rft.au=Lester+Andrews&rft.au=Sebastian+Riedel&rft.au=Martin+Kaupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_B._Jensen2008" class="citation">William B. Jensen (2008), "Is Mercury Now a Transition Element?", <i>J. Chem. Educ.</i>, <b>85</b> (9): 1182–1183, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JChEd..85.1182J">2008JChEd..85.1182J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed085p1182">10.1021/ed085p1182</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=Is+Mercury+Now+a+Transition+Element%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1182-1183&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed085p1182&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JChEd..85.1182J&rft.au=William+B.+Jensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRayner-CanhamOverton" class="citation">Rayner-Canham, G; Overton, T., <i>Descriptive inorganic chemistry</i> (edisi ke-4th), New York: W H Freeman, hlm. 484–485, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-8963-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-8963-9">0-7167-8963-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+inorganic+chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=484-485&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W+H+Freeman&rft.isbn=0-7167-8963-9&rft.aulast=Rayner-Canham&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Overton%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThyssenBinnemanns2011" class="citation">Thyssen, P.; Binnemanns, K (2011), "1: Accommodation of the rare earths in the periodic table: A historical analysis", dalam Gschneidner Jr., K.A; Büzli, J-C.J.; Pecharsky, V.K., <i>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</i>, <b>41</b>, Amsterdam: Elsevier, hlm. 80–81, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-444-53590-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-444-53590-0">978-0-444-53590-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Accommodation+of+the+rare+earths+in+the+periodic+table%3A+A+historical+analysis&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Rare+Earths&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53590-0&rft.aulast=Thyssen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Binnemanns%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKeelerWothers2014" class="citation">Keeler, J.; Wothers, P. (2014), <i>Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach</i>, Oxford: Oxford University, hlm. 259, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-9604135" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-9604135">978-0-19-9604135</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Structure+and+Reactivity%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-9604135&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Wothers%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCastelvecchi2015" class="citation">Castelvecchi, Davide (8 April 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/exotic-atom-struggles-to-find-its-place-in-the-periodic-table-1.17275">"Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table"</a>, <i>Nature News</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005164540/http://www.nature.com/news/exotic-atom-struggles-to-find-its-place-in-the-periodic-table-1.17275">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Exotic+atom+struggles+to+find+its+place+in+the+periodic+table&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Castelvecchi&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fexotic-atom-struggles-to-find-its-place-in-the-periodic-table-1.17275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation">Emsley, J. (2011), <i>Nature's Building Blocks</i> (edisi ke-new), Oxford: Oxford University, hlm. 651, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-960563-7">978-0-19-960563-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=651&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table">Periodic Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410112333/http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-04-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". Royal Society of Chemistry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen82-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen82_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen82_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen82_212-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen82_212-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen82_212-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_B._Jensen1982" class="citation">William B. Jensen (1982), "The Positions of Lanthanum (Actinium) and Lutetium (Lawrencium) in the Periodic Table", <i>J. Chem. Educ.</i>, <b>59</b> (8): 634–636, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed059p634">10.1021/ed059p634</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=The+Positions+of+Lanthanum+%28Actinium%29+and+Lutetium+%28Lawrencium%29+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=634-636&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed059p634&rft.au=William+B.+Jensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <cite id="CITEREFBrownLeMay_Jr.BurstenMurphy2009" class="citation">Brown, T.L.; LeMay Jr., H.E.; Bursten, B.E.; Murphy, C.J. (2009), <i>Chemistry: The Central Science</i> (edisi ke-11th), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, hlm. endpapers, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-13-235848-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-13-235848-4">0-13-235848-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Central+Science&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=endpapers&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-13-235848-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=LeMay+Jr.%2C+H.E.&rft.au=Bursten%2C+B.E.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2015" class="citation">Scerri, E (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/blogs/eic/2015/09/periodic-table-group-3">"Five ideas in chemical education that must die - part five"</a>, <i>educationinchemistryblog</i>, Royal Society of Chemistry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190417/http://www.rsc.org/blogs/eic/2015/09/periodic-table-group-3">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">Sep 19,</span> 2015</span>, <q>It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc, Y, La and Ac is abandoned</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=educationinchemistryblog&rft.atitle=Five+ideas+in+chemical+education+that+must+die+-+part+five&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fblogs%2Feic%2F2015%2F09%2Fperiodic-table-group-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2015" class="citation">Jensen, W.B. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223091325/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/251.%20Lawrencium.pdf"><i>Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/251.%20Lawrencium.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2015-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Comments+on+the+Position+of+Lawrencium+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F251.%2520Lawrencium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/">Periodic Table of the Elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927055740/http://old.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-09-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1991" class="citation">Owen, S.M. (1991), <i>A Guide to Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i>, Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, hlm. 190, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-58-206439-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-58-206439-2">0-58-206439-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-58-206439-2&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrancl2009" class="citation">Francl, Michelle (May 2009), "Table manners", <i>Nature Chemistry</i>, <b>1</b> (2): 97–98, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatCh...1...97F.">doi:10.1038/nchem.183 2009NatCh...1...97F. doi:10.1038/nchem.183</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa length <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|bibcode=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_bibcode" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21378810">21378810</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Table+manners&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21378810&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NatCh...1...97F.+doi%3A10.1038%2Fnchem.183&rft.aulast=Francl&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT172-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PT172_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT172_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekka_Pyykk%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekka Pyykkö (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyykkö, P.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202250/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-suggested-periodic-table-up-to-Z%E2%89%A4-172%2C-based-on-Pyykk%C3%B6/a0ec522315904230d171353561d53f24d17dcfad">"A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions"</a>. <i>Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 161–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PCCP...13..161P">2011PCCP...13..161P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc0cp01575j">10.1039/c0cp01575j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967377">20967377</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a0ec522315904230d171353561d53f24d17dcfad">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=A+suggested+periodic+table+up+to+Z+%E2%89%A4+172%2C+based+on+Dirac%E2%80%93Fock+calculations+on+atoms+and+ions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-68&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20967377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc0cp01575j&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PCCP...13..161P&rft.aulast=Pyykk%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fa0ec522315904230d171353561d53f24d17dcfad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recentattempts-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recentattempts_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recentattempts_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recentattempts_222-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scerri, Eric (2020). "Recent attempts to change the periodic table". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>378</b> (2180). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890300S">2020RSPTA.37890300S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0300">10.1098/rsta.2019.0300</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32811365">32811365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Recent+attempts+to+change+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=2180&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32811365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0300&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPTA.37890300S&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature2019-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature2019_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature2019_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ball, P. (2019). "Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table". <i>Nature</i>. <b>565</b> (7741): 552–555. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.565..552B">2019Natur.565..552B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00285-9">10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30700884">30700884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Extreme+chemistry%3A+experiments+at+the+edge+of+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=565&rft.issue=7741&rft.pages=552-555&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00285-9&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30700884&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.565..552B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHEfactory-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHEfactory_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Dmitriev, Sergey; Itkis, Mikhail; Oganessian, Yuri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828071031/https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-08001.pdf"><i>Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nobel Symposium NS160–Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fepjconf%2F201613108001">10.1051/epjconf/201613108001</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-08001.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 28 Agustus 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Status+and+perspectives+of+the+Dubna+superheavy+element+factory&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fepjconf%2F201613108001&rft.aulast=Dmitriev&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft.au=Itkis%2C+Mikhail&rft.au=Oganessian%2C+Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epj-conferences.org%2Farticles%2Fepjconf%2Fpdf%2F2016%2F26%2Fepjconf-NS160-08001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sokolova, Svetlana; Popeko, Andrei (24 Mei 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinr.ru/posts/how-are-new-chemical-elements-born/">"How are new chemical elements born?"</a>. <i>jinr.ru</i>. JINR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104173902/http://www.jinr.ru/posts/how-are-new-chemical-elements-born/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jinr.ru&rft.atitle=How+are+new+chemical+elements+born%3F&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft.aulast=Sokolova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Popeko%2C+Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinr.ru%2Fposts%2Fhow-are-new-chemical-elements-born%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fricke2-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fricke2_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fricke, B.; Greiner, W.; Waber, J. T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202312/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-continuation-of-the-periodic-table-up-to-Z-%3D-of-Fricke-Greiner/41001c5ccd4c803c9425e691d582f10632f65cec">"The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements"</a>. <i>Theoretica Chimica Acta</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 235–60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01172015">10.1007/BF01172015</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/41001c5ccd4c803c9425e691d582f10632f65cec">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretica+Chimica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+continuation+of+the+periodic+table+up+to+Z+%3D+172.+The+chemistry+of+superheavy+elements&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-60&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01172015&rft.aulast=Fricke&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Greiner%2C+W.&rft.au=Waber%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F41001c5ccd4c803c9425e691d582f10632f65cec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nefedov-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nefedov_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nefedov, V.I.; Trzhaskovskaya, M.B.; Yarzhemskii, V.G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013113837/http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/chem/nefedov.pdf">"Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table for Superheavy Elements"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Doklady Physical Chemistry</i>. <b>408</b> (2): 149–151. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0012501606060029">10.1134/S0012501606060029</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-5016">0012-5016</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/chem/nefedov.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 13 Oktober 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doklady+Physical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Electronic+Configurations+and+the+Periodic+Table+for+Superheavy+Elements&rft.volume=408&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-151&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0012501606060029&rft.issn=0012-5016&rft.aulast=Nefedov&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=Trzhaskovskaya%2C+M.B.&rft.au=Yarzhemskii%2C+V.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primefan.ru%2Fstuff%2Fchem%2Fnefedov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Frazier, K. (1978). "Superheavy Elements". <i>Science News</i>. <b>113</b> (15): 236–38. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3963006">10.2307/3963006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3963006">3963006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Superheavy+Elements&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=236-38&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3963006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3963006&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oganesson-elf-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oganesson-elf_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jerabek, Paul; Schuetrumpf, Bastian; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Nazarewicz, Witold (2018). "Electron and Nucleon Localization Functions of Oganesson: Approaching the Thomas-Fermi Limit". <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. <b>120</b> (5): 053001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1707.08710">1707.08710</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120e3001J">2018PhRvL.120e3001J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.120.053001">10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.053001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29481184">29481184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Electron+and+Nucleon+Localization+Functions+of+Oganesson%3A+Approaching+the+Thomas-Fermi+Limit&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=053001&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.08710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29481184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.120.053001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PhRvL.120e3001J&rft.aulast=Jerabek&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Schuetrumpf%2C+Bastian&rft.au=Schwerdtfeger%2C+Peter&rft.au=Nazarewicz%2C+Witold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reinhardt, Joachim; Greiner, Walter (2015). "Probing Supercritical Fields with Real and with Artificial Nuclei". <i>Nuclear Physics: Present and Future</i>. hlm. 195–210. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-10199-6_19">10.1007/978-3-319-10199-6_19</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-319-10198-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-319-10198-9">978-3-319-10198-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Probing+Supercritical+Fields+with+Real+and+with+Artificial+Nuclei&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Physics%3A+Present+and+Future&rft.pages=195-210&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-10199-6_19&rft.isbn=978-3-319-10198-9&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Greiner%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pershina, Valeria (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211103843/https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/article/CRCHIM_2020__23_3_255_0.pdf">"Relativistic effects on the electronic structure of the heaviest elements. Is the Periodic Table endless?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comptes Rendus Chimie</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 255–265. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5802%2Fcrchim.25">10.5802/crchim.25</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/article/CRCHIM_2020__23_3_255_0.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 11 Desember 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Chimie&rft.atitle=Relativistic+effects+on+the+electronic+structure+of+the+heaviest+elements.+Is+the+Periodic+Table+endless%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-265&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5802%2Fcrchim.25&rft.aulast=Pershina&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr%2Fchimie%2Farticle%2FCRCHIM_2020__23_3_255_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physorg-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physorg_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720200414/https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/">"Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed: A Stepping Stone to the Island of Stability"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Laboratorium Berkeley</a>. 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Juli 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superheavy+Element+114+Confirmed%3A+A+Stepping+Stone+to+the+Island+of+Stability&rft.pub=Laboratorium+Berkeley&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewscenter.lbl.gov%2F2009%2F09%2F24%2F114-confirmed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuclei-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nuclei_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2012). "Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Physics:_Conference_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Physics: Conference Series (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Physics: Conference Series</a></i>. <b>337</b> (1): 012005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.337a2005O">2012JPhCS.337a2005O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F337%2F1%2F012005">10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Nuclei+in+the+%22Island+of+Stability%22+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012005&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F337%2F1%2F012005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JPhCS.337a2005O&rft.aulast=Oganessian&rft.aufirst=Yu.+Ts.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relqed-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relqed_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Pašteka, Lukáš F.; Punnett, Andrew; Bowman, Patrick O. (2015). "Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in superheavy elements". <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>. <b>944</b> (Desember 2015): 551–577. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2015.02.005">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.02.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=Relativistic+and+quantum+electrodynamic+effects+in+superheavy+elements&rft.volume=944&rft.issue=Desember+2015&rft.pages=551-577&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2015.02.005&rft.aulast=Schwerdtfeger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Pa%C5%A1teka%2C+Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1+F.&rft.au=Punnett%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Patrick+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greinernuclei-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greinernuclei_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greiner, W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330183222/http://inspirehep.net/record/1221632/files/jpconf13_413_012002.pdf">"Nuclei: superheavy-superneutronic-strange-and of antimatter"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i>. <b>413</b> (1): 012002–1–012002–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.413a2002G">2013JPhCS.413a2002G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F413%2F1%2F012002">10.1088/1742-6596/413/1/012002</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspirehep.net/record/1221632/files/jpconf13_413_012002.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 30 Maret 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Nuclei%3A+superheavy-superneutronic-strange-and+of+antimatter&rft.volume=413&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012002-1-012002-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F413%2F1%2F012002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JPhCS.413a2002G&rft.aulast=Greiner&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finspirehep.net%2Frecord%2F1221632%2Ffiles%2Fjpconf13_413_012002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radiochimica-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radiochimica_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hofmann, Sigurd (2019). "Synthesis and properties of isotopes of the transactinides". <i>Radiochimica Acta</i>. <b>107</b> (9–11): 879–915. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fract-2019-3104">10.1515/ract-2019-3104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+properties+of+isotopes+of+the+transactinides&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=879-915&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fract-2019-3104&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Sigurd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTSS1-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PTSS1_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, p. 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-03002/epjconf-NS160-03002.html">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620210806/https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-03002/epjconf-NS160-03002.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epj-conferences.org%2Farticles%2Fepjconf%2Fabs%2F2016%2F26%2Fepjconf-NS160-03002%2Fepjconf-NS160-03002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-udQM-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-udQM_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holdom, B.; Ren, J.; Zhang, C. (2018). "Quark matter may not be strange". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>120</b> (1): 222001–1–222001–6. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1707.06610">1707.06610</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120v2001H">2018PhRvL.120v2001H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.120.222001">10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.222001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29906186">29906186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Quark+matter+may+not+be+strange&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=222001-1-222001-6&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.06610&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29906186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.120.222001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PhRvL.120v2001H&rft.aulast=Holdom&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Ren%2C+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-udQMnew-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-udQMnew_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cheng-Jun, Xia; She-Sheng, Xue; Ren-Xin, Xu; Shan-Gui, Zhou (2020). "Supercritically charged objects and electron-positron pair creation". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>101</b> (10): 103031. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/2001.03531">2001.03531</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvD.101j3031X">2020PhRvD.101j3031X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.101.103031">10.1103/PhysRevD.101.103031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Supercritically+charged+objects+and+electron-positron+pair+creation&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=103031&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2001.03531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.101.103031&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PhRvD.101j3031X&rft.aulast=Cheng-Jun&rft.aufirst=Xia&rft.au=She-Sheng%2C+Xue&rft.au=Ren-Xin%2C+Xu&rft.au=Shan-Gui%2C+Zhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colloq-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colloq_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Giuliani, S. A.; Matheson, Z.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Reinhard, P.-G.; Sadhukhan, J.; Schtruempf, B.; Schunck, N.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019). "Colloquium: Superheavy elements: Oganesson and beyond". <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 011001–1–011001–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.91.011001">10.1103/RevModPhys.91.011001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Colloquium%3A+Superheavy+elements%3A+Oganesson+and+beyond&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=011001-1-011001-25&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.91.011001&rft.aulast=Giuliani&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Matheson%2C+Z.&rft.au=Nazarewicz%2C+W.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+E.&rft.au=Reinhard%2C+P.-G.&rft.au=Sadhukhan%2C+J.&rft.au=Schtruempf%2C+B.&rft.au=Schunck%2C+N.&rft.au=Schwerdtfeger%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Giardina, G.; Fazio, G.; Mandaglio, G.; Manganaro, M.; Nasirov, A.K.; Romaniuk, M.V.; Saccà, C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202251/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263915732_EXPECTATIONS_AND_LIMITS_TO_SYNTHESIZE_NUCLEI_WITH_Z_120">"Expectations and limits to synthesize nuclei with Z ≥ 120"</a>. <i>International Journal of Modern Physics E</i>. <b>19</b> (5 & 6): 882–893. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJMPE..19..882G">2010IJMPE..19..882G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218301310015333">10.1142/S0218301310015333</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263915732">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+E&rft.atitle=Expectations+and+limits+to+synthesize+nuclei+with+Z+%E2%89%A5+120&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5+%26+6&rft.pages=882-893&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0218301310015333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IJMPE..19..882G&rft.aulast=Giardina&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Fazio%2C+G.&rft.au=Mandaglio%2C+G.&rft.au=Manganaro%2C+M.&rft.au=Nasirov%2C+A.K.&rft.au=Romaniuk%2C+M.V.&rft.au=Sacc%C3%A0%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263915732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zagrebaev-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zagrebaev_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zagrebaev, Valeriy; Karpov, Alexander; Greiner, Walter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003154020/http://nrv.jinr.ru/pdf_file/J_phys_2013.pdf">"Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Physics</i>. IOP Publishing Ltd. <b>420</b> (1): 012001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1207.5700">1207.5700</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.420a2001Z">2013JPhCS.420a2001Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001">10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrv.jinr.ru/pdf_file/J_phys_2013.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 3 Oktober 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Future+of+superheavy+element+research%3A+Which+nuclei+could+be+synthesized+within+the+next+few+years%3F&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012001&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.5700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JPhCS.420a2001Z&rft.aulast=Zagrebaev&rft.aufirst=Valeriy&rft.au=Karpov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Greiner%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrv.jinr.ru%2Fpdf_file%2FJ_phys_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samanth_Subramanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samanth Subramanian (halaman belum tersedia)">Subramanian, S.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211191525/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist">"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist">versi asli</a> tanggal 11 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Making+New+Elements+Doesn%27t+Pay.+Just+Ask+This+Berkeley+Scientist&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2019-08-28%2Fmaking-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMazurs1974" class="citation">Mazurs, E.G. (1974), <i>Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years</i>, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8173-3200-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8173-3200-6">0-8173-3200-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphical+Representations+of+the+Periodic+System+During+One+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Alabama&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8173-3200-6&rft.aulast=Mazurs&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBouma1989" class="citation">Bouma, J. (1989), "An Application-Oriented Periodic Table of the Elements", <i>J. Chem. Ed.</i>, <b>66</b> (9): 741, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed066p741">10.1021/ed066p741</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Ed.&rft.atitle=An+Application-Oriented+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=741&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed066p741&rft.aulast=Bouma&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Tabel periodik pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Tabel periodik">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Tabel periodik">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Tabel periodik">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Tabel periodik">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Tabel periodik">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tabel_periodik" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Tabel periodik">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18261910"><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/?sect=tabel">Tabel periodik (Situs Web Kimia Indonesia)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040810182724/http://www.chem-is-try.org/?sect=tabel">Diarsipkan</a> 2004-08-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/highlights/periodic-table-of-the-elements.html">IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601162036/http://www.iupac.org/highlights/periodic-table-of-the-elements.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm">Presentation forms of the periodic table</a></i>". Western Oregon University.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm">A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table</a></i>". Western Oregon University.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html">Visual Periodic Table</a></i>". ChemSoc.org.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Barbalace, Kenneth L., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/">Biochemical Periodic Tables</a></i>". KLBProductions.com.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com">Periodic table</a> (professional edition)</i>". WebElements.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Counterman, Craig, "<i>Periodic Table of the Elements: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/">Atomic Number</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118200639/http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-01-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>". MIT Course 3.091.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Holler, F. James, and John P. Selegue, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/">Periodic Table of Comic Books</a></i>". Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky. 1996-2002.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Heilman, Chris, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html">The Pictorial Periodic Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040407011620/http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2004-04-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>". (Includes alternate styles: Stowe, Benfey, Zmaczynski, Giguere, Tarantola, Filling, Mendeleev)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm">Periodic table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050119093914/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-01-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>". Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/periodic_table.html">Periodic Table of the Fermi Surfaces of Elemental Solids</a></i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/">The Fermi Surface Database</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi">Interactive NMR Frequency Map</a></i>". Texas A&M.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.co.il/PTelements.asp">Periodic Table Elements</a></i>". Israel Science and Technology Directory. 1999-2004. (sorted by physical characteristics)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Barthelmy, David, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/chemical.shtml">Periodic table</a>"</i> Mineralogy Database. (mineral emphasis)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite id="Gray" class="citation">Gray, Theodore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/"><i>Wooden Periodic Table Table</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wooden+Periodic+Table+Table&rft.au=Gray%2C+Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodoregray.com%2FPeriodicTable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (with samples)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html">Periodic table applet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040811140659/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2004-08-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>". Dartmouth College. (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pemrograman_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa pemrograman Java">Java</a>)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Jacobs, Bob, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistrycoach.com/periodic_tables.htm">Periodic Tables</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040812074934/http://www.chemistrycoach.com/periodic_tables.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2004-08-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (in case you were thinking that the Internet needed one more)</i>". The Chemistry Coach.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodictable.com/">PeriodicTable.com</a></i>".</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egregoralfa.republika.pl/english/newtable.html">New Periodic Table From Poland </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426021611/http://www.egregoralfa.republika.pl/english/newtable.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-04-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <span id="Pendek"></span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=456">Tabel periodik pendek</a></i>".</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <span id="Sedang"></span> "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=360">Tabel periodik sedang</a></i>".</li></ul> </div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)"><small>(besar)</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan­tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia<br />belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Tabel_periodik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik" title="Templat:Navbox tabel periodik"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Navbox tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tabel_periodik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabel periodik</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bentuk<br />tabel<br />periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ikhtisar">18-kolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_18-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">18-kolom, sel besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_32-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">32-kolom, sel besar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatif</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Alternatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_antariksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia antariksa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia antariksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif#Tabel_periodik_kidal_(Janet,_1928)" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Tabel kidal Janet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perluasan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Perluasan setelah periode ke-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Fricke (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Fricke</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_perluasan_(versi_besar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik perluasan (versi besar) (halaman belum tersedia)">sel besar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Model Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nama_untuk_kelompok_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama untuk kelompok unsur kimia">Kelompok<br />unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan<br />struktur<br />tabel<br />periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1 (Logam alkali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2 (Logam alkali tanah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15 (Pniktogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16 (Kalkogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18 (Gas mulia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Aufbau,_50_columns,_period_8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Aufbau, 50 columns, period 8) (halaman belum tersedia)">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Fricke,_52_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 52 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Pyykk%C3%B6,_50_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Pyykkö, 50 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">Blok-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">Blok-p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">Blok-d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">Blok-f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-g">Blok-g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">Prinsip Aufbau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan<br /><a href="/wiki/Sifat-sifat_logam,_metaloid_dan_nonlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam">kelogaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Superaktinida" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Unsur_di_atas_172" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Eka-superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca transisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar metaloid berdasarkan sumbernya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batas_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam" title="Batas antara logam dan nonlogam">Garis batas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kelompok<br />lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(unsur_nutrisi)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (unsur nutrisi)">Unsur nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">Logam golongan platina</a> (<i>Platinum Group Metals</i>, PGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_tanah_jarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur tanah jarang">Unsur tanah jarang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">Logam refraktori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga">Logam berharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_koin" title="Logam koin">Logam koin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">Logam berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam alami">Logam alami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">Unsur transuranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transaktinida" title="Unsur transaktinida">Unsur transaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida mayor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida minor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Daftar unsur kimia">Senarai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Berdasarkan: <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia">Kelimpahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komposisi_tubuh_manusia" title="Komposisi tubuh manusia">dalam tubuh manusia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_sifat_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan sifat atom (halaman belum tersedia)">Sifat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_stabilitas_isotop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan stabilitas isotop (halaman belum tersedia)">Stabilitas inti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_produksi_unsur_kimia_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar produksi unsur kimia dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbol_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol (kimia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia#Sifat" title="Unsur kimia">Sifat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(berat_atom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (berat atom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Berat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_(struktur_kristal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik (struktur kristal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur kristal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(afinitas_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (afinitas elektron) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(konfigurasi_elektron)" title="Tabel periodik (konfigurasi elektron)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Allen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Allen) (halaman belum tersedia)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Pauling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Pauling) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pauling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">Klasifikasi Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(valensi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (valensi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Valensi maksimum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halaman<br />data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelimpahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jari-jari_atom_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jari-jari atom unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jari-jari atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_didih_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik didih unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik didih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_kritis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik kritis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik kritis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_jenis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa jenis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Massa jenis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifat_elastis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifat elastis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elastisitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistivitas_listrik_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistivitas listrik unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Resistivitas listrik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afinitas_elektron_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afinitas elektron (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfigurasi elektron unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronegativitas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronegativitas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektronegativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekerasan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekerasan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekerasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_panas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapasitas panas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapasitas panas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_fusi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas fusi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas fusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_penguapan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas penguapan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas penguapan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_ionisasi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi ionisasi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Energi ionisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_lebur_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik lebur unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik lebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tingkat_oksidasi_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar tingkat oksidasi unsur kimia">Tingkat oksidasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laju_suara_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laju suara unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Laju suara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konduktivitas_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konduktivitas termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konduktivitas termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koefisien_ekspansi_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koefisien ekspansi termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koefisien ekspansi termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_uap_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan uap unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tekanan uap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tabel_periodik" title="Sejarah tabel periodik">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur-unsur_prediksi_Mendeleev" title="Unsur-unsur prediksi Mendeleev">Prediksi Mendeleev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penamaan_unsur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penamaan unsur (halaman belum tersedia)">Penamaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_etimologi_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar etimologi nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Etimologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontroversi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_tempat_yang_digunakan_dalam_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar tempat yang digunakan dalam nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">tempat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_ilmuwan_yang_namanya_digunakan_dalam_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar ilmuwan yang namanya digunakan dalam unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">ilmuwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_dalam_bahasa_di_Asia_Timur" title="Unsur kimia dalam bahasa di Asia Timur">di Asia Timur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat juga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tata_nama_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tata nama kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">nomenklatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">Nama unsur sistematik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_trivial" title="Nama trivial">Nama trivial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buku:Tabel_periodik" title="Buku:Tabel periodik">Buku</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal kimia</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabang_ilmu_kimia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:CabangKimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:CabangKimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:CabangKimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:CabangKimia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:CabangKimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabang_ilmu_kimia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabang ilmu <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamus_rumus_kimia" title="Kamus rumus kimia">Kamus rumus kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_biomolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar biomolekul (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar biomolekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_senyawa_anorganik" title="Daftar senyawa anorganik">Daftar senyawa anorganik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_Periodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabel Periodik">Tabel Periodik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_analitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia analitik">Kimia analitik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_instrumental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia instrumental (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metode_elektroanalitik" title="Metode elektroanalitik">Metode elektroanalitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi">Spektroskopi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_inframerah" title="Spektroskopi inframerah">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_Raman" title="Spektroskopi Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_ultraviolet%E2%80%93tampak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi ultraviolet–tampak (halaman belum tersedia)">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_resonansi_magnetik_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi resonansi magnetik nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa" title="Spektrometri massa">Spektrometri massa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionisasi_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionisasi elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa_plasma_gandeng_induktif" title="Spektrometri massa plasma gandeng induktif">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desorpsi/ionisasi_laser_berbantuan_matriks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desorpsi/ionisasi laser berbantuan matriks (halaman belum tersedia)">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proses_pemisahan" title="Proses pemisahan">Proses pemisahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">Kromatografi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_cair_kinerja_tinggi" title="Kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtokimia" title="Femtokimia">Femtokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalografi" title="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakterisasi_(ilmu_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakterisasi (ilmu material)">Karakterisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titrasi" title="Titrasi">Titrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_basah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia basah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia basah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalorimetri" title="Kalorimetri">Kalorimetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analisis_unsur" title="Analisis unsur">Analisis unsur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia fisika">Kimia fisika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">Elektrokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroelektrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroelektrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Spektroelektrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoelektrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotoelektrokimia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia">Termokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika_kimia" title="Termodinamika kimia">Termodinamika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_permukaan" title="Ilmu permukaan">Ilmu permukaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_antarmuka_dan_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu antarmuka dan koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu antarmuka dan koloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikromeritik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikromeritik (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikromeritik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kriokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sonokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_struktural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia struktural (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia struktural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisika kimia">Fisika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetika_kimia" title="Kinetika kimia">Kinetika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum">Kimia kuantum</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_spin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia spin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia">Fotokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_gelombang_mikro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia gelombang mikro (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia gelombang mikro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kesetimbangan" title="Kimia kesetimbangan">Kimia kesetimbangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">Kimia anorganik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">Kimia koordinasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Magnetokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">Kimia organologam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organolantanida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organolantanida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organolantanida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_bioanorganik" title="Kimia bioanorganik">Kimia bioanorganik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioorganologam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioorganologam (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bioorganologam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">Kimia gugus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_zat_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia zat padat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia zat padat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_keramik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia keramik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu material">Ilmu material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi">Metalurgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_keramik" title="Teknik keramik">Teknik keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer">Ilmu polimer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereokimia" title="Stereokimia">Stereokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereokimia_alkana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereokimia alkana (halaman belum tersedia)">Stereokimia alkana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik_fisik" title="Kimia organik fisik">Kimia organik fisik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_organik" title="Reaksi organik">Reaksi organik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_retrosintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis retrosintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis retrosintetik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_enansioselektif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis enansioselektif (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis enansioselektif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_total&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis total (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis total</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semisintesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semisintesis (halaman belum tersedia)">Semisintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_obat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia obat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia obat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fulerena" title="Kimia fulerena">Kimia fulerena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer">Kimia polimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrokimia" title="Petrokimia">Petrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_kovalen_dinamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia kovalen dinamis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia kovalen dinamis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_bioorganik" title="Kimia bioorganik">Kimia bioorganik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel biologi">Sel biologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioortogonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioortogonal (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bioortogonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klinis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokimia" title="Neurokimia">Neurokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_biofisik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia biofisik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia biofisik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_nuklir" title="Kimia nuklir">Kimia nuklir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiokimia" title="Radiokimia">Radiokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_radiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia radiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia radiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_aktinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia aktinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia aktinida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmokimia">Kosmokimia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrokimia" title="Astrokimia">Astrokimia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bintang (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia">Geokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeokimia" title="Biogeokimia">Biogeokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotogeokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotogeokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotogeokimia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan">Kimia lingkungan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">Kimia atmosfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia laut">Kimia laut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_tanah_liat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia tanah liat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia tanah liat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Karbokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia makanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia makanan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_karbohidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia karbohidrat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia karbohidrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_fisik_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia fisik makanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia fisik makanan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_pertanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia pertanian (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia pertanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_tanah" title="Kimia tanah">Kimia tanah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_kimia" title="Pendidikan kimia">Pendidikan kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_amatir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia amatir (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia amatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_umum" title="Kimia umum">Kimia umum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klandestin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klandestin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klandestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_forensik" title="Kimia forensik">Kimia forensik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi_forensik" title="Toksikologi forensik">Toksikologi forensik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_post-mortem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia post-mortem (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia post-mortem</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_supramolekul" title="Kimia supramolekul">Kimia supramolekul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">Sintesis kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_hijau" title="Kimia hijau">Kimia hijau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kombinatorial" title="Kimia kombinatorial">Kimia kombinatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosintesis" title="Biosintesis">Biosintesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_Kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik Kimia">Teknik Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi">Kimia komputasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_matematika" title="Kimia matematika">Kimia matematika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_teoretis" title="Kimia teoretis">Kimia teoretis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kimia" title="Sejarah kimia">Sejarah kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia">Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_kimia" title="Garis waktu kimia">Garis waktu kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">penemuan unsur</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pusat_ilmu_pengetahuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pusat ilmu pengetahuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pusat ilmu pengetahuan</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">Reaksi kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">Katalisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">Senyawa kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">Zat kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">Ikatan kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">Mekanika kuantum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia" title="Kategori:Kimia">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10693#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10693#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10693#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125872-1">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/186605590">1</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184014738">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/186605590">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532419">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122746941">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122746941">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85099885">Amerika Serikat</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2010151385">2</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2002011571">3</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014000656">4</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124041&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/124149750">Microsoft Academic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/170999863">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐865694c9b9‐jntfw Cached time: 20241113151339 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 7.255 seconds Real time usage: 7.798 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 352459/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1314380/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 117207/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 371250/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 2.467/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5844468/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 680 ms 25.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 280 ms 10.5% ? 260 ms 9.8% type 200 ms 7.5% (for generator) 180 ms 6.8% 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