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[[Joseph Bonaparte]], elder brother of Napoleon, was installed in his stead: Joseph conferred the title "Prince of Naples" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren. When Joseph became [[Spain under Joseph Bonaparte|king of Spain]] in 1808, Napoleon appointed his brother-in-law [[Joachim Murat]] to take his place. Murat was later deposed by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 after striking at [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in the [[Neapolitan War]], in which he was decisively defeated at the [[Battle of Tolentino]]. ==History== {{refimprove section|date = August 2024}} Although the Napoleonic kings were officially styled '''King of Naples and Sicily''', British domination of the Mediterranean made it impossible for the French to gain control of [[Sicily]], where [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand]] had fled, and French power was confined to the mainland [[Kingdom of Naples]] alone while Ferdinand continued to reside in and rule the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. [[File:Joseph Bonaparte (by Wicar).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Joseph Bonaparte]] as King of Naples, 1808]] [[File:Joachim Murat (1767-1815) (A).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Joachim Murat]] as King of Naples, c.1812]] In the modernising spirit of the [[French Revolution]], the regimes of Joseph and Murat implemented a programme of sweeping reforms to the organisation and structure of the ancient feudal kingdom. On 2 August 1806, [[feudalism]] was abolished, and all the rights and privileges of the nobility suppressed.<ref>Procacci, 266.</ref> The practice of [[Farm (revenue leasing)|tax farming]] was also ended. The collection of all taxes slowly brought under direct central control as the government brought out the contractors and compensated those who had lost their feudal tax-collecting privileges with [[Government bond|bonds]].<ref>Connelly, 80.</ref> The first public street-lighting system, modelled on that of Paris, was also installed in the city of Naples during Joseph's reign. Continuing the anti-clerical sentiment of the [[French Revolution|Revolution]], church property was confiscated en masse and auctioned off as ''[[biens nationaux]]'' (in compensation for the loss of feudal privileges, the nobles received a certificate which could be exchanged for such properties). However, not all church land was sold immediately, with some retained to support charitable and educational foundations.<ref>Connelly, 81.</ref> Most monastic orders were also suppressed and their funds transferred to the royal treasury; the [[Benedictines]] and [[Jesuits]] were dissolved, but Joseph preserved the [[Franciscans]].<ref>Connelly, 78.</ref> In 1808 [[Joachim Murat]], husband of [[Napoleon]]'s sister [[Caroline Bonaparte|Caroline]], was granted the crown of Naples by the Emperor after [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] had reluctantly accepted the throne of [[Spain under Joseph Bonaparte|Spain]]. Murat joined Napoleon in the disastrous [[French invasion of Russia|campaign of 1812]] and, as Napoleon's downfall unfolded, increasingly sought to save his kingdom. Opening communications with the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]], Murat signed a [[Treaty of Naples (1814)|treaty]] with the Austrians on January 11, 1814 in which, in return for renouncing his claims to Sicily and providing military support to the Allies in the war against his former Emperor, Austria would guarantee his continued possession of Naples.<ref>Connelly, 304.</ref> Marching his troops north, Murat's Neapolitans joined the Austrians against Napoleon's stepson, [[Eugène de Beauharnais]], Viceroy of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]. After initially opening secret communications with Eugène to explore his options of switching sides again, Murat finally committed to the allied side and attacked [[Piacenza]].<ref>Connelly, 310.</ref> Upon [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)|Napoleon's abdication]] on 11 April 1814 and Eugène's armistice, Murat returned to Naples. However, his new allies did not trust him, and he became convinced they were about to depose him. Upon Napoleon's return in 1815, Murat struck out from [[Rimini]] at the Austrian forces in northern Italy in what he considered a pre-emptive attack. The powers at the [[Congress of Vienna]] assumed he was in concert with Napoleon, but this was, in fact, the opposite of the truth, as Napoleon was then seeking to secure recognition of his return to France through promises of peace, not war. On 2 April, Murat entered [[Bologna]] without a fight. Still, soon he was in headlong retreat as the Austrians crossed the [[Po (river)|Po]] at [[Occhiobello]], and his Neapolitan forces disintegrated at the first sign of a skirmish. Murat withdrew to [[Cesena]], then [[Ancona]], then [[Tolentino]].<ref>Connelly, 323.</ref> At the [[Battle of Tolentino]] on 3 May 1815, the [[Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|Neapolitan army]] was swept aside. Though Murat escaped to Naples, his position was irrecoverable, and he soon continued his flight, leaving Naples for France. Ferdinand IV & III was soon restored, and the Napoleonic kingdom came to an end. The Congress of Vienna confirmed Ferdinand in possession of both his ancient kingdoms, Naples and Sicily, which were united in 1816 as the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], which would survive until 1861. ==Army== {{unreferenced section|date = August 2024}} {{main|Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)}} The Army of the Kingdom of Naples, active during the [[French period]], or the decade when the Bourbon kingdom was conquered and ruled by the French, was an armed land force that took part, alongside the [[Grande Armée]], in many of the major campaigns of the Napoleonic wars. With the Napoleonic occupation and the creation of the new kingdom in 1806, the Neapolitan throne was initially entrusted to Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. In 1808, until 1815, the Neapolitan throne was occupied instead by Joachim Murat, one of the most brilliant military commanders of the Napoleonic empire. Following the execution of Murat, this army was not dissolved, but amalgamated with the other army that the Bourbons had kept during their exile in Sicily. ===Order of Battle (1815)=== {{main|List of Regiments of the Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)}} {| class="wikitable" |colspan=5|<div align="center">'''The Neapolitan Army of 1815'''<ref name="ReferenceA">Piero Crociani, L'Esercito Napoletano 1806/15, Editrice Militare Italiana.{{pages needed|date = August 2024}}</ref>{{full|date = August 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Ilari |first=Virgilio |date=August 2009 |title=The Italian military in the Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815 |work=Organization, Strategy & Tactics |url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/organization/Italy/ItalyStudy/c_ItalyStudy2.html |institution=The Napoleon Series |access-date=14 October 2022}}{{what|date = August 2024}}</ref>{{full|date = August 2024}} </div> |- !Division !Commanding officer !Brigade Commanding officer !Units !Headcount |- |Infantry of the Royal Guard |Pignatelli-Strongoli | * Taillade * Merliot | * 1st [[Velites]] * Voltigeurs (light infantry) of the R.G. * 2st Velites * Artillery of the R.G. * Sappers * Train |5.840 |- |Cavalry of the Royal Guard |Livron | * Campana * Giuliani | * Hussars of the R.G. * Light Horse of the R.G. * Cuirassiers * Lancers * Horse Artillery * Train |2.109 |- |1st Division |Carrascosa | * Pepe * De Gennaro | * 2nd Light Infantry Regiment * 1st Line Infantry Regiment * 3rd Line Infantry Regiment * 5th Line Infantry Regiment * Artillery * Train |9.694 |- |2nd Division |D'Ambrosio | * D'Aquino * Medici | * 3rd Light Infantry Regiment * 2nd Line Infantry Regiment * 6th Line Infantry Regiment * 9th Line Infantry Regiment * Artillery * Train |8.968 |- |3rd Division |Lechi | * Majo * Carafa | * 1st Light Infantry Regiment * 4th Line Infantry Regiment * 7th Line Infantry Regiment * 8th Line Infantry Regiment * Artillery * Train |9.358 |- |4th Division |Pignatelli-Cerchiara | * Rosaroll * Roche | * 4th Light Infantry Regiment * 10th Line Infantry Regiment * 11th Line Infantry Regiment * 12th Line Infantry Regiment * Artillery * Train |8.376 |- |Line Cavalry |Rossetti | * Fontaine * Napoletani | * 1st Cavalry Regiment * 2nd Cavalry Regiment * 3rd Cavalry Regiment * 4th Cavalry Regiment |2.922 |} ==State symbols== <gallery class="center"> File:Flag of Kingdom of Naples (1806-1808).svg|1806–1808<br/>Flag of Naples changed after [[Joseph Bonaparte]] became king. File:Flag of the Kingdom of Naples (1808).svg|1808–1811<br/>Flag of Naples changed after [[Joachim Murat]] became king. File:Flag of the Kingdom of Naples (1811).svg|1811–1815<br/>Flag of Naples changed File:Civil ensign of the Kingdom of Naples (1811).svg|Civil ensign File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Naples.svg|Great Coat of arms<br/>1806–1808<br/>[[Joseph Bonaparte]] File:Coat of Arms of Joachim Murat (King of Naples).svg|Great Coat of arms<br/>1808–1815<br/>[[Joachim Murat]] </gallery> ==Sources== * Giuliano Procacci, ''History of the Italian People'', London: 1970. * Owen Connelly, ''Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms'', London: 1965. ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{Client states of the Great French War}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{Naples}} [[Category:Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)| ]] [[Category:Former countries|Naples]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1806]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1815]] [[Category:1806 establishments in Italy]] [[Category:1815 disestablishments in Italy]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div 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