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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecies_and_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies_and_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subspecies and range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies_and_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_habits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_habits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dietary habits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Relationships with other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Status and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationships with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Attacks on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hunting and products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tameability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tameability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Tameability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tameability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sloth bear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دب كسلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دب كسلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99nb%C9%99l_ay%C4%B1" title="Tənbəl ayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tənbəl ayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="تنبل آییملورسوس ورسینوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تنبل آییملورسوس ورسینوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="শ্লথ ভালুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্লথ ভালুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бърнеста мечка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бърнеста мечка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzh_gweuzek" title="Arzh gweuzek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arzh gweuzek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_morrut" title="Os morrut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Os morrut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Melursus ursinus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medv%C4%9Bd_pyskat%C3%BD" title="Medvěd pyskatý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medvěd pyskatý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6bebj%C3%B8rn" title="Læbebjørn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læbebjørn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippenb%C3%A4r" title="Lippenbär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lippenbär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shash_ndilna%CA%BCii" title="Shash ndilnaʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shash ndilnaʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubaty_mjadwje%C5%BA" title="Gubaty mjadwjeź – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Gubaty mjadwjeź" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huulkaru" title="Huulkaru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Huulkaru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Melursus ursinus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longlipa_urso" title="Longlipa urso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Longlipa urso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Melursus ursinus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84" title="خرس تنبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرس تنبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letibj%C3%B8rn" title="Letibjørn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Letibjørn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ours_lippu" title="Ours lippu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ours lippu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Melursus ursinus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%90%EB%A6%BC%EB%B3%B4%EA%B3%B0" title="느림보곰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="느림보곰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%AC_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Ծույլ արջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծույլ արջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B" title="स्लॉथ रीछ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्लॉथ रीछ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubkowy_mjedwjed%C5%BA" title="Hubkowy mjedwjedź – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hubkowy mjedwjedź" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnati_medvjed" title="Usnati medvjed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Usnati medvjed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang_kungkang" title="Beruang kungkang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beruang kungkang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letibj%C3%B6rn" title="Letibjörn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Letibjörn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melursus ursinus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99" title="דוב שפתני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוב שפתני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ტუჩა დათვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუჩა დათვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arth_gweusek" title="Arth gweusek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arth gweusek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutcaf_Rupol_(Melursus_ursinus)" title="Kutcaf Rupol (Melursus ursinus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kutcaf Rupol (Melursus ursinus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garl%C5%ABpu_l%C4%81cis" title="Garlūpu lācis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Garlūpu lācis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilgal%C5%ABpis_lokys" title="Ilgalūpis lokys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ilgalūpis lokys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajakos_medve" title="Ajakos medve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ajakos medve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тромава мечка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тромава мечка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="തേൻകരടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തേൻകരടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الدب الكسلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدب الكسلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang_Sloth" title="Beruang Sloth – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beruang Sloth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruang_kungkang" title="Baruang kungkang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baruang kungkang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Залхуу баавгай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Залхуу баавгай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6" title="နှုတ်သီးရှည်ဝက်ဝံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှုတ်သီးရှည်ဝက်ဝံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippenbeer" title="Lippenbeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lippenbeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="काठे भालु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काठे भालु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E" title="ナマケグマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナマケグマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leppebj%C3%B8rn" title="Leppebjørn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leppebjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leppebj%C3%B8rn" title="Leppebjørn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leppebjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="بھالو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھالو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wargacz_leniwy" title="Wargacz leniwy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wargacz leniwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urso-bei%C3%A7udo" title="Urso-beiçudo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urso-beiçudo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_buzat" title="Urs buzat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urs buzat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Губач – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Губач" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sloth bear" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medve%C4%8F_pyskat%C3%BD" title="Medveď pyskatý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medveď pyskatý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0obar_(medved)" title="Šobar (medved) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šobar (medved)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%B5" title="ورچی تەمبەڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ورچی تەمبەڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Медвед уснаш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медвед уснаш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnati_medvjed" title="Usnati medvjed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Usnati medvjed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huulikarhu" title="Huulikarhu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huulikarhu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ppbj%C3%B6rn" title="Läppbjörn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läppbjörn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="தேன் கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேன் கரடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Melursus ursinus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Sloth bear<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> to Early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> – recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloth_bear_stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sloth_bear_stand.jpg/220px-Sloth_bear_stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sloth_bear_stand.jpg/330px-Sloth_bear_stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sloth_bear_stand.jpg/440px-Sloth_bear_stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Standing <i>Melursus ursinus</i> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I<small> (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Melursus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Melursus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Meyer" title="Bernhard Meyer">Meyer</a>, 1793</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>M. ursinus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Melursus ursinus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">Shaw</a>, 1791)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloth_Bear_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Sloth_Bear_area.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Sloth bear range<br />(black – former, green – extant) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Bradypus ursinus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">Shaw</a>, 1791</small></li> <li><i>Melursus lybius</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Albrecht_Anton_Meyer" title="Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer">Meyer</a>, 1793</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>sloth bear</b> (<i><b>Melursus ursinus</b></i>), also known as the <b>Indian bear</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmecophagous">myrmecophagous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It feeds on <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">termites</a>. It is listed as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>, mainly because of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only species in the genus <i><b>Melursus</b></i>. </p><p>It has also been called "labiated bear" because of its long lower lip and palate used for sucking up insects.<sup id="cite_ref-elliott_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has long, shaggy fur, a mane around the face, and long, sickle-shaped claws. It is lankier than <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bears</a>. It shares features of <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous">insectivorous</a> mammals and evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> from the ancestral brown bear through <a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">divergent evolution</a>. </p><p>Sloth bears breed during spring and early summer and give birth near the beginning of winter. When their territories are encroached upon by humans, they sometimes attack them. Historically, humans have drastically reduced these bears' habitat and diminished their population by hunting them for food and products such as their <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">bacula</a> and claws. Sloth bears have been tamed and used as performing animals and as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">George Shaw</a> in 1791 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">named</a> the species <i>Bradypus ursinus</i>. In 1793, Meyer named it <i>Melursus lybius</i>, and in 1817, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Blainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Blainville">de Blainville</a> named it <i>Ursus labiatus</i> because of its long lips. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger" title="Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger">Illiger</a> named it <i>Prochilus hirsutus</i>, the Greek genus name indicating long lips, while the specific name noted its long and coarse hair. Fischer called it <i>Chondrorhynchus hirsutus</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Tiedemann" title="Friedrich Tiedemann">Tiedemann</a> named it <i>Ursus longirostris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies_and_range">Subspecies and range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subspecies and range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Indian sloth bear (<i>M. u. ursinus</i>) <small>(<a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">Shaw</a>, 1791)</small><br /> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG/220px-Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG/330px-Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG/440px-Bear_-_Melursus_ursinus_at_Bannerghatta_National_Park_8469.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="top">This is the <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a> and has a large skull with a condylobasal length of about 290 mm (11 in) in females and about 310 mm (12 in) in males.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock1941_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock1941-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">The sloth bear is the most widespread bear species in India, where it mostly occurs in areas with forest cover, low hills bordering the outer range of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>. It is absent in the high mountains of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, the northwestern deserts of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, and a broad unforested swath in the south, where <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary">Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary</a> is located.<sup id="cite_ref-Negi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bear occurs in protected areas such as <a href="/wiki/Shoolpaneshwar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary">Shoolpaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratanmahal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary">Ratanmahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessore_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Jessore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Balaram_Ambaji_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary">Balaram Ambaji</a> Sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-BalaramAmbaji2016A_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalaramAmbaji2016A-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BalaramAmbaji2016B_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalaramAmbaji2016B-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, it is restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear" title="Sri Lankan sloth bear">Sri Lankan sloth bear</a> (<i>M. u. inornatus</i>) <small>Pucheran, 1855</small><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_(Melursus_ursinus_inornatus)_male_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_3.jpg/220px-Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_3.jpg/330px-Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_3.jpg/440px-Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="2535" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="top">The Sri Lankan sloth bear is smaller than the nominate subspecies, has a smaller skull with a condylobasal length of about 250 mm (9.8 in) in females and about 264 mm (10.4 in) in males.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock1941_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock1941-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has much shorter body hair, and sometimes lacks the characteristic white chest mark.<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">At the turn of the century, the Sri Lankan sloth bear occurred throughout Sri Lanka. But due to wide-scale conversion of upland forests into tea and coffee plantations, it is now restricted to the northern and eastern lowlands.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sloth bears may have reached their current form in the Early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, the time when the bear family specialised and dispersed. A fragment of fossilised <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> from the Pleistocene, found in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurnool_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurnool Basin (page does not exist)">Kurnool Basin</a> is identical to the humerus of a modern sloth bear. The fossilised skulls of a bear once named <i>Melursus theobaldi</i> found in the <a href="/wiki/Shivaliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaliks">Shivaliks</a> from the Early Pleistocene or Early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> are thought by certain authors to represent an intermediate stage between sloth bears and ancestral brown bears. <i>M. theobaldi</i> itself had teeth intermediate in size between sloth bears and other bear species, though its palate was the same size as the former species, leading to the theory that it is the sloth bear's direct ancestor. Sloth bears probably arose during the Middle Pliocene and evolved in the Indian subcontinent. The sloth bear shows evidence of having undergone a convergent evolution similar to that of other ant-eating mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sloth bear is one of eight extant species in the <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> family Ursidae and of six extant species in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216315873">.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery{display:table;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery>div{line-height:1.5em;padding:0.2em 0.4em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-footer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-content{display:table}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element{float:left!important;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.gallery-element{float:left;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery .no-border{border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element.vertical{float:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element caption.caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element th.header{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.cladogram{padding:10px;margin:-1px 0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.footer{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.header.shading{background-color:#eaecf0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.cladogram.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.footer.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><div class="clade-gallery"><div class="main-content no-border"><table class="wikitable gallery-element" style="width:450px;height:225px;"><tbody><tr class="header"><th>A possible phylogeny based on complete <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> sequences from Yu et al. (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:225px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Ursidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda</a> (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._50)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear</a> (<i>Tremarctos ornatus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_bear_(1829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/50px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/75px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/100px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sloth bear</a> (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/50px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/75px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/100px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="658" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear</a> (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="395" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="footer wikitable">The polar bear and the brown bear form a close grouping, while the relationships of the other species are not very well resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Servheen1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servheen1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="wikitable gallery-element" style="width:450px;height:225px;"><tbody><tr class="header"><th>A more recent phylogeny based on the genetic study of Kumar et al. (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:225px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Ursidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda</a> (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._50)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear</a> (<i>Tremarctos ornatus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_bear_(1829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/50px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/75px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/100px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sloth bear</a> (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/50px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/75px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/100px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="658" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear</a> (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="395" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="footer wikitable">The study concludes that Ursine bears originated around five million years ago and show extensive hybridization of species in their lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slothbearskulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Slothbearskulls.jpg/220px-Slothbearskulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Slothbearskulls.jpg/330px-Slothbearskulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Slothbearskulls.jpg/440px-Slothbearskulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Skulls of a Sri Lankan sloth bear (left) and a common sloth bear (right) from the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Muséum national d'histoire naturelle">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sloth bears adults are medium-sized bears. The typical weight range for females is from 55 to 105 kg (121 to 231 lb), and for males is from 80 to 145 kg (176 to 320 lb). Exceptionally large female specimens can reach 124 kg (273 lb) and males up to 192 kg (423 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hadley_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average weight of sloth bears from the nominate subspecies in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> was 95 kg (209 lb) in females and 114 kg (251 lb) in males.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nominate bears in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were found to weigh average 93.2 kg (205 lb) in males and 83.3 kg (184 lb) in female per one study.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specimens from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (<i>M. u. inornatus</i>) may weigh up to 68.2 kg (150 lb) in females and 104.5 kg (230 lb) in males.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However six Sri Lankan male sloth bears averaged only 74.8 kg (165 lb), and 57.5 kg (127 lb) was the average for four females, so Sri Lankan bears could be around 30% lighter in body mass than nominate race bears and with more pronounced size sexual dimorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are 60–92 cm (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 0 in) high at the shoulder, and have a body length of 1.4–1.9 m (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 3 in).<sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grzimek_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grzimek-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides being smaller than males, females reportedly typically have more fur between their shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sloth bear muzzles are thick and long, with small jaws and bulbous snouts with wide nostrils. They have long lower lips which can be stretched over the outer edge of their noses, and they lack upper incisors, thus allowing them to suck up large numbers of insects. The premolars and molars are smaller than in other bears, as they do not chew as much vegetation. In adults, the teeth are usually in poor condition, due to the amount of soil they suck up and chew when feeding on insects.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The back of the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> is long and broad, as is typical in other ant-eating mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paws are disproportionately large, and have highly developed, sickle-shaped, blunt claws which measure 10 cm (4 in) in length. Their toe pads are connected by a hairless web. They have the longest <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> in the bear family, which can grow to 15–18 cm (6–7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their back legs are not very strong, though they are knee-jointed, and allow them to assume almost any position.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ears are very large and floppy. The sloth bear is the only bear with long hair on its ears.<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sloth bear fur is completely black (rusty for some specimens), save for a whitish Y- or V-shaped mark on the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature is sometimes absent, particularly in Sri Lankan specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature, which is also present in Asian black bears and <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bears</a>, is thought to serve as a threat display, as all three species are <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> (tigers usually do not carry out attacks on an adult bear if the bear is aware or facing the cat).<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coat is long, shaggy, and unkempt, despite the relatively warm environment in which the species is found, and is particularly heavy behind the neck and between the shoulders, forming a mane which can be 30 cm (12 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belly and underlegs can be almost bare. Sloth bears are usually about the same size as an <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> but are immediately distinctive for their shaggier coat, whitish claws, as well as their typically rangier build. Their head and mouth is highly distinct from that of a black bear with a longer, narrower skull shape (particularly the snout), loose-looking, flappier lips and paler muzzle colour. In few areas of overlap, sloth bear confusion with <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bears</a> is unlikely, given the latter species considerably smaller size, much shorter fur, wrinkled folding skin (especially around the back), bolder chest marking and drastically different, more compact head structure and appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Grzimek_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grzimek-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mel_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_(Melursus_ursinus_inornatus)_male_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_6.jpg/220px-Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_6.jpg/330px-Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_6.jpg/440px-Sri_Lankan_sloth_bear_%28Melursus_ursinus_inornatus%29_male_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption>Male Sri Lankan sloth bear</figcaption></figure> <p>The sloth bear's global range includes <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, temperate climatic zones of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It occurs in a wide range of habitats including <a href="/wiki/Moist_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist forest">moist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_tropical_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry tropical forest">dry tropical forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a>, scrublands and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) on the Indian subcontinent, and below 300 m (980 ft) in Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Dry_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry forest">dry forests</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">regionally extinct</a> in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adult sloth bears may travel in pairs. Males are often observed to be gentle with cubs. They may fight for food. They walk in a slow, shambling motion, with their feet being set down in a noisy, flapping motion. They are capable of galloping faster than running humans.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they appear slow and clumsy, both young and adult sloth bears are excellent climbers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occasionally will climb to feed and to rest, though not to escape enemies, as they prefer to stand their ground. Sloth bear mothers carry their cubs up trees as the primary defense against attacks by predators instead of sending them up trees. The cubs can be threatened by predators such as tigers, leopards, and other bears.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are adequate climbers on more accessible trees but cannot climb as quickly or on as varied surfaces as can black bears due to the sloth species' more elongated claw structure. Given their smaller size and still shorter claws, sloth bear cubs probably climb more proficiently than adults (much as brown bear cubs can climb well but not adults).<sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are good swimmers, and primarily enter water to play.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mark their territories, sloth bears scrape trees with their forepaws, and rub against them with their flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears are recorded to produce several sounds and vocals. Howls, squeals, screams, barks and trumpet-like calls are made during aggressive encounters while huffing is made as a warning signal. Chuffing calls are made when disturbed. Females keep in contact with their cubs with a grunt-whicker while cubs yelp when separated.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloth_bears_playing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sloth_bears_playing.jpg/220px-Sloth_bears_playing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sloth_bears_playing.jpg/330px-Sloth_bears_playing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sloth_bears_playing.jpg/440px-Sloth_bears_playing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Sloth bears playing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SlothBearTree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SlothBearTree.jpg/220px-SlothBearTree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SlothBearTree.jpg/330px-SlothBearTree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SlothBearTree.jpg/440px-SlothBearTree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A Sri Lankan bear in a tree</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg/220px-Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg/330px-Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg/440px-Sloth_bear_cubs_by_Samad_Kottur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Seven-day-old bear cubs, rescued from a building site where they had been born</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg/220px-MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg/330px-MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg/440px-MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3868" data-file-height="2613" /></a><figcaption>A mother with a cub on her back at the <a href="/wiki/Daroji_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The breeding season for sloth bears varies according to location: in India, they mate in April, May, and June, and give birth in December and early January, while in Sri Lanka, it occurs all year. Sows gestate for 210 days, and typically give birth in caves or in shelters under boulders. Litters usually consist of one or two cubs, or rarely three.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubs are born blind, and open their eyes after four weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bear cubs develop quickly compared to most other bear species: they start walking a month after birth, become independent at 24–36 months, and become sexually mature at the age of three years. Young cubs ride on their mother's back when she walks, runs, or climbs trees until they reach a third of her size. Individual riding positions are maintained by cubs through fighting. Intervals between litters can last two to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_habits">Dietary habits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dietary habits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sloth bears are expert hunters of <a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, which they locate by smell.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADW_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On arriving at a mound, they scrape at the structure with their claws until they reach the large combs at the bottom of the galleries, and disperse the soil with violent puffs. The termites are then sucked up through the muzzle, producing a sucking sound which can be heard 180 m away.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sense of smell is strong enough to detect grubs 3 ft below ground. Unlike other bears, they do not congregate in feeding groups.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears may supplement their diets with fruit, plant matter, carrion, and very rarely other mammals. In March and April, they eat the fallen petals of <a href="/wiki/Mowha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mowha">mowha</a> trees and are partial to <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, and the pods of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_shower_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden shower tree">golden shower tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears are extremely fond of honey.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When feeding their cubs, sows are reported to regurgitate a mixture of half-digested jack fruit, <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">wood apples</a>, and pieces of <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a>. This sticky substance hardens into a dark yellow, circular, bread-like mass which is fed to the cubs. This "bear's bread" is considered a delicacy by some of India's natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, Sloth bears can become addicted to sweets in hotel waste, visiting rubbish bins, even inside populated towns, all year long.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their diet includes animal flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, seeds of six tree species eaten and excreted by sloth bears (<i>Artocarpus hirsuta</i>, <i>A. integrifolia</i>, <i>Cassia fistula</i>, <i>Mangifera indica</i>, <i>Zizyphus oenoplina</i>) did not see significantly different percentages of germination (appearance of cotyledon) when compared to germinated seeds that had not been passed through the gut of the bears.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, seeds germinated much faster after being ingested by bears for three species, <i>Artocarpus hirsuta, Cassia fistula,</i> and <i>Zizyphus oenoplina</i>. This experiment suggests that sloth bears may play an important role in seed dispersal and germination, with effects varying by tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_other_animals">Relationships with other animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships with other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large canine teeth of sloth bears, relative to both its overall body size and to the size of the canine teeth of other bear species, and the aggressive disposition of sloth bears, may be a defense in interactions with large, dangerous animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, as well as prehistoric species such as <a href="/wiki/Megantereon" title="Megantereon">Megantereon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tigers</a> occasionally prey on sloth bears. Tigers usually give sloth bears a wide berth, though some specimens may become habitual bear killers,<sup id="cite_ref-DHOLE_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHOLE-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is not uncommon to find sloth bear fur in tiger scats.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigers typically hunt sloth bears by waiting for them near termite mounds, then creeping behind them and seizing them by the back of their necks and forcing them to the ground with their weight.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tiger was reported to simply break its victim's back with its paw, then wait for the paralysed bear to exhaust itself trying to escape before going in for the kill.<sup id="cite_ref-DHOLE_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHOLE-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When confronted by tigers face to face, sloth bears charge at them, crying loudly. A young or already sated tiger usually retreats from an assertive sloth bear, as the bear's claws can inflict serious wounds, and most tigers end the hunt if the bears become aware of the tiger's presence before the pounce.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears may scavenge on tiger kills.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As tigers are known to mimic the calls of <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a> to attract them, sloth bears react fearfully even to the sounds made by deer themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a female bear with cubs was observed to stand her ground and prevail in a confrontation against two tigers (one female, one male) in rapid succession.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides tigers there are few predators of sloth bears. <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopards</a> can also be a threat, as they are able to follow sloth bears up trees.<sup id="cite_ref-hadley_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bear cubs are probably far more vulnerable and healthy adult bears may be avoided by leopards. One leopard killed a three-quarters grown female sloth bear in an apparently lengthy fight that culminated in the trees. Apparently, a sloth bear killed a leopard in a confrontation in <a href="/wiki/Yala_National_Park" title="Yala National Park">Yala National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, but was itself badly injured in the fight and was subsequently put down by park rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears occasionally chase leopards from their kills.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole</a> <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">packs</a> may attack sloth bears.<sup id="cite_ref-fox_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When attacking them, dholes try to prevent the bear from retreating into caves.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike tigers which prey on sloth bears of all size, there is little evidence that dholes are a threat to fully-grown sloth bears other than exceptionally rare cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Grzimek_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grzimek-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, a <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> (a species much smaller and less powerful than a sloth bear and not generally a pack hunter as is the dhole) was seen to aggressively displace an adult bear which passively loped away from the snapping canid, indicating the sloth bear does not regard other carnivores as competition.<sup id="cite_ref-hadley_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sloth bears are <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> with <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic black bear">Asiatic black bears</a> in northern India, and the two species, along with the <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a>, coexist in some of the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. They are also found together in Assam, Manipur, and Mizoram, in the hills south of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a>, the only places occupied by all three bear species. The three species do not act aggressively toward each other. This may be because the three species generally differ in habit and dietary preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-hadley_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a> apparently do not tolerate sloth bears in their vicinity. The reason for this is unknown, as individual elephants known to maintain their composure near tigers have been reported to charge bears.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> has a similar intolerance for sloth bears, and will charge at them.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sloth bear is listed in Schedule I of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act, 1972">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a>, which provides for its legal protection. Commercial international trade of the sloth bear, including parts and derivatives, is prohibited as it is listed in <a href="/wiki/CITES_Appendix_I" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix I">Appendix I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fewer than 20,000 sloth bears are estimated to survive in the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. To address the human-bear conflict, people may be educated about the conservation ethics, particularly among locals. To resolve this conflict, the basic issue of deteriorating habitat, which is the reason for the conflict between people and bears, improvements through government or community-based reforestation programmes, may be promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears have also been found dead in traps, electrocuted, or killed by other means by poachers, with body parts (i.e. canines, claws, gall bladder, paws, etc) usually removed for the illegal wildlife trade.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of sloth bears grows when they live in high-profile reserves that protect species, such as tigers and elephants. Directly managed reserves could conserve the sloth bear, hence such reserves must be supported.<sup id="cite_ref-arkive_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkive-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managing garbage, especially hotel waste with foods, is essential in situations where sloth bears get used to entering towns with an increase in the number of accidental attacks on humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of India has banned use of sloth bears for entertainment, and a 'Sloth Bear Welfare Project' in the country has the objective of putting an end to their use for entertainment. However, their number in such activity is still large. Many organisations are helping in the conservation and preservation of sloth bears in safe places. Sloth bears previously used for entertainment are being rehabilitated in facilities like <a href="/wiki/Agra_Bear_Rescue_Facility" title="Agra Bear Rescue Facility">Agra Bear Rescue Facility</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_SOS" title="Wildlife SOS">Wildlife SOS</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major sloth bear sanctuaries in India include the <a href="/wiki/Daroji_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a> in Karnataka, and <a href="/wiki/Jessore_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a> in Gujarat. <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Sloth Bear Conservation Reserve is proposed in <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_district" title="Mirzapur district">Mirzapur district</a> of Uttar Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationships with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary,_Dahod,_Gujarat,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary%2C_Dahod%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.jpg/220px-A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary%2C_Dahod%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary%2C_Dahod%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.jpg/330px-A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary%2C_Dahod%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary%2C_Dahod%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.jpg/440px-A_fragile_co-existence_of_between_sloth_bears_and_humans_at_Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sactuary%2C_Dahod%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4781" data-file-height="3187" /></a><figcaption>A fragile co-existence between bears and humans at <a href="/wiki/Ratanmahal_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahod_district" title="Dahod district">Dahod district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Sloth bears are one of the most aggressive extant bears and, due to large human populations often closely surrounding reserves that hold bears, aggressive encounters and attacks are relatively frequent, though in some places, attacks appear to be a reaction to encountering people accidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In absolute numbers, this is the species of bear that most regularly attacks humans. Only the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a> subspecies of Asian black bear is nearly as dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-Bargali,_H._S._2005_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bargali,_H._S._2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears likely view humans as potential predators, as their reactions to them (roaring, followed by retreat or charging) are similar to those evoked in the presence of tigers and leopards.<sup id="cite_ref-final_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their long claws, which are ideally adapted for digging at termite mounds, make adults less capable of climbing trees to escape danger, as are other bears such as Asian black bears. Therefore, sloth bears have seemingly evolved to deal with threats by behaving aggressively. For the same reason, brown bears can be similarly inclined, accounting for the relatively high incidence of seemingly non-predatory aggression towards humans in these two bear species.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armitage_Sterndale" title="Robert Armitage Sterndale">Robert Armitage Sterndale</a>, in his <i>Mammalia of India</i> (1884, p. 62): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The sloth bear] is also more inclined to attack man unprovoked than almost any other animal, and casualties inflicted by it are unfortunately very common, the victim being often terribly disfigured even if not killed, as the bear strikes at the head and face. <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Blanford" title="William Thomas Blanford">[William Thomas] Blanford</a> was inclined to consider bears more dangerous than tigers...</p></blockquote> <p>Captain Williamson in his <i>Oriental Field Sports</i> wrote of how sloth bears rarely killed their human victims outright, but would suck and chew on their limbs till they were reduced to bloody pulps.<sup id="cite_ref-elliott_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One specimen, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear_of_Mysore" title="Sloth bear of Mysore">sloth bear of Mysore</a>, was responsible for the deaths of 12 people and the mutilation of 24 others. It was shot by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(writer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (writer)">Kenneth Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sloth bears have attacked humans, they rarely become <a href="/wiki/Man-eating_animal" title="Man-eating animal">man-eaters</a>. Dunbar-Brander's <i>Wild Animals of Central India</i> mentions a case in which a sow with two cubs began a six-week reign of terror in <a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_district" title="Chandrapur district">Chanda</a>, a district of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces</a>, during which more than one of their victims had been eaten,<sup id="cite_ref-attacks_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attacks-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the sloth bear of Mysore partially ate at least three of its victims.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R.G. Burton deduced from comparing statistics that sloth bears killed more people than Asian black bears,<sup id="cite_ref-attacks_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attacks-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> considered them to be more dangerous than <a href="/wiki/American_black_bears" class="mw-redirect" title="American black bears">American black bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike some other bear species, which at times make mock charges at humans when surprised or frightened without making physical contact, sloth bears frequently appear to initiate a physical attack almost immediately. When people living near an aggressive population of sloth bears were armed with rifles, it was found that it was an ineffective form of defense, since the bear apparently charges and knocks the victim back (often knocking the rifle away) before the human has the chance to defend themself.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, sloth bear attacks accounted for the deaths of 48 people and the injuring of 686 others between 1989 and 1994, probably due in part to the density of population and competition for food sources.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 137 attacks (resulting in 11 deaths) occurred between April 1998 and December 2000 in the North Bilaspur Forest Division of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>. The majority of attacks were perpetrated by single bears, and occurred in kitchen gardens, crop fields, and in adjoining forests during the monsoon season.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Mr. Watts Jones wrote a first-hand account of how it feels to be attacked by a sloth bear, recalling when he failed to score a direct hit against a bear he had targeted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I do not know exactly what happened next, neither does my hunter who was with me; but I believe, from the marks in the snow, that in his rush the bear knocked me over backwards in fact, knocked me three or four feet away. When next I remember anything, the bear's weight was on me, and he was biting my leg. He bit two or three times. I felt the flesh crush, but I felt no pain at all. It was rather like having a tooth out with gas. I felt no particular terror, though I thought the bear had got me; but in a hazy sort of way I wondered when he would kill me, and thought what a fool I was to get killed by a stupid beast like a bear. The shikari then very pluckily came up and fired a shot into the bear, and he left me. I felt the weight lift off me, and got up. I did not think I was much hurt. ... The main wound was a flap of flesh torn out of the inside of my left thigh and left hanging. It was fairly deep, and I could see all the muscles working underneath when I lifted it up to clean the wound."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2016, according to a forest official, a female bear had killed three people, and hurt five others in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> State's <a href="/wiki/Banaskantha_district" title="Banaskantha district">Banaskantha district</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Balaram_Ambaji_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary">Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, with some of the casualties being colleagues. At first, an attempt was made to trace and cage it, but this failed, costing the life of one official, and so a team of both officials and policemen shot the bear.<sup id="cite_ref-BalaramAmbaji2016B_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalaramAmbaji2016B-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Karnataka's <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a>, most of the attacks by sloth bears occurred outside forests, when they entered settlements and farmlands in search of food and water.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mount Abu town in southern Rajasthan, sloth bears attacked people inside towns where they were seeking hotel waste in rubbish bins and encountered people by chance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though such attacks were concomitant with increasing tourism activity, quite remarkably, local residents have not retaliated against the sloth bears. The absence of retaliation in many locations of India appears related to cultural norms and the dominant religion Hinduism where nature and animals are worshipped as deities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_products">Hunting and products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hunting and products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg/220px-Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg/330px-Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg/440px-Sloth_bear_hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of British officers hunting a bear on horseback</figcaption></figure> <p>One method of hunting sloth bears involved the use of beaters, in which case, a hunter waiting on a post could either shoot the approaching bear through the shoulder or on the white chest mark if it was moving directly to him. Sloth bears are very resistant to body shots, and can charge hunters if wounded, though someone of steady nerves could score a direct hit from within a few paces of a charging bear. Sloth bears were easy to track during the wet season, as their clear footprints could be followed straight to their lairs. The majority of sloth bears killed in forests were due to chance encounters with them during hunts for other game. In hilly or mountainous regions, two methods were used to hunt them there. One was to lie in wait above the bear's lair at dawn and wait for the bear to return from its nocturnal foraging. Another was to rouse them at daytime by firing flares into the cave to draw them out.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears were also occasionally speared on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sri Lanka, the <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">baculum</a> of a sloth bear was once used as a charm against barrenness.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tameability">Tameability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tameability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg/220px-Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg/330px-Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg/440px-Pushkar-bear_and_handler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A bear and its handler in <a href="/wiki/Pushkar" title="Pushkar">Pushkar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Officers in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> often kept sloth bears as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wife of Kenneth Anderson kept an orphaned sloth bear cub from Mysore, which she named "Bruno". The bear was fed all sorts of things and was very affectionate toward people. It was even taught numerous tricks, such as cradling a woodblock like a baby or pointing a bamboo stick like a gun.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/iebe109.pdf">[1]</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dancing_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing bear">Dancing bears</a> were historically a popular entertainment in India, dating back to the 13th century and the pre-<a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> era. The <a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalandar (clan)">Kalandars</a>, who practised the tradition of capturing sloth bears for entertainment purposes, were often employed in the courts of Mughal emperors to stage spectacles involving trained bears.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were once common in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, where they often disturbed the horses of British officers.<sup id="cite_ref-india_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a ban on the practice that was enacted in 1972, as many as 800 dancing bears were in the streets of India during the latter part of the 20th century, particularly on the highway between Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur. Sloth bear cubs, which were usually purchased at the age of six months from traders and poachers, were trained to dance and follow commands through coercive stimuli and starvation. Males were castrated at an early age, and their teeth were knocked out at the age of one year to prevent them from seriously injuring their handlers. The bears were typically fitted with a nose ring attached to a four-foot leash. Some were found to be <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> from <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dance_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dance-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, following a seven-year campaign by a coalition of Indian and international animal welfare groups, the last Kalandar dancing bear was set free.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effort to end the practice involved helping the bear handlers find jobs and education, which enabled them to reduce their reliance on dancing-bear income.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Catton_the_younger" title="Charles Catton the younger">Charles Catton</a> included the bear in his 1788 book <i><a href="/wiki/Animals_Drawn_from_Nature_and_Engraved_in_Aqua-tinta" title="Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta">Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta</a></i>, describing it as an "animal of the bear-kind" and saying it was properly called the "Petre Bear".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Baloo" title="Baloo">Baloo</a> "the sleepy old brown bear" teaches <a href="/wiki/The_Law_of_the_Jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Law of the Jungle">the Law of the Jungle</a> to the wolf cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack, as well as to his most challenging pupil, the "man-cub" <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armitage_Sterndale" title="Robert Armitage Sterndale">Robert Armitage Sterndale</a>, from whom Kipling derived most of his knowledge of Indian fauna, used the Hindustani word <i>bhalu</i> for several bear species, though Daniel Karlin, who edited the Penguin Classics reissue of <i>The Jungle Book</i> in 1989, stated, with the exception of colour, Kipling's descriptions of Baloo are consistent with the sloth bear, as brown bears and Asian black bears do not occur in the <a href="/wiki/Seoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoni">Seoni</a> area where the novel takes place. Also, the name "sloth" can be used in the context of sleepiness. Karlin states, however, that Baloo's diet of ".. only roots and nuts and honey" is a trait more common to the Asian black bear than to the sloth bear.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local names: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <span lang="as">ভালুক</span>, <i>bhaluk</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">રીંછ</span>, <i>rīn̄ch</i>; also <i>rinchh</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">भालू</span>, <i>bhālū</i>; <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">रीछ</span></span>, <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">rīch</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ଭାଲୁ</span>, <i>bhālu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">শ্লথ ভালুক</span>, <i>ślath bhaluk</i>; <i>kālō bhāluk</i>; also <i>bhaluk</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">ऋक्ष</span>, <i>ṛkṣa</i>; also <i>rikspa</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn">ಕರಡಿ</span>, <i>karaḍi</i>; <i>kaddi</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">கரடி</span>, <i>karaṭi</i>; <i>kaddi</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">കരടി</span>, <i>karaṭi</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">ఎలుగుబంటి</span>, <i>elugubaṇṭi</i>; also <i>elugu</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span lang="mr">अस्वल</span>, <i>asval</i>; also <i>aswal</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gond</a>: <i>yerid</i>, <i>yedjal</i> and <i>asol</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Kol</a>: <i>bana</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Oraon</a>: <i>bir mendi</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">වලසා</span>, <i>valasā</i>; also <i>usa</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_35-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">भालु</span>, bhālu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਰਿੱਛ</span>, <i>richh</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDharaiya,_N.Bargali,_H._S.Sharp,_T.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dharaiya, N.; Bargali, H. S. & Sharp, T. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13143/166519315">"<i>Melursus ursinus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2020</b>: e.T13143A166519315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Melursus+ursinus&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=e.T13143A166519315&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en&rft.au=Dharaiya%2C+N.&rft.au=Bargali%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=Sharp%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F13143%2F166519315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elliott-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elliott_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elliott_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_A.1868" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, A. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forestjungleand00elligoog"><i>The forest, the jungle, and the prairie or, Scenes with the trapper and the hunter in many lands</i></a>. Edinburgh; and New York: T. Nelson, and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+forest%2C+the+jungle%2C+and+the+prairie+or%2C+Scenes+with+the+trapper+and+the+hunter+in+many+lands&rft.place=Edinburgh%3B+and+New+York&rft.pub=T.+Nelson%2C+and+Sons&rft.date=1868&rft.au=Elliott%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforestjungleand00elligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Servheen">Servheen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen,_R.1833" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+and+Shooting+in+Ceylon&rft.pages=268-&rft.pub=Dabney+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4097-2852-8&rft.au=Storey%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWOxoRzoD9PsC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mel-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mel_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0MCarnivor/ursidae/melursus/Melursus_ursinus/Melursus_ursinus.html">WildLifeInformation.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108105759/http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0MCarnivor/ursidae/melursus/Melursus_ursinus/Melursus_ursinus.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Melursus ursinus – Sloth bear</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brown">Brown</a>, "Bear Behavior and Activities"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Servheen">Servheen</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Servheen">Servheen</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurie,_A.Seidensticker,_J.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Laurie, A.; Seidensticker, J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229976355">"Behavioural ecology of the Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)"</a>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>182</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1977.tb04155.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04155.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170117/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Seidensticker/publication/229976355_Behavioural_ecology_of_the_Sloth_bear_Melursus_ursinus/links/53db8a9e0cf2a76fb667a2d1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Behavioural+ecology+of+the+Sloth+bear+%28Melursus+ursinus%29&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1977.tb04155.x&rft.au=Laurie%2C+A.&rft.au=Seidensticker%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229976355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-india-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-india_35-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinn,_F.1929" class="citation book cs1">Finn, F. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammaliaofindia033244mbp"><i>Sterndale's Mammalia of India. A New and Abridged Edition, thoroughly revised and with an Appendix on the Reptilia</i></a>. Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sterndale%27s+Mammalia+of+India.+A+New+and+Abridged+Edition%2C+thoroughly+revised+and+with+an+Appendix+on+the+Reptilia&rft.place=Calcutta+and+Simla&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+%26+Co&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Finn%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammaliaofindia033244mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADW-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Melursus_ursinus/">"Melursus ursinus (Sloth bear)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Melursus+ursinus+%28Sloth+bear%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FMelursus_ursinus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Kenneth1954" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Kenneth (1954). <i>Nine Man-Eaters and One Rogue</i>. John Culler & Sons. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887269-11-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-887269-11-8"><bdi>1-887269-11-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Man-Eaters+and+One+Rogue&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=John+Culler+%26+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=1-887269-11-8&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrajapatiKoliSundar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Prajapati, Utkarsh; Koli, Vijay Kumar; Sundar, K.S. Gopi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605320000216">"Vulnerable sloth bears are attracted to human food waste: a novel situation in Mount Abu town, India"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>55</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">699–</span>707. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605320000216">10.1017/S0030605320000216</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233677898">233677898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Vulnerable+sloth+bears+are+attracted+to+human+food+waste%3A+a+novel+situation+in+Mount+Abu+town%2C+India&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E699-%3C%2Fspan%3E707&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605320000216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233677898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Prajapati&rft.aufirst=Utkarsh&rft.au=Koli%2C+Vijay+Kumar&rft.au=Sundar%2C+K.S.+Gopi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0030605320000216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_H._A._Seymour1901" class="citation book cs1">Frederick H. A. Seymour (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nA9EAQAAMAAJ&dq=sloth+bear+consume+flesh&pg=PA48"><i>Wild Animals I Have Met: A Book of Natural History and Thrilling Hunting</i></a>. The Ohio State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114043332/https://books.google.com/books?id=nA9EAQAAMAAJ&dq=sloth+bear+consume+flesh&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Although they generally subsist entirely on vegetable substances and insects, they will occasionally eat flesh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Animals+I+Have+Met%3A+A+Book+of+Natural+History+and+Thrilling+Hunting&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Frederick+H.+A.+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnA9EAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dsloth%2Bbear%2Bconsume%2Bflesh%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSreekumarBalakrishnan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sreekumar, P. G.; Balakrishnan, M. (2002). "Seed dispersal by the Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) in South India". <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">474–</span>477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Biotr..34..474S">2002Biotr..34..474S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2002.tb00564.x">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00564.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247666325">247666325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotropica&rft.atitle=Seed+dispersal+by+the+Sloth+Bear+%28Melursus+ursinus%29+in+South+India&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E474-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247666325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2002.tb00564.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Biotr..34..474S&rft.aulast=Sreekumar&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft.au=Balakrishnan%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Servheen">Servheen</a>, pp. 226–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHOLE-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DHOLE_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHOLE_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills,_Stephen2004" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Stephen (2004). <i>Tiger</i>. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-949-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-949-0"><bdi>1-55297-949-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger&rft.place=Richmond+Hill%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55297-949-0&rft.au=Mills%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313110305/http://web.me.com/dattatri/shekardattatri/wow_moments.html">Tigers eat sloth bears, don't they?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perry-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perry_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perry_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perry_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_Richard1965" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Richard (1965). <i>The World of the Tiger</i>. p. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Tiger&rft.pages=260&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Perry%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaller, George B. (1984) <i>The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India</i>, Midway Reprint, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73631-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73631-8">0-226-73631-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickysingh.com/2011/04/bear-tiger-confrontation-10-pics-that-tell-a-story/">Bear Tiger confrontation – 10 pics that tell a story</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827112158/http://www.dickysingh.com/2011/04/bear-tiger-confrontation-10-pics-that-tell-a-story/">Archived</a> 27 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dickysingh.com (10 April 2011). Retrieved on 26 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baskaran, N., Sivaganesan, N., & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). <i>Food habits of sloth bear in Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India</i>. JOURNAL-BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 94, 1–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt, F., & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). <i>Notes on a dead bear</i>. Loris, 11, 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fox_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox,_Michael_W.1984" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Michael W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8qMs6x-PhUC&q=sloth+bear"><i>The Whistling Hunters: Field Studies of the Asiatic Wild Dog (Cuon Alpinus)</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-843-8"><bdi>0-87395-843-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170619/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8qMs6x-PhUC&q=sloth+bear">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWy9B80bA6YC&pg=PA197"><i>Bullet and Shot in Indian Forest, Plain and Hill – With Hints to Beginners in Indian Shooting</i></a>. Phillips Press. pp. 197–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-6231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-6231-1"><bdi>978-1-4437-6231-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170619/https://books.google.com/books?id=bWy9B80bA6YC&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullet+and+Shot+in+Indian+Forest%2C+Plain+and+Hill+%E2%80%93+With+Hints+to+Beginners+in+Indian+Shooting&rft.pages=197-&rft.pub=Phillips+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-6231-1&rft.au=Russell%2C+C.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWy9B80bA6YC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dance-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dance_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084102/http://www.wildlifesos.org/IBR/Dbears/bdancebody.htm">Dancing Bears in India</a>. wildlifesos.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8421867.stm">"Last Indian dancing bear set free"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105114846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8421867.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Last+Indian+dancing+bear+set+free&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8421867.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/kartick_satyanarayan_how_we_rescued_the_dancing_bears.html">"Katrick Satyanarayan: How we rescued the "dancing" bears"</a>. Ted.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202408/http://www.ted.com/talks/kartick_satyanarayan_how_we_rescued_the_dancing_bears.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katrick+Satyanarayan%3A+How+we+rescued+the+%22dancing%22+bears&rft.pub=Ted.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Fkartick_satyanarayan_how_we_rescued_the_dancing_bears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatton1788" class="citation book cs1">Catton, Charles (1788). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate10">"Animal of the bear-kind, Plate 10"</a>. <i>Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta</i>. I. and J. Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235717/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate10">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+of+the+bear-kind%2C+Plate+10&rft.btitle=Animals+drawn+from+Nature+and+engraved+in+aqua-tinta&rft.pub=I.+and+J.+Taylor&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Catton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAnimals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta%23plate10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipling,_RudyardKarlin,_Daniel1989" class="citation book cs1">Kipling, Rudyard; Karlin, Daniel (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrJOKXFEPAwC&pg=PA350"><i>The Jungle Books</i></a>. Penguin. pp. 350–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018316-0"><bdi>978-0-14-018316-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170620/https://books.google.com/books?id=UrJOKXFEPAwC&pg=PA350">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jungle+Books&rft.pages=350-&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-14-018316-0&rft.au=Kipling%2C+Rudyard&rft.au=Karlin%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrJOKXFEPAwC%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Brown" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Gary (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatbearalmanac0000brow"><i>The Great Bear Almanac</i></a></span>. Lyons & Burford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558212108" title="Special:BookSources/1558212108"><bdi>1558212108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Bear+Almanac&rft.pub=Lyons+%26+Burford&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1558212108&rft.au=Brown%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatbearalmanac0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Servheen" class="citation book cs1">Garshelis, D. L.; Joshi, A. R.; Smith, J. L. D. & Rice, C. G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265121830">"Sloth Bear Conservation Action Plan"</a>. In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (eds.). <i>Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan</i>. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2831704626" title="Special:BookSources/2831704626"><bdi>2831704626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sloth+Bear+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.btitle=Bears%3A+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Bear+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2831704626&rft.au=Garshelis%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+L.+D.&rft.au=Rice%2C+C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265121830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASloth+bear" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloth_bear&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Melursus ursinus">Melursus ursinus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Melursus ursinus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Melursus ursinus</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Melursus_ursinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Melursus ursinus">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48376974_The_Status_Survey_and_Conservation_Action_Plan_Bears">PDF1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf">PDF2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004836/http://fieldtripearth.org/div_index.xml?id=12">Field Trip Earth</a> – Field Trip Earth is a conservation education website operated by the North Carolina Zoological Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Melursus_ursinus.html">Sloth Bear</a> at <i>Animal Diversity Web</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea107" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)126" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)184" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(cats)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palm_civets173" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Palm_civet" title="Palm civet">Palm civets</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato153" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Poiana(African_linsangs)127" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(genets)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Genetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Eugenetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Herpailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Pardogale</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Prionailuropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schouteden%27s_genet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schouteden's genet (page does not exist)">Schouteden's genet (<i>G. schoutedeni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Leptailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Osbornictis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy civets)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(falanoucs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(vontsira)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"> <i>sensu stricto</i></span> <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">(mongooses)</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata168" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(kusimanses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asian mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(slender mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)281" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Urocyon15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoon dogs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(zorro)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(South American foxes)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)" title="Lycaon (genus)">Lycaon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ursidae_(bears)183" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bears)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Odobenidae14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(northern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(southern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals or true seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)362" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ailuridae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(mountain coatis)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae130" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Vormela" title="Vormela">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neogale(New_World_weasels)121" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(New World weasels)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Mustela</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Lutreola</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i><a href="/wiki/Putorius" title="Putorius">Putorius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">Polecat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3755" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3755" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Melursus ursinus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145016" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q145016">Q145016</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Melursus ursinus">Melursus ursinus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Melursus/">Melursus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=153581">153581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6QY9D">6QY9D</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328075">328075</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2433395">2433395</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41651">41651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10223940">10223940</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=621848">621848</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/13143">13143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005933">1005933</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000947">14000947</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9636">9636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/80735/">80735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=297463">297463</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104032">104032</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/7567">7567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=10386">10386</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Melursus-ursinus">Melursus-ursinus</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bradypus ursinus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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