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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages and disadvantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inactivated vaccine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%84" title="لقاح معطل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لقاح معطل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacc%C3%AD_inactivat" title="Vaccí inactivat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaccí inactivat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaktivovan%C3%A1_vakc%C3%ADna" title="Inaktivovaná vakcína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inaktivovaná vakcína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totimpfstoff" title="Totimpfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Totimpfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_inactivada" title="Vacuna inactivada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacuna inactivada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="واکسن غیرفعال شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکسن غیرفعال شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_inactiv%C3%A9" title="Virus inactivé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus inactivé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1%ED%99%94_%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0" title="비활성화 백신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비활성화 백신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ინაქტივირებული ვაქცინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინაქტივირებული ვაქცინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Инактивті вакцина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инактивті вакцина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="നിർജ്ജീവ വാക്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിർജ്ജീവ വാക്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFnactiveerd_vaccin" title="Geïnactiveerd vaccin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geïnactiveerd vaccin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="不活化ワクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不活化ワクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaktivert_vaksine" title="Inaktivert vaksine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inaktivert vaksine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaktivatsiyalangan_vaksina" title="Inaktivatsiyalangan vaksina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inaktivatsiyalangan vaksina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="វ៉ាក់សាំងអសកម្ម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វ៉ាក់សាំងអសកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacina_inativada" title="Vacina inativada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vacina inativada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Инактивированная вакцина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инактивированная вакцина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мртва вакцина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мртва вакцина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="วัคซีนเชื้อตาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัคซีนเชื้อตาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0naktif_a%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İnaktif aşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnaktif aşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_b%E1%BA%A5t_ho%E1%BA%A1t" title="Vắc-xin bất hoạt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vắc-xin bất hoạt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E6%B4%BB%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="灭活疫苗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="灭活疫苗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3560939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Inactivated vaccine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_(Reeve_036335),_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_(5243638771).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_%28Reeve_036335%29%2C_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_%285243638771%29.jpg/280px-Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_%28Reeve_036335%29%2C_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_%285243638771%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_%28Reeve_036335%29%2C_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_%285243638771%29.jpg/420px-Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_%28Reeve_036335%29%2C_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_%285243638771%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_%28Reeve_036335%29%2C_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_%285243638771%29.jpg/560px-Soldiers_receiving_typhoid_vaccinations_%28Reeve_036335%29%2C_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_%285243638771%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="1949" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Typhoid prophylaxis for soldiers in World War I.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Killed vaccine Non-replicating vaccines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">family medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">general practice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uses</th><td class="infobox-data">prevention of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">birth to adulthood <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Vaccination schedule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy#By_country" title="Vaccination policy">Vaccination policy § By country</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcomes</th><td class="infobox-data">development of <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">active immunity</a> in individuals; contribution to <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560939" class="extiw" title="d:Q3560939">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>inactivated vaccine</b> (or <b>killed vaccine</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> that contains pathogens (such as <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>) that have been killed or rendered inactive, so they cannot replicate or cause disease. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">live vaccines</a> use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">attenuated</a>, that is, weakened). Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity and thus prevent <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> from the vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetrovskyAguilar2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inactivated vaccines were first developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s for <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">plague</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">typhoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VaccPastFuture2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccPastFuture2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1897, Japanese scientists developed an inactivated vaccine for the bubonic plague. In the 1950's, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a> created an inactivated vaccine for the poliovirus, creating the first vaccine that was both safe and effective against <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>. Today, inactivated vaccines exist for many pathogens, including <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio</a> (IPV), <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">rabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">pertussis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because inactivated pathogens tend to produce a weaker response by the immune system than live pathogens, <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">immunologic adjuvants</a> and multiple "<a href="/wiki/Booster_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Booster injection">booster</a>" injections may be required in some vaccines to provide an effective immune response against the pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetrovskyAguilar2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHOinfluenza_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOinfluenza-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TypesVaccines_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TypesVaccines-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attenuated vaccines are often preferable for generally healthy people because a single dose is often safe and very effective. However, some people cannot take attenuated vaccines because the pathogen poses too much risk for them (for example, <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">elderly people</a> or people with <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>). For those patients, an inactivated vaccine can provide protection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pathogen particles are destroyed and cannot divide, but the pathogens maintain some of their integrity to be recognized by the immune system and evoke an adaptive immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ImmunAdvancesVacc2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmunAdvancesVacc2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is not infectious, but improper inactivation can result in intact and infectious particles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No citation previously given, may be confusing given that properly inactivated vaccines cannot cause disease (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When a vaccine is administered, the <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> will be taken up by an <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">antigen-presenting cell</a> (APC) and transported to a draining lymph node in vaccinated people. The APC will place a piece of the antigen, an <a href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">epitope</a>, on its surface along with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. It can now interact with and activate T cells. The resulting helper T cells will then stimulate an <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">antibody-mediated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a> immune response and develop an antigen-specific <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive</a> response.<sup id="cite_ref-VaccGuide2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccGuide2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccTech2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccTech2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process creates an <a href="/wiki/Immunological_memory" title="Immunological memory">immunological memory</a> against the specific pathogen and allows the immune system to respond more effectively and rapidly after subsequent encounters with that pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccGuide2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccGuide2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccTech2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccTech2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inactivated vaccines tend to produce an immune response that is primarily antibody-mediated.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlotkinsVaccines7ed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlotkinsVaccines7ed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, deliberate adjuvant selection allows inactivated vaccines to stimulate a more robust cell-mediated immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetrovskyAguilar2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ImmunAdvancesVacc2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmunAdvancesVacc2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_Consequences">Social Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of inactivated vaccines helped reduce morbidity and mortality from <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> like <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">pertussis</a>, creating a healthier, more stable society. Community health improved as a result, particularly in developed nations, where high vaccination rates led to herd <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medicine)" title="Immunity (medicine)">immunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reducing diseases like <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> meant fewer people suffering from debilitating <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">illness</a>, which in turn led to increased social productivity. Families no longer had to care for loved ones with debilitating diseases, and children could go to school without the constant fear of contraction. Inactivated vaccines increased public trust in public health systems, normalizing vaccinations to the point where yearly flu shots and childhood <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a> are seen as routine parts of life, especially in developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inactivated vaccines can be divided by the method used for killing the pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOinfluenza_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOinfluenza-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetrovskyAguilar2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Whole pathogen inactivated vaccines</i> are produced when an entire pathogen is 'killed' using heat, chemicals, or radiation,<sup id="cite_ref-TypesVaccines_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TypesVaccines-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although only <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Propiolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Propiolactone">beta-Propiolactone</a> exposure are widely used in human vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-sanders2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanders2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hotez_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Split virus vaccines</i> are produced by using a detergent to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">viral envelope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOinfluenza_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOinfluenza-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AdvFluVaccines2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdvFluVaccines2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is used in the development of many <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NACISplitSubunitFlu_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NACISplitSubunitFlu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A minority of sources use the term <i>inactivated vaccines</i> to broadly refer to <i>non-live vaccines.</i> Under this definition, <i>inactivated vaccines</i> also include <a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">subunit vaccines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">toxoid</a> vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccGuide2020_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccGuide2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types include:<sup id="cite_ref-urlImmunization_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlImmunization-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Viral</b>: <ul><li>Injected <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salk_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk vaccine">Salk vaccine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies vaccine</a></li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine</a></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a>: <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/QazCovid-in" title="QazCovid-in">QazVac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm WIBP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TURKOVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="TURKOVAC">TURKOVAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoviVac_(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine)" title="CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)">CoviVac</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Bacterial</b>: <ul><li>Injected <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">typhoid vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague vaccine</a></li> <li>Whole-cell <a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Inactivated pathogens are more stable than live pathogens. Increased stability facilitates the storage and transport of inactivated vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-VaccGuide2020_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccGuide2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FundVaccImmuno2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FundVaccImmuno2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHOVSB_Inactivated_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOVSB_Inactivated-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">live attenuated vaccines</a>, inactivated vaccines cannot revert to a <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulent</a> form and cause disease.<sup id="cite_ref-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlotkinsVaccines7ed_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlotkinsVaccines7ed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there have been rare instances of the live attenuated form of poliovirus present in the oral <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> (OPV) becoming virulent, leading to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) replacing OPV in many countries with controlled wild-type polio transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccTech2016_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccTech2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unlike live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines do not replicate and are not contraindicated for <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a> individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ImmunAdvancesVacc2014_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmunAdvancesVacc2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccGuide2020_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccGuide2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Inactivated vaccines have a reduced ability to produce a robust immune response for long-lasting immunity when compared to live attenuated vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booster_dose" title="Booster dose">boosters</a> are often required to produce and maintain protective immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-PlotkinsVaccines7ed_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlotkinsVaccines7ed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FundVaccImmuno2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FundVaccImmuno2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pathogens must be cultured and inactivated for the creation of killed whole-organism vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingModernVaccines2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaccTech2016_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccTech2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process slows down vaccine production when compared to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_vaccine" title="Genetic vaccine">genetic vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VaccGuide2020_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaccGuide2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inactivated vaccines tend to produce less durable immunity, often requiring multiple doses, which can pose a public health challenge. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">flu vaccine</a> requires annual updates and re-administration, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> A vaccines often require two doses spaced six months apart.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PetrovskyAguilar2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetrovskyAguilar2004_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetrovskyAguilar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Petrovsky N, Aguilar JC (October 2004). "Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends". <i>Immunology and Cell Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (5): 488–496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0818-9641.2004.01272.x">10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15479434">15479434</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154670">154670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunology+and+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Vaccine+adjuvants%3A+current+state+and+future+trends&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=488-496&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15479434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0818-9641.2004.01272.x&rft.aulast=Petrovsky&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInactivated+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaccPastFuture2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VaccPastFuture2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotkinPlotkin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Plotkin SA, Plotkin SL (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2668">"The development of vaccines: how the past led to the future"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i>. <b>9</b> (12) (published 2011-10-03): 889–893. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2668">10.1038/nrmicro2668</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963800">21963800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32506969">32506969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+development+of+vaccines%3A+how+the+past+led+to+the+future&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=889-893&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32506969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21963800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro2668&rft.aulast=Plotkin&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Plotkin%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnrmicro2668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInactivated+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCPinkBook2021Ch1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodiMorelli2021" class="citation book cs1">Wodi AP, Morelli V (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/prinvac.pdf">"Chapter 1: Principles of Vaccination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Principles+of+Vaccination&rft.btitle=Epidemiology+and+Prevention+of+Vaccine-Preventable+Diseases&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Public+Health+Foundation%2C+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Wodi&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Morelli%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fpubs%2Fpinkbook%2Fdownloads%2Fprinvac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInactivated+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan (1997). <i>The History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction</i> (1st ed.). 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induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&oldid=1259040018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inactivated_vaccine&oldid=1259040018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inactivated_vaccines" title="Category:Inactivated vaccines">Inactivated vaccines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing name">CS1 errors: missing name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 01:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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