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Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khmer_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Cambodia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1" title="تاريخ كمبوديا المبكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ كمبوديا المبكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Древна история на Камбоджа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древна история на Камбоджа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរដំបូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរដំបូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Древняя история Камбоджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древняя история Камбоджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கம்போடியாவின் தொடக்ககால வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கம்போடியாவின் தொடக்ககால வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="ประวัติศาสตร์ยุคแรกของกัมพูชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์ยุคแรกของกัมพูชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%E1%BB%95i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_l%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Campuchia" title="Buổi đầu lịch sử Campuchia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of Cambodian history</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_Recording_at_Kanam_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Data_Recording_at_Kanam_2015.jpg/220px-Data_Recording_at_Kanam_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Data_Recording_at_Kanam_2015.jpg/330px-Data_Recording_at_Kanam_2015.jpg 1.5x, 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cambodia" title="Category:History of Cambodia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History of <span class="fn org label">Cambodia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Angkor Wat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/75px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/113px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/150px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t%E2%80%93Khmer_War" title="Đại Việt–Khmer War">Đại Việt–Khmer War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaktomuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaktomuk">Chaktomuk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longvek" title="Longvek">Longvek era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Cambodian_War_(1591%E2%80%931594)" title="Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)">Siamese-Cambodian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodian–Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodian–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudong#History" title="Oudong">Oudong era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom#History" title="Khmer Krom">Loss of Mekong Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Colonial period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia in 1945</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Independence and conflict</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Post-independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">US bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 coup</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">US bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident"><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">exiled coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K5_Plan" title="K5 Plan">K5 Plan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Peace process</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">1991 Paris Peace Agreements</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">United Nations Transitional<br />Authority <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNTAC, 1992–93)</span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Cambodian_general_election" title="1993 Cambodian general election">1993 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_unrecognized_government_(1994%E2%80%931998)" title="Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998)">Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">1997 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Phnom_Penh_riots" title="2003 Phnom Penh riots">2003 Phnom Penh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Cambodian_protests" title="2013–2014 Cambodian protests">2013–2014 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="History of Buddhism in Cambodia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis" title="Cambodian humanitarian crisis">Humanitarian crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cambodia" title="Military history of Cambodia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Cambodia" title="Names of Cambodia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history"><b>Timeline</b></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Cambodia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template talk:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>early history of Cambodia</b> follows the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistoric</a> development of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> as a country in mainland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Thanks to archaeological work carried out since 2009, this can now be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. As excavation sites have become more numerous and modern dating methods are applied, settlement traces of all stages of human civil development from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> groups to organized preliterate societies are documented in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mourer1970_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mourer1970-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandlerp13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandlerp13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical records of a political structure on territory that is now modern-day Cambodia first appear in Chinese annals in reference to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a>, a polity that encompassed the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochinese peninsula</a> during the 1st to 6th centuries. Centered at the lower Mekong,<sup id="cite_ref-Stark2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funan is noted as the oldest regional <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> culture, which suggests prolonged socio-economic interaction with maritime trading partners of the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th century a civilization, titled <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> or Zhenla in Chinese annals, had firmly replaced Funan, as it controlled larger, more undulating areas of Indochina and maintained more than a singular center of power.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khmer Empire was established by the early 9th century in a mythical initiation and consecration ceremony to claim political legitimacy by founder <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> at Mount Kulen (Mount Mahendra) in 802 C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A succession of powerful sovereigns, continuing the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> tradition, reigned over the classical era of Khmer civilization until the 11th century. A new dynasty of provincial origin introduced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as changes of religious, dynastic, administrative and military nature, environmental problems and ecological imbalance<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coincide with shifts of power in Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Cambodia">royal chronology</a> ends in the 14th century. Great achievements in <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a>, and accomplishments in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">the arts</a> are testimony to a creative and progressive civilization - in its complexity a cornerstone of Southeast Asian cultural legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_Cambodia">Prehistoric Cambodia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963 E. Saurin and J-P Carbonnel identified what they believed to be stone tools dating from c.600,000 BP at Sre Sbov in Kratie province; in 2009 a re-examination of the site indicated that the artifacts are results of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> movement and do not indicate early <a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">stone technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest traces of human presence in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> have been found at <a href="/wiki/Laang_Spean" title="Laang Spean">Laang Spean</a>, a cave in <a href="/wiki/Battambang_province" title="Battambang province">Battambang province</a>. Starting in 2009 archaeological research of the Franco-Cambodian Prehistoric Mission has documented an incomplete cultural sequence from c.70,000 BP to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, with clear evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> cultural presence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally significant is the site <a href="/wiki/Samrong_Sen" title="Samrong Sen">Samrong Sen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Chhnang Province">Kampong Chhnang Province</a> which was occupied since around 1500 BC and the relative recent site of <a href="/wiki/Phum_Snay" title="Phum Snay">Phum Snay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mourer1970_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mourer1970-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent archaeological finds (since 2012) indicate that parts of the region now called Cambodia were inhabited during the second and first millennia <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before the Common Era">BC</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> hunter and gatherer culture that may have migrated from southeastern China to the <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochinese Peninsula</a>, responsible for the construction of circular <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period beginning around 500 BC, the inhabitants had developed complex, organised societies and a varied religious cosmology by the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> and engaging in maritime trade, resulting in socio-political interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These original inhabitants spoke advanced <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> languages and participated in the exchange of contemporary technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Khmer people's founding legend centers around an Indian <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> or prince named <a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thaong</a> in Khmer, <a href="/wiki/Kaundinya_I" title="Kaundinya I">Kaundinya</a> in Sanskrit and Hun-t’ien in Chinese records, who marries the local ruler's daughter, a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga</a> princess named Nagi <a href="/wiki/Queen_Soma" title="Queen Soma">Soma</a> (Lieu-Ye in Chinese records), thus establishing the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Cambodia">Cambodian royal dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day the princess saw the Brahman on a boat and went to speak with him, but was shot by one of his magic arrows which made her fall in love with him. Her father drank all the water that inundated the land and gave the new land to them as a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> are a pan-Asian mythical race of reptilian beings, who in Cambodia were believed to possess a large empire or kingdom in the Pacific Ocean region. Cambodians today still say that they are "Born from the Naga" See: <a href="/wiki/Sage_Kambu_Swayambhuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Kambu Swayambhuva">Sage Kambu Swayambhuva</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funan">Funan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Funan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Kingdom of Funan</a></div> <p>At about the time that Western Europe was absorbing the classical culture and institutions of the Mediterranean, the people of mainland and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">insular Southeast Asia</a> were responding to the stimulus of a civilization that had arisen in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the previous millennium. The Indianization of Southeast Asia happened as a consequence of the increasing trade in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> and Hindu religion, political thought, literature, mythology, and artistic motifs gradually became integral elements in local Southeast Asian cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a> was never adopted, but Indianization stimulated the rise of highly organised, centralised states. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a>, the earliest of the Indianised states, is generally considered to have been the first kingdom in the area. Found in the 1st century CE, Funan was located on the lower reaches of the Mekong River delta area, in what is today southeast Cambodia and the extreme south of Vietnam. Its capital, Vyadhapura, probably was located near the present-day town of Ba Phnom in <a href="/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey Veng Province">Prey Veng Province</a>. The earliest historical reference to Funan is a Chinese description of a mission that visited the country in the 3rd century. The name Funan is largely believed to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a> word 'Phnom' meaning mountain. The Funanese were likely of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> origin. What the Funanese called themselves, however, is not known. </p><p>During this early period in Funan's history, the population was probably concentrated in villages along the Mekong River and along the <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap_River" title="Tonlé Sap River">Tonlé Sap River</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a>. Traffic and communications were mostly waterborne on the rivers and their delta tributaries. The area was a natural region for the development of an economy based on fishing and rice cultivation. There is considerable evidence that the Funanese economy depended on rice surpluses produced by an extensive inland <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> system. Maritime trade played an extremely important role in the development of Funan, and the remains of what is believed to have been the kingdom's main port, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (O'keo) (now part of Vietnam), contain Roman as well as <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a>, Indian, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greek</a> artefacts. </p><p>By the 5th century, the state exercised control over the lower Mekong River area and the lands around the Tonle Sap. It also commanded tribute from smaller states in the area now comprising northern Cambodia, southern <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. Indianization was fostered by increasing contact with the subcontinent through the travels of merchants, diplomats, and learned <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>. By the end of the 5th century, the elite culture was thoroughly Indianised. Court ceremony and the structure of political institutions were based on Indian models. The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language was widely used; the <a href="/wiki/Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manusmṛti">laws of Manu</a>, the Indian legal code, were adopted; and an alphabet based on Indian writing systems was introduced. </p><p>Beginning in the early 6th century, civil wars and dynastic strife undermined Funan's stability. A former northern vassal turned to independent kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, began to increase its power and status quo was achieved only through dynastic marriages. Eventually Funan was absorbed by the Khmer Chenla and became a vassal itself. Funan disappears from history in the 7th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chenla">Chenla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chenla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chenla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenla Kingdom">Chenla Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientKhmerScript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AncientKhmerScript.jpg/220px-AncientKhmerScript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AncientKhmerScript.jpg/330px-AncientKhmerScript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AncientKhmerScript.jpg/440px-AncientKhmerScript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The people of Chenla were probably <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>. Inscriptions prove that <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>, adopted from south Indian <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, had fully developed and was in use alongside <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Chenla is first mentioned in the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>'s history as a Funan vassal. The founder of the kingdom, who managed to break free from Funan's control, was Strutavarman. A later king, Bhavarman, invaded Funan annexing it to Chenla's domains. Once they established control over Funan, they embarked on a course of conquest that continued for three centuries. They subjugated central and upper Laos, annexed portions of the Mekong Delta, and brought what are now western Cambodia and southern Thailand under their direct control. </p><p>At the same time, king Mahendravarman established peace with the neighbouring kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> through marriage arrangements, and Isnavarman, who succeeded him in 616, moved to a new capital, which, according to a Chinese writer, was inhabited by 20 thousands families. Culturally, the royal families of Chenla generally preserved the earlier political, social, and religious institutions of Funan, thus preserving the elements introduced from India. Chenla appears to have had a preference for Hinduism over other religions brought from there, like Buddhism. </p><p>In the 8th century, however, factional disputes at the Chenla court resulted in the splitting of the kingdom into rival northern and southern halves. According to Chinese chronicles, the two parts were known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Chenla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land Chenla (page does not exist)">Land Chenla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80" class="extiw" title="km:ចេនឡាដីគោក">km</a>]</span> (or Upper Chenla) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_Chenla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water Chenla (page does not exist)">Water Chenla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" class="extiw" title="km:ចេនឡាទឹកលិច">km</a>]</span> (or Lower Chenla). Land Chenla maintained a relatively stable existence, but Water Chenla underwent a period of constant turbulence, partly because of attacks from the sea by the Javanese and others. The Sailendra dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> actively tried to establish control on Water Chenla territories and eventually forced the kingdom to vassal status. </p><p>The last of the Water Chenla kings allegedly was killed around 790 by a Javanese monarch whom he had offended. The ultimate victor in the strife that followed was the ruler of a small Khmer state located north of the Mekong Delta. His assumption of the throne as <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> (ca. 802 - 850) marked the liberation of the Khmer people from Javanese suzerainty and the beginning of a Khmer empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khmer_Empire">Khmer Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khmer Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/286px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/429px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/572px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Khmer, armed with <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>, drove out the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> in the 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The classic period or <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> lasted from the early 9th century to the early 15th century. Technical and artistic progress, greatest cultural achievements, political integrity and administrative stability marked the golden age of Khmer civilization. The ruins of great temple complexes surrounded by an elaborate hydraulic network - the capital cities of <i>Angkor</i>, located north of the <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a> lake near the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>, are a lasting monument to the accomplishments of Jayavarman II and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jayavarman II settled north of the Tonle Sap and founded <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a>, at modern day Roluos.<sup id="cite_ref-God_and_King_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-God_and_King-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_I" title="Indravarman I">Indravarman I</a> (877 - 889) extended Khmer control as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Korat_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Korat Plateau">Korat Plateau</a> in Thailand, and he ordered the construction of a huge reservoir north of the capital to provide irrigation for wet rice cultivation. His son, <a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_I" title="Yasovarman I">Yasovarman I</a> (889 - 900), built the Eastern Baray (reservoir or tank), evidence of which remains to the present time. Its dikes, which may be seen today, are more than 6 kilometres long and 1.6 kilometres wide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elaborate system of canals and reservoirs built under Indravarman I and his successors were the key to Kambuja's prosperity for half a millennium. By freeing cultivators from dependence on unreliable seasonal monsoons, they made possible an early "green revolution" that provided the country with large surpluses of rice. The empire's decline during the 13th and 14th centuries probably was hastened by the deterioration of the irrigation system. Attacks by Thai and other foreign peoples and the internal discord caused by dynastic rivalries diverted human resources from the system's upkeep, and it gradually fell into disrepair.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> (1113 - 1150), one of the greatest Angkorian monarchs, expanded his kingdom's territory in a series of successful wars against the kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam and the small Mon polities as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy River</a> of Burma. He reduced to vassalage the Thai peoples who had migrated into Southeast Asia from the Yunnan region of southern China and established his suzerainty over the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. His greatest achievement was the construction of the temple city complex of Angkor Wat. The largest religious edifice in the world, Angkor Wat is considered the greatest single architectural work in Southeast Asia. </p><p>Territorial expansion came to a halt when Suryavarman II was killed in battle attempting to invade <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>. With Đại Việt's support, the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> quickly drove Khmer presence out of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> territory. Suryavarman II's reign was then followed by thirty years of dynastic upheaval and an invasion in revenge by the neighbouring Cham, who destroyed the city of Angkor in 1177. </p><p>The Cham ultimately were driven out by <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, whose reign (1181 - ca. 1218) marked the apogee of Kambuja's power. Unlike his predecessors, who had adopted the worship of the Hindu god-king, Jayavarman VII was a fervent patron of Mahayana Buddhism. Casting himself as a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, he embarked on a frenzy of building activity that included the <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a> complex and the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, a remarkable temple whose stone towers depict 216 faces of buddhas, gods, and kings. </p><p>He also built over 200 rest houses and hospitals throughout his kingdom. Like the Roman emperors, he maintained a system of roads between his capital and provincial towns. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Coedès">Georges Coedès</a>, "No other Cambodian king can claim to have moved so much stone." Often, quality suffered for the sake of size and rapid construction, as is revealed in the intriguing but poorly constructed Bayon. </p><p>Carvings show that everyday Angkorian buildings were wooden structures not much different from those found in Cambodia today. The impressive stone buildings were not used as residences by members of the royal family. Rather, they were the focus of Hindu or Buddhist beliefs that celebrated the divinity, or buddhahood, of the monarch and his family. Coedès suggests that they had the dual function of both temple and tomb. Typically, their dimensions reflected the structure of the Hindu mythological universe. </p><p>For example, five towers at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> complex represent the peaks of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, the centre of the universe; an outer wall represents the mountains that ring the world's edge; and a moat depicts the cosmic ocean. Like many other ancient edifices, the monuments of the Angkorian region absorbed vast reserves of resources and human labour and their purpose remains shrouded in mystery. </p><p>Angkorian society was strictly hierarchical. The king, regarded as divine, owned both the land and his subjects. Immediately below the monarch and the royal family were the Brahman priesthood and a small class of officials, who numbered about 4,000 in the 10th century. Next were the commoners, who were burdened with heavy corvée (forced labour) duties. There was also a large slave class who built the enduring monuments. </p><p>After Jayavarman VII's death, Kambuja entered a long period of decline that led to its eventual disintegration. The Thai were a growing menace on the empire's western borders. The spread of <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, which came to Kambuja from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> by way of the Mon kingdoms, challenged the royal Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>. Preaching austerity and the salvation of the individual through his or own her efforts, Theravada Buddhism did not lend doctrinal support to a society ruled by an opulent royal establishment maintained through the virtual slavery of the masses. </p><p>In 1353 a Thai army captured Angkor. It was recaptured by the Khmer, but wars continued and the capital was looted several times. During the same period, Khmer territory north of the present Laotian border was lost to the Lao kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>. In 1431 the Thai captured Angkor Thom. Thereafter, the Angkorian region did not again encompass a royal capital, except for a brief period in the third quarter of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Burma">Early history of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistoric Thailand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chandler2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChandler2009" class="citation web cs1">Chandler, David (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/history/cambodian-history/">"Cambodian History: Searching for the Truth"</a>. <i>Cambodia Tribunal Monitor</i>. Northwestern University School of Law Center for International Human Rights and Documentation Center of Cambodia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>We have evidence of cave dwellers in northwestern Cambodia living as long ago as 5000 BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambodia+Tribunal+Monitor&rft.atitle=Cambodian+History%3A+Searching+for+the+Truth&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodiatribunal.org%2Fhistory%2Fcambodian-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mourer1970-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mourer1970_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mourer1970_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourerMourer1970" class="citation journal cs1">Mourer, Cécile; Mourer, Roland (July 1970). "The Prehistoric Industry of Laang Spean, Province of Battambang, Cambodia". <i>Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 128–146. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40386114">40386114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+%26+Physical+Anthropology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=The+Prehistoric+Industry+of+Laang+Spean%2C+Province+of+Battambang%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-146&rft.date=1970-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40386114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mourer&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Mourer%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchliesinger2015" class="citation book cs1">Schliesinger, Joachim (11 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TkjBgAAQBAJ&q=Carbon+14+dating+of+a+cave+at+Laang+Spean+in+Battambang+Province,+northwest+Cambodia&pg=PA1"><i>Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 1: Introduction and Overview By Joachim Schliesinger</i></a>. BooksMango. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781633232327" title="Special:BookSources/9781633232327"><bdi>9781633232327</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Cambodia+Vol+1%3A+Introduction+and+Overview+By+Joachim+Schliesinger&rft.pub=BooksMango&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.isbn=9781633232327&rft.aulast=Schliesinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TkjBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DCarbon%2B14%2Bdating%2Bof%2Ba%2Bcave%2Bat%2BLaang%2BSpean%2Bin%2BBattambang%2BProvince%2C%2Bnorthwest%2BCambodia%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandlerp13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandlerp13_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Chandler, <i>A History of Cambodia</i> (Westview Publishers: Boulder Colorado, 2008) p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Stark" title="Miriam Stark">Stark, Miriam T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172512/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/Stark_06_IPPA.pdf">"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association</i>. <b>26</b>: 98–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v26i0.11998">10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11998</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F1535">10524/1535</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/Stark_06_IPPA.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Mekong delta played a central role in the development of Cambodia's earliest complex polities from approximately 500 BC to AD 600...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Pre-Angkorian+Settlement+Trends+in+Cambodia%27s+Mekong+Delta+and+the+Lower+Mekong+Archaeological+Project&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=98-109&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10524%2F1535&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v26i0.11998&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fstark%2Fpdfs%2FStark_06_IPPA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkGriffinPhoeurnLedgerwood1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, P. Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172419/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf">"Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 7–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>the development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by outsiders...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+1995%E2%80%931996+Archaeological+Field+Investigations+at+Angkor+Borei%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-36&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+P.+Bion&rft.au=Phoeurn%2C+Chuch&rft.au=Ledgerwood%2C+Judy&rft.au=Dega%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mortland%2C+Carol&rft.au=Dowling%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Bayman%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Sovath%2C+Bong&rft.au=Tea%2C+Van&rft.au=Chamroeun%2C+Chhan&rft.au=Latinis%2C+Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fstark%2Fpdfs%2FAP1999%2520article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelvickery.org/vickery1994what.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"What and Where was Chenla?", Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Michael Vickery’s Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22What+and+Where+was+Chenla%3F%22%2C+Recherches+nouvelles+sur+le+Cambodge&rft.pub=Michael+Vickery%E2%80%99s+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichaelvickery.org%2Fvickery1994what.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524140459/http://www.khmerstudies.org/download-files/publications/siksacakr/no2/consideration.pdf?lbisphpreq=1">"Considerations on the Chronology and History of 9th Century Cambodia by Dr. Karl-Heinz Golzio, Epigraphist - ...the realm called Zhenla by the Chinese. Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Khmer Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khmerstudies.org/download-files/publications/siksacakr/no2/consideration.pdf?lbisphpreq=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+the+Chronology+and+History+of+9th+Century+Cambodia+by+Dr.+Karl-Heinz+Golzio%2C+Epigraphist+-+...the+realm+called+Zhenla+by+the+Chinese.+Their+contents+are+not+uniform+but+they+do+not+contradict+each+other.&rft.pub=Khmer+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khmerstudies.org%2Fdownload-files%2Fpublications%2Fsiksacakr%2Fno2%2Fconsideration.pdf%3Flbisphpreq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolters1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wolters, O. W. (1973). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+Textualized+Places%2C+Pre-Angkorian+Khmers+and+Historicized+Archaeology+by+Miriam+T.+Stark+-+Cambodia%27s+Origins+and+the+Khok+Thlok+Story&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FStark%2Fpdfs%2FYoffeePages313332.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/cambodia/history#144800">"Cambodia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambodia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fcambodia%2Fhistory%23144800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumarçayRoyère2001" class="citation book cs1">Dumarçay, Jacques; Royère, Pascal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbBii4uBCvsC&q=Vickery%2C+Society%2C+Economics%2C+and+Politics+in+pre-Angkor+Cambodia&pg=PA109"><i>Cambodian Architecture: Eighth to Thirteenth Centuries By Jacques Dumarçay, Pascal Royère</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113466" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113466"><bdi>978-9004113466</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodian+Architecture%3A+Eighth+to+Thirteenth+Centuries+By+Jacques+Dumar%C3%A7ay%2C+Pascal+Roy%C3%A8re&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004113466&rft.aulast=Dumar%C3%A7ay&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Roy%C3%A8re%2C+Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbBii4uBCvsC%26q%3DVickery%252C%2BSociety%252C%2BEconomics%252C%2Band%2BPolitics%2Bin%2Bpre-Angkor%2BCambodia%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-God_and_King-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-God_and_King_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta,_Arputha_Rani_(Ed.)2005" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Arputha Rani (Ed.) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209215215/http://easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=7306"><i>God and King : The Devaraja Cult in South Asian Art & Architecture</i></a>. National Museum Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8189233266" title="Special:BookSources/978-8189233266"><bdi>978-8189233266</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=7306">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+King+%3A+The+Devaraja+Cult+in+South+Asian+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=National+Museum+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8189233266&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Arputha+Rani+%28Ed.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternbookcorporation.com%2Fmoreinfo.php%3Ftxt_searchstring%3D7306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunston2013" class="citation news cs1">Dunston, Lara (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/jun/28/cambodia-lost-city-archaeological-discovery-angkor">"Cambodia's vast lost city: world's greatest pre-industrial site unearthed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cambodia%27s+vast+lost+city%3A+world%27s+greatest+pre-industrial+site+unearthed&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Dunston&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2013%2Fjun%2F28%2Fcambodia-lost-city-archaeological-discovery-angkor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunston2013" class="citation news cs1">Dunston, Lara (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/jun/28/cambodia-lost-city-archaeological-discovery-angkor">"Cambodia's vast lost city: world's greatest pre-industrial site unearthed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cambodia%27s+vast+lost+city%3A+world%27s+greatest+pre-industrial+site+unearthed&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Dunston&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2013%2Fjun%2F28%2Fcambodia-lost-city-archaeological-discovery-angkor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/5.htm">"Early Indianized Kingdom of Funan"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Indianized+Kingdom+of+Funan&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fcambodia%2F5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Cambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia" title="Wildlife of Cambodia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cambodia" title="Cabinet of Cambodia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia" title="Foreign relations of 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href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia" title="Child labour in Cambodia">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Cambodia" title="Mineral industry of Cambodia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia" title="Natural resources of Cambodia">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Riel <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Cambodia" title="Science and technology in Cambodia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_Cambodia" title="Special Economic Zones of Cambodia">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cambodia" title="Tourism in Cambodia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cambodia" title="Category:Society of Cambodia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cambodia" title="Crime in Cambodia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia" title="Gambling in Cambodia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Human trafficking in Cambodia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cambodia" title="Prostitution in Cambodia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization_in_Cambodia" title="Social organization in Cambodia">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Cambodia" title="Squatting in Cambodia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Cambodia" title="Youth in Cambodia">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship,_marriage,_and_divorce_in_Cambodia" title="Courtship, marriage, and divorce in Cambodia">Courtship, marriage, and divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_royal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian royal cuisine">royal cuisine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_jewellery" title="Khmer jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_keyboard" title="Khmer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81str%C4%81_sleuk_rith" title="Sāstrā sleuk rith">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_mat" title="Cambodian mat">Mat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cambodia" title="Mass media in Cambodia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kbach" title="Kbach">Ornamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia" title="Public holidays in Cambodia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cambodia" title="Sport in Cambodia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cambodia" title="Theatre of Cambodia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cambodia" title="Outline of Cambodia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambodia" title="Category:Cambodia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&oldid=1254899854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Cambodia&oldid=1254899854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Cambodia" title="Category:Ancient Cambodia">Ancient Cambodia</a></li><li><a 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