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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg/314px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="314" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg/471px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg/628px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>In the United States, the Supreme Court consists of eight <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justices</a> headed by one <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">chief justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Justice</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a>: [name], <i><b>J.</b></i> and other variations) is an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">style</a> and title traditionally used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> who is currently serving or has served on a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a> or some equal position.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, a justice may have had prior experience as a <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> or may have been appointed with no prior judicial experience. It is predominantly used today in the United States to distinguish those who serve on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> from judges who serve on a <a href="/wiki/Lower_court" title="Lower court">lower court</a>. Other countries, such as New Zealand and India, similarly use the title as a form of address for members of their highest courts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of <i>justice</i> is derived from the Latin root <i>jus</i> (sometimes spelled <i>ius</i>) meaning something which is associated with law or is described as <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">just</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is different from the word <i>judge</i> in that different suffixes were added to form both words, and that the usage of the term <i>justice</i> predates that of <i>judge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first appeared in the year 1137, within the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, nearly 200 years before the first appearance of <i>judge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>justice</i> developed over time to incorporate a meaning different from that of a <i>judge</i> with the difference continuing after the period of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest record using the word <i>justice</i> to describe an official appears in <i>La Vie de Saint Thomas Becket</i>, a French biography of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Canterbury">Saint Thomas of Canterbury</a> written in 1172. Its usage of the word <i>justice</i> referred to a judge in the service of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a>. These early justices were members of French <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">high society</a> and were primarily administrators rather than those with formal training in legal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, judges may be known as "Mr Justice ..." or "Mrs Justice ...", for example <a href="/wiki/Mr_Justice_Goss" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Justice Goss">Mr Justice Goss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Justice_Arbuthnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Justice Arbuthnot">Mrs Justice Arbuthnot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Supreme Court consists of eight <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justices</a>, headed by one <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">chief justice</a>. Each is titled <i>justice</i> whereas judges on the <a href="/wiki/District_court" title="District court">district courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">courts of appeals</a> are called <i>judges</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though those appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court are usually lawyers, there is no requirement to be a judge or to have any prior experience serving in a lower court. A current example of this is Justice <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, who served as a <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">U.S. Solicitor General</a> and was the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Harvard_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean of Harvard Law School">Dean of Harvard Law School</a> prior to her appointment in 2010. </p><p>Within state courts, those who serve on the highest appellate court are likewise called justices, whereas those who serve on lower courts are judges. In most states, they are legally designated as justices, rather than as judges, with the only exception being <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where the title is divided between a civil and criminal court.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges on a state's lower courts are also legally designated, with the exception being only a few states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">Chief justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_justice" title="Associate justice">Associate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">Chief Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garner, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, pp. 292–293, 325–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatright, p. 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatright, p. 741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatright, p. 739.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatright, p. 742.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoatright2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boatright, Jason (2018). "The History, Meaning, and Use of the Words Justice and Judge". <i>St. Mary's Law Journal</i>. <b>49</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">727–</span>748.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Mary%27s+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+History%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Use+of+the+Words+Justice+and+Judge&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E748&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Boatright&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustice+%28title%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarner2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan</a> (2011). <i>Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787503637957" title="Special:BookSources/9787503637957"><bdi>9787503637957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Dictionary+of+Legal+Usage&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9787503637957&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustice+%28title%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlare1982" class="citation book cs1">Glare, P. G. W. (1982). <i>Oxford Latin Dictionary</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198642244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198642244"><bdi>978-0198642244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Latin+Dictionary&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0198642244&rft.aulast=Glare&rft.aufirst=P.+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustice+%28title%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198612206" title="Special:BookSources/0198612206"><bdi>0198612206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0198612206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustice+%28title%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&oldid=1262236849">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justice_(title)&oldid=1262236849</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judges" title="Category:Judges">Judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles" title="Category:Titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2022">Use mdy dates from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 December 2024, at 10:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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