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Masaki Kondo - The Japan Times
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.article-title a{font-size: 18px;line-height: 20px;} } </style> <div class="jt-author-articles paddingDefault " data-widget-id="611"> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/01/23/economy/japan-retail-investors-foreign-stock-buy/" title="Japan’s love of foreign stocks risks pushing the yen even lower"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/23/447671.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/23/447671.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/23/447671.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/23/447671.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Investment trusts that cater to Japanese individuals bought a net ¥10.4 trillion of overseas equities and funds last year after the government expanded the scope of the Nippon Individual Savings Account system." title="Investment trusts that cater to Japanese individuals bought a net ¥10.4 trillion of overseas equities and funds last year after the government expanded the scope of the Nippon Individual Savings Account system." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/economy/" title="Economy">Economy</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jan 23, 2025</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/01/23/economy/japan-retail-investors-foreign-stock-buy/" title="Japan’s love of foreign stocks risks pushing the yen even lower">Japan’s love of foreign stocks risks pushing the yen even lower</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/01/23/economy/japan-retail-investors-foreign-stock-buy/" title="Japan’s love of foreign stocks risks pushing the yen even lower">Investment trusts that cater to Japanese individuals bought a net ¥10.4 trillion of overseas equities and funds last year.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/01/10/markets/yen-intervention-risks/" title="Yen intervention risk creeps higher as U.S. jobs report approaches"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/10/445215.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/10/445215.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/10/445215.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/10/445215.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="A visitor holds a ¥1,000 banknote to offer a prayer on the first business day of the year at the Kanda Myojin shrine in Tokyo on Monday. The yen has declined against the dollar for four straight years amid a wide gap between interest rates in Japan and the United States." title="A visitor holds a ¥1,000 banknote to offer a prayer on the first business day of the year at the Kanda Myojin shrine in Tokyo on Monday. The yen has declined against the dollar for four straight years amid a wide gap between interest rates in Japan and the United States." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jan 10, 2025</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/01/10/markets/yen-intervention-risks/" title="Yen intervention risk creeps higher as U.S. jobs report approaches">Yen intervention risk creeps higher as U.S. jobs report approaches</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/01/10/markets/yen-intervention-risks/" title="Yen intervention risk creeps higher as U.S. jobs report approaches">The yen is within reach of ¥160 per dollar, a breach of which would increase concern about the weak currency’s impact on business and consumers.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/23/economy/japan-bond-supply/" title="Japan's bond supply set to reach decade high as BOJ bond purchases slow"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/23/441902.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/23/441902.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/23/441902.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/23/441902.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="BOJ Gov. Kazuo Ueda said in July that the central bank’s holdings would decrease by 7% to 8% in about two years’ time, but they are set to stay at higher-than-desirable levels in the long-term." title="BOJ Gov. Kazuo Ueda said in July that the central bank’s holdings would decrease by 7% to 8% in about two years’ time, but they are set to stay at higher-than-desirable levels in the long-term." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/economy/" title="Economy">Economy</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Dec 23, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/23/economy/japan-bond-supply/" title="Japan's bond supply set to reach decade high as BOJ bond purchases slow">Japan's bond supply set to reach decade high as BOJ bond purchases slow</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/23/economy/japan-bond-supply/" title="Japan's bond supply set to reach decade high as BOJ bond purchases slow">The BOJ’s plan to almost halve bond purchases comes as Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba plans additional spending in an extra budget.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/04/economy/boj-bond-sell/" title="BOJ sells 10-year cash bonds to ease shortage tied to futures"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/04/438187.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/04/438187.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/04/438187.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/04/438187.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="object-position:43% 36.842105263158%;" alt="The Bank of Japan regularly sells government bonds with repurchase agreements to boost liquidity." title="The Bank of Japan regularly sells government bonds with repurchase agreements to boost liquidity." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/economy/" title="Economy">Economy</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Dec 4, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/04/economy/boj-bond-sell/" title="BOJ sells 10-year cash bonds to ease shortage tied to futures">BOJ sells 10-year cash bonds to ease shortage tied to futures</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/04/economy/boj-bond-sell/" title="BOJ sells 10-year cash bonds to ease shortage tied to futures">The BOJ owned ¥8.03 trillion of the bonds due in March 2032 as of Nov. 29, down from ¥8.23 trillion on Nov. 20.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/03/markets/yen-carry-trade-comeback/" title="Yen carry trade that rattled markets shows signs of a comeback"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/03/437725.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/03/437725.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/03/437725.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/12/03/437725.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="object-position:49.5% 46.616541353383%;" alt="The yen carry trade is expected to ramp up next year, driven by wide gaps in interest rates, higher government borrowing in the U.S. and low volatility in currency markets, analysts say." title="The yen carry trade is expected to ramp up next year, driven by wide gaps in interest rates, higher government borrowing in the U.S. and low volatility in currency markets, analysts say." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Dec 3, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/03/markets/yen-carry-trade-comeback/" title="Yen carry trade that rattled markets shows signs of a comeback">Yen carry trade that rattled markets shows signs of a comeback</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/03/markets/yen-carry-trade-comeback/" title="Yen carry trade that rattled markets shows signs of a comeback">Japanese retail investors as well as leveraged funds and asset managers outside the country are estimated to have boosted bearish wagers on the yen in November.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/19/markets/japan-china-treasuries-sale/" title="Two of America’s biggest debt holders are dumping Treasurys"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/19/434967.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/19/434967.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/19/434967.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/19/434967.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="object-position:49% 33.082706766917%;" alt="The U.S. Treasury building in Washington. Investors in Japan and China sold a pile of U.S. debt in the last quarter, just before the U.S. presidential election." title="The U.S. Treasury building in Washington. Investors in Japan and China sold a pile of U.S. debt in the last quarter, just before the U.S. presidential election." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 19, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/19/markets/japan-china-treasuries-sale/" title="Two of America’s biggest debt holders are dumping Treasurys">Two of America’s biggest debt holders are dumping Treasurys</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/19/markets/japan-china-treasuries-sale/" title="Two of America’s biggest debt holders are dumping Treasurys">Japanese investors sold a record $61.9 billion of the securities in the three months ended Sept. 30.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/10/29/markets/yen-still-safe-haven/" title="Embattled yen still popular haven amid U.S. election uncertainty"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/29/430731.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/29/430731.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/29/430731.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/29/430731.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="In the run-up to the Nov. 5 U.S. presidential election, the yen is again the top performer during periods of extreme market stress, analysts say." title="In the run-up to the Nov. 5 U.S. presidential election, the yen is again the top performer during periods of extreme market stress, analysts say." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 29, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/10/29/markets/yen-still-safe-haven/" title="Embattled yen still popular haven amid U.S. election uncertainty">Embattled yen still popular haven amid U.S. election uncertainty</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/10/29/markets/yen-still-safe-haven/" title="Embattled yen still popular haven amid U.S. election uncertainty">Japan’s record ¥3.02 trillion current-account surplus, deep yen liquidity and relatively low inflation help make the yen attractive as a store of value.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/10/05/samurai-bonds/" title="Boom in samurai bond issuance drives up yen swap costs"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/05/426035.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/05/426035.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/05/426035.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/05/426035.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Three-month basis swaps for dollar-yen dropped to negative 53.5 basis points on Thursday, a level not seen since November 2023. " title="Three-month basis swaps for dollar-yen dropped to negative 53.5 basis points on Thursday, a level not seen since November 2023. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 5, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/10/05/samurai-bonds/" title="Boom in samurai bond issuance drives up yen swap costs">Boom in samurai bond issuance drives up yen swap costs</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/10/05/samurai-bonds/" title="Boom in samurai bond issuance drives up yen swap costs">Three-month basis swaps for dollar-yen dropped to negative 53.5 basis points on Thursday, a level not seen since November 2023.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/09/11/markets/jgbs-private-investors/" title="BOJ’s bond buying cuts carve out opening for investors"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/11/420981.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/11/420981.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/11/420981.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/11/420981.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo" title="The Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo" onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 11, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/09/11/markets/jgbs-private-investors/" title="BOJ’s bond buying cuts carve out opening for investors">BOJ’s bond buying cuts carve out opening for investors</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/09/11/markets/jgbs-private-investors/" title="BOJ’s bond buying cuts carve out opening for investors">Net purchases by the central bank have fallen below zero as redemptions surpassed buying.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/27/markets/yen-rally-end/" title="‘Crazy’ yen rally is at risk of shattering as soon as Wednesday"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/27/411764.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/27/411764.JPG?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/27/411764.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/27/411764.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Some investors are warning that a yen rally is fragile, as was on show this week when the yen rapidly retraced an advance after Thursday’s stronger-than-expected U.S. economic growth figures. " title="Some investors are warning that a yen rally is fragile, as was on show this week when the yen rapidly retraced an advance after Thursday’s stronger-than-expected U.S. economic growth figures. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 27, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/27/markets/yen-rally-end/" title="‘Crazy’ yen rally is at risk of shattering as soon as Wednesday">‘Crazy’ yen rally is at risk of shattering as soon as Wednesday</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/27/markets/yen-rally-end/" title="‘Crazy’ yen rally is at risk of shattering as soon as Wednesday">Swaps markets suggest a roughly 45% chance of the Bank of Japan hiking rates by 15 basis points at the conclusion of its July 31 policy meeting.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/24/markets/yen-strengthens-carry-trades-unwind/" title="Yen extends advance as unwinding of global carry trades ramps up"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/411172.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/411172.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/411172.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/411172.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The yen strengthened Wednesday to break the psychological threshold of ¥155 against the dollar, with technical indicators suggesting the momentum can continue. " title="The yen strengthened Wednesday to break the psychological threshold of ¥155 against the dollar, with technical indicators suggesting the momentum can continue. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 24, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/24/markets/yen-strengthens-carry-trades-unwind/" title="Yen extends advance as unwinding of global carry trades ramps up">Yen extends advance as unwinding of global carry trades ramps up</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/24/markets/yen-strengthens-carry-trades-unwind/" title="Yen extends advance as unwinding of global carry trades ramps up">Investors are betting on more rate hikes in Japan and the chance of further intervention by authorities to prop up the Japanese currency.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/22/markets/hedge-funds-yen/" title="Hedge funds slash short yen bets by most in more than a decade"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410613.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410613.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410613.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410613.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Leveraged funds reduced net short positions on the yen the most since March 2011 during the week to July 16." title="Leveraged funds reduced net short positions on the yen the most since March 2011 during the week to July 16." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 22, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/22/markets/hedge-funds-yen/" title="Hedge funds slash short yen bets by most in more than a decade">Hedge funds slash short yen bets by most in more than a decade</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/22/markets/hedge-funds-yen/" title="Hedge funds slash short yen bets by most in more than a decade">Hedge funds pared bets against the yen in spectacular fashion after a suspected double-whammy market intervention from Japanese authorities.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/12/markets/yen-jump-boj/" title="Yen jump eases pressure on BOJ to tighten its policy, analysts say"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/12/408936.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/12/408936.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/12/408936.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/12/408936.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo. Many analysts say the central bank would want to avoid rushing policy moves as policymakers probably don’t want to be seen as being forced to act to boost the currency." title="The Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo. Many analysts say the central bank would want to avoid rushing policy moves as policymakers probably don’t want to be seen as being forced to act to boost the currency." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 12, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/12/markets/yen-jump-boj/" title="Yen jump eases pressure on BOJ to tighten its policy, analysts say">Yen jump eases pressure on BOJ to tighten its policy, analysts say</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/12/markets/yen-jump-boj/" title="Yen jump eases pressure on BOJ to tighten its policy, analysts say">If the Bank of Japan raised interest rates and announced fewer bond purchases, it could risk being seen as only driven by the volatile yen.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/11/markets/japan-gpif-bond-purchase-increase/" title="Japan’s public pension fund steps up as BOJ mulls bond cuts"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/11/408683.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/11/408683.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/11/408683.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/11/408683.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The Government Pension Investment Fund's holdings of government bonds increased 25% to ¥50.3 trillion in fiscal year ended in March." title="The Government Pension Investment Fund's holdings of government bonds increased 25% to ¥50.3 trillion in fiscal year ended in March." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 11, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/11/markets/japan-gpif-bond-purchase-increase/" title="Japan’s public pension fund steps up as BOJ mulls bond cuts">Japan’s public pension fund steps up as BOJ mulls bond cuts</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/11/markets/japan-gpif-bond-purchase-increase/" title="Japan’s public pension fund steps up as BOJ mulls bond cuts">The BOJ is expected to release a plan to substantially reduce its debt buying at the next policy decision later this month. </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/09/markets/jgb-traders-club/" title="Tokyo’s exclusive circle of government bond traders in demand amid policy shift"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/09/408021.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/09/408021.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/09/408021.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/09/408021.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Traditional boat parties on the Sumida River in Tokyo are popular for informal gatherings among professionals that deal in Japanese government bonds." title="Traditional boat parties on the Sumida River in Tokyo are popular for informal gatherings among professionals that deal in Japanese government bonds." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 9, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/09/markets/jgb-traders-club/" title="Tokyo’s exclusive circle of government bond traders in demand amid policy shift">Tokyo’s exclusive circle of government bond traders in demand amid policy shift</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/09/markets/jgb-traders-club/" title="Tokyo’s exclusive circle of government bond traders in demand amid policy shift">The world’s top hedge funds are shaking up the closed community that was, for a time, a sleepy backwater of global finance.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/02/markets/japan-long-bonds/" title="Big risks hound Japan’s longest bonds despite move to cut supply"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/02/406760.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/02/406760.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/02/406760.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/02/406760.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The supply of super-long Japanese debt is projected to total almost ¥30 trillion in the fiscal year that started on April 1." title="The supply of super-long Japanese debt is projected to total almost ¥30 trillion in the fiscal year that started on April 1." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 2, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/02/markets/japan-long-bonds/" title="Big risks hound Japan’s longest bonds despite move to cut supply">Big risks hound Japan’s longest bonds despite move to cut supply</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/07/02/markets/japan-long-bonds/" title="Big risks hound Japan’s longest bonds despite move to cut supply">Japan's government appears to be striving to calm down a market that’s wracked by rising yields.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/06/26/yen-160-intervention-risk/" title="Yen’s tumble to weakest since 1986 boosts risk of intervention"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/26/405776.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/26/405776.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/26/405776.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/26/405776.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The yen fell as much as 0.4% to ¥160.39 per dollar on Wednesday, extending losses this year to around 12%." title="The yen fell as much as 0.4% to ¥160.39 per dollar on Wednesday, extending losses this year to around 12%." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jun 26, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/06/26/yen-160-intervention-risk/" title="Yen’s tumble to weakest since 1986 boosts risk of intervention">Yen’s tumble to weakest since 1986 boosts risk of intervention</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/06/26/yen-160-intervention-risk/" title="Yen’s tumble to weakest since 1986 boosts risk of intervention">The Japanese currency fell as much as 0.4% to ¥160.39 per dollar on Wednesday, extending losses this year to around 12%.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/06/10/markets/japan-bonds-market/" title="Investors brace for volatility as BOJ seeks to cut bond buying"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/10/402161.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/10/402161.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/10/402161.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/06/10/402161.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo" title="The Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo" onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jun 10, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/06/10/markets/japan-bonds-market/" title="Investors brace for volatility as BOJ seeks to cut bond buying">Investors brace for volatility as BOJ seeks to cut bond buying</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/06/10/markets/japan-bonds-market/" title="Investors brace for volatility as BOJ seeks to cut bond buying">The Bank of Japan bought only ¥4.5 trillion of government bonds last month, the lowest amount since March 2013.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/04/25/markets/yen-falls-past-155/" title="Yen inches closer to intervention point as BOJ meeting starts"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/25/294250.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/25/294250.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/25/294250.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/25/294250.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The rate of the yen against the U.S. dollar is displayed in the trading room at foreign exchange brokerage Gaitame.com in Tokyo on Thursday." title="The rate of the yen against the U.S. dollar is displayed in the trading room at foreign exchange brokerage Gaitame.com in Tokyo on Thursday." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Apr 25, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/04/25/markets/yen-falls-past-155/" title="Yen inches closer to intervention point as BOJ meeting starts">Yen inches closer to intervention point as BOJ meeting starts</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/04/25/markets/yen-falls-past-155/" title="Yen inches closer to intervention point as BOJ meeting starts">For the first time in over 30 years, the yen weakened beyond ¥155 per dollar, sending traders on the alert for possible intervention.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/04/19/markets/oil-poses-more-risks-yen/" title="Oil poses more risks for yen as Japan depends on energy imports"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/19/293220.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/19/293220.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/19/293220.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/19/293220.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The possibility of a deepening conflict between Israel and Iran suggests higher energy prices for energy import-dependent Japan, meaning more downward pressure for the yen." title="The possibility of a deepening conflict between Israel and Iran suggests higher energy prices for energy import-dependent Japan, meaning more downward pressure for the yen." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Apr 19, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/04/19/markets/oil-poses-more-risks-yen/" title="Oil poses more risks for yen as Japan depends on energy imports">Oil poses more risks for yen as Japan depends on energy imports</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/04/19/markets/oil-poses-more-risks-yen/" title="Oil poses more risks for yen as Japan depends on energy imports">Crude oil futures jumped on Friday following reports that Israel launched a missile strike on Iran.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><style> .pagination{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none;border-radius:.25rem}.layout_paginator>ul{margin:20px auto 10px;padding:8px 8px 5px 8px;text-align:center;width:100%;border-radius: 3px;}.layout_paginator>ul>li{display:inline-block;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 4px;min-width:35px;text-align:center}.layout_paginator>ul>li a,.layout_paginator>ul>li.disabled span{background-color:#fff;color:#4f5363;padding:10px;display:block;border:0;overflow:hidden;font-family:'Roboto Medium';font-size:15px;line-height:17px;border:1px solid #e1e1e1;border-radius:3px;}.layout_paginator>ul>li.active a{color:#fff;background-color:#C8102E;border-color:#C8102E;cursor:default}.layout_paginator>ul>li.disabled span{background-color:#f8f8f8} </style> <nav class="pagination 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class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/16/japan/iwaya-vows-russia-sanctions/" title="Japan's Iwaya vows to push ahead with sanctions against Russia">Japan's Iwaya vows to push ahead with sanctions against Russia</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/16/japan/iwaya-vows-russia-sanctions/" title="Japan's Iwaya vows to push ahead with sanctions against Russia"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452434.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452434.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452434.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452434.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Foreign Minister Takeshi Iwaya meets with U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio and counterparts from other countries at the State Department in Washington on Jan. 21." title="Foreign Minister Takeshi Iwaya meets with U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio and counterparts from other countries at the State Department in Washington on Jan. 21." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/02/14/companies/nippon-steel-report/" title="Nippon Steel wants 100% of U.S. Steel, not a minority stake, report says">Nippon Steel wants 100% of U.S. Steel, not a minority stake, report says</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/02/14/companies/nippon-steel-report/" title="Nippon Steel wants 100% of U.S. Steel, not a minority stake, report says"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/14/452227.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/14/452227.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/14/452227.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/14/452227.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The U.S. Steel Mon Valley Works Edgar Thomson Plant in Braddock, Pennsylvania. " title="The U.S. Steel Mon Valley Works Edgar Thomson Plant in Braddock, Pennsylvania. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/16/asia-pacific/politics/taiwan-us-independence-wording/" title="U.S. drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence">U.S. drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/16/asia-pacific/politics/taiwan-us-independence-wording/" title="U.S. drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452422.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452422.JPG?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452422.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452422.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="The U.S. State Department has dropped the phrase "we do not support Taiwan independence" from a fact sheet on the democratic island on its website." title="The U.S. State Department has dropped the phrase "we do not support Taiwan independence" from a fact sheet on the democratic island on its website." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div 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src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/17/452506.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/17/452506.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="According to a prepared text of Singaporean Defense Minister Ng Eng Hen's remarks posted on a government website over the weekend, the image of the U.S. "has changed from liberator to great disruptor to a landlord seeking rent."" title="According to a prepared text of Singaporean Defense Minister Ng Eng Hen's remarks posted on a government website over the weekend, the image of the U.S. "has changed from liberator to great disruptor to a landlord seeking rent."" onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div 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src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452451.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/16/452451.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="French President Emmanuel Macron and Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy meet in Brussels on Dec. 18. 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data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/13/451842.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/13/451842.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/13/451842.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/13/451842.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="A "biohybrid" robot hand developed by a research team from the University of Tokyo and Waseda University" title="A "biohybrid" robot hand developed by a research team from the University of Tokyo and Waseda University" 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