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id="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9450"> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa">All Africa</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/angola">Angola</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/burkina-faso">Burkina Faso</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/burundi">Burundi</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/cameroon">Cameroon</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/central-african-republic">Central African Republic</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/chad">Chad</a> </div> <div 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href="/africa/mozambique">Mozambique</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/niger">Niger</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/nigeria">Nigeria</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/rwanda">Rwanda</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/senegal">Senegal</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/sierra-leone">Sierra Leone</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/somalia">Somalia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/south-africa">South Africa</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/south-sudan">South Sudan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/sudan">Sudan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/tanzania">Tanzania</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/uganda">Uganda</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/zambia">Zambia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/africa/zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree" id="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9450"> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9451" aria-label="Click to expand Americas" data-label-expand="Click to expand Americas" data-label-close="Click to close Americas" data-component-id="hrw_components:button" class="hrw-button mobile_menu_item__button" > Americas <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12 16.4501L4 10.2508L6.31511 7.5498L12 11.8713L17.6334 7.5498L20 10.2508L12 16.4501Z" fill="#0071CE"/> </svg> </button> <div class="mobile_menu_submenu" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree" id="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9451"> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas">All Americas</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/argentina">Argentina</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/bolivia">Bolivia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/brazil">Brazil</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/canada">Canada</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/chile">Chile</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/colombia">Colombia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/costa-rica">Costa Rica</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/cuba">Cuba</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/dominican-republic">Dominican Republic</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/ecuador">Ecuador</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/el-salvador">El Salvador</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/guatemala">Guatemala</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/haiti">Haiti</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/honduras">Honduras</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/jamaica">Jamaica</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/americas/mexico">Mexico</a> </div> <div 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aria-controls="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9452" aria-label="Click to expand Asia" data-label-expand="Click to expand Asia" data-label-close="Click to close Asia" data-component-id="hrw_components:button" class="hrw-button mobile_menu_item__button" > Asia <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12 16.4501L4 10.2508L6.31511 7.5498L12 11.8713L17.6334 7.5498L20 10.2508L12 16.4501Z" fill="#0071CE"/> </svg> </button> <div class="mobile_menu_submenu" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree" id="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9452"> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia">All Asia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/australia">Australia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/bhutan">Bhutan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/brunei">Brunei</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/cambodia">Cambodia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/china-and-tibet">China and Tibet</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/fiji">Fiji</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/india">India</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" 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data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/taiwan">Taiwan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/thailand">Thailand</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/timor-leste">Timor-Leste</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/asia/vietnam">Vietnam</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree" id="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9452"> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9453" aria-label="Click to expand Europe/Central Asia" data-label-expand="Click to expand Europe/Central Asia" data-label-close="Click to close Europe/Central Asia" data-component-id="hrw_components:button" class="hrw-button mobile_menu_item__button" > Europe/Central Asia <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12 16.4501L4 10.2508L6.31511 7.5498L12 11.8713L17.6334 7.5498L20 10.2508L12 16.4501Z" fill="#0071CE"/> </svg> </button> <div class="mobile_menu_submenu" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree" id="taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9453"> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia">All Europe/Central Asia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/albania">Albania</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/armenia">Armenia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/belarus">Belarus</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/belgium">Belgium</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/bosnia-and-herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/croatia">Croatia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/czech-republic">Czech Republic</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/denmark">Denmark</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/european-union">European Union</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/france">France</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/georgia">Georgia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/germany">Germany</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/greece">Greece</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/holy-see">Holy See</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/hungary">Hungary</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/ireland">Ireland</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/italy">Italy</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/latvia">Latvia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/lithuania">Lithuania</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europa-und-zentralasien/netherlands">Netherlands</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/norway">Norway</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/poland">Poland</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/portugal">Portugal</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/romania">Romania</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/russia">Russia</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" data-component-id="hrw_components:mobile_menu_tree"> <a href="/europe/central-asia/serbia/kosovo">Serbia/Kosovo</a> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_item" 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title="Arabic" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="ar" lang="ar"> العربية </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/he/news/2023/12/05/does-israels-treatment-palestinians-rise-level-apartheid" title="Hebrew" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="he" lang="he"> עברית </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/id/news/2023/12/17/does-israels-treatment-palestinians-rise-level-apartheid" title="Indonesian" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="id" lang="id"> Bahasa Indonesia </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="news-header__main text-gray-800"> <h1 class="news-header__title text-2xl font-medium leading-tight break-words md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl xl:text-6xl ">Does Israel’s Treatment of Palestinians Rise to the Level of Apartheid?</h1> <p class="news-header__subtitle text-base md:text-2xl "></p> </div> <div class="news-header__source flex pt-2"> <span class="text-sm leading-none font-sans">Published in: </span> <a href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-05/apartheid-israel-palestinians-gaza-west-bank-international-law" rel="nofollow" class="header__link text-sm leading-none text-blue-700 font-sans pl-1 italic active">The Los Angeles Times</a> </div> <div data-field="field-shared-author"> <div> <div class="byline__container mt-3 flex flex-wrap text-gray-800 flex-col"> <div class="byline__content flex flex-row ml-1 mr-0 mb-1 mt-4"> <div class="byline__img flex h-16 w-16 min-w-16 mr-4 ml-0"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2023/05/202305mena_lebanon_lama1.jpg?h=431ff26f&itok=nTXpLtRj" alt="" loading="lazy" class="unloaded" width="374" height="374" /> </div> <div class="byline__info flex-col pr-16 pl-0"> <div class="byline__name flex"> <a class="text-lg font-semibold leading-snug hover:underline focus:underline leading-none" href="/about/people/lama-fakih"><span>Lama Fakih </span> </a> </div> <div class="byline__position text-sm pt-1 leading-tight">Director, Middle East and North Africa Division</div> <a class="byline__icon link-twitter flex items-center mt-1 text-sm leading-tight hover:underline focus:underline" href="https://twitter.com/lamamfakih"> <div class="icon fill-current w-5 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-twitter"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="sr-only">lamamfakih</span> <p class="byline__handle text-blue-700 font-bold">lamamfakih</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="byline__container mt-3 flex flex-wrap text-gray-800 flex-col"> <div class="byline__content flex 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class="video__embeddable video--orientation--landscape mb-6"> <div class="video overflow-hidden"> <div class="video__frame relative h-0 pb-video"> <div class="video__image js-video-hide-on-play absolute z-10 w-full h-full m-auto"> <div data-field="field-media-image"> <img srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/16x9_medium/public/media_2021/04/202104MENA_IsraelPalestine_Apartheid1_0.jpg?h=d8044951&itok=z3NGCTph 500w, /sites/default/files/styles/16x9_large/public/media_2021/04/202104MENA_IsraelPalestine_Apartheid1_0.jpg?h=d8044951&itok=EZTzYzoK 700w, /sites/default/files/styles/16x9_xlarge/public/media_2021/04/202104MENA_IsraelPalestine_Apartheid1_0.jpg?h=d8044951&itok=u667xNNs 1000w, /sites/default/files/styles/16x9_xxl/public/media_2021/04/202104MENA_IsraelPalestine_Apartheid1_0.jpg?h=d8044951&itok=gK3tZT6X 1400w, /sites/default/files/styles/16x9_3xl/public/media_2021/04/202104MENA_IsraelPalestine_Apartheid1_0.jpg?h=d8044951&itok=TamVuME_ 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 524px) 500px, (max-width: 768px) 700px, (max-width: 1024px) 1000px, (max-width: 1440px) 1400px, 100vw" width="700" height="393" data-responsive-image-style="16x9" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/16x9_large/public/media_2021/04/202104MENA_IsraelPalestine_Apartheid1_0.jpg?h=d8044951&itok=EZTzYzoK" alt="Map of Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories"> </div> </div> <button class="video__icon js-video-hide-on-play cursor-pointer absolute h-16 w-16 video-position block z-20" aria-label="click to play video"> <div class="icon fill-current w-full inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <title>Play Video</title> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-play" /> </svg> </div> </button> <iframe class="video__iframe bg-black w-full h-full absolute" title="A Threshold Crossed" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6TLe4J7Dvd0?rel=0;&autoplay=1;&enablejsapi=1" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>In September, Tamir Pardo, who headed the Mossad, Israel’s national intelligence agency, under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu from 2011 to 2016, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/israel-imposing-apartheid-on-palestinians-says-former-mossad-chief" target="_blank">said</a> that Israel is imposing apartheid on the Palestinians.</p> <p>In August, the former Northern Commander of the Israeli army <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-13/ty-article/ex-israeli-general-says-army-partaking-in-west-bank-war-crimes-invokes-nazi-germany/00000189-ee00-d9cf-a7eb-ff2b12bf0000" target="_blank">described</a> the situation in the West Bank as one of “total apartheid.” In June, former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon and former UN Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson, wrapping up a trip to Israel/Palestine, <a href="https://theelders.org/news/elders-warn-consequences-one-state-reality-israel-and-palestine" target="_blank">highlighted</a> the “ever growing evidence” they found that “the situation meets the international legal definition of apartheid” and highlighted that they “heard no detailed rebuttal of the evidence of apartheid.”</p> <p>Palestinians have long used the term to describe the reality of their lives under Israeli rule. Developments in recent years and the intense Israeli bombardment in Gaza in the wake of Hamas’ brutal attack on Israel on October 7 has brought this question into the mainstream.</p> <p>Apartheid is a particularly severe form of institutional discrimination and systematic oppression based on race or ethnicity, and is prohibited by international law. While apartheid was coined in relation to South Africa, international treaties, including <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial" target="_blank">the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, UN resolutions, and many countries’ domestic laws define it as a universal legal term that applies globally.</p> <p>Apartheid is also a crime against humanity, as set out both in the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf" target="_blank">1973 International</a> <a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf" target="_blank">Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a> and the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf" target="_blank">1998</a> <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf" target="_blank">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>. It consists of three primary elements:</p> <ol> <li>An intent to maintain domination by one racial group over another;</li> <li>A context of systematic oppression by the dominant group over the marginalized group;</li> <li>Inhumane acts such as “forcible transfer” and “expropriation of landed property.”</li> </ol> <p>Under international law, race and racial discrimination have been interpreted to mean more than skin color or genetic traits. They refer also to distinctions based on descent and national or ethnic origin, to be evaluated on the basis of the particular context and construction by local actors.</p> <p>In April 2021, after years of research, detailed case studies and a careful review of Israeli government planning documents, statements by officials and other sources, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution" target="_blank">Human Rights Watch found</a> that Israeli authorities were and are committing the crime of apartheid against Palestinians, based on the Israeli government policy to maintain domination over Palestinians and grave abuses against Palestinians in the occupied territory.</p> <p>We found that across Israel and the occupied territory — the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza — Israeli authorities have sought to maximize the land available for Jewish communities and minimize the number of Palestinians on that land by concentrating most Palestinians in dense population centers. In Jerusalem, for example, the government plan for the municipality explicitly <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution#_ftn168" target="_blank">refers to </a>“maintaining a solid Jewish majority in the city” and even <a href="https://x.com/OmarSShakir/status/1391844820788805635?s=20" target="_blank">specifies its</a> target demographic ratio across West and occupied East Jerusalem.</p> <p>The Netanyahu government that came to power a year ago identified as <a href="https://twitter.com/netanyahu/status/1608039943817007105?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1608039943817007105%7Ctwgr%5Ef4483e36e75d32efa9c3e378bc2a62a7f6ca6b76%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juancole.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fjewish-supremacy-netanyahu.html" target="_blank">a guiding principle</a>: “The Jewish people have an exclusive and indisputable right to all areas of the Land of Israel,” which the prime minister defined to include the West Bank.</p> <p>Israeli authorities have also adopted policies to mitigate what they have <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution#_ftn88" target="_blank">openly described</a> as a “<a href="https://www.haaretz.com/2003-12-18/ty-article/netanyahu-israels-arabs-are-the-real-demographic-threat/0000017f-e3c1-d9aa-afff-fbd9f8d50000" target="_blank">demographic threat</a>.” For more than two decades, they have <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2005/05/22/israel-reject-law-separating-spouses" target="_blank">barred</a>, with few exceptions,<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/09/20/submission-committee-elimination-discrimination-against-women-cedaw-advance#_ftn39" target="_blank"> granting long-term legal status</a> inside Israel to Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza who <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/14/israel-love-knows-boundaries" target="_blank">marry</a> Israeli citizens or residents, while conferring such status to spouses from virtually every other country.</p> <p>Under Israeli law, a Jewish citizen of any other country who has never been to Israel can move there and automatically gain citizenship, while Palestinians expelled from their homes in what became Israel and living for more than 75 years in <span class="onomasticon onomasticon-cursor-default" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="Generally, a refugee is a person who has been forced to flee their country because of persecution, war, or violence. Under the 1951 Refugee Convention, a refugee is someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their home country because of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion. Under customary international law, governments are prohibited from forcibly returning refugees to their home country if it would place them in danger." title="refugee" aria-label="Explain glossary term refugee">refugee</span> camps in Gaza (the majority of Gaza’s population are refugees) or a nearby country cannot.</p> <p>We also found that Israeli authorities maintain a two-tiered legal system: methodically privileging Israelis, who have the same rights and privileges wherever they live, while repressing Palestinians to varying degrees wherever they live. As Hagai El-Ad, the former director of the Israeli human rights group B’Tselem, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/12/israel-largest-human-rights-group-apartheid" target="_blank">wrote</a>, “There is not a single square inch in the territory Israel controls where a Palestinian and a Jew are equal.”</p> <p>The oppression is most severe in the occupied territory. In the West Bank, Israel imposes harsh military rule on Palestinians while affording Jewish Israelis living in a segregated manner in the same territory their full rights under Israeli civil law.</p> <p>While many systematic abuses come together to collectively amount to apartheid, the Human Rights Watch report focused primarily on five: sweeping restrictions on movement in the form of the Gaza closure and a permit regime in the West Bank; confiscation of more than a third of the land in the West Bank; harsh conditions in parts of the West Bank that have forced thousands of Palestinians out of their homes, which amounts to forcible transfer; denial of residency rights to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and their relatives; and the suspension of basic civil rights to millions of Palestinians living under military rule.</p> <p>For more than 16 years, Israeli authorities have imposed a generalized ban on travel outside of Gaza for the more than 2.2 million people living there, with few exceptions, denying them freedom of movement. They have instituted a “<a href="https://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/Area_G/From_Separation_to_Annexation_2020_EN.pdf" target="_blank">policy of separation</a>” between the West Bank and Gaza, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15" target="_blank">regularly blocking</a> the movement of Palestinians between the two parts of the occupied territory. They have also imposed <a href="https://features.gisha.org/kerem-shalom-crossing/" target="_blank">sweeping restrictions</a> on the entry and exit of goods, which has devastated the economy in Gaza.</p> <p>While Israeli authorities continue to expand settlements in the West Bank, which violates international law, the authorities demolish hundreds of Palestinian homes and other structures every year for lacking building permits, which authorities make nearly impossible for Palestinians to obtain. Between 2016 and 2018, Israeli authorities <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-rejects-98-of-palestinian-building-permit-requests-in-west-bank-s-area-c-1.8403807" target="_blank">issued 100 times</a> more demolition orders than building permits for Palestinians living in the West Bank under Israel’s control.</p> <p>Palestinians in the West Bank hold different colored identity cards and passports than Jewish Israeli settlers, which carry with them different baskets of rights and privileges. Israeli settlers, for example, can freely move between the West Bank and Israel, while Palestinians require difficult-to-obtain permits to enter large parts of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Israel. The more than 645 checkpoints and other permanent obstacles Palestinians face can turn a short commute to school or work into an hours-long journey.</p> <p>Many of the abuses, such as denying building permits and demolishing homes that lack them, have no security justification. Others, such as the blanket denial of long-term legal status to Palestinians from the occupied territory married to Israeli citizens and residents, use security as a pretext to further demographic goals.</p> <p>Even when security forms part of the motivation, it does not justify apartheid and racial and ethnic persecution, just as torture or other unlawful actions cannot be justified in the name of security. At the same time, of course, apartheid and other abuses by Israeli authorities can never justify <span class="onomasticon onomasticon-cursor-default" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="War crimes are serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by individuals with criminal intent. Criminal intent means the violation was carried out deliberately or recklessly. Individuals who order, assist, and aid and abet offenses are also responsible for war crimes." title="war crimes (جرائم الحرب)" aria-label="Explain glossary term war crimes">war crimes</span> and other violations by armed Palestinian groups, including the killings and taking of hostages during the October 7 attacks.</p> <p>Our findings that Israel’s oppression of Palestinians amounts to apartheid are consistent with where we found this crime against humanity in other contexts, including in Myanmar, where we <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/10/08/open-prison-without-end/myanmars-mass-detention-rohingya-rakhine-state" target="_blank">found apartheid</a> against the Rohingya, and in China <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/19/break-their-lineage-break-their-roots/chinas-crimes-against-humanity-targeting" target="_blank">against the Uyghurs</a>. Those responsible for such crimes should be held to account, and foreign governments and businesses should end complicity in these grave abuses.</p> <p>There can be no way to address or resolve the continuing crisis in Israel and Palestine, even after the current hostilities wane, without diagnosing it correctly. The discourse about the way forward needs to be based on the reality on the ground of decades of Israeli repressive rule of Palestinians. Major <a href="https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid" target="_blank">Israeli</a>, <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/17305.html" target="_blank">Palestinian</a> and <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/" target="_blank">other</a> <a href="https://www.icj.org/un-icj-denounces-israels-system-of-apartheid-against-palestinians/#.YkwTyu0Q4pk.twitter" target="_blank">international</a> human rights groups have found that Israeli authorities are committing apartheid against Palestinians, as has the <a href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967-report-a-hrc-49-87-advance-unedited-version/" target="_blank">UN special rapporteur for the occupied Palestinian territory</a> and many others.</p> <p>Denying millions of Palestinians their fundamental rights, solely because they are Palestinian, is a violation of international law, and that reality is becoming more and more clear to much of the international community.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="donation-block"> <div class="donation-block__content bg-cover bg-top bg-black text-white border-t-4 border-orange-500 md:bg-center"> <div class="donation-block__content-inner p-6 background-vert md:background-horz"> <div class="donation-block__form-wrapper pt-40 sm:pt-48 md:pt-0 md:w-1/2"> <h2 class="donation-block__form-heading mb-6 text-xl sm:text-2xl leading-tight">Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.</h2> <form action="https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1" id="donation-block__form" class="donation-block__form" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="transaction.recurrpay" value="N" /> <input type="hidden" name="ea.tracking.id" value="EP2022EVpgnewscta" /> <div 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