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</li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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data-title="انتخابات الكونجرس الثانية عشر في كاليفورنيا 1946" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_de_1946_du_12e_district_congressionnel_de_Californie" title="Élection de 1946 du 12e district congressionnel de Californie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection de 1946 du 12e district congressionnel de Californie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%EB%85%84_%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C12%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EA%B5%AC_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="1946년 캘리포니아 제12선거구 선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1946년 캘리포니아 제12선거구 선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_distrik_kongres_ke-12_California_1946" title="Pemilihan distrik kongres ke-12 California 1946 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan distrik kongres ke-12 California 1946" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniyaning_12-okrugi_kongress_saylovi_(1946)" title="Kaliforniyaning 12-okrugi kongress saylovi (1946) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaliforniyaning 12-okrugi kongress saylovi (1946)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1247979735">.mw-parser-output .ib-election{line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-data{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-label{width:5em;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-subheader{line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-header{font-weight:normal}@media(max-width:640px){body.skin--responsive:not(.skin-monobook):not(.skin-timeless) .mw-parser-output .ib-election .notpageimage.noresize img{height:80px!important;width:auto!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1946 California's 12th congressional district election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/50px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/75px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/100px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California#District_12" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1944</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>November 5, 1946</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California#District_12" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1948</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E81B23;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg/116px-Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg/174px-Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg/233px-Richard_Nixon_congressional_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="2867" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #3333FF;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Voorhis_(portrait)rev_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29rev_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29rev_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29rev_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29rev_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29rev_%28cropped%29.jpg/237px-Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29rev_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3591" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Nominee </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>65,586</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">49,994 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>56.02%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">42.70% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b>U.S. Representative before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Elected U.S. Representative</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">Elections in California</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/225px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1430" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">U.S. President</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1852 United States presidential election in California">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1856 United States presidential election in California">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1860 United States presidential election in California">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1864 United States presidential election in California">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1868 United States presidential election in California">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1872 United States presidential election in California">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1876 United States presidential election in California">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1880 United States presidential election in California">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1884 United States presidential election in California">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1888 United States presidential election in California">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1892 United States presidential election in California">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1896 United States presidential election in California">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1900 United States presidential election in California">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1904 United States presidential election in California">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1908 United States presidential election in California">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1912 United States presidential election in California">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1916 United States presidential election in California">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1920 United States presidential election in California">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1924 United States presidential election in California">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1928 United States presidential election in California">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1932 United States presidential election in California">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1936 United States presidential election in California">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1940 United States presidential election in California">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1944 United States presidential election in California">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1948 United States presidential election in California">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1952 United States presidential election in California">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1956 United States presidential election in California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1960 United States presidential election in California">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1964 United States presidential election in California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1968 United States presidential election in California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1972 United States presidential election in California">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1976 United States presidential election in California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1980 United States presidential election in California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1984 United States presidential election in California">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1988 United States presidential election in California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1992 United States presidential election in California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1996 United States presidential election in California">1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="1996 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="1996 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2000 United States presidential election in California">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2000 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2000 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2004 United States presidential election in California">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2004 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2004 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2008 United States presidential election in California">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2008 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2008 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2012 United States presidential election in California">2012</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_California#Democratic_primary" title="2012 United States presidential election in California">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2012 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2016 United States presidential election in California">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2016 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Republican_presidential_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2020 United States presidential election in California">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2020 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2020 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2024 United States presidential election in California">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2024 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2024 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="List of United States Senate elections in California">U.S. Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1849 United States Senate elections in California">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1850 United States Senate elections in California">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1852 United States Senate special election in California">1852 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 United States Senate election in California">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1857 United States Senate special election in California">1857 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Senate election in California">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1860 United States Senate special election in California">1860 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1868 United States Senate election in California">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 United States Senate election in California">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1873 United States Senate election in California">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1873 United States Senate special election in California">1873 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1878 United States Senate election in California">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 United States Senate election in California">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1885 United States Senate election in California">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1886 United States Senate special election in California">1886 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1887 United States Senate election in California">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1891 United States Senate election in California">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1891 United States Senate special election in California">1891 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1893 United States Senate election in California">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1895 United States Senate special election in California">1895 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1897 United States Senate election in California">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1900 United States Senate special election in California">1900 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1903 United States Senate election in California">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1905 United States Senate election in California">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1909 United States Senate election in California">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1911 United States Senate election in California">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1914 United States Senate election in California">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1916 United States Senate election in California">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1920 United States Senate election in California">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1922 United States Senate election in California">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1926 United States Senate election in California">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1928 United States Senate election in California">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1932 United States Senate election in California">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1934 United States Senate election in California">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1938 United States Senate election in California">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1940 United States Senate election in California">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1944 United States Senate election in California">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">1946 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1952 United States Senate election in California">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1954 United States Senate special election in California">1954 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1956 United States Senate election in California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1958 United States Senate election in California">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1962 United States Senate election in California">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1964 United States Senate election in California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1968 United States Senate election in California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1970 United States Senate election in California">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1974 United States Senate election in California">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1976 United States Senate election in California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1980 United States Senate election in California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1982 United States Senate election in California">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1986 United States Senate election in California">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1988 United States Senate election in California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1992 United States Senate election in California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1992 United States Senate special election in California">1992 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1994 United States Senate election in California">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1998 United States Senate election in California">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2000 United States Senate election in California">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2004 United States Senate election in California">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2006 United States Senate election in California">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2010 United States Senate election in California">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2012 United States Senate election in California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2016 United States Senate election in California">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2018 United States Senate election in California">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2022 United States Senate elections in California">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2022 United States Senate elections in California">2022 sp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2024 United States Senate elections in California">2024</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2024 United States Senate elections in California">2024 sp</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="2028 United States Senate election in California">2028</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">U.S. House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1849 United States House of Representatives election in California">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 United States House of Representatives election in California">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 United States House of Representatives election in California">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1854 United States House of Representatives election in California">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 United States House of Representatives election in California">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" title="1859 United States House of Representatives election in California">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1861 United States House of Representatives election in California">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1863 United States House of Representatives election in California">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1864 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1867 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1868 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1871 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1872 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1875 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1876 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1879 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1882 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1884 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1886 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1888 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1890 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1892 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1894 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1896 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1898 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1900 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1902 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1904 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1906 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1908 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1910 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1914 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1916 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1918 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1920 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1922 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1924 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1926 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1930 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1934 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1936 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1946</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1986 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1986</a></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_California%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election" title="1987 California's 5th congressional district special election">5th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1990 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1994 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2000</a></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_California%27s_32nd_congressional_district_special_election" title="2001 California's 32nd congressional district special election">32nd sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2002 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2004</a></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_California%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2005 California's 5th congressional district special election">5th sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California%27s_48th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2005 California's 48th congressional district special election">48th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2006 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2006</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_California%27s_50th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2006 California's 50th congressional district special election">50th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_California%27s_37th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2007 California's 37th congressional district special election">36th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2008 California's 12th congressional district special election">12th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_California%27s_10th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2009 California's 10th congressional district special election">10th sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California%27s_32nd_congressional_district_special_election" title="2009 California's 32nd congressional district special election">32nd sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2010</a></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_California%27s_36th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2011 California's 36th congressional district special election">36th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2016</a></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_California%27s_34th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2017 California's 34th congressional district special election">34th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California%27s_25th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2020 California's 25th congressional district special election">25th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_California%27s_22nd_congressional_district_special_election" title="2022 California's 22nd congressional district special election">22nd sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2024 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2024</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_16th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 16th congressional district election">16th</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_20th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2024 California's 20th congressional district special election">20th sp</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_30th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 30th congressional district election">30th</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_45th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 45th congressional district election">45th</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_47th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 47th congressional district election">47th</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">State government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/California_executive_branch" title="California executive branch">Executive</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1849_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1849 California gubernatorial election">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1851 California gubernatorial election">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1853 California gubernatorial election">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1855 California gubernatorial election">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1857 California gubernatorial election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1855 California gubernatorial election">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1861 California gubernatorial election">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1879 California gubernatorial election">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1882 California gubernatorial election">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1886 California gubernatorial election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1890 California gubernatorial election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1894 California gubernatorial election">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1898 California gubernatorial election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1902 California gubernatorial election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1906 California gubernatorial election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1910 California gubernatorial election">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1914 California gubernatorial election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 California gubernatorial election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1922 California gubernatorial election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1926 California gubernatorial election">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1930 California gubernatorial election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1934 California gubernatorial election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1938 California gubernatorial election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 California gubernatorial election">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 California gubernatorial election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1950 California gubernatorial election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 California gubernatorial election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 California gubernatorial election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California gubernatorial election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 California gubernatorial election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 California gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 California gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 California gubernatorial election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 California gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 California gubernatorial election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California gubernatorial election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_California_gubernatorial_recall_election" title="2003 California gubernatorial recall election">2003 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 California gubernatorial election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 California gubernatorial election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 California gubernatorial election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 California gubernatorial election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_California_gubernatorial_recall_election" title="2021 California gubernatorial recall election">2021 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 California gubernatorial election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2026_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2026 California gubernatorial election">2026</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California" title="Lieutenant Governor of California">Lieutenant governor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1950 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2026 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney general</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1970 California Attorney General election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1974 California Attorney General election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1978 California Attorney General election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1982 California Attorney General election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1986 California Attorney General election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1990 California Attorney General election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1994 California Attorney General election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1998 California Attorney General election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2002 California Attorney General election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2006 California Attorney General election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2010 California Attorney General election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2014 California Attorney General election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2018 California Attorney General election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2022 California Attorney General election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California" title="Secretary of State of California">Secretary of state</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1970 California Secretary of State election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1974 California Secretary of State election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1978 California Secretary of State election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1982 California Secretary of State election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1986 California Secretary of State election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1990 California Secretary of State election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1994 California Secretary of State election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1998 California Secretary of State election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2002 California Secretary of State election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2006 California Secretary of State election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2010 California Secretary of State election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2014 California Secretary of State election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2018 California Secretary of State election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2022 California Secretary of State election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Treasurer" title="California State Treasurer">Treasurer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="1994 California State Treasurer election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="1998 California State Treasurer election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2002 California State Treasurer election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2006 California State Treasurer election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2010 California State Treasurer election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2014 California State Treasurer election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2018 California State Treasurer election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2022 California State Treasurer election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Controller" title="California State Controller">Controller</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Controller_election" title="1994 California State Controller election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Controller_election" title="1998 California State Controller election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Controller_election" title="2002 California State Controller election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Controller_election" title="2006 California State Controller election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Controller_election" title="2010 California State Controller election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Controller_election" title="2014 California State Controller election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Controller_election" title="2018 California State Controller election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Controller_election" title="2022 California State Controller election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_Insurance_Commissioner" title="California Insurance Commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="1994 California Insurance Commissioner election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="1998 California Insurance Commissioner election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2002 California Insurance Commissioner election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2006 California Insurance Commissioner election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2010 California Insurance Commissioner election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2014 California Insurance Commissioner election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2018 California Insurance Commissioner election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2022 California Insurance Commissioner election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" title="California State Superintendent of Public Instruction">Superintendent</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="1994 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="1998 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2002 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2006 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2010 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2014 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2018 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2022 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Board of Equalization (California)">Board of equalization</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Board_of_Equalization_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 California State Board of Equalization election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Board_of_Equalization_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 California State Board of Equalization election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">Legislature</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_California_State_Senate_election" title="1988 California State Senate election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_State_Senate_election" title="1990 California State Senate election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_California_State_Senate_election" title="1992 California State Senate election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Senate_election" title="1994 California State Senate election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_State_Senate_election" title="1996 California State Senate election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Senate_election" title="1998 California State Senate election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_State_Senate_election" title="2000 California State Senate election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Senate_election" title="2002 California State Senate election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_State_Senate_election" title="2004 California State Senate election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Senate_election" title="2006 California State Senate election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_State_Senate_election" title="2008 California State Senate election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Senate_election" title="2010 California State Senate election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_State_Senate_election" title="2012 California State Senate election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Senate_election" title="2014 California State Senate election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_State_Senate_election" title="2016 California State Senate election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Senate_election" title="2018 California State Senate election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_State_Senate_election" title="2020 California State Senate election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Senate_election" title="2022 California State Senate election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California_State_Senate_election" title="2024 California State Senate election">2024</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_California_State_Senate" title="List of special elections to the California State Senate">Special</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1992 California State Assembly election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1994 California State Assembly election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1996 California State Assembly election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1998 California State Assembly election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2000 California State Assembly election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2002 California State Assembly election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2004 California State Assembly election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2006 California State Assembly election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2008 California State Assembly election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2010 California State Assembly election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2012 California State Assembly election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2014 California State Assembly election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2016 California State Assembly election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2018 California State Assembly election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2020 California State Assembly election">2020</a></li> <li>2021 (<a href="/wiki/2021_California%27s_79th_State_Assembly_district_special_election" title="2021 California's 79th State Assembly district special election">79th sp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2022 California State Assembly election">2022</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_California%27s_17th_State_Assembly_district_special_election" title="2022 California's 17th State Assembly district special election">17th sp</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2024 California State Assembly election">2024</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_California_State_Assembly" title="List of special elections to the California State Assembly">Special</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_California" title="Judiciary of California">Judiciary</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="California Court of Appeals">Court of appeals</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="1994 California Courts of Appeal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="1998 California Courts of Appeal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="2002 California Courts of Appeal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="2006 California Courts of Appeal election">2006</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">Elections by year</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_California_elections" title="1992 California elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_elections" title="1994 California elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_elections" title="1996 California elections">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_elections" title="1998 California elections">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_elections" title="2000 California elections">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_elections" title="2002 California elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_elections" title="2004 California elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_special_election" title="2005 California special election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_elections" title="2006 California elections">2006</a></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_California_elections" title="February 2008 California elections">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_California_elections" title="June 2008 California elections">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_elections" title="2008 California elections">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_elections" title="2009 California elections">2009</a></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections" title="June 2010 California elections">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2010_California_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2010 California elections">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2012_California_elections" title="June 2012 California elections">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2012_California_elections" title="November 2012 California elections">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_elections" title="2014 California elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_elections" title="2016 California elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_elections" title="2018 California elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_elections" title="2020 California elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_elections" title="2022 California elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_California_elections" title="2024 California elections">2024</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">State propositions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">1910–1919</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1911 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_California_Proposition_4" title="1911 California Proposition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_California_Proposition_7" title="1911 California Proposition 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_California_Proposition_8" title="1911 California Proposition 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">1960–1969</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1964 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_California_Proposition_14" title="1964 California Proposition 14">14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1970%E2%80%931979" title="List of California ballot propositions: 1970–1979">1970–1979</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1978 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs Initiative">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_8" title="1978 California Proposition 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13" title="1978 California Proposition 13">13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1980%E2%80%931989" title="List of California ballot propositions: 1980–1989">1980–1989</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_Proposition_8" title="1982 California Proposition 8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_64" title="1986 California Proposition 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">65</a></li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_California_Proposition_98" title="1988 California Proposition 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_California_Proposition_99" title="1988 California Proposition 99">99</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1990%E2%80%931999" title="List of California ballot propositions: 1990–1999">1990–1999</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_187" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 187">187</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_196" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 California Proposition 196">196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_209" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 209">209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_215" title="1996 California Proposition 215">215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_218" title="1996 California Proposition 218">218</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_6" title="1998 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_10" title="1998 California Proposition 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_227" title="1998 California Proposition 227">227</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of California ballot propositions: 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_21" title="2000 California Proposition 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_22" title="2000 California Proposition 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_36" title="2000 California Proposition 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_39" title="2000 California Proposition 39">39</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_California_Proposition_53" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 California Proposition 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_California_Proposition_54" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 California Proposition 54">54</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_1A" title="2004 California Proposition 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_55" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_56" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_57" title="2004 California Proposition 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_58" title="2004 California Proposition 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_59" title="2004 California Proposition 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_60" title="2004 California Proposition 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_60A" title="2004 California Proposition 60A">60A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_61" title="2004 California Proposition 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_62" title="2004 California Proposition 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_63" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_64" title="2004 California Proposition 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_65" title="2004 California Proposition 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_66" title="2004 California Proposition 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_69" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_71" title="2004 California Proposition 71">71</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_73" title="2005 California Proposition 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_74" title="2005 California Proposition 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_75" title="2005 California Proposition 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_76" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_77" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_78" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_79" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_80" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_81" title="2006 California Proposition 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_82" title="2006 California Proposition 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_83" title="2006 California Proposition 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_85" title="2006 California Proposition 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_87" title="2006 California Proposition 87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_89" title="2006 California Proposition 89">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_90" title="2006 California Proposition 90">90</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_91" title="2008 California Proposition 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_92" title="2008 California Proposition 92">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_93" title="2008 California Proposition 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Propositions_94,_95,_96,_and_97" title="2008 California Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97">94, 95, 96, and 97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Propositions_98_and_99" title="2008 California Propositions 98 and 99">98 and 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_1A" title="2008 California Proposition 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_2" title="2008 California Proposition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_3" title="2008 California Proposition 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_4" title="2008 California Proposition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_5" title="2008 California Proposition 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_6" title="2008 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_7" title="2008 California Proposition 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_8" title="2008 California Proposition 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_9" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 California Proposition 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_10" title="2008 California Proposition 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_11" title="2008 California Proposition 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_12" title="2008 California Proposition 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1A" title="2009 California Proposition 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1B" title="2009 California Proposition 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1C" title="2009 California Proposition 1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1D" title="2009 California Proposition 1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1E" title="2009 California Proposition 1E">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1F" title="2009 California Proposition 1F">1F</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2010%E2%80%932019" title="List of California ballot propositions: 2010–2019">2010–2019</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections#Proposition_13" title="June 2010 California elections">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_14" title="2010 California Proposition 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections#Proposition_15" title="June 2010 California elections">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_16" title="2010 California Proposition 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections#Proposition_17" title="June 2010 California elections">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_19" title="2010 California Proposition 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_20" title="2010 California Proposition 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_21" title="2010 California elections">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_22" title="2010 California elections">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_23" title="2010 California Proposition 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_24" title="2010 California elections">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_25" title="2010 California elections">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_26" title="2010 California elections">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_27" title="2010 California Proposition 27">27</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_29" title="2012 California Proposition 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_30" title="2012 California Proposition 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_32" title="2012 California Proposition 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_34" title="2012 California Proposition 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_37" title="2012 California Proposition 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_38" title="2012 California Proposition 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_39" title="2012 California Proposition 39">39</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_1" title="2014 California Proposition 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_2" title="2014 California Proposition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_41" title="2014 California Proposition 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_42" title="2014 California Proposition 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_45" title="2014 California Proposition 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_46" title="2014 California Proposition 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_47" title="2014 California Proposition 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_48" title="2014 California Proposition 48">48</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_50" title="2016 California Proposition 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_51" title="2016 California Proposition 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_52" title="2016 California Proposition 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_53" title="2016 California Proposition 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_54" title="2016 California Proposition 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_55" title="2016 California Proposition 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_56" title="2016 California Proposition 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_57" title="2016 California Proposition 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_58" title="2016 California Proposition 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_59" title="2016 California Proposition 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_60" title="2016 California Proposition 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_61" title="2016 California Proposition 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_62" title="2016 California Proposition 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_63" title="2016 California Proposition 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Use of Marijuana Act">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_65" title="2016 California Proposition 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_66" title="2016 California Proposition 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_67" title="2016 California Proposition 67">67</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_68" title="2018 California Proposition 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_69" title="2018 California Proposition 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_70" title="2018 California Proposition 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_71" title="2018 California Proposition 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_72" title="2018 California Proposition 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_6" title="2018 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_7" title="2018 California Proposition 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_8" title="2018 California Proposition 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_3" title="Cal 3">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_10" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 California Proposition 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_11" title="2018 California Proposition 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_12" title="2018 California Proposition 12">12</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2020%E2%80%932029" title="List of California ballot propositions: 2020–2029">2020–2029</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_13" title="2020 California Proposition 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_14" title="2020 California Proposition 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_15" title="2020 California Proposition 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_16" title="2020 California Proposition 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_17" title="2020 California Proposition 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_18" title="2020 California Proposition 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_19" title="2020 California Proposition 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_20" title="2020 California Proposition 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_21" title="2020 California Proposition 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_22" title="2020 California Proposition 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_23" title="2020 California Proposition 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_24" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 California Proposition 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_25" title="2020 California Proposition 25">25</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_1" title="2022 California Proposition 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_26" title="2022 California Proposition 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_27" title="2022 California Proposition 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_28" title="2022 California Proposition 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_29" title="2022 California Proposition 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_30" title="2022 California Proposition 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_31" title="2022 California Proposition 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_1" title="2024 California Proposition 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_2" title="2024 California Proposition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_3" title="2024 California Proposition 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_4" title="2024 California Proposition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_5" title="2024 California Proposition 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_6" title="2024 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_32" title="2024 California Proposition 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_33" title="2024 California Proposition 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_34" title="2024 California Proposition 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_35" title="2024 California Proposition 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_36" title="2024 California Proposition 36">36</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions" title="List of California ballot propositions">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Government of Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Government of Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1980 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1996 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2006 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2008 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2010 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2012 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2014 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2016 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2018 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2022 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2024 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Ballot measures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1980 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposition_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition A">A</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_R" title="Measure R">R</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Los_Angeles_Measure_B" title="2012 Los Angeles Measure B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure J">J</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure M">M</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Elections</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_County_elections" title="2020 Los Angeles County elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_County_elections" title="2022 Los Angeles County elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Los_Angeles_County_elections" title="2024 Los Angeles County elections">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles" title="Government of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles" title="Mayor of Los Angeles">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1896 Los Angeles mayoral election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1898 Los Angeles mayoral election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1900 Los Angeles mayoral election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1902 Los Angeles mayoral election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1904 Los Angeles mayoral election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1906 Los Angeles mayoral election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Los_Angeles_mayoral_special_election" title="1909 Los Angeles mayoral special election">1909 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1909 Los Angeles mayoral election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1911 Los Angeles mayoral election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1913 Los Angeles mayoral election">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1915 Los Angeles mayoral election">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1917 Los Angeles mayoral election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1919 Los Angeles mayoral election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1921 Los Angeles mayoral election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1923 Los Angeles mayoral election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1925 Los Angeles mayoral election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1929 Los Angeles mayoral election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1933 Los Angeles mayoral election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1937 Los Angeles mayoral election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 Los Angeles mayoral election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1941 Los Angeles mayoral election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1945 Los Angeles mayoral election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1949 Los Angeles mayoral election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1953 Los Angeles mayoral election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1957 Los Angeles mayoral election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1961 Los Angeles mayoral election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1965 Los Angeles mayoral election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1969 Los Angeles mayoral election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1973 Los Angeles mayoral election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1977 Los Angeles mayoral election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1981 Los Angeles mayoral election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1985 Los Angeles mayoral election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1989 Los Angeles mayoral election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1993 Los Angeles mayoral election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1997 Los Angeles mayoral election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2001 Los Angeles mayoral election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2005 Los Angeles mayoral election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2009 Los Angeles mayoral election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2013 Los Angeles mayoral election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2017 Los Angeles mayoral election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2022 Los Angeles mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2026 Los Angeles mayoral election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Attorney" title="Los Angeles City Attorney">City attorney</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Los_Angeles_City_Attorney_election" title="2009 Los Angeles City Attorney election">2009</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Ballot measures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposition_U" title="Proposition U">U</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_Measure_S" title="2017 Los Angeles Measure S">S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Elections</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2009 Los Angeles elections">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2011 Los Angeles elections">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2013 Los Angeles elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2015 Los Angeles elections">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2017 Los Angeles elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Los_Angeles_special_elections" title="2019 Los Angeles special elections">2019 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2020 Los Angeles elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2022 Los Angeles elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Los_Angeles_special_election" title="2023 Los Angeles special election">2023 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2024 Los Angeles elections">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California#Government" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Long_Beach,_California" title="List of mayors of Long Beach, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Long Beach, California mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Long Beach, California mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California#Government" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California#Government" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Orange County Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2018 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2022 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">District attorney</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Orange_County,_California_District_Attorney_election" title="2018 Orange County, California District Attorney election">2018</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California#Government_and_politics" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Anaheim,_California" title="List of mayors of Anaheim, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2002 Anaheim mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2006 Anaheim mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2010 Anaheim mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2014 Anaheim mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2018 Anaheim mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2022 Anaheim mayoral election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California#Government" title="Irvine, California">Irvine</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California#Government" title="Irvine, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Irvine mayoral election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Irvine mayoral election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Irvine mayoral election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Irvine mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Irvine mayoral election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Irvine mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Irvine mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Irvine mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Irvine mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Irvine mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Irvine mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Irvine mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Irvine mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Irvine mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Irvine mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Irvine mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Irvine mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Irvine mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Irvine mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California#Government" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">Municipal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1947_Incorporation_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1953_Incorporation_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1954_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1956_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1958_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1960_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1962_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1964_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1966_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1968_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1970_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1972_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1974_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1976_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1978_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1980_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1982_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1984_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1986_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1988_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1990_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1992_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1994_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1996_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1998_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2000_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2002_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2004_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2006_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2008_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2010_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2012_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2014_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2016_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2018_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2020_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2022_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2024_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California#Government" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sacramento,_California" title="List of mayors of Sacramento, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2000 Sacramento mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2004 Sacramento mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2008 Sacramento mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2012 Sacramento mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2016 Sacramento mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2020 Sacramento mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2024 Sacramento mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of San Diego County">San Diego County</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of San Diego County">San Diego County</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Diego County Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 San Diego County Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego#Government" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></i><br /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Diego" title="Mayor of San Diego">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1887_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1887 San Diego mayoral election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1889 San Diego mayoral election">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1891 San Diego mayoral election">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1893 San Diego mayoral election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1895 San Diego mayoral election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1897 San Diego mayoral election">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1899 San Diego mayoral election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1901 San Diego mayoral election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1903 San Diego mayoral election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1905 San Diego mayoral election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1907 San Diego mayoral election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1909 San Diego mayoral election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1911 San Diego mayoral election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1913 San Diego mayoral election">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1915 San Diego mayoral election">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1917 San Diego mayoral election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1919 San Diego mayoral election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1921 San Diego mayoral election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1923 San Diego mayoral election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1925 San Diego mayoral election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1927 San Diego mayoral election">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1929 San Diego mayoral election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1931 San Diego mayoral election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1932 San Diego mayoral election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1935 San Diego mayoral election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1939 San Diego mayoral election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1943 San Diego mayoral election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1947 San Diego mayoral election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1951 San Diego mayoral election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1955 San Diego mayoral election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1959 San Diego mayoral election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1963 San Diego mayoral election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1967 San Diego mayoral election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1971 San Diego mayoral election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1975 San Diego mayoral election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1979 San Diego mayoral election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" title="1983 San Diego mayoral special election">1983 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1984 San Diego mayoral election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" title="1986 San Diego mayoral special election">1986 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1988 San Diego mayoral election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1992 San Diego mayoral election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1996 San Diego mayoral election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2000 San Diego mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2004 San Diego mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" title="2005 San Diego mayoral special election">2005 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2008 San Diego mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2012 San Diego mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 San Diego mayoral special election">2013–14 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2016 San Diego mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2020 San Diego mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2024 San Diego mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_City_Attorney" title="San Diego City Attorney">City attorney</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2004 San Diego City Attorney election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2008 San Diego City Attorney election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2012 San Diego City Attorney election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2016 San Diego City Attorney election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2020 San Diego City Attorney election">2020</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_City_Council" title="San Diego City Council">City council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2002 San Diego City Council election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2004 San Diego City Council election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2006 San Diego City Council election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2008 San Diego City Council election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Diego_elections" title="2010 San Diego elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Diego_elections" title="2012 San Diego elections">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Diego_elections" title="2014 San Diego elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Diego_elections" title="2016 San Diego elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2018 San Diego City Council election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_elections" title="2020 San Diego elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2022 San Diego City Council election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Diego_City_Council_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 San Diego City Council election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_San_Diego_City_Council" title="List of special elections to the San Diego City Council">Special</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Francisco" title="Government of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1901 San Francisco mayoral election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1903 San Francisco mayoral election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1905 San Francisco mayoral election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1907 San Francisco mayoral election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1909 San Francisco mayoral election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1911 San Francisco mayoral election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1931 San Francisco mayoral election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1935 San Francisco mayoral election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1939 San Francisco mayoral election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1943 San Francisco mayoral election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1947 San Francisco mayoral election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1951 San Francisco mayoral election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1955 San Francisco mayoral election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1959 San Francisco mayoral election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1963 San Francisco mayoral election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1967 San Francisco mayoral election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1971 San Francisco mayoral election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1975 San Francisco mayoral election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1979 San Francisco mayoral election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_San_Francisco_mayoral_recall_election" title="1983 San Francisco mayoral recall election">1983 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1983 San Francisco mayoral election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1987 San Francisco mayoral election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1991 San Francisco mayoral election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1995 San Francisco mayoral election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1999 San Francisco mayoral election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2003 San Francisco mayoral election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2007 San Francisco mayoral election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2011 San Francisco mayoral election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2015 San Francisco mayoral election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_mayoral_special_election" title="2018 San Francisco mayoral special election">2018 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2019 San Francisco mayoral election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2024 San Francisco mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_District_Attorney%27s_Office" title="San Francisco District Attorney's Office">District attorney</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_election" title="2019 San Francisco District Attorney election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_recall_election" title="2022 San Francisco District Attorney recall election">2022 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_special_election" title="2022 San Francisco District Attorney special election">2022 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_election" title="2024 San Francisco District Attorney election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Francisco Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1977 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1996 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1998 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2002 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2004 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2006 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2008 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2010 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2012 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2014 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2016 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2018 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2022 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2024 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Education" title="San Francisco Board of Education">Board of education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_Board_of_Education_election" title="2018 San Francisco Board of Education election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_Board_of_Education_recall_elections" title="2022 San Francisco Board of Education recall elections">2022 (recall)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Ballot measures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Proposition_G_(March_2024)" title="San Francisco Proposition G (March 2024)">G</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;">Elections</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2004_San_Francisco_general_election" title="March 2004 San Francisco general election">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2004_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2004 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2005_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2005 San Francisco general election">2005</a></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2006_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2006 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2006_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2006 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_San_Francisco_general_election" title="2007 San Francisco general election">2007</a></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="February 2008 San Francisco general election">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2008 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2008 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2009_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2009 San Francisco general election">2009</a></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2010 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2010_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2010 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2011_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2011 San Francisco general election">2011</a></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2012_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2012 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2012_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2012 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2013_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2013 San Francisco general election">2013</a></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_San_Francisco_special_election" title="February 2022 San Francisco special election">Feb</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California#Law_and_government" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_San_Jose,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of San Jose, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1974 San Jose mayoral election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1978 San Jose mayoral election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1982 San Jose mayoral election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1986 San Jose mayoral election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1990 San Jose mayoral election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1994 San Jose mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1998 San Jose mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2002 San Jose mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2006 San Jose mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2010 San Jose mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2014 San Jose mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2018 San Jose mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2022 San Jose mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2024 San Jose mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Other localities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California#Government" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Mayoral elections:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2004 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2008 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2012 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2016 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2020 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2024 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California#Government" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Mayoral elections:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="1996 Fresno mayoral election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2000 Fresno mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2004 Fresno mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2008 Fresno mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2012 Fresno mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2016 Fresno mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2020 Fresno mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2024 Fresno mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California#Government" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Mayoral elections:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="1994 Oakland mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="1998 Oakland mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2002 Oakland mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2006 Oakland mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2010 Oakland mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2014 Oakland mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2018 Oakland mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2022 Oakland mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Oakland_mayoral_recall_election" title="2024 Oakland mayoral recall election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California#Government" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Mayoral elections:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#1997" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2001" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2005" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2009" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2012" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2016" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2020" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2024" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California#Local_government" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Mayoral elections:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2005–06 San Bernardino mayoral election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2009 San Bernardino mayoral election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2014 San Bernardino mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2018 San Bernardino mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2022 San Bernardino mayoral election">2022</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California#Government" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Mayoral elections:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2008 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2012 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2016 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2020 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2024 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/75px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/113px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/150px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2939" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Richard Nixon</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Depictions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Pre-vice presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1950)" title="Richard Nixon">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1946 election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon#U.S._Senate_(1950–1953)" title="Richard Nixon">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950 election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">36th Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">2nd inauguration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">Motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Post-vice presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962 California gubernatorial bid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">37th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Judicial appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Appointed federal judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">Appointment controversies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Policies</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon#List_of_international_trips" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Parks" title="Legacy of Parks">Legacy of Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Native American policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Native American</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">First term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#End_of_conscription" title="Conscription in the United States">End of the draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Visit to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_cancer" title="War on cancer">War on cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Philadelphia_Plan" title="Revised Philadelphia Plan">Philadelphia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Second term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_interval" title="Decent interval">decent interval</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">airlift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">Mideast Peace Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Tapes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Post-presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Nixon interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Vice presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>1952 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1952 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li>1956 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon's signature"><img alt="Richard Nixon's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg/150px-Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg/225px-Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg/300px-Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="109" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon_series" title="Template:Richard Nixon series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon_series" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">California's 12th congressional district</a> on November 5, 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">date set by law</a> for <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">the elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th United States Congress</a>. In the 12th district election, the candidates were five-term incumbent <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> challenger <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, and former congressman and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/John_H._Hoeppel" title="John H. Hoeppel">John Hoeppel</a>. Nixon was elected with 56% of the vote, starting him on the road that would, almost a quarter century later, lead to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">presidency</a>. </p><p>First elected to Congress in 1936, Voorhis had defeated lackluster Republican opposition four times in the then-rural <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a> district to win re-election. For the 1946 election, Republicans sought a candidate who could unite the party and run a strong race against Voorhis in the Republican-leaning district. After failing to secure the candidacy of General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George Patton</a>, in November 1945 they settled on Lieutenant Commander Richard Nixon, who had lived in the district prior to his World War II service. </p><p>Nixon spent most of 1946 campaigning in the district, while Voorhis did not return from Washington D.C. until the end of August. Nixon's campaign worked hard to generate publicity in the district, while Voorhis, dealing with congressional business in the capital, received little newspaper coverage. Voorhis received the most votes in the June primary elections, but his percentage of the vote decreased from his share in the 1944 primaries. At five debates held across the district in September and October, Nixon was able to paint the incumbent as ineffectual and to suggest that Voorhis was connected to communist-linked organizations. Voorhis and his campaign were constantly on the defensive and were ineffective in rebutting Nixon's contentions. The challenger defeated Voorhis in the November <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. </p><p>Various explanations have been put forward for Nixon's victory, from national political trends to <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">red-baiting</a> on the part of the challenger. Some historians contend that Nixon received large amounts of funding from wealthy backers determined to defeat Voorhis, while others dismiss such allegations. These matters remain subjects of historical debate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_and_campaigns">District and campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: District and campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Voorhis_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man wearing a suit and tie turns profile to the camera, holding a pipe in his hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29.jpg/440px-Jerry_Voorhis_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="5004" /></a><figcaption>Jerry Voorhis</figcaption></figure> <p>Since its creation <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">following the 1930 census</a>, the 12th district had been represented by Democrats. The 12th stretched from just south of <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a> county lines, encompassing such small towns as <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_California" title="Whittier, California">Whittier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomona,_California" title="Pomona, California">Pomona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Covina,_California" title="Covina, California">Covina</a>. The area has since been entirely absorbed into the Los Angeles megalopolis, but at the time it was principally agricultural. The freeway system had barely touched the 12th district; only a small segment of the <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_Parkway" title="Arroyo Seco Parkway">Pasadena Freeway</a> cut across its northwest corner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Hoeppel" title="John H. Hoeppel">John Hoeppel</a> was elected to represent the 12th district. In 1936, Hoeppel was vulnerable as he had been convicted for trying to sell a nomination to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis defeated Hoeppel in the Democratic primary and easily won the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis, who gained a reputation as a respected and hard-working representative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197841_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197841-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nicknamed "Kid Atlas" by the press for taking the weight of the world on his shoulders, was loyal to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990258–259_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990258–259-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12th district leaned Republican, the more so after 1941 when the Republican-dominated <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California State Legislature</a> attempted to <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymander</a> Congressman Voorhis out of office by removing strong Democratic precincts in <a href="/wiki/East_Los_Angeles,_California" title="East Los Angeles, California">East Los Angeles</a> from the district during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">decennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(election)" title="Redistribution (election)">redistricting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195943_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195943-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revamped 12th district had little industry and almost no union influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis was left with such Republican strongholds as <a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino</a>, where he did not campaign, concluding that he would receive the same number of votes whether he visited there or not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the maneuvers of the Republicans in the legislature, Voorhis was re-elected in 1942, receiving 57% of the vote, and won with a similar percentage two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195943_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195943-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis had not faced strong opposition prior to 1946. In his initial election, Voorhis benefited from the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">Roosevelt landslide of 1936</a>. His 1938 opponent was so shy that Voorhis had to introduce him to the crowd at a joint appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, he faced Captain Irwin Minger, a little-known commandant of a military school,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978148_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978148-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his 1942 opponent, radio preacher and former Prohibition Party gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Shuler" title="Robert P. Shuler">Robert P. Shuler</a>, "embarrassed GOP regulars".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, the 12th district Republicans were bitterly divided, and Voorhis easily triumphed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_search_for_a_candidate">Republican search for a candidate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Republican search for a candidate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixonidcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ID photo of a young man wearing a suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nixonidcard.jpg/220px-Nixonidcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nixonidcard.jpg/330px-Nixonidcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nixonidcard.jpg/440px-Nixonidcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Richard Nixon</figcaption></figure> <p>As Voorhis served his fifth term in the House, Republicans searched for a candidate capable of defeating him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1984-09-12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1984-09-12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Republicans formed what became known as the "Committee of One Hundred" (officially, the "Candidate and Fact-Finding Committee") to select a candidate with broad support in advance of the June 1946 primary election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move caused some editorial concern in the district: The Alhambra <i>Tribune and News</i>, fearing the choice of a candidate was being taken away from voters in favor of a small group, editorialized that the committee formation was "a step in the wrong direction" and an attempt to "shove <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> tactics down our throats".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlhambra_''Tribune_and_News''1945-10-18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlhambra_''Tribune_and_News''1945-10-18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Committee initially wooed State Commissioner of Education (and former <a href="/wiki/Whittier_College" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a> president) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Dexter_(educator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Dexter (educator) (page does not exist)">Walter Dexter</a>. Dexter was reluctant to give up his state post to run and sought a guarantee that he would receive another job if his candidacy failed. He continued to consider running for several months without reaching a decision, frustrating local Republicans. As Dexter dithered, Republicans tried to get General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George Patton</a> to run, though they were not certain if the general was a Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a day after the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> speculated on the run, Patton announced from Germany his intent to "keep completely out of politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee also contacted <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Barnes" title="Stanley Barnes">Stanley Barnes</a>, a rising young Republican attorney and former football star at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Barnes declined to be considered, skeptical of the chances of defeating Voorhis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With little progress made on securing a high-profile candidate, Committee working groups held interviews. Of the eight men who applied, the most prominent was former congressman John Hoeppel, who promised to keep "the Jews and the niggers" out of the district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 6, 1945, the Monrovia <i>News Post</i> reported that while Dexter seemed the likely candidate, "of course anything can happen in politics and generally does". The <i>News Post</i> stated that other names discussed by the Committee included "Lt.  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Richard Nixon, U.S.N.R., of Whittier."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonrovia_''News_Post''1945-10-06_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonrovia_''News_Post''1945-10-06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressman Voorhis wrote his father and political adviser, Charles Voorhis, on October 15, "I understand the General has decided not to run in the 12th district. Dr. Dexter would, in my opinion, be hard to beat. But at least it would be a clean, decent campaign, and I'm not so sure I wouldn't prefer that even if I lost."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1945-10-15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1945-10-15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herman Perry, Whittier <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> branch manager and Nixon family friend, wrote to Nixon, who was then a lieutenant commander in the Navy, telling him he should apply for the Committee's endorsement. Nixon replied enthusiastically. When Dexter finally turned the Committee down, he recommended Nixon, his onetime student.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dexter died only days later of a heart attack, and Patton died in an auto accident before the 1946 campaign began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, Nixon was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, using his legal training to deal with military contract terminations. On November 1, 1945, he flew to California to meet influential Republicans and give a speech at a Committee meeting. The meeting was advertised throughout the district and was open to any potential candidate. However, the advertisements for the meeting noted that Nixon would be flying in to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990276_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of potential rivals also showed up at the meeting on November 2, 1945, including a local judge and assemblyman. Nixon, who spoke last, was "electrifying", according to one Committee member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990280–281_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990280–281-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Committee met to vote on November 28, Nixon received over two-thirds of the vote, which was then made unanimous. Committee chairman Roy Day immediately notified the victor of the Committee's endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990282_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990282-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was already arranging to research Voorhis's record and to meet with Republican leaders in Washington, including House Minority Leader (and future <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a>) <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin, Jr.</a> The newly minted candidate wrote to Day regarding Voorhis, "His 'conservative' reputation must be blasted. But my main efforts are being directed toward building up a positive, progressive group of speeches which tell what we want to do, not what the Democrats have failed to do ... I'm really hopped up over this deal, and I believe we can win."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195944_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195944-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wheelhorse" class="extiw" title="wikt:wheelhorse">wheelhorse</a>" Republicans deemed Nixon's campaign hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon was a virtual unknown outside of his hometown of Whittier and was facing a popular and respected incumbent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978243–244_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978243–244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Voorhis wrote his son that the Republicans had endorsed a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> named Richard Nixon, but hoped that his son would retain a large part of the Quaker vote. The elder Voorhis was confident that his son would triumph again, writing, "It is just another campaign that we have to go through ... In any event, we have nothing to worry about now."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199940_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199940-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_campaign">Primary campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Primary campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixoncard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Business card for Richard Nixon as a congressional candidate, showing an address and phone numbers in Whittier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nixoncard.jpg/170px-Nixoncard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nixoncard.jpg/255px-Nixoncard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nixoncard.jpg/340px-Nixoncard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Nixon business card as congressional candidate</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon was discharged from the Navy at the start of 1946. Within days, he and his wife <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a>, the latter almost eight months pregnant, returned to Whittier. They initially moved in with the candidate's parents, <a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah</a>. Nixon returned to his old law firm, but spent most of his time campaigning. Roy Day, chairman of the now-dissolved Committee, appointed himself as Nixon's campaign manager. This self-appointment dismayed the candidate somewhat, and Nixon unsuccessfully sought to replace Day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990285_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990285-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voorhis had been in Washington since August 1945, attending to congressional business. He did not return to the district until August 1946, well after the June primary. By his own account, he was busy dealing with: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>[The a]mendment of the Social Security Act, the Case Labor bill, the British loan, terminal leave pay for soldiers, and several appropriation bills [and] the most important problem our country had ever faced in all its history—the problem of what to do about atomic energy. I felt sure that the people of the district would rather have me stay on the job than come home to campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947332_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947332-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Beginning in February, the Republican hopeful began a heavy speaking schedule, addressing civic groups across the 400 square miles (1,000 km<sup>2</sup>) district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's efforts to get publicity were aided by the birth of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a> in late February. The new father was extensively interviewed and photographed with his infant daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressman Voorhis's office sent the Nixons a government pamphlet entitled <i>Infant Care</i>, of which representatives received 150 per month to distribute to their constituents. When Richard Nixon sent his rival a note of thanks in early April, the congressman responded with a letter proposing that the two debate once Congress adjourned in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199947_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199947-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg/170px-Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg/255px-Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg/340px-Nixon_primary_flier_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Nixon campaign flyer for the primary election</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-March, Nixon was approached by former congressman Hoeppel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who hated Voorhis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978116_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978116-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoeppel offered to enter the Democratic primary in exchange for a payment of several hundred dollars plus the promise of a <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> job once the Republican was elected. After consulting with his aides, Nixon turned him down. Subsequently, Hoeppel filed as a <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> candidate. Voorhis was privy to these events through an informant close to the former representative, and was convinced that Roy Day had arranged to pay Hoeppel's filing fee. The congressman feared that Hoeppel would serve as a <a href="/wiki/Stalking_horse" title="Stalking horse">stalking horse</a> for Nixon, sparing the Republican from any "mudslinging".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis responded to Hoeppel's filing with a letter to his campaign manager, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Park,_California" title="Baldwin Park, California">Baldwin Park</a> realtor Jack Long, stating that "it would be worthwhile for us to try our level best to beat him in the Prohibition primary by a write-in campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1946-03-27_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1946-03-27-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 18, two days before the filing deadline, Nixon filed in both the Republican and Democratic primaries under California's <a href="/wiki/Cross-filing" title="Cross-filing">cross-filing</a> system. Voorhis also filed in the two major party primaries. Under cross-filing, if the same candidate won both major party endorsements, he would be effectively elected, with only minor party candidates to stand against him. Day advanced the $200 (the current equivalent of $2,230<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for Nixon's filing fees, later noting that he had great difficulty being reimbursed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199945_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199945-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late March, Nixon's stock speeches to civic groups were becoming worn. Day hired <a href="/wiki/Political_consulting" title="Political consulting">political consultant</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> for $580 for the primary campaign, and the consultant warned that unless new life came into the campaign, it was in serious danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291–292_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291–292-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, Chotiner was to become Nixon's campaign manager, adviser, and friend in an association that lasted until Chotiner's death a few months before President Nixon's 1974 resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydon1974-01-31_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon1974-01-31-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chotiner arranged for stories in local papers alleging that Voorhis had been endorsed by "the PAC", hoping that voters would take that to mean the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">Political Action Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIO-PAC" title="CIO-PAC">CIO-PAC</a>). The CIO was a labor federation which later merged with the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL-CIO</a>. It had been organized in 1943 and took left-wing stands; its PAC was seen as a communist front organization by some. A second PAC, the National Citizen's Political Action Committee (NCPAC) was also affiliated with the CIO, but was open to those outside the labor movement. Among the 1946 members of the NCPAC were actors <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Douglas" title="Melvyn Douglas">Melvyn Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both PACs had been headed by the late labor leader, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hillman" title="Sidney Hillman">Sidney Hillman</a>, and the two organizations shared office space in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBochin199015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the CIO's national leadership decried communism; some of the local CIO-PAC branches were dominated by Communist Party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199952_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199952-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIO-PAC, which had endorsed Voorhis in 1944, refused to back him again. The Southern California chapter of the NCPAC endorsed Voorhis on April 1, 1946. Chotiner's strategy was to conflate the two PACs in the public eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nourished by the PAC controversy, the Republican campaign gained new life as Nixon returned to the <a href="/wiki/Lecture_circuit" title="Lecture circuit">lecture circuit</a>. After Nixon spoke to a <a href="/wiki/Lions_Clubs_International" title="Lions Clubs International">Lions Club</a> meeting on May 1, a worried Voorhis supporter wrote to the congressman, "He carried the group by storm. He is dangerous. You will have the fight of your life to beat him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990294_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990294-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary was held on June 4, 1946. Both Voorhis and Nixon won his own party's primary, with Voorhis garnering a considerable number of votes in the Republican poll. When all the votes from all primaries were added together, Voorhis outpolled Nixon by 7,000 votes. Voorhis's total percentage of the vote decreased from 60% in the 1944 primaries to 53.5% in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195945_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195945-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoeppel survived the write-in campaign to advance to the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan194617-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic">Democratic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>1946 California's 12th district Democratic primary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan194617-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col">Votes </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">Jerry Voorhis (incumbent, San Dimas) </td> <td style="text-align: right;font-weight:bold;">25,048 </td> <td style="text-align: right;font-weight:bold;">79.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Richard Nixon (Whittier) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,077 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">William Kinnett (Monterey Park) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.83 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>31,325 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00 </b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republican">Republican</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>1946 California's 12th district Republican primary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan194617-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col">Votes </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">Richard Nixon </td> <td style="text-align: right;font-weight:bold;">24,397 </td> <td style="text-align: right;font-weight:bold;">64.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jerry Voorhis </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">William Kinnett </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,532 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>38,064 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00 </b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>1946 California's 12th district Prohibition Party primary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan194617-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col">Votes </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">John Hoeppel (Alhambra) </td> <td style="text-align: right;font-weight:bold;">139 </td> <td style="text-align: right;font-weight:bold;">60.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jerry Voorhis (write in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.57 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>230 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00 </b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_election">General election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voorhisplate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Voorhisplate.jpg/170px-Voorhisplate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Voorhisplate.jpg/255px-Voorhisplate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Voorhisplate.jpg/340px-Voorhisplate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>License plate attachment promoting Voorhis's candidacy</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a two-week vacation in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> after the primary, Nixon returned to the 12th district. The Republican began the general election campaign by replacing Roy Day with <a href="/wiki/South_Pasadena,_California" title="South Pasadena, California">South Pasadena</a> engineer Harrison McCall as campaign manager. As Chotiner was increasingly distracted by his position as Southern California campaign manager for the (successful) reelection bid of Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">William Knowland</a>, the Nixon campaign added publicist William Arnold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis, on the other hand, remained in Washington, dealing with Congressional business and generating little publicity. He corresponded with his father and with his campaign manager, Jack Long, by letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990304–305_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990304–305-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis hoped to return to California in mid-August but while returning from Washington in August, he was forced to have surgery for <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">hemorrhoids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Utah" title="Ogden, Utah">Ogden, Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199967_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199967-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis spent two weeks in an Ogden hotel recuperating from the operation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990305_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990305-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not return to the district until the end of August. Voorhis wrote later, "I can't say I was exactly 'ready for the fray'. But the 'fray' was certainly ready for me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947333_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947333-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Pasadena_debate">South Pasadena debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Pasadena debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nixon did not reply to Voorhis's April debate proposal. In May, the congressman wrote to Long as Nixon's campaign initially made the alleged PAC endorsement an issue. Voorhis suggested that Nixon be challenged to debates as a matter of urgency. Long responded in June, saying that though Nixon was known as a champion debater during his Whittier College days, "with your age and experience the general public might not take kindly to your challenging a boy like Nixon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long advised awaiting a challenge from Nixon. By August, the two campaigns had settled on a debate to be held before a veteran's group in Whittier on September 20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the "Independent Voters of South Pasadena" (IVSP), headed by future Voorhis biographer Paul Bullock,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199969_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199969-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced a September 13 town meeting on campaign issues at <a href="/wiki/South_Pasadena_Unified_School_District" title="South Pasadena Unified School District">South Pasadena Junior High School</a>. The IVSP's actual purpose in having the meeting was to get a vulnerable Republican assemblyman (who declined his invitation) to debate his Democratic rival, but Senate and 12th district Republican and Democratic candidates were invited. Given that the debate sponsors were liberals, some of Nixon's aides advised him to refuse, but he overrode them. Voorhis also accepted; when it was suggested to him later he should have sent a spokesman, he responded, "I suppose so, but I just couldn't bring myself to refuse."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Senate candidates declined their invitations, with Senator Knowland sending Chotiner in his place, while Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers_Jr." title="Will Rogers Jr.">Will Rogers, Jr.</a> sent Representative <a href="/wiki/Chester_E._Holifield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester E. Holifield">Chester E. Holifield</a> of the neighboring 19th district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Pasadena_Middle_School_(28_July_2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A school building with clock tower. An announcement board "South Pasadena Middle School" is visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/South_Pasadena_Middle_School_%2828_July_2009%29.jpg/170px-South_Pasadena_Middle_School_%2828_July_2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/South_Pasadena_Middle_School_%2828_July_2009%29.jpg/255px-South_Pasadena_Middle_School_%2828_July_2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/South_Pasadena_Middle_School_%2828_July_2009%29.jpg/340px-South_Pasadena_Middle_School_%2828_July_2009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Pasadena_Unified_School_District" title="South Pasadena Unified School District">South Pasadena Middle School</a> (formerly South Pasadena Junior High School)</figcaption></figure> <p>The town meeting attracted a packed crowd of over a thousand, with Nixon supporters distributing anti-Voorhis literature at the door. The Senate proxies spoke first for their candidates, followed by Voorhis. Nixon, who had notified organizers that he would be late due to another commitment, arrived during Voorhis's speech, and remained backstage until the congressman had completed his talk. He then came onstage, shook hands with Voorhis, and delivered a fifteen-minute address. A question-and-answer period then followed, with a Nixon supporter asking Voorhis about his onetime Socialist registration, and about his views on monetary policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the representative responded, a Voorhis supporter asked Nixon why he was making "false charges" about the supposed Voorhis CIO-PAC endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Nixon reached into his pocket and pulled out a copy of a Southern California NCPAC bulletin mentioning the group's endorsement of Voorhis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congressman was unaware of the endorsement; those of his aides in the know had "completely forgotten" to tell him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon walked halfway across the stage and displayed it to Voorhis, asking him to read it for himself. Voorhis came from his seat and took it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (according to Bullock, who served as timekeeper at the debate) "mumbled" that this seemed to be a different organization from the CIO-PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon reclaimed the document, and began to read out names of the members of the boards of directors of the two groups, "It's the same thing, virtually, when they have the same directors."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crowd began to cheer Nixon, who later wrote, "I could tell by the audience reaction that I had made my point", and to jeer Voorhis, who wrote, "They'd boo and laugh at my remarks, and this disturbed me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the midst of the turmoil, Prohibition Party candidate Hoeppel came down the aisle (according to Bullock, possibly drunk)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demanded to know why he had been excluded from the debate. He was permitted to ask one question, of Voorhis, and the evening ended. According to Bullock, "the magnitude of Nixon's triumph did not immediately dawn on us."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressman Holifield had grasped it, and when Voorhis asked him, "How did it go?" he responded, "Jerry, he cut you to pieces."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_debates">Additional debates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Additional debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monrhs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stately old school building with a clock tower, seen across a large green lawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monrhs.JPG/170px-Monrhs.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monrhs.JPG/255px-Monrhs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monrhs.JPG/340px-Monrhs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Monrovia High School, site of the fourth Nixon–Voorhis debate</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 19, Voorhis wired the NCPAC's Los Angeles and New York offices, requesting that "whatever qualified endorsement the Citizens PAC may have given me be withdrawn".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, newspapers across the district had printed Nixon's charges, along with a Nixon advertisement castigating Voorhis for allegedly accusing Nixon of lying about the PAC endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nixon biographer <a href="/wiki/Roger_Morris_(American_writer)" title="Roger Morris (American writer)">Roger Morris</a>, the repudiation of NCPAC endorsements did not help Voorhis, as his actions "would seem to many a half-guilty shedding of sinister backing he never had. To the end, as Chotiner had calculated, the PACs were hopelessly entangled."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nixon campaign distributed 25,000 thimbles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> labeled "Nixon for Congress/Put the needle in the P.A.C."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990314_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990314-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second debate was held at Patriotic Hall in Whittier on September 20. As the debate was sponsored by the Whittier Ex-Servicemen's Association, attendance was limited to veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199018_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBochin199018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candidates debated the best way of dealing with the postwar housing shortage. Voorhis favored restricting building of commercial structures to free up materials for housing, while Nixon urged the removal of all building restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199018_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBochin199018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nixon repeated his PAC allegations, Voorhis noted his request to the NCPAC, stating that he could not be held responsible for its actions. According to Morris, the debate ended as a draw, or perhaps even a Voorhis victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chotiner convinced Nixon that he needed to run an aggressive campaign to the end, and McCall challenged the Voorhis campaign to as many as eight additional debates, of which three were actually held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thim1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An off-white thimble, with the visible black lettering, "NIXON/Put the ne ..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Thim1946.jpg/100px-Thim1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Thim1946.jpg/150px-Thim1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Thim1946.jpg/200px-Thim1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Nixon campaign thimble, 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>The debates captured the interest of the public in the district and attracted large crowds. The candidates were compared to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">famously debated</a> in their 1858 senatorial campaign, and bands played marches as each candidate entered the venue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199018_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBochin199018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two candidates' third meeting was held at <a href="/wiki/Bridges_Auditorium" title="Bridges Auditorium">Bridges Auditorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_California" title="Claremont, California">Claremont</a> on October 11. Voorhis was, by his own admission, "awfully tired".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candidates discussed labor policy, and Nixon "scored" by detailing a policy for dealing with public strikes that Voorhis too late realized was taken from a bill he had drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon took Voorhis aside after the debate and lambasted him for addressing him as "Lieutenant Commander Nixon", accusing him of pandering to former enlisted men's dislike of officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixonflyer1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an election handout urging Nixon's election" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nixonflyer1946.jpg/225px-Nixonflyer1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nixonflyer1946.jpg/338px-Nixonflyer1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nixonflyer1946.jpg/450px-Nixonflyer1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Flyer for the Nixon campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fourth debate, on October 23 at <a href="/wiki/Monrovia_High_School" title="Monrovia High School">Monrovia High School</a>, Nixon attacked Voorhis's congressional record. The challenger alleged that in the previous four years, Voorhis only had been able to pass a single bill through Congress and into law. The bill in question transferred jurisdiction over rabbit farming from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199978_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199978-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon chided, "One has to be a rabbit to get effective representation in this congressional district."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis responded that he had sponsored an act to employ the physically handicapped, but Nixon stated that it was not a law, but a <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199978_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199978-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon restated his allegation regarding Voorhis and the PAC; Voorhis retorted that he had repudiated the NCPAC endorsement. Nixon parried with a comment that Voorhis's voting record "earned him the endorsement, whether he wanted it or not".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988134_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988134-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon also contended that in 46 votes, Voorhis had almost entirely followed the CIO-PAC agenda. Distraught, Voorhis stayed up until 4 am studying the votes Nixon had taxed him with. He concluded that due to duplications, there were actually only 27 roll calls in question, on many of which he had opposed the CIO-PAC position. The congressman also found that the votes "friendly" to the CIO-PAC included one authorizing a school lunch program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199979_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199979-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final debate took place October 28 at the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California" title="San Gabriel, California">San Gabriel</a> Civic Auditorium, to an overflow crowd in excess of a thousand. Voorhis went on the attack, charging Nixon with misrepresenting the "46 votes" to avoid real debate and any discussion of where Nixon himself stood on issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199980–81_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199980–81-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican candidate stated that he was fighting for "the person on a pension trying to keep up with the rising cost of living  ... the white-collar worker who has not had a raise ... Americans have had enough, and they have come to the conclusion that they are going to do something."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon sat down to thunderous applause, and the <i>San Gabriel Sun</i> described Voorhis: "He pauses, breathes heavily, scans the audience with tired eyes, adjusts his glasses nervously with both hands, and then strikes the podium with an open hand."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days">Final days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front of a large auditorium in the Spanish Mission style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg/170px-San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg/255px-San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg/340px-San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>San Gabriel Civic Auditorium, site of the fifth Nixon–Voorhis debate</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid October, the Nixon campaign unveiled an advertisement which foreshadowed his run for Senate four years later. After stating that Nixon, at the South Pasadena debate, confronted the congressman with "a photostatic copy of his endorsement by the communist-dominated PAC", the ad stated, "Among the extreme left-wingers with whom Voorhis kept company in voting the PAC line are <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">Helen Gahagan Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a> ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990325_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990325-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 29, the <i>Alhambra Post-Advocate</i> and <i>Monrovia News-Post</i> printed identical pieces entitled "How Jerry and Vito voted", comparing the California congressman's voting record with that of Marcantonio, a leftist New York congressman. In 1950, a similar comparison between the voting record of Marcantonio and Democratic Senate nominee Douglas, printed on pink paper, came to be known as the "Pink Sheet".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nixon campaign continued to run newspaper ads touching on the PAC issue. One ad suggested <a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a> had urged the election of the CIO slate. Others touched on Voorhis's past registration as a Socialist, and stated that his congressional record "is more Socialistic and Communistic than Democratic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199979_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199979-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats brought <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a> and other prominent Democrats into the district to campaign for Voorhis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199979_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199979-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon proposed that his wartime acquaintance, former Minnesota Governor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> campaign for him. However, the candidate could not get permission from the California Republican committee for Stassen to visit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199975_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199975-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis publicized a letter he had received from the Republican governor, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, praising him for a disability insurance proposal he had made. Nixon supporters asked Warren for a letter praising Nixon, or at least a retraction of the Voorhis letter. Warren refused, saying that Voorhis deserved the compliment, and Nixon would not receive an endorsement. This conflict began a contentious relationship between Nixon and Warren which lasted until Warren's death shortly before Nixon's resignation as president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No polls had been taken during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197840_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197840-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On election night, Voorhis took an early lead in the vote count, but was soon overtaken by his challenger, whose margin increased as the night went on. Nixon defeated Voorhis by over 15,000 votes. The Republican won 19 of the 22 municipalities in the district, including Voorhis's home town of <a href="/wiki/San_Dimas,_California" title="San Dimas, California">San Dimas</a>. Voorhis won the Democratic strongholds of <a href="/wiki/El_Monte,_California" title="El Monte, California">El Monte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Park,_California" title="Monterey Park, California">Monterey Park</a>, as well as rural <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Park,_California" title="Baldwin Park, California">Baldwin Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Time</i> magazine's post-election issue came out in mid-November, and it praised the future president for "politely avoid[ing] personal attacks on his opponent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_2">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>California's 12th congressional district election, 1946<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf19473_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf19473-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>65,586 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>56.02 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">49,994 </td> <td style="text-align:right">42.70 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FF00FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Hoeppel" title="John H. Hoeppel">John Hoeppel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,476 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.26 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F8F9FA;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">Scattering</a> </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>117,069 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0 </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">Republican</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_analysis">Aftermath and analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidates">Candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day after the election, Voorhis issued a concession statement, wishing Nixon well in his new position, and stating: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I have given the best years of my life to serving this district in Congress. By the will of the people that work is ended. I have no regrets about the record I have written. I know the principles I have stood for and the measures I have fought for are right. I know, too, that, in broad outline at least, they are vital to the future safety and welfare of our country. I know the day will come when a lot more people will recognize this than was the case on November fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947346–347_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947346–347-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Former congressman Hoeppel, who gathered just over one percent of the vote, wrote Nixon after the election, stating that he had never expected to win, and that his purpose had been "to expose what I considered to be the alien-minded, un-American, PAC, Red, congressional record of the Democratic incumbent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199982–83_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199982–83-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite any hard feelings, Voorhis sent Nixon a letter of congratulations in early December 1946. Nixon and Voorhis met for an hour at Voorhis's office, and parted, according to Voorhis, as friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199984_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199984-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Voorhis said that the two had never spoken again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis's final letter as a congressman, written on December 31, was to his father, who had been his political adviser throughout his congressional career. Representative Voorhis wrote, "It has been primarily due to your help, your confidence, your advice ... above all to a feeling I have always had that your hand was on my shoulder. Thanks ... God bless you."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199984_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199984-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voorhis never ran again for political office, working as an executive in the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> movement for twenty years after his defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Voorhis_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Voorhis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoeppel continued as publisher and editor of <i>National Defense</i> magazine, a publication for veterans, until his 1960 retirement, and died in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_California" title="Arcadia, California">Arcadia</a> in 1976 at age 95.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Hoeppel_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Hoeppel-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Los_Angeles_Times''1976-09-22_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Los_Angeles_Times''1976-09-22-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon served two terms in the House, and in 1950 was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, continuing his political rise, which would lead him to the White House in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Nixon_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Nixon-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_issues">Historical issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of auditorium with large white pillars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg/220px-Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg/330px-Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg/440px-Bridges_Auditorium_front_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Bridges Auditorium (also known as Big Bridges Hall), Pomona College, Claremont, CA, site of the third Nixon–Voorhis debate</figcaption></figure> <p>The 12th district race of 1946 was little noticed at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Nixon became prominent, the 1946 race was scrutinized more closely. Nixon biographer Herbert Parmet noted, "Except for Nixon's subsequent reputation, what happened in California's Twelfth would have been indistinguishable from campaigns across the country to elect the Eightieth Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199097_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199097-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Jonathan Aitken</a>, also a biographer of Nixon, attributes the later scrutiny to "the unexpected toppling of a liberal icon and [the Democratic Party's] regret over the meteoric rise of the new Republican hero who won the seat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's defeat of Voorhis has been cited as the first of a number of red-baiting campaigns by the future president which elevated him to the House, the Senate, the Vice Presidency, and eventually put him in position to run for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis197223_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis197223-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon, in his 1978 memoir, stated that the central issue in the 1946 campaign was "the quality of life in postwar America",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197841_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197841-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he won because voters "had 'had enough,' and they decided to do something about it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197842_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197842-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis, in his 1947 memoir, indicated that the "most important single factor in the campaign of 1946 was the difference in general attitude between the 'outs' and the 'ins'. Anyone seeking to unseat an incumbent needed only to point out all the things that had gone wrong and all the trouble of the war period and its aftermath."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later years, Voorhis had more to say about the reasons for his defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199985_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199985-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, he alleged that voters had received anonymous phone calls saying that he was a communist, that newspapers had stated that he was a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow traveler</a>, and that when Nixon got angry, he would "do anything".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199985_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199985-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1962, after Nixon's defeat in the California gubernatorial race, Voorhis appeared on <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Smith" title="Howard K. Smith">Howard K. Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Smith:_News_and_Comment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard K. Smith: News and Comment (page does not exist)">News and Comment</a></i> program on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> in the episode entitled "The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon" and complained about the way Nixon had conducted himself in the 1946 race. Voorhis's appearance was overshadowed by the controversial participation of Nixon adversary <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988673_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988673-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, Voorhis authored a book, <i>The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon</i>, in which he stated that Nixon was "quite a ruthless opponent" whose "one cardinal and unbreakable rule of conduct" was "to win, whatever it takes to do it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, three years before his death, Voorhis denied in an interview that he had been endorsed by the NCPAC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs, Voorhis alleged that in October 1945, "a representative of a large New York financial house" journeyed to California to meet with a number of influential Californians and "bawl them out" for allowing Voorhis, whom the New Yorker supposedly described as "one of the most dangerous men in Washington", to remain in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an early draft of his memoir, Voorhis wrote that he had documentation showing that "the Nixon campaign was a creature of big eastern financial interests".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon biographer <a href="/wiki/Roger_Morris_(American_writer)" title="Roger Morris (American writer)">Roger Morris</a> suggested that the amount the Nixon campaign reported "was only a small fraction of what actually went into the campaign."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990337_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990337-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Morris, the Committee of One Hundred represented wealthy interests, and Nixon benefited from "the University Club ... the corporate levies, the vastly larger forces arrayed against Voorhis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990335_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990335-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon himself addressed this point in his memoir: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>As I moved up the political ladder, my adversaries tried to picture me as the hand-picked stooge of oil magnates, rich bankers, real estate tycoons and conservative millionaires. But a look at the list of my early supporters shows that they were typical representatives of the Southern California middle class: an auto dealer, a bank manager, a printing salesman, and a furniture dealer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197842_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197842-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Nixon biographer Irwin Gellman, writing in 1999, nine years after Morris, disagreed with the latter's conclusions. Gellman argued that the Committee was a "grassroots" group which was "far from sophisticated" in its efforts to find a candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199987_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199987-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parmet wrote that the campaign was not well financed, "Nixon had to learn that money would be scarce until he became a winner ... The Nixon campaign of 1946 <i>did</i> look like a shoestring affair."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet1990102_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet1990102-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aitken points out that Nixon spent no money on radio advertising during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other allegations center on Murray Chotiner, painting him as the evil genius of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199987_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199987-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhis, for example, in his 1972 book, deemed himself "the first victim of the Nixon-Chotiner formula for political success."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several writers, including Kenneth Kurz in his book, <i>Nixon's Enemies</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurz199849_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurz199849-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ingrid Scobie in her biography of Helen Douglas, <i>Center Stage</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobie1992245_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobie1992245-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe Chotiner incorrectly as Nixon's 1946 campaign manager. Part of this inflation is due to Chotiner himself, who, in later years, lost no opportunity to exaggerate his role in the 1946 race, to the annoyance of Day and McCall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199987_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199987-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nixon biographer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>, "Nevertheless, the legend grew. In the eyes of Nixon's critics, as a candidate he was merely a front man for Chotiner's evil manipulations. But it simply was not so."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988125_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988125-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of biographies on Nixon or Voorhis, or which otherwise touch on the 1946 campaign, state with varying degrees of certainty that during the final weekend of the campaign, anonymous calls were made to district households. The caller would ask "Did you know Jerry Voorhis is a communist?" and then hang up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990332_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990332-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bullock, there was a phone bank staffed by workers who had responded to a newspaper ad, run by the Nixon organization in Alhambra. Bullock cites as his source for this Zita Remley, a "Voorhis admirer", who stated that her niece had worked there.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the niece died before Bullock's book was written, according to Bullock, Remley's "reputation for veracity is unchallengeable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nixon spent most of 1946 campaigning in the district, and worked hard to extend his name recognition beyond his hometown of Whittier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988122_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988122-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, as Nixon ran for vice president, the <i>Madera News-Tribune</i> set forth its view of why Nixon beat Voorhis, "He rang doorbells, he talked on street corners and in auditoriums, he kissed babies, patted old ladies on the cheek, and otherwise made himself known wherever and whenever two people would stop and listen to him. He made friends with the press and radio, he went out of his way to be congenial and likable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullock indicated that regardless of the tactics used, Nixon would likely have beaten the incumbent given the national Republican tide that swept the party into power in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the primary, the Nixon campaign made determined efforts to woo the district's newspapers. The campaign targeted smaller papers, especially the small weekly newspapers that were distributed for free; Republican surveys found that these were widely read and trusted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon supporter and <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committeeman</a> from California McIntyre Faries arranged to buy ads on behalf of the Nixon campaign on condition that the newspaper run an editorial at its direction (most of the papers were, in any event, Republican in their outlook).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts paid off; 26 of the 30 newspapers serving the district endorsed Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993125_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1993125-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nixon biographer Morris, Voorhis was given no coverage in newspapers, or limited to small paid advertisements. The paper owners told the Voorhis campaign that, with the postwar paper shortage, space had to be saved for regular customers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990297_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990297-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voorhis's campaign, described by Bullock as "traditionally amateurish and poorly put together",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978268_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978268-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was slow to perceive the threat presented by Nixon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199988_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199988-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained continually on the defensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990322_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990322-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, in an article marking the 25th anniversary of the campaign, Voorhis acknowledged that "I never had much of an organization; frankly, there was no form to it. And we needed it badly in 1946."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same article, the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> described Voorhis's campaign as "undermanned, underfinanced, outgunned, outmaneuvered and he apparently was on the wrong side of most of the issues of the day".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His one avenue of outreach in the press was his newspaper column, <i>People's Business</i>, which ran in most local newspapers. In July 1946, Voorhis chose to suspend this column lest it be thought that he was using it as a means of campaigning. According to Gellman, this weakened Voorhis's political outreach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199968_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199968-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One blunder identified by Gellman was Voorhis's decision to debate Nixon, as it raised the challenger's profile to the same level as the incumbent's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was described by Morris as "quiet hubris".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon later stated, "In 1946, a damn fool incumbent named Jerry Voorhis debated a young unknown lawyer, and it cost him the election."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gellman itemized Voorhis's other errors: "He never established a viable Democratic organization; instead he relied on his father and friends to evaluate voters' likely habits. Rather than return to campaign in the primary when he recognized Nixon's attractiveness, he remained in the capital, allowing Nixon to court newspaper publishers and reporters as well as constituents who wanted to have firsthand contact with their congressional representative. Even when Voorhis returned to the district, he made one blunder after another."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199988_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199988-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ambrose summed up his chapter on the 1946 campaign: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>For Whittier and the 12th district, Nixon's first campaign produced the first Nixon haters and the first group of Nixon supporters. This was a consequence of his campaigning style and his penchant for polarizing his constituents over basic issues. The numbers of both groups would grow in the years ahead, until virtually everyone in the nation belonged to either one or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988140_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988140-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Explanatory notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 328. Some sources attribute this discussion to the fifth debate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">Helen Douglas</a>, in her memoir, <i>A Full Life</i>, mentions a Zita Remley as a paid staffer who put together a pamphlet for her, <i>Catholics for Douglas</i>. <a href="#CITEREFDouglas1982">Douglas 1982</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, p. 278. The Republicans kept a narrow majority in the House in the 1930 elections but lost it due to deaths, resignations, and subsequent special elections before the House convened in December 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 335–36. Nixon stated this at a 1960 campaign staff meeting when he indicated his opposition to debating John Kennedy, some weeks before he agreed to do so. <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam1979">Halberstam 1979</a>, pp. 328–29.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990286_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199092–93_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet1990">Parmet 1990</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197841-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197841_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197841_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1978">Nixon 1978</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990258–259-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990258–259_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195943-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195943_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195943_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazo1959">Mazo 1959</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990287_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199927–28_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978148-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978148_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1984-09-12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1984-09-12_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1984-09-12">Fowler & 1984-09-12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199091–92_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet1990">Parmet 1990</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlhambra_''Tribune_and_News''1945-10-18-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlhambra_''Tribune_and_News''1945-10-18_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlhambra_Tribune_and_News1945-10-18">Alhambra <i>Tribune and News</i> & 1945-10-18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990273_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonrovia_''News_Post''1945-10-06-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonrovia_''News_Post''1945-10-06_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonrovia_News_Post1945-10-06">Monrovia <i>News Post</i> & 1945-10-06</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1945-10-15-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1945-10-15_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1945-10-15">Voorhis & 1945-10-15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990276-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990276_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990280–281-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990280–281_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990282-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990282_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195944-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195944_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazo1959">Mazo 1959</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1946-11-18_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTime1946-11-18"><i>Time</i> & 1946-11-18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978243–244-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978243–244_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, pp. 243–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199940-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199940_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990285-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990285_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947332-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947332_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1947">Voorhis 1947</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199943–44_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199947-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199947_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978116-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978116_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1946-03-27-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1946-03-27_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1946-03-27">Voorhis & 1946-03-27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199945-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199945_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291–292-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990291–292_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon1974-01-31-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydon1974-01-31_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLydon1974-01-31">Lydon & 1974-01-31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990293–294_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBochin199015-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199015_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBochin1990">Bochin 1990</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199952-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199952_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990294-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990294_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazo195945-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazo195945_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazo1959">Mazo 1959</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan194617-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan194617_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan1946">Jordan 1946</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990315–316_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990304–305-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990304–305_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199967-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199967_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990305-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990305_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947333-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947333_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1947">Voorhis 1947</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199969-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199969_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990318–319_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978260–262_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, pp. 260–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990320–321_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, pp. 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990314-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990314_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBochin199018-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199018_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199018_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBochin199018_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBochin1990">Bochin 1990</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990327_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199978-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199978_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199978_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988134-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988134_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1988">Ambrose 1988</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199979-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199979_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199979_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199979_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199980–81-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199980–81_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990331_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990325-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990325_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199975-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199975_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199975–77_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197840-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197840_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1978">Nixon 1978</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf19473-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf19473_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraf1947">Graf 1947</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947346–347-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947346–347_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1947">Voorhis 1947</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199982–83-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199982–83_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199984-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199984_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199984_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelye1971-07-21_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeelye1971-07-21">Seelye & 1971-07-21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Voorhis-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Voorhis_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBioguide,_Voorhis"><i>Bioguide</i>, Voorhis</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Hoeppel-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Hoeppel_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBioguide,_Hoeppel"><i>Bioguide</i>, Hoeppel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Los_Angeles_Times''1976-09-22-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Los_Angeles_Times''1976-09-22_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Los_Angeles_Times1976-09-22"><i>The Los Angeles Times</i> & 1976-09-22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Nixon-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bioguide'',_Nixon_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBioguide,_Nixon"><i>Bioguide</i>, Nixon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993130_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken1993">Aitken 1993</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet199097-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet199097_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet1990">Parmet 1990</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis197223-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis197223_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1972">Voorhis 1972</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197842-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197842_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197842_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1978">Nixon 1978</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis1947334_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1947">Voorhis 1947</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199985-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199985_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199985_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988673-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988673_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1988">Ambrose 1988</a>, p. 673.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorhis19729_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoorhis1972">Voorhis 1972</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990336_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990337-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990337_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990335-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990335_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199987-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199987_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199987_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199987_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet1990102-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet1990102_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet1990">Parmet 1990</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurz199849-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurz199849_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurz1998">Kurz 1998</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobie1992245-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobie1992245_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScobie1992">Scobie 1992</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988125-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988125_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1988">Ambrose 1988</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990332-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990332_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978277_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988122-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988122_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1988">Ambrose 1988</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman1999452_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990296_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1993125-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1993125_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken1993">Aitken 1993</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990297-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990297_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1978268-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1978268_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1978">Bullock 1978</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199988-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199988_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199988_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1990322-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1990322_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman199968-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman199968_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman1999">Gellman 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988140-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1988140_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1988">Ambrose 1988</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAitken1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Aitken, Jonathan</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonlife00aitk"><i>Nixon: A Life</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-489-3"><bdi>978-0-89526-489-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-489-3&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonlife00aitk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen</a> (1988). <i>Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-65722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-65722-2"><bdi>978-0-671-65722-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+The+Education+of+a+Politician%2C+1913%E2%80%931962&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-671-65722-2&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochin1990" class="citation book cs1">Bochin, Hal (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonrhet00boch"><i>Richard Nixon: Rhetorical Strategist</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26108-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26108-4"><bdi>978-0-313-26108-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon%3A+Rhetorical+Strategist&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26108-4&rft.aulast=Bochin&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardnixonrhet00boch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1978" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Paul (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5GZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Jerry Voorhis: The Idealist as Politician</i></a>. Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-533-03120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-533-03120-7"><bdi>978-0-533-03120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerry+Voorhis%3A+The+Idealist+as+Politician&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-533-03120-7&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5GZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1982" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Helen Gahagan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fulllife00doug"><i>A Full Life</i></a>. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-11045-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-11045-7"><bdi>978-0-385-11045-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7796719">7796719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Full+Life&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7796719&rft.isbn=978-0-385-11045-7&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Helen+Gahagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffulllife00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellman1999" class="citation book cs1">Gellman, Irwin (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contenderrichard00gellrich"><i>The Contender</i></a></span>. The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7255-8"><bdi>978-1-4165-7255-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contender&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-7255-8&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontenderrichard00gellrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1979). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powers_That_Be_(book)" title="The Powers That Be (book)">The Powers That Be</a></i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06941-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06941-3"><bdi>978-0-252-06941-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Powers+That+Be&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06941-3&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurz1998" class="citation book cs1">Kurz, Kenneth (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonsenemies0000kurz"><i>Nixon's Enemies</i></a></span>. Lowell House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonsenemies0000kurz/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7373-0000-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7373-0000-0"><bdi>978-0-7373-0000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%27s+Enemies&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Lowell+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7373-0000-0&rft.aulast=Kurz&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonsenemies0000kurz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazo1959" class="citation book cs1">Mazo, Earl (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonpoli00mazo"><i>Richard Nixon: A Political and Personal Portrait</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon%3A+A+Political+and+Personal+Portrait&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Mazo&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardnixonpoli00mazo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Morris_(American_writer)" title="Roger Morris (American writer)">Morris, Roger</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw8_HAAACAAJ"><i>Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1834-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-1834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Milhous+Nixon%3A+The+Rise+of+an+American+Politician&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-1834-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUw8_HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon, Richard</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rnmemoirsofricha00nixo"><i>RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Grosset and Dunlop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70741-5"><bdi>978-0-671-70741-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Grosset+and+Dunlop&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-671-70741-5&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frnmemoirsofricha00nixo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmet1990" class="citation book cs1">Parmet, Herbert (1990). <i>Richard Nixon and His America</i>. Konecky & Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-082-7"><bdi>978-1-56852-082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon+and+His+America&rft.pub=Konecky+%26+Konecky&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-56852-082-7&rft.aulast=Parmet&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScobie1992" class="citation book cs1">Scobie, Ingrid (1992). <i>Center Stage: Helen Gahagan Douglas</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506896-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506896-2"><bdi>978-0-19-506896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Center+Stage%3A+Helen+Gahagan+Douglas&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506896-2&rft.aulast=Scobie&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhis1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Voorhis, Jerry</a> (1947). <i>Confessions of a Congressman</i>. The Country Life Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+a+Congressman&rft.pub=The+Country+Life+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Voorhis&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhis1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Voorhis, Jerry</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGGJGAAACAAJ"><i>The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon</i></a>. Popular Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8397-7917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8397-7917-9"><bdi>978-0-8397-7917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Case+of+Richard+Milhous+Nixon&rft.pub=Popular+Library&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8397-7917-9&rft.aulast=Voorhis&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGGJGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Other sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhambra_Tribune_and_News1945-10-18" class="citation news cs1">"A step in the wrong direction". <i>Alhambra Tribune and News</i>. October 18, 1945. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alhambra+Tribune+and+News&rft.atitle=A+step+in+the+wrong+direction&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1945-10-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBioguide,_Hoeppel" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000677">"Hoeppel, John Henry"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Hoeppel%2C+John+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBioguide,_Nixon" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000116">"Nixon, Richard Milhous"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Nixon%2C+Richard+Milhous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DN000116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBioguide,_Voorhis" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000118">"Voorhis, Horace Jeremiah (Jerry)"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Voorhis%2C+Horace+Jeremiah+%28Jerry%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DV000118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf1947" class="citation web cs1">Graf, William (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1946election.pdf">"Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1946"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Government Printing Office. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Congressional+Election+of+November+5%2C+1946&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1946election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1984-09-12" class="citation news cs1">Fowler, Glenn (September 12, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F20611F93B5C0C718DDDA00894DC484D81">"Jerry Voorhis, '46 Nixon foe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jerry+Voorhis%2C+%2746+Nixon+foe&rft.date=1984-09-12&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Frestricted%2Farticle%3Fres%3DF20611F93B5C0C718DDDA00894DC484D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1946" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Frank (1946). "Primary Election, June 4, 1946". <i>State of California Statement of Vote</i>. California State Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+of+California+Statement+of+Vote&rft.atitle=Primary+Election%2C+June+4%2C+1946&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Los_Angeles_Times1976-09-22" class="citation news cs1">"Ex-Rep. Hoeppel, veterans affairs activist, dies at 95". <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. September 22, 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Rep.+Hoeppel%2C+veterans+affairs+activist%2C+dies+at+95&rft.date=1976-09-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydon1974-01-31" class="citation news cs1">Lydon, Christopher (January 31, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0B16F73E5B1A7493C3AA178AD85F408785F9">"Murray Chotiner, Nixon mentor dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Murray+Chotiner%2C+Nixon+mentor+dies&rft.date=1974-01-31&rft.aulast=Lydon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DFA0B16F73E5B1A7493C3AA178AD85F408785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeasuringWorth" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/">"Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present"</a>. MeasuringWorth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+U.S.+Dollar+Amount%2C+1774+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fuscompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span> (Consumer bundle)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonrovia_News_Post1945-10-06" class="citation news cs1">"Dexter seems favored by Republicans". <i>Monrovia News Post</i>. October 6, 1945. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monrovia+News+Post&rft.atitle=Dexter+seems+favored+by+Republicans&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1945-10-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye1971-07-21" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Howard (July 21, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191506/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/display_pdf.pdf?filename=%2Fshare4%2Fpqimage%2Fhnirs102%2F20090721103053527%2F6843%2Fout.pdf">"Voorhis recalls Nixon's entry into politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/display_pdf.pdf?filename=/share4/pqimage/hnirs102/20090721103053527/6843/out.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Voorhis+recalls+Nixon%27s+entry+into+politics&rft.date=1971-07-21&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Fdisplay_pdf.pdf%3Ffilename%3D%2Fshare4%2Fpqimage%2Fhnirs102%2F20090721103053527%2F6843%2Fout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime1946-11-18" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219230224/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777278,00.html">"New faces in the House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. November 18, 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777278,00.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=New+faces+in+the+House&rft.date=1946-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C777278%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhis1945-10-15" class="citation journal cs1">Voorhis, Jerry (October 15, 1945). "October 15, 1945 letter to Charles B. Voorhis". <i>Box 109, Voorhis Archives</i>. Hannold-Mudd Library, Claremont, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Box+109%2C+Voorhis+Archives&rft.atitle=October+15%2C+1945+letter+to+Charles+B.+Voorhis&rft.date=1945-10-15&rft.aulast=Voorhis&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhis1946-03-27" class="citation journal cs1">Voorhis, Jerry (March 27, 1946). "March 27, 1946 letter to V. R. (Jack) Long". <i>Box 30, Voorhis Archives</i>. Hannold-Mudd Library, Claremont, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Box+30%2C+Voorhis+Archives&rft.atitle=March+27%2C+1946+letter+to+V.+R.+%28Jack%29+Long&rft.date=1946-03-27&rft.aulast=Voorhis&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1946+California%27s+12th+congressional+district+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/1946_United_States_elections" title="1946 United States elections">1946 United States elections</a>   (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_elections" title="1948 United States elections">→ 1948</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1946 United States Senate elections">U.S.<br />Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama" title="1946 United States Senate special election in Alabama">Alabama (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="1946 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate special election in California">California (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Connecticut" title="1946 United States Senate elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate special election in Connecticut">Connecticut (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1946 United States Senate election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1946 United States Senate election in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate special election in Idaho">Idaho (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1946 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Kentucky" title="1946 United States Senate special election in Kentucky">Kentucky (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1946 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1946 United States Senate election in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1946 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan" title="1946 United States Senate election in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1946 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1946 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1946 United States Senate election in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana" title="1946 United States Senate election in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1946 United States Senate election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1946 United States Senate election in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1946 United States Senate special election in North Dakota">North Dakota (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Ohio" title="1946 United States Senate elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate special election in Ohio">Ohio (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1946 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee" title="1946 United States Senate election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1946 United States Senate election in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="1946 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1946 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia" title="1946 United States Senate special election in Virginia">Virginia (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Washington" title="1946 United States Senate election in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1946 United States Senate election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming" title="1946 United States Senate election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">U.S.<br />House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in California">California</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1946 United States gubernatorial elections">State<br />governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Arkansas gubernatorial election">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 California gubernatorial election">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Colorado gubernatorial election">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Georgia gubernatorial election">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Minnesota_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election">Lt. Gov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Nebraska gubernatorial election">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nebraska_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Nebraska lieutenant gubernatorial election">Lt. Gov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Nevada gubernatorial election">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 New Mexico gubernatorial election">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_York_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 New York gubernatorial election">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 South Carolina gubernatorial election">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_South_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 South Dakota gubernatorial election">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Wyoming_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Wyoming gubernatorial election">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_state_legislature_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1946 state legislature elections in the United States">State<br />legislatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Iowa_Senate_election" title="1946 Iowa Senate election">Iowa Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_United_States_mayoral_elections" title="Category:1946 United States mayoral elections">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Orleans_mayoral_election" title="1946 New Orleans mayoral election">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Nixon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Nixon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1969–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&oldid=1225553155">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election&oldid=1225553155</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="Category:United States House of Representatives elections in California">United States House of Representatives elections in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_California_elections" title="Category:1946 California elections">1946 California elections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Category:1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Anti-communism in the United States">Anti-communism in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 May 2024, at 05:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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