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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CP_violation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 CP violation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CP_violation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D–D_oscillations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D–D_oscillations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 D–D oscillations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D–D_oscillations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">D meson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_D" title="Mesó D – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesó D" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Meson" title="D-Meson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="D-Meson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3n_D" title="Mesón D – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesón D" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9son_D" title="Méson D – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méson D" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%9E%90" title="디 중간자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디 중간자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_mezon" title="D mezon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="D mezon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesone_D" title="Mesone D – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesone D" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_D" title="מזון D – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזון D" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="D-мезон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="D-мезон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%AD%90" title="D中間子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="D中間子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-meson" title="D-meson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="D-meson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon_D" title="Mezon D – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezon D" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9son_D" title="Méson D – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Méson D" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="D-мезон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="D-мезон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon_D" title="Mezon D – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezon D" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particle in physics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">D meson</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D+ : c d </li> <li> D− : d c </li> <li> D0 : c u </li> <li> D0 : u c </li> <li> D+ s: c s </li> <li> D− s: s c </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosonic">Bosonic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interaction">electromagnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"> D+ , D− , D0 , D0 , D+ s, D− s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticle</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D+ : D− </li> <li> D0 : D0 </li> <li> D+ s: D− s</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLAC">SLAC</a> (1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D± : 1869.62±0.20 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a></li> <li> D0 , D0 : 1864.84±0.17 MeV/c2</li> <li> D± s: 1968.47±0.33 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">Mean lifetime</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D± : (1.040±0.007)×10−12</li> <li> D0 , D0 : (4.101±0.015)×10−13</li> <li> D± s: (5.00±0.07)×10−13</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D± , D± s: ±1 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a></li> <li> D0 , D0 : 0 e</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">Strangeness</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D± , D0 , D0 : 0</li> <li> D± s: ±1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">Charm</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li> D+ , D0 : +<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/2⁠</li> <li> D− , D0 : −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠</li> <li> D± s: 0</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">Parity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−1</td></tr></tbody></table> The D mesons are the lightest particle containing <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quarks</a>. They are often studied to gain knowledge on the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strange</a> D <a href="/wiki/Mesons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesons">mesons</a> (Ds) were called "F mesons" prior to 1986.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The D mesons were discovered in 1976 by the <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_(detector)" title="Mark I (detector)">Mark I</a> detector at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Linear Accelerator Center">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Since the D mesons are the lightest mesons containing a single charm <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> (or antiquark), they must change the charm (anti)quark into an (anti)quark of another type to decay. Such transitions involve a change of the internal <a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">charm quantum number</a>, and can take place only via the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>. In D mesons, the charm quark preferentially changes into a strange quark via an exchange of a <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W particle</a>, therefore the D meson preferentially decays into <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">kaons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K </a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π </a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_D_mesons">List of D mesons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of D mesons">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>D mesons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Particle name </th> <th>Particle symbol </th> <th>Antiparticle symbol </th> <th class="unsortable">Quark content<a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarkmodel-4">[4]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">Rest mass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">MeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">c</a>2) </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">I</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">S</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">C</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">B'</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">Mean lifetime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>) </th> <th class="unsortable">Commonly decays to (>5% of decays) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Charged D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD+-5">[5]</a> </td> <td> D+ </td> <td> D− </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark"> d </a> </td> <td>1869.62±0.20 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(1.040±0.007)×10−12 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neutral D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD0-7">[7]</a> </td> <td> D0 </td> <td> D0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark"> u </a> </td> <td>1864.84±0.17 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(4.101±0.015)×10−13 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strange D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGDs-9">[9]</a> </td> <td> D+ s </td> <td> D− s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>1968.47±0.33 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(5.00±0.07)×10−13 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excited charged D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD*+-11">[11]</a> </td> <td> D∗+ (2010) </td> <td> D∗− (2010) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark"> d </a> </td> <td>2010.27±0.17 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(6.9±1.9)×10−21<a href="#endnote_Lifetime">‡</a> </td> <td> D0 + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> or D+ + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excited neutral D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD*0-12">[12]</a> </td> <td> D∗0 (2007) </td> <td> D∗0 (2007) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark"> u </a> </td> <td>2006.97±0.19 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>>3.1×10−22<a href="#endnote_Lifetime">‡</a> </td> <td> D0 + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> or D0 + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr></tbody></table> ‡ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_Lifetime">^</a> PDG reports the resonance width <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~\left(\Gamma \right)~.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~\left(\Gamma \right)~.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5314e0cf61b0b284de9b771fedd57733765c733c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.844ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~\left(\Gamma \right)~.}"> Here the conversion <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;\tau ={\frac {\hbar }{\Gamma }}\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;\tau ={\frac {\hbar }{\Gamma }}\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7dade092e0bee63bcb53a6a75779a8f627884f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.88ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;\tau ={\frac {\hbar }{\Gamma }}\;}"> is given instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CP_violation">CP violation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CP violation">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, an analysis by the <a href="/wiki/LHCb_experiment" title="LHCb experiment">LHCb experiment</a> reported the first observation of <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a> in the decays of the neutral D0 meson, with a significance of over five <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard deviations">standard deviations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The results of a subsequent data analysis by the same collaboration was presented in 2022, which announced that they found evidence of direct <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a> in the decay of the D0 meson into <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D–D_oscillations"> D – D oscillations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D–D oscillations">edit</a>]</div> In 2021 it was confirmed with a significance of more than seven <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard deviations">standard deviations</a>, that the neutral D0 meson spontaneously transforms into its own antiparticle and back. This phenomenon is called <a href="/wiki/Neutral_particle_oscillation" title="Neutral particle oscillation">flavor oscillation</a> and was prior known to exist in the neutral <a href="/wiki/K_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="K meson">K meson</a> and <a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">List of mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">List of particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNave,_G.2016" class="citation web cs1">Nave, G., ed. 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Decay modes. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ED%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%26plusmn%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.series=Decay+modes&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Amsler&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2008%2Flistings%2Fs031.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD0-7"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD0_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsler2008" class="citation web cs1">Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s032.pdf">" D0 "</a> (PDF). Particle listings. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ED%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E0%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.series=Particle+listings&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Amsler&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2008%2Flistings%2Fs032.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsler2008" class="citation web cs1">Amsler, C.; et al. 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Particle listings. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ED%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%26plusmn%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3Es%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.series=Particle+listings&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2010%2Flistings%2Frpp2010-list-Ds-plus-minus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2010" class="citation web cs1">Nakamura, N.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2010/listings/rpp2010-list-Ds-plus-minus.pdf">" D+ s"</a> (PDF). Decay modes. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ED%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3Es%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.series=Decay+modes&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2010%2Flistings%2Frpp2010-list-Ds-plus-minus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD*+-11"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD*+_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsler2008" class="citation web cs1">Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m062.pdf">" D∗± "</a> (PDF). 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Physical Review Letters. 122 (21): 211803. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.08726">1903.08726</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhRvL.122u1803A">2019PhRvL.122u1803A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.122.211803">10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.211803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31283320">31283320</a>. 1903.08726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+CP+Violation+in+Charm+Decays&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=211803&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1903.08726&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31283320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.122.211803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PhRvL.122u1803A&rft.au=Aaij%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaij,_R.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Aaij, R.; et al. (LHCb collaboration) (29 August 2023) [9 September 2022]. "Measurement of the Time-Integrated CP Asymmetry in D0 -> KK Decays". Physical Review Letters. 131 (9): 091802. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.03179">2209.03179</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.131.091802">10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.091802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37721849">37721849</a>. 1903.08726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+Time-Integrated+CP+Asymmetry+in+D0+-%3E+KK+Decays&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=091802&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2209.03179&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37721849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.131.091802&rft.au=Aaij%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaij,_R.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Aaij, R.; et al. (LHCb collaboration) (14 September 2021) [7 June 2021]. "Observation of the mass difference between neutral charm-meson eigenstates". Physical Review Letters. 127 (11): 111801. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03744">2106.03744</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PhRvL.127k1801A">2021PhRvL.127k1801A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.127.111801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.111801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34558945">34558945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235358523">235358523</a>. 2106.03744. <q>Published 2021 in Physical Review Letters 127, 111801. Report numbers: LHCb-PAPER-2021-009, CERN-EP-2021-099.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+the+mass+difference+between+neutral+charm-meson+eigenstates&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=111801&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235358523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PhRvL.127k1801A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2106.03744&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34558945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.127.111801&rft.au=Aaij%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD+meson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td 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href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_composite_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical composite particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold way</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">Massless particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_particle" title="Relativistic particle">Relativistic particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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