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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p><b>Churnalism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term for a form of journalism in which instead of original reported news, pre-packaged material such as <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press releases</a> or stories provided by <a href="/wiki/News_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="News agencies">news agencies</a> are used to create articles in newspapers and other news media.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose is to reduce cost by reducing original news-gathering and checking sources<sup id="cite_ref-SJ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to counter revenue lost with the rise of Internet news and decline in advertising, with a particularly steep fall in late 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-greens_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the word has been credited to <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> journalist Waseem Zakir. Churnalism is a portmanteau of "churn" and "journalism", referring to the perceived "churning out" of content by the press.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcup_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churnalism has increased to the point that many stories found in the press are not original.<sup id="cite_ref-greens_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Prevalence"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Prevalence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Economic_causes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic causes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Speed"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Speed</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Combating_churnalism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Combating churnalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth_News_(book)" title="Flat Earth News (book)">Flat Earth News</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_FlatEarth_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_FlatEarth_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British journalist <a href="/wiki/Nick_Davies" title="Nick Davies">Nick Davies</a> reported a study at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Lewis_(media_scholar)" title="Justin Lewis (media scholar)">Justin Lewis</a> and a team of researchers<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which found that 80% of the stories in Britain's quality press were not original and that only 12% of stories were generated by <a href="/wiki/Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporter">reporters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SJ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is a reduction of quality and accuracy, as the articles are open to manipulation and distortion. </p><p>A 2016 study of 1.8 million articles published by the U.S. and international editions of the <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a> found that only 44% were written by staff journalists and thus could be considered original reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The journalist Waseem Zakir has been credited for coining the term <i>churnalism</i> while working for the BBC in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Harcup_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (however, Zakir himself recollects it being a decade earlier).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zakir, the trend towards this form of journalism involves reporters becoming more reactive and less proactive in searching for news: "You get copy coming in on the wires and reporters churn it out, processing stuff and maybe adding the odd local quote. It's affecting every newsroom in the country and reporters are becoming churnalists." </p><p>An editorial on the matter in the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journalism_Review" title="British Journalism Review">British Journalism Review</a></i> saw this trend as terminal for current journalism, "...a harbinger of the end of news journalism as we know it, the coroner's verdict can be nothing other than suicide."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Preston" title="Peter Preston">Peter Preston</a>, former editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, see the issue as over-wrought, saying that there was never a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> of journalism in which journalists were not subject to such pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nick Davies and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Greenslade" title="Roy Greenslade">Roy Greenslade</a> gave evidence on the matter to the <a href="/wiki/Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee" title="Culture, Media and Sport Committee">Culture, Media and Sport Committee</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churnalism does not only occur in newspapers; for example, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Anderson_(writer)" title="Chris Anderson (writer)">Chris Anderson</a>'s wide use of "writethroughs" in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Free:_The_Future_of_a_Radical_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Free: The Future of a Radical Price">Free: The Future of a Radical Price</a></i> has been labelled churnalism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economic_causes">Economic causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic causes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Traditional newspapers have cut staff as their advertising revenue has declined because of competition from other media such as television and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They no longer have sufficient staff to generate news stories by making the rounds of civic and business activities. <a href="/wiki/Local_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Local newspaper">Local newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">trade magazines</a> are commonly produced by only one or two staff and these rely upon stories which are increasingly brought to them by <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> representatives, according to a senior <a href="/wiki/Public_relations_professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Public relations professional">public relations professional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the matter was debated at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Press_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Press Association (page does not exist)">Foreign Press Association</a>, it was agreed that there was a relationship between the numbers of PR staff employed and journalists unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-FPA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a particularly steep fall in UK advertising revenue in the 6 months to March 2016, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_%26_General_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Mail & General Trust">Daily Mail & General Trust</a></i> issuing a warning to investors after its newspaper division reported a 29% fall in profits largely to a 13% decline in print advertising revenue; news <a href="/wiki/Media_commentator" class="mw-redirect" title="Media commentator">media commentator</a> Roy Greenslade said in response to this "print cliff fall" that newspapers had no future.<sup id="cite_ref-greens_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other commentators have said the modern journalism is increasingly being performed in a cheaper, high-volume way, describing the resulting product with derogatory terms such as <i>newszak</i> (combination of "news" and <a href="/wiki/Elevator_music" title="Elevator music">"muzak"</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">infotainment</a></i> and <i>junk-food journalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Speed">Speed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In their book <i><a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Think" title="No Time to Think">No Time to Think</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authors <a href="/wiki/Howard_Rosenberg" title="Howard Rosenberg">Howard Rosenberg</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Feldman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles S. Feldman (page does not exist)">Charles S. Feldman</a> emphasised the role of speed in degrading the quality of modern journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-WISSB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISSB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is given of the BBC guide for online staff which gives advice to ensure good quality but also the contradictory advice, "Get the story up as fast as you can… We encourage a sense of urgency—we want to be first."<sup id="cite_ref-WISSB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISSB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Combating_churnalism">Combating churnalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Combating churnalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Some organizations and tools have arisen to combat churnalism. In April 2013, the American <a href="/wiki/Sunlight_Foundation" title="Sunlight Foundation">Sunlight Foundation</a>, a non-profit organisation which advocates for openness and transparency, in partnership with the UK's <a href="/wiki/Media_Standards_Trust" title="Media Standards Trust">Media Standards Trust</a>, launched churnalism.com, an online tool to discover churn. It used a database of known press releases and compared the text of a submitted URL to determine what percentage of it was derived churn.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i> commented that some level of "churnalism" is both normal and healthy for news organisations, but said it considered the Media Standards Trust linked to campaigns supported by "wealthy and powerful individuals and celebrities" in favour of "state control of the media" in the UK, and claimed there was significant irony in the Sunlight Foundation tool launch announcement itself being "uncritically churned by many of the usual suspects".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, the nationwide <a href="/wiki/ABC_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (Australian TV channel)">ABC</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public TV service</a> airs a highly critical weekly 15-minute programme, <i><a href="/wiki/Media_Watch_(TV_program)" title="Media Watch (TV program)">Media Watch</a></i>, which regularly exposes churnalism, <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media bias</a> and unethical behaviour by journalists and <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio#Australia" title="Talk radio">radio talk-back</a> hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_farm" title="Content farm">Content farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack_writer" title="Hack writer">Hack writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Automobile_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="National Automobile Chamber of Commerce">National Automobile Chamber of Commerce</a> – one-time supplier of pre-written articles to US newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a> – Practice of publishing poor-quality outsourced reports as local news</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_news_release" title="Video news release">Video news release</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarcup2015" class="citation book cs1">Harcup, Tony (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RcOICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Journalism: Principles and Practice</i></a> (3 ed.). SAGE. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4739-1813-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4739-1813-9"><bdi>978-1-4739-1813-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4739-1813-9&rft.aulast=Harcup&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcOICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJ_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJ_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Sally (5 June 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531023330/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C%2C23811929-7582%2C00.html?from=public_rss">"Fearing the rise of 'churnalism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>The Australian</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,23811929-7582,00.html?from=public_rss">the original</a> on 31 May 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Fearing+the+rise+of+%27churnalism%27&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C23811929-7582%2C00.html%3Ffrom%3Dpublic_rss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greens-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greens_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greens_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greens_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Greenslade2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Greenslade" title="Roy Greenslade">Roy Greenslade</a> (27 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/may/27/suddenly-national-newspapers-are-heading-for-that-print-cliff-fall">"Suddenly, national newspapers are heading for that print cliff fall"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Suddenly%2C+national+newspapers+are+heading+for+that+print+cliff+fall&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.au=Roy+Greenslade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fgreenslade%2F2016%2Fmay%2F27%2Fsuddenly-national-newspapers-are-heading-for-that-print-cliff-fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcup-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcup_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcup_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcup2004" class="citation cs2">Harcup, Tony (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3bYN5iaROwC"><i>Journalism</i></a>, pp. 3–4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-7499-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-7499-7"><bdi>0-7619-7499-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7619-7499-7&rft.aulast=Harcup&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3bYN5iaROwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_FlatEarth_2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_FlatEarth_2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Nicholas (2008). <i>Flat Earth News: An Award-winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8145-1"><bdi>978-0-7011-8145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flat+Earth+News%3A+An+Award-winning+Reporter+Exposes+Falsehood%2C+Distortion+and+Propaganda+in+the+Global+Media&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-8145-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill" class="citation cs2">Merrill, Gary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournalist.org.uk/flatearth.html"><i>Criticising the critical</i></a>, The Journalist</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criticising+the+critical&rft.pub=The+Journalist&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournalist.org.uk%2Fflatearth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2017" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Jean-Hugues (9 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.ejo.ch/deontologie-qualite/agregation-originalite-huffpost-churnalism">"L'agrégation de news : quel taux d'originalité au HuffPost ?"</a>. <i>European Journalism Observatory</i>. EJO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Journalism+Observatory&rft.atitle=L%27agr%C3%A9gation+de+news+%3A+quel+taux+d%27originalit%C3%A9+au+HuffPost+%3F&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Jean-Hugues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.ejo.ch%2Fdeontologie-qualite%2Fagregation-originalite-huffpost-churnalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakir2018" class="citation cs2">Zakir, Waseem (25 January 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/WaseemZakir/status/956608764890746880"><i>Waseem Zakir on Twitter</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waseem+Zakir+on+Twitter&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Zakir&rft.aufirst=Waseem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FWaseemZakir%2Fstatus%2F956608764890746880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Trivia pursuit", <i>British Journalism Review</i>, <b>19</b> (1): 3–4, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956474808090188">10.1177/0956474808090188</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=Trivia+pursuit&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956474808090188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2008" class="citation cs2">Wasserman, Herman (30 June 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneyweb.co.za/archive/the-dangers-of-churnalism/">"The dangers of 'churnalism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>moneyweb.co.za</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=moneyweb.co.za&rft.atitle=The+dangers+of+%27churnalism%27&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneyweb.co.za%2Farchive%2Fthe-dangers-of-churnalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7V0Lw4TcSEC&pg=PA125"><i>Press standards, privacy and libel</i></a>, vol. 2, House of Commons, 21 April 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-215-54407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-215-54407-0"><bdi>978-0-215-54407-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+standards%2C+privacy+and+libel&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-215-54407-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7V0Lw4TcSEC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski" title="Andrew Orlowski">Orlowski, Andrew</a> (25 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/06/25/chris_anderson_cut_and_paste/">"WiReD editor 'fesses to churnalism: Information wants to be stolen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WiReD+editor+%27fesses+to+churnalism%3A+Information+wants+to+be+stolen&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2009%2F06%2F25%2Fchris_anderson_cut_and_paste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhan1991" class="citation cs2">Nyhan, David (2 May 1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADDF51CFB1BC06&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"When trash appears as news"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=When+trash+appears+as+news&rft.date=1991-05-02&rft.aulast=Nyhan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DBG%26p_theme%3Dbg%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EADDF51CFB1BC06%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacnamara" class="citation cs2">Macnamara, Jim R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812204723/http://www.pria.com.au/sitebuilder/resources/knowledge/files/1172/primpactmedia.pdf"><i>The Impact of PR on the Media</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Mass Communication Group, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pria.com.au/sitebuilder/resources/knowledge/files/1172/primpactmedia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 August 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+PR+on+the+Media&rft.pub=Mass+Communication+Group&rft.aulast=Macnamara&rft.aufirst=Jim+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pria.com.au%2Fsitebuilder%2Fresources%2Fknowledge%2Ffiles%2F1172%2Fprimpactmedia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FPA_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2009" class="citation cs2">Mair, John (19 May 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.journalism.co.uk/editors/2009/05/19/hacks-beat-flacks-to-knockout-in-pall-mall-debate/"><i>Hacks beat Flacks to knockout in Pall Mall debate</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hacks+beat+Flacks+to+knockout+in+Pall+Mall+debate&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.journalism.co.uk%2Feditors%2F2009%2F05%2F19%2Fhacks-beat-flacks-to-knockout-in-pall-mall-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordspy.com/words/newszak.asp">newszak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712105134/http://www.wordspy.com/words/newszak.asp">Archived</a> 12 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Word Spy. Retrieved: 9 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation cs2">Davis, Aeron (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRGXrTL1bJoC&pg=PA60"><i>Political Communication and Social Theory</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, p. 60, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54712-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54712-3"><bdi>978-0-415-54712-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Communication+and+Social+Theory&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-54712-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Aeron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRGXrTL1bJoC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergS._Feldman2008" class="citation cs2">Rosenberg, Howard; S. Feldman, Charles (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PgiNRL6K10C"><i>No Time to Think</i></a>, A&C Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2931-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2931-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-2931-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Time+to+Think&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2931-5&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=S.+Feldman%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PgiNRL6K10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WISSB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WISSB_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WISSB_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergS._Feldman2008" class="citation cs2">Rosenberg, Howard; S. Feldman, Charles (19 August 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/excerpts/2008-08-19-no-time-to-think_N.htm">"Why Is Speed So Bad?"</a>, <i>USA Today</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Speed+So+Bad%3F&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=S.+Feldman%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fbooks%2Fexcerpts%2F2008-08-19-no-time-to-think_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin2013" class="citation web cs1">Gitlin, Jonathan M. (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/04/churnalism-tracker-catches-journalists-copying-press-releases-wikipedia/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Churnalism" tracker catches journalists copying press releases, Wikipedia"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=%22Churnalism%22+tracker+catches+journalists+copying+press+releases%2C+Wikipedia&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2013%2F04%2Fchurnalism-tracker-catches-journalists-copying-press-releases-wikipedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2013" class="citation web cs1">Page, Lewis (26 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/04/26/churnalism_detector_churned/">"Announcement of 'churnalism detector' gets furiously churned"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+%27churnalism+detector%27+gets+furiously+churned&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F04%2F26%2Fchurnalism_detector_churned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurnalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/">Media Watch</a> official web site</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Churnalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/churnalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:churnalism">churnalism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegeneralist.co.uk/audio/nick.davies.2008-02-12.mp3">John May interviews Nick Davies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204014547/http://www.thegeneralist.co.uk/audio/nick.davies.2008-02-12.mp3">Archived</a> 4 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050707/http://churnalism.com/">Search engine for detecting churnalism in the UK</a>, Media Standards Trust</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424035907/http://churnalism.sunlightfoundation.com/">Another search engine for detecting churnalism</a>, Sunlight Foundation + Media Standards Trust</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87urnalistika" title="Çurnalistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Churnalism" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чурналистика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чурналистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Churnalism" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churnalismus" title="Churnalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Churnalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Churnalism" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churnalisme" title="Churnalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Churnalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="チャーナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャーナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чурналистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чурналистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85" title="چورنلزم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چورنلزم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 02:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is 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