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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarariman" title="Sarariman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarariman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%90%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%A8" title="샐러리맨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샐러리맨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="サラリーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラリーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сарариман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарариман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarariiman" title="Sarariiman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarariiman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саларімен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саларімен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Salaryman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%B7%A5%E4%BB%94" title="打工仔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="打工仔" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese white-collar worker</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg/300px-Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg/450px-Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg/600px-Rush_hour_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Salarymen take their train daily to work in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo metropolitan area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Station" title="Tokyo Station">Tokyo Station</a>, 2005)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Salaryman</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">サラリーマン</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sararīman</i></span>)</span> is an originally Japanese word for <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaried</a> workers. In Japanese popular culture, it is portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar worker</a> who shows unwavering loyalty and commitment to his employer, prioritizing work over everything else in their life often at the expense of their family. "Salarymen" are expected to work long hours, whether overtime is paid or not. They socialize with colleagues and bosses, including singing <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomikai" title="Nomikai">drinking</a>, and visiting <a href="/wiki/Host_and_hostess_clubs" title="Host and hostess clubs">hostess bars</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Salarymen" typically <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">enter a company after graduating from college</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABshin_koy%C5%8D" title="Shūshin koyō">stay with that corporation for the duration of their career</a>. In conservative Japanese culture, becoming a salaryman is a typical career choice for young men and women, as parents map out their child's education path in order to make sure they can attend a prestigious university which in turn will lead to recruitment by a major company.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who do not take this career path are regarded as living with a stigma and less prestige. On the other hand, the word <i>salaryman</i> is sometimes used with derogatory connotation for his total dependence on his employer and lack of individuality. Other popular concepts surrounding salarymen include <a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karōshi">karōshi</a>, or death from overwork. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:サラリーマン">sararīman</a></i> is often described as a <i><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">wasei-eigo</a></i>, a Japanese formation from English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, but it appears instead to be a straight borrowing from the English phrase "salaried man", which predates the Japanese term by nearly a century. The Japanese term saw widespread use by 1930, even before government expansion and militarization drove the growth of white-collar employment.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term does not include all workers who receive a set salary, but only "white-collar workers in the large bureaucracy of a business firm or government office." The term includes those who work for government (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a>) and major companies (e.g., those listed in <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a>). Workers in the <a href="/wiki/Mizu_sh%C5%8Dbai" title="Mizu shōbai">mizu shōbai</a> (nightlife) and entertainment industries (including actors, singers, musicians, artists) are not included even though their income may be salary based. Similarly, doctors, lawyers, politicians, <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a> and corporate executives (the C-suite, board of directors) are also excluded. Engineers and accountants who have their own firm/practice are not included as well.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical description of the salaryman is a male white-collar employee who typically earns his salary "based on individual abilities rather than on seniority."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies typically hire the salarymen straight out of high school, and they are expected to stay with the company until retirement, around the ages of 55 or 60. As a reward for their loyalty, companies rarely fire the salarymen (see below for the Madogiwa Zoku or “the window tribe”) except in special "dire" circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a salaryman reaches age 30, they are typically promoted to their first supervisor role (Kacho), overseeing new hires who are younger than them. Traditional Japanese companies do not allow employees to supervise people who are older than themselves due to "respect". At age 40 they would become a department head (Bacho), and between 40 and 50 they would be promoted to senior management (although these posts are still considered middle management, below the top executives/directors). They retire between the ages of 55 to 65.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Underperforming employees in the over 40 age bracket are sidelined with some of their responsibilities taken away, although they do not formally receive a pay cut nor a demotion (Madogiwa Zoku or “the window tribe”). Haruo Shimada, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>, states that "It's important to treat madogiwa-zoku well, because many young people think about their future in terms of the way these older people are treated", in line with business orientation where employees are expected to show loyalty to their companies and be shown loyalty in return. In other words, no-longer-productive employees were kept around to raise the morale of productive employees, since the young and productive would be able to look forward to the day in which they, too, could sit by the window and collect a salary for doing nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salarymen are known for working long hours, sometimes over eighty hours per week. Often, because of his busy work schedule, the salaryman does not have time to raise a family and his work becomes a lifelong commitment. There is also a belief that the "amount of time spent at the workplace correlates to the perceived efficiency of the employee." As a result of this intense work-driven lifestyle, salarymen may be more likely to suffer from mental or physical health problems, including heart failure, or to commit suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A salaryman's typical outfit consists of a dark suit, a white shirt, and a simple tie in neutral colors like navy, black, or gray. Dressing in such a manner is not only part of professionalism, but also following the cultural emphasis on group harmony where dress uniformity shows everyone belongs to a team, as opposed to standing out which is often seen as potentially disruptive to this harmony. Companies often have specific dress codes, and employees follow these guidelines as part of their role. While companies often take part in the Cool Biz initiative which encourages workers to wear lighter clothing (short-sleeved shirts instead of long ones) during the hot months to reduce air conditioning use, Japanese salarymen still retain a clean and professional look, in contrast to Western <a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">business casual</a> which permits khakis or jeans with polo shirts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, hotel chains created business hotels to cater to salarymen for work-related travel. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Hotel#Economy_and_limited_service" title="Hotel">economy and limited service hotels</a> in North America, Japanese business hotels provide small but efficient rooms at a reasonable price, without all the frills and facilities of luxury/international class hotels. Business hotels typically do not have banquet halls, conference rooms, swimming pool nor exercise room, although they may have an onsite restaurant offering breakfast and late-night ramen, while some establishments come with an <a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">onsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_image">Social image</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg/170px-Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg/255px-Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg/340px-Hitokara_at_Karaoke-Box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitokara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitokara (page does not exist)">Hitokara</a> at Karaoke-Box</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg/220px-Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg/330px-Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg/440px-Japanese_Mahjong_Tiles_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mahjong tiles</figcaption></figure> <p>The prevalence of salarymen in Japanese society has given birth to many depictions by both the Japanese and American media. Some films in Japan about salarymen include <i>Mr. Salaryman</i>, <i>Japanese Salaryman NEO</i> (based on the TV series), and a drama series entitled <i>History of a Salaryman</i>. There is a certain expectation among the middle and upper classes for Japanese people to become salarymen. For many young Japanese men and women, accepting anything less than becoming a salaryman and conforming to its ideal is considered a failure, not only of him or her, but also of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-mclelland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mclelland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The life of a salaryman revolves around work. The activities that he or she does outside of his or her working hours typically involve his or her coworkers, which lessens the distance between him or her and work. Due to this expectation, there have been a variety of derogatory names given to salarymen: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">社畜</span></span> (<i>shachiku</i>, literally "corporate livestock" in reference to <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a>), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">会社の犬</span></span> (<i>kaisha no inu</i> or "company's dog"), and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">企業戦士</span></span> (<i>kigyou senshi</i> or "corporate soldier"), to ridicule salarymen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changing social circumstances have greatly diversified the life of the salaryman outside of work. Though the importance of social drinking has not declined, its image has changed over time from mass partying during the economic bubble to conservative consumption at home after the collapse of the economy during the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a> was an immensely popular game among the 1960s generation of salarymen, who brought the game into company circles directly from high school and college groups. The 1970s generation saw a gradual decrease in the number of avid mahjong players, and by the 1980s, it became common not to show any interest at it at all. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> became widely popular during the economic bubble, when golf club passes became useful tools for currying favor with corporate executives. Many mid-level salarymen were pressured into taking up golf to participate in golfing events with their superiors. The collapse of the economic bubble led to the closing of many golf courses, and playing <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> with executives has become increasingly rare. However, some current salarymen may have golfing experience from their student days, and <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> is still acknowledged as an expensive hobby for salarymen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karōshi"><span id="Kar.C5.8Dshi"></span>Karōshi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Karōshi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karōshi">Karōshi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg/220px-Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg/330px-Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg/440px-Salaryman_asleep_on_the_Tokyo_Subway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A salaryman asleep on the Tokyo subway.</figcaption></figure> <p>Extreme pressure on salarymen can lead to death by overwork, or <i><a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karōshi">karōshi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-harden_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harden-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-north_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-north-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salarymen feel intense pressure to fulfill their duty to support their family because of the gendered expectations placed on men. According to a <i>Washington Post</i> article, the Japanese government struggled for years to pass a law limiting to the number of hours one can work, and the issue has been prevalent since the 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2014, after 30 years of activism, Japan's parliament (the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Diet">Japanese Diet</a>) passed a law "promoting countermeasures against karōshi."<sup id="cite_ref-north_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-north-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, many Japanese still criticize the government and believe there should be some form of punishment for companies that violate work hour laws. Approximately 2,000 annual applications are filed by the families of salarymen that die of karōshi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the death toll may be much higher, and "as many as 8,000 of the 30,000 annual suicides each year are thought to be work-related," with "as many as 10,000 non-suicide karōshi deaths per year."<sup id="cite_ref-harden_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harden-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karōshi, literally "overwork death," was first diagnosed as a "circulatory disease brought on by stress" in the late 1970s after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, which took a toll on the post-war reconstruction of Japanese industry.<sup id="cite_ref-north_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-north-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the number of deaths from overwork has increased, especially at larger and more prestigious companies. In 2002, Kenichi Uchino, a 30-year-old quality-control manager at <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, collapsed and died after working over 80 hours unpaid overtime for six months.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this incident, Toyota announced that it would begin monitoring their workers' health and would pay for all of their overtime hours.<sup id="cite_ref-north_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-north-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hansei" title="Hansei">Hansei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_blue_collar_workers" title="Japanese blue collar workers">Japanese blue collar workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_management_culture" title="Japanese management culture">Japanese management culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_work_environment" title="Japanese work environment">Japanese work environment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salaryman_Kintar%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaryman Kintarō">Salaryman Kintarō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Suicide in Japan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Women</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyaria%C5%ABman" title="Kyariaūman">Kyariaūman</a>, Japanese term for a career woman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady">Office lady</a></li></ul> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Organization_Man" title="The Organization Man">The Organization Man</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance" title="Work–life balance">Work–life balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage slave">Wage slave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Week in the Life of a Tokyo Salary Man. Dir. Stu. Perf. Stu. Youtube.com. N.p., 28 Feb. 2015. 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Routledge. pp. 96–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203346839-15">10.4324/9780203346839-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203346839" title="Special:BookSources/9780203346839"><bdi>9780203346839</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55430426">55430426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salarymen+doing+queer%3A+gay+men+and+the+heterosexual+public+sphere&rft.btitle=Genders%2C+Transgenders+and+Sexualities+in+Japan&rft.pages=96-110&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55430426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203346839-15&rft.isbn=9780203346839&rft.aulast=McLelland&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203346839-15%2Fsalarymen-queer-gay-men-heterosexual-public-sphere-mark-mclelland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalaryman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dasgupta, Romit. "Creating Corporate Warriors: The "Salaryman" and Masculinity in Japan." Asian Masculinities: The Meaning and Practice of Manhood in China and Japan. By Kam Louie and Morris Low. London: Routledge, 2003. 118-34. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harden-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harden_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harden_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Harden" title="Blaine Harden">Harden, Blaine</a> (July 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/12/AR2008071201630.html">"Japan's Killer Work Ethic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615213814/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/12/AR2008071201630.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Killer+Work+Ethic&rft.date=2008-07-13&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F12%2FAR2008071201630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalaryman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-north-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-north_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-north_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-north_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-north_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2014" class="citation web cs1">North, Scott (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redpepper.org.uk/japanese-workers-fight-against-karoshi-death-from-overwork/">"Japanese Workers Fight against Karoshi, Death from Overwork"</a>. Red Pepper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325161557/http://www.redpepper.org.uk/japanese-workers-fight-against-karoshi-death-from-overwork/">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Workers+Fight+against+Karoshi%2C+Death+from+Overwork&rft.pub=Red+Pepper&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redpepper.org.uk%2Fjapanese-workers-fight-against-karoshi-death-from-overwork%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalaryman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2007" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Chang-Ran (2007-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2007/12/06/worked_to_death_at_car_plant.html">"Worked to death at car plant"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Worked+to+death+at+car+plant&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chang-Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2007%2F12%2F06%2Fworked_to_death_at_car_plant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalaryman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaryman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salarymen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salarymen">Salarymen</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donmaclaren.com/my_life_in_corporate_japan.html">"My Life in Corporate Japan"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po8IPh64rVM">A week in the life of a Tokyo salary man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416115022/http://blog.fairfield.edu/fjgc/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Wingate-Japanese-Salarymen-On-the-Way-to-Extinction.pdf">Salarymen: On the Way to Extinction? by Kristin Wingate, Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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<li><a href="/wiki/Brother_complex" title="Brother complex">Brother complex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sister_complex" title="Sister complex">Sister complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bushido</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)#Japanese" title="Face (sociological concept)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekokuj%C5%8D" title="Gekokujō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gekokujō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansei" title="Hansei"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hansei</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_hachi_bun_me" title="Hara hachi bun me"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hara hachi bun me</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honne_and_tatemae" title="Honne and tatemae"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Honne</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatemae</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichi-go_ichi-e" title="Ichi-go ichi-e"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ichi-go ichi-e</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ikigai</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishin-denshin" title="Ishin-denshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ishin-denshin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isagiyosa" title="Isagiyosa"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Isagiyosa</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_political_values" title="Japanese political values">Japanese political values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizen" title="Kaizen"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kaizen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotodama" title="Kotodama"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kotodama</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_skin_in_Japanese_culture" title="Light skin in Japanese culture">Light skin in Japanese culture</a></li> <li>Mental states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fud%C5%8Dshin" title="Fudōshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fudōshin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushin (mental state)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mushin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshin" title="Shoshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shoshin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Zanshin</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai"><i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Miai</i></span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottainai" title="Mottainai"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mottainai</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemawashi" title="Nemawashi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nemawashi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotenashi" title="Omotenashi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Omotenashi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuhari" title="Shuhari"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shuhari</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sontaku" title="Sontaku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sontaku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsundoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo" title="Ukiyo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ukiyo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(Japanese_culture)" title="Wa (Japanese culture)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wa</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yamato-damashii</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ensō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)" title="Iki (aesthetics)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Iki</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-ha-ky%C5%AB" title="Jo-ha-kyū"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jo-ha-kyū</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kawaii</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(negative_space)" title="Ma (negative space)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ma</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyabi" title="Miyabi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Miyabi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mono no aware</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibui" title="Shibui"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shibui</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wabi-sabi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabo" title="Yabo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yabo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics#Y.C5.ABgen" title="Japanese aesthetics"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yūgen</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a> and<br />social norms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aizuchi" title="Aizuchi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Aizuchi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_Japan" title="Bowing in Japan">Bowing in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogeza" title="Dogeza"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dogeza</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Japanese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining">Dining etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Japanese honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_keigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual keigo">Manual <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">keigo</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan#Gifts_and_gift-giving" title="Etiquette in Japan">Gift-giving</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimu (page does not exist)">Gimu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99" class="extiw" title="ja:義務">ja</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Giri</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giri_choco" title="Giri choco"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Giri choco</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninj%C5%8D" title="Ninjō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ninjō</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamiza" title="Kamiza"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamiza</i></span></a></li> <li>Sitting positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agura" title="Agura"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Agura</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seiza</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiza#Alternative_sitting_positions" title="Seiza">Other positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations#Japan" title="Four occupations"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinoukoushou</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kazoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizoku" title="Shizoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shizoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimin" title="Heimin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Heimin</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banch%C5%8D_(position)" title="Banchō (position)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Banchō</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijin" title="Bijin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bijin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bishōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bishōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Burakumin</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikan_(body_contact)" title="Chikan (body contact)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chikan</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D" title="Chūnibyō"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chūnibyō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Denpa"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Denpa</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebune (page does not exist)">Ebune</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:家船">ja</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">Freeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hikikomori</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">Idol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemoto" title="Iemoto"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Iemoto</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikemen" title="Ikemen"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ikemen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jouhatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jouhatsu"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jouhatsu</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_mama" title="Kyōiku mama"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyōiku mama</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEET#Japan" title="NEET">NEET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otokonoko</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_cafe_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Net cafe refugee">Net cafe refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasite_single" title="Parasite single">Parasite single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sensei</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senpai_and_k%C5%8Dhai" title="Senpai and kōhai"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Senpai</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōhai</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza#Structure" title="Yakuza">Yakuza ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yamato nadeshiko</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bōsōzoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese street fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru" title="Gyaru"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gyaru</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganguro" title="Ganguro"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ganguro</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaruo" title="Gyaruo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gyaruo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kogal</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kei</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Netto-uyoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Omorashi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otaku</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akiba-kei" title="Akiba-kei"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Akiba-kei</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_moe_zoku" title="Figure moe zoku">Figure <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moe zoku</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujoshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fujoshi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Lolicon</i></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shotacon</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reki-jo" title="Reki-jo"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Reki-jo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol#Fan_culture" title="Japanese idol"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wota</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_work_environment" title="Japanese work environment">Work culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_company_(Japan)" title="Black company (Japan)">Black company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card#Japan" title="Business card">Business card etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haken_(employment)" title="Haken (employment)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Haken</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Ren-So" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho-Ren-So"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ho-Ren-Sō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_blue_collar_workers" title="Japanese blue collar workers">Japanese blue collar workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_business_terms" title="Category:Japanese business terms">Japanese business terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Karoshi</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Keiretsu</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaria%C5%ABman" title="Kyariaūman"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyariaūman</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">Labor unions in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment#In_Japan" title="Permanent employment">Lifetime employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_management_culture" title="Japanese management culture">Management culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenko_system" title="Nenko system">Nenko system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady">Office lady</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salaryman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinise" title="Shinise"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinise</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Zaibatsu</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580241#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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