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</div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Мембранный потенциал</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--block cdx-message--notice mw-fr-basic mw-fr-draft-not-synced plainlinks noprint"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">Текущая версия страницы пока <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Википедия:Проверка статей/Пояснение для читателей">не проверялась</a> опытными участниками и может значительно отличаться от <a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&stable=1">версии, проверенной 31 мая 2021 года</a>; проверки требуют <a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&oldid=114594942&diff=cur&diffonly=0">14 правок</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Перейти к навигации</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Перейти к поиску</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ru" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg/350px-Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg/525px-Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg/700px-Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption><b>Схема возникновения потенциала клеточной мембраны.</b><br /> Различия в концентрациях ионов с разных сторон клеточной мембраны вызывают возникновение напряжения, называемого мембранным потенциалом. Типичные значения мембранного потенциала находятся в диапазоне от −40 мВ до −80 мВ. Многие ионы образуют <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Градиент">градиент</a> концентрации на мембране, в том числе ионов калия <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {K^+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {K^+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/439055914d32b59f20ebf0b8baadc37c4e80cf8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.319ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {K^+}}}"></span>),</span> имеющие высокую концентрацию внутри клетки и низкую вне клетки. Ионы натрия <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na^+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na^+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d76e0b7314c54a5302083cf921a849e58ec3234d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.416ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na^+}}}"></span>)</span> и ионы хлора <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl^-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl^-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11fee29101d109699541e46ae51779624a7f363" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.836ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl^-}}}"></span>)</span> имеют высокую концентрацию во внеклеточной области и низкую концентрацию во внутриклеточной области. Эти градиенты концентрации дают потенциальную энергию для возникновения мембранного потенциала. Это напряжение на мембране возникает когда мембрана проницаема для одного или нескольких типов ионов. В простейшем случае показанном на рисунке, если мембрана избирательно проницаема для ионов калия они могут диффундировать в сторону снижения концентрации на внешнюю сторону клетки, оставляя за собой нескомпенсированные отрицательные заряды. Это разделение зарядов и является причиной возникновения мембранного потенциала. Система в целом остаётся электронейтральной. Некомпенсированные положительные заряды вне клетки и нескомпенсированные отрицательные заряды внутри клетки физически располагаются на поверхности мембраны и притягиваются друг к другу будучи разделёнными липидным двойным слоем. Таким образом, мембранный потенциал физически действует только в непосредственной близости от мембраны. Именно разделение этих зарядов на мембране является основой возникновения электрического напряжения на мембране. Изображённая схема упрощённо показывает ионные вклады в мембранный потенциал. Другие ионы, включая ионы натрия, хлора, кальция и другие вносят несущественный вклад, даже если они имеют более высокие градиенты концентрации, потому что они имеют невысокую проницаемость через мембрану, чем ионы калия.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Мембра́нный потенциа́л</b>, также <b>трансмембра́нный потенциал</b> или <b>напряже́ние мембра́ны</b>, иногда <b>потенциа́л Не́рнста</b> — разница в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Электрический потенциал">электрическом потенциале</a> (электрический градиент), возникающая между зарядами внутренней и внешней стороны полупроницаемой мембраны (в частном случае — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Плазмолемма">мембраны клетки</a>). Что касается внутренней части клетки, то типичные значения мембранного потенциала для неё располагаются в диапазоне от −60 мВ до −90 мВ. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="ru" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Содержание</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Физические_основы"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Физические основы</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ионы_и_сила,_обуславливающая_их_движение"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ионы и сила, обуславливающая их движение</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ионные_насосы"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ионные насосы</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ионные_каналы"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ионные каналы</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Равновесный_потенциал_(потенциал_Нернста,_диффузионный_потенциал)_или_реверсивный_потенциал"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Равновесный потенциал (потенциал Нернста, диффузионный потенциал) или реверсивный потенциал</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Мембранный_потенциал_покоя"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Мембранный потенциал покоя</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Градуированные_значения"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Градуированные значения</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Эффекты_и_последствия"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Эффекты и последствия</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Примечания"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Примечания</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Физические_основы"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D1.8B"></span>Физические основы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать раздел «Физические основы»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Физические основы»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ионы_и_сила,_обуславливающая_их_движение"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8B_.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B0.2C_.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.83.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.8E.D1.89.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.B8.D1.85_.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Ионы и сила, обуславливающая их движение</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать раздел «Ионы и сила, обуславливающая их движение»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Ионы и сила, обуславливающая их движение»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Электрические сигналы, возникающие внутри биологических организмов, обусловлены движением <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион">ионов</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Наиболее важные <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Катион">катионы</a> для <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Потенциал действия">потенциала действия</a> — катионы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий">натрия</a> (Na<sup>+</sup>) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">калия</a> (K<sup>+</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-bullock_140_141_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullock_140_141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Оба этих одновалентных катиона несут один положительный заряд. В потенциале действия может также участвовать катион <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций">кальция</a> (Ca<sup>2+</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , он представляет собой двухвалентный катион, несущий двойной положительный заряд. Анион <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">хлора</a> (Cl<sup>-</sup>) играет важную роль в потенциалах действия некоторых <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Водоросли">водорослей</a><sup id="cite_ref-mummert_1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mummert_1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, однако, в потенциалах действия большинства животных принимает лишь небольшое участие<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ионные_насосы"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.8B"></span><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ионный транспортер">Ионные насосы</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать раздел «Ионные насосы»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «Ионные насосы»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ионный насос — это транспортная система, обеспечивающая перенос иона с непосредственной затратой энергии вопреки концентрационному и электрическому градиентам<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ионные_каналы"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B"></span>Ионные каналы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактировать раздел «Ионные каналы»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=4" title="Редактировать код раздела «Ионные каналы»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ионные каналы">Ионные каналы</a> являются <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Интегральный мембранный белок">интегральными мембранными белками</a>, через поры которых ионы могут перемещаться из межклеточного пространства вовнутрь клеток и наоборот. Большинство ионных каналов проявляет высокую специфичность (селективность) по отношению к одному иону. Так, например, большинство калиевых каналов характеризуется высоким коэффициентом селективности катионов калия над катионами натрия в отношении 1000:1, хотя ионы калия и натрия имеют одинаковый заряд и лишь незначительно различаются по радиусам. Пора канала, как правило, настолько мала, что ионы должны пройти через неё в одном порядке<sup id="cite_ref-eisenman_theory_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisenman_theory-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Равновесный_потенциал_(потенциал_Нернста,_диффузионный_потенциал)_или_реверсивный_потенциал"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB_.28.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB_.D0.9D.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.2C_.D0.B4.D0.B8.D1.84.D1.84.D1.83.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.29_.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B8_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB"></span>Равновесный потенциал (потенциал Нернста, диффузионный потенциал) или реверсивный потенциал</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактировать раздел «Равновесный потенциал (потенциал Нернста, диффузионный потенциал) или реверсивный потенциал»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=5" title="Редактировать код раздела «Равновесный потенциал (потенциал Нернста, диффузионный потенциал) или реверсивный потенциал»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Основу трансмембранной разности потенциалов (мембранного потенциала) составляет <i>диффузионный (равновесный) потенциал</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Равновесный потенциал (англ. <i>equilibrium potential;</i> синоним — диффузионный потенциал) иона</b> является величиной электрического напряжения на мембране, при котором диффузионные и электрические силы противопоставлены друг другу, так что результирующий поток ионов через мембрану равен нулю в силу одинаковой скорости потока в клетку и из клетки. Это означает, что напряжение на мембране точно компенсирует диффузию ионов, таким образом, что суммарный поток ионов через мембрану равен нулю. Реверсивный потенциал имеет важное значение, поскольку он создаёт напряжение действующее на ионные каналы, придавая им проницаемость для ионов. </p><p><b>Условия возникновения</b> диффузионного потенциала: </p> <ul><li>Неравномерное распределение по обе стороны мембраны ионов (градиент концентрации этих ионов) - в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клеточная мембрана">клеточной мембране</a> за счёт <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Активный транспорт">активного транспорта</a>;</li> <li>Избирательная проницаемость мембраны для этих ионов - в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клеточная мембрана">клеточной мембране</a> за счёт изменяемой проницаемости <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ионные каналы">ионных каналов</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p><b>Возникновение диффузионного потенциала</b> на примере <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a10baad86115451d9e9b8e6b0cb0a3ad67e2c502" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.605ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{+}}"></span>: </p> <ol><li><b>Разница концентраций</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A},[K^{+}]_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A},[K^{+}]_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0266a83f72c46fb39e521b2762c7eb314ac04953" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.775ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A},[K^{+}]_{B}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион">иона</a> по разные стороны <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A,B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A,B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96c3298ea9aa77c226be56a7d8515baaa517b90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.541ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A,B}"></span> мембраны.</li> <li><b>Различные скорости перехода ионов</b> от одной стороны мембраны к другой (скорость перехода иона из части <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Раствор">раствора</a> с большей <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Концентрация смеси">концентрацией</a> в часть с меньшей концентрацией этого иона <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98ab22a68e55a490ab9fde6302ed2d27386b13ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.611ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}"></span> выше скорости перехода этого иона из части раствора с меньшей концентрацией в область с большей концентрацией <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇐</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b4f0c1d50ddd15e75abf14d32366312de56606c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.611ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"></span>). <b>Движение <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668ca2a99295202cf54dadfbaea1d6709fd45ed8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"></span> иона</b> преимущественно в одну сторону, от <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> к <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span>.</li> <li>Увеличение концентрации этого иона с одной стороны мембраны, уменьшение его концентрации с другой. Одновременно формируется <b>разность <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Электрический заряд">зарядов</a></b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{A}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{A}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/227df710321dff901d1b8a6908f21b1b4c3762ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.303ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{A}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d47686ee57e8d2b64f2826b3a82b7a3beebd4e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.318ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{B}}"></span> по две стороны от мембраны.</li> <li>Разность зарядов формирует <b>разность</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29c0096b30b486f5212983acb4ec1e483540226a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }"></span> <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Электрический потенциал">потенциалов</a></b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85f1abbd4c8b0a2a913fb2ccfaa68ae0fb2e8b63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}}"></span> <b>,</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37801647776c982edb416b7a7a2c8019b3b3b064" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{B}}"></span> по обе стороны мембраны, противодействующую переносу иона через мембрану и выравниванию концентраций этого иона <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A},[K^{+}]_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A},[K^{+}]_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0266a83f72c46fb39e521b2762c7eb314ac04953" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.775ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A},[K^{+}]_{B}}"></span> по обе стороны от мембраны (разность потенциалов <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29c0096b30b486f5212983acb4ec1e483540226a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }"></span> при увеличении уменьшает различие скоростей диффузии иона с одной стороны мембраны на другую <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98ab22a68e55a490ab9fde6302ed2d27386b13ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.611ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}"></span> и обратно <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇐</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b4f0c1d50ddd15e75abf14d32366312de56606c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.611ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"></span>)</li> <li>Растущая разность потенциалов <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29c0096b30b486f5212983acb4ec1e483540226a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.456ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi }"></span> сводит разность скоростей диффузии иона с одной стороны мембраны на другую <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98ab22a68e55a490ab9fde6302ed2d27386b13ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.611ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}}"></span> и обратно <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇐</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b4f0c1d50ddd15e75abf14d32366312de56606c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.611ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\upsilon }_{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"></span> к нулю , изменение концентраций иона <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{K^{+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{K^{+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9b38f6883c08610a63f489289e439d2a07d62fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.577ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{K^{+}}}"></span> по обе стороны мембраны прекращается. Эта разность потенциалов и есть <b>диффузионный потенциал</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/336b9ed67908d98dbc7b48450fa3f8e6cc59a104" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.435ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}"></span> для ионов <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">калия</a>. Движение ионов <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668ca2a99295202cf54dadfbaea1d6709fd45ed8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"></span> в обе стороны одинаково.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Параметр </th> <th>Начальное состояние </th> <th>Равновесное состояние </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{K^{+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{K^{+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9b38f6883c08610a63f489289e439d2a07d62fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.577ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{K^{+}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A}>[K^{+}]_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A}>[K^{+}]_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a0291739b399c7c3d8d9ba19caca153c28199c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.84ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A}>[K^{+}]_{B}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A}>[K^{+}]_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A}>[K^{+}]_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a0291739b399c7c3d8d9ba19caca153c28199c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.84ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K^{+}]_{A}>[K^{+}]_{B}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{K^{+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \upsilon _{K^{+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54c7b837e1c96345755226dee96b3b0318b29802" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.171ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{K^{+}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}>\upsilon _{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇐</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}>\upsilon _{A{\Leftarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75331748ee728b2c2359e35217e8fb811ba7e617" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.32ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}>\upsilon _{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}=\upsilon _{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>υ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇐</mo> </mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}=\upsilon _{A{\Leftarrow }B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac6166230aa9e0ecebbb497a92317960c525d07a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.32ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \upsilon _{A{\Rightarrow }B}=\upsilon _{A{\Leftarrow }B}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668ca2a99295202cf54dadfbaea1d6709fd45ed8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\rightarrow B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23efef033def56a67de7ded823f14626de26d174" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.121ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow B}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\rightleftharpoons B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\rightleftharpoons B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5267c769f17d268a4d448b1866ecadc8ba5e4178" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.121ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\rightleftharpoons B}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}Q_{A}=Q_{B}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}Q_{A}=Q_{B}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b956fecb209dc6701172b5831d70534008f4792" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.98ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}Q_{A}=Q_{B}=0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}Q_{A}<Q_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}Q_{A}<Q_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62b44673cc1245873f1cc1ef99924a6aa32b27f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.72ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}Q_{A}<Q_{B}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}=\varphi _{B}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}=\varphi _{B}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60fc9abdf776809c459aabc4cbedc66f911d38bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.344ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}=\varphi _{B}=0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}<\varphi _{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}<\varphi _{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a96ec1d5c352c3f970ff416041224f0a2a75e96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.083ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{A}<\varphi _{B}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi =\varphi _{A}-\varphi _{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi =\varphi _{A}-\varphi _{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6f5dc37c1413af13b285c9f23d38f8e03f6db1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.38ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi =\varphi _{A}-\varphi _{B}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dc9e66de468806365c20e32e83456cc526ce29e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =E_{e,\ K^{+}}<0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =E_{e,\ K^{+}}<0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44c121ed4a64e1416a086e89267beeed3b7d040e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:13.149ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =E_{e,\ K^{+}}<0}"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Равновесный потенциал для конкретного вида ионов обычно обозначается <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span>. Потенциал для любого иона может быть вычислен с помощью <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Уравнение Нернста"><b>уравнения Нернста</b></a>. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}={\frac {RT}{F{z_{X}}}}\ln {\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}={\frac {RT}{F{z_{X}}}}\ln {\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c762ee57fead22cc6c7984d977930ab47017b912" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.86ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}={\frac {RT}{F{z_{X}}}}\ln {\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}},}"></span> </p><p>где <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> — равновесный потенциал ионов в вольтах; </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Универсальная газовая постоянная">универсальная газовая постоянная</a>, 8,3144 <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джоуль">Дж</a>/(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Моль (единица измерения)">моль</a>·К); </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Абсолютная температура">абсолютная температура</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кельвин">кельвинах</a>; </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Постоянная Фарадея">постоянная Фарадея</a>, 96 485 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кулон">Кл</a>/моль; </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{X}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{X}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01a6cb0d4e498f71e6ce284621403f3bf49270b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{X}}"></span> — заряд пересекающих мембрану ионов, в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Элементарный электрический заряд">элементарных зарядах</a> (для <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{+}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{+}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7153d02de2e6c27f7c1f1738a19f0f3ef6d92560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.866ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{+}=1}"></span>, для <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Ca^{2+}=2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Ca^{2+}=2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d6ee661656093d5a824beece55c4f6b1db6cdd4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.59ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Ca^{2+}=2}"></span>, для <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cl^{-}=-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <msup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cl^{-}=-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb76ba58b99cfee7037fcf0775513eadc199b07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.039ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cl^{-}=-1}"></span>); </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48dac3f3bbff717c1206789bbdea59cc0e11d9bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"></span> — внеклеточная концентрация ионов в моль/<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80" title="Литр">л</a>; </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c84b7084617ac36308cb08a544cd47a0ae11a8e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"></span> — внутриклеточная концентрация ионов в моль/л. </p><p>При этом знак перед <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> зависит только от двух переменных — <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{X}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{X}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01a6cb0d4e498f71e6ce284621403f3bf49270b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{X}}"></span> и <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ln{\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ln{\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0199e9afea39317f7fd629bec7c259b8a62f57b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:7.684ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ln{\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}}}"></span>, что даёт возможность качественно предсказать изменение мембранного потенциала при увеличении проницаемости ионных каналов для данного иона. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.png/421px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.png" decoding="async" width="421" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.png 1.5x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Зависимость знака диффузионного потенциала <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> от соотношения <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/063ed2b908c03d5fac487d88c1bda49b49b8fbbd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:5.596ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {[X]_{O}}{[X]_{i}}}}"></span> внеклеточной <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48dac3f3bbff717c1206789bbdea59cc0e11d9bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"></span> и внутриклеточной <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c84b7084617ac36308cb08a544cd47a0ae11a8e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"></span> концентрации иона.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><b>Вне- <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48dac3f3bbff717c1206789bbdea59cc0e11d9bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"></span> и внутриклеточные <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c84b7084617ac36308cb08a544cd47a0ae11a8e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"></span> концентрации ионов в волокне <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Скелетная мышечная ткань">скелетной мышцы</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Человек">человека</a>, диффузионные потенциалы <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ион </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48dac3f3bbff717c1206789bbdea59cc0e11d9bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"></span>, ммоль </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c84b7084617ac36308cb08a544cd47a0ae11a8e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"></span>, ммоль </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Na^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Na^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/447edc65f655d69f851a0b501b7708b8f8b0c14e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.804ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Na^{+}}"></span> </td> <td>145 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a10baad86115451d9e9b8e6b0cb0a3ad67e2c502" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.605ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{+}}"></span> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>155 </td> <td><0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^{2+}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^{2+}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06cd964dae70aaf5b4f9e8ec5581be885e2fddc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.56ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^{2+}}}}"></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-8}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-8}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb466108745a6e8f71ecf869caf1a33ff63886db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.658ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-8}}"></span>-<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60f7bc29238b21553311d8359274b4782ecb3f73" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.658ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}"></span> </td> <td>>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cl^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <msup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cl^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d5ca81893589d2837e9fab67bc3d2df1ac93842" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.97ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cl^{-}}"></span> </td> <td>120 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HCO_{3}^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>C</mi> <msubsup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HCO_{3}^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe2b6f0c99aa37695f51f44408ec92e9e54755c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.114ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HCO_{3}^{-}}"></span> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d680bdb9a9ede52804c6bffd90a6bb17a47613b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{-}}"></span> (макромолекулярные <p>анионы) </p> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>155 </td> <td>>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">События, описываемые уравнением Нернста </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Ion^{\pm }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mi>o</mi> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Ion^{\pm }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/294dfef1ae97e85c76e8dad5214744ae369f2971" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.205ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Ion^{\pm }}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \uparrow N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \uparrow N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ea184eff5c2a398eb3ce016bc4bfe1d5fe9a41e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.871ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \uparrow N}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}<[X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}<[X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4443d95392da1244d11524a783f9d5a4a378b97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.932ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}<[X]_{i}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}>[X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}>[X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18d57b79ccd5c1bbbf578f791eff171052f1f49b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.932ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}>[X]_{i}}"></span> </td> <td>Параметр </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Kat^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Kat^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2219d3e236e88ae00d3de2c469dcae084182c7dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.646ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Kat^{+}}"></span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \uparrow \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \uparrow \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bbac666f2f89a7b85ae566ef0317bd6f43ca8c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.328ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \uparrow \varphi }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">←</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4bb4a23b5cf142d37dbc03d8f633273fa9d21942" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4485b098ce793f45a1fa86159c91444eea4371c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668ca2a99295202cf54dadfbaea1d6709fd45ed8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">←</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4bb4a23b5cf142d37dbc03d8f633273fa9d21942" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4485b098ce793f45a1fa86159c91444eea4371c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63ce3d638039c75bab416673fc04046c69f9af2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.667ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}>\varphi _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}>\varphi _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/702652494712bd3f3e0d64c5b458f4292a526768" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.425ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}>\varphi _{i}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}<\varphi _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}<\varphi _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2dc3e49debd9cf13899c593eba4d835f15c10127" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.425ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}<\varphi _{i}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle <0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo><</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle <0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5421042136c65f8858e00b79187c0f1742ee919" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle <0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle >0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle >0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b590bbbcf66fd5a62c56490804db67a445a6548b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle >0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle An^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle An^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d57b15080e2b246461afd7f190ac8e4dffc0fe9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.649ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle An^{-}}"></span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \downarrow \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \downarrow \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/779c8b25f5e54963993b8878deb46460d8c326da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.328ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \downarrow \varphi }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">←</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4bb4a23b5cf142d37dbc03d8f633273fa9d21942" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4485b098ce793f45a1fa86159c91444eea4371c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668ca2a99295202cf54dadfbaea1d6709fd45ed8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4485b098ce793f45a1fa86159c91444eea4371c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\rightarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">←</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4bb4a23b5cf142d37dbc03d8f633273fa9d21942" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O\leftarrow i}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63ce3d638039c75bab416673fc04046c69f9af2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.667ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}<\varphi _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}<\varphi _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2dc3e49debd9cf13899c593eba4d835f15c10127" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.425ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}<\varphi _{i}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}>\varphi _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}>\varphi _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/702652494712bd3f3e0d64c5b458f4292a526768" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.425ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}>\varphi _{i}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle >0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle >0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b590bbbcf66fd5a62c56490804db67a445a6548b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle >0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle <0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo><</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle <0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5421042136c65f8858e00b79187c0f1742ee919" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle <0}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">где <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Ion^{\pm }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mi>o</mi> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Ion^{\pm }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/294dfef1ae97e85c76e8dad5214744ae369f2971" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.205ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Ion^{\pm }}"></span> — ионы; <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> — количество ионов; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span> — электрический потенциал в данной точке; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \uparrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \uparrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddb20b28c74cdaa09e1f101d426441da1996072f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \uparrow }"></span> — увеличение; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \downarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \downarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4618f22b0f780805eb94bb407578d9bc9487947a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \downarrow }"></span> — уменьшение; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48dac3f3bbff717c1206789bbdea59cc0e11d9bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{O}}"></span> — внеклеточная концентрация иона; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c84b7084617ac36308cb08a544cd47a0ae11a8e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]_{i}}"></span> — внутриклеточная концентрация иона; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d70e1d0d87e2ef1092ea1ffe2923d9933ff18fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O}"></span> — внеклеточная среда; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> — внутриклеточная среда; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \leftarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">←</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \leftarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c0fb4bce772117bbaf55b7ca1539ceff9ae218c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \leftarrow }"></span> — перемещение в левое пространство; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> — перемещение в правое пространство; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bff050c36d4937c4d5c4590a2693d1b164e0daf2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.006ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{O}}"></span> — электрический потенциал внеклеточной среды; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70503774fb21be77396899900d3aa1e47d8f9e10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.32ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{i}}"></span> — электрический потенциал внутриклеточной среды; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>υ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668ca2a99295202cf54dadfbaea1d6709fd45ed8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{\upsilon }}"></span> — поток <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Скорость">скоростей</a> (направление перемещения ионов); <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63ce3d638039c75bab416673fc04046c69f9af2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.667ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{q}}"></span> — поток положительных зарядов; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ba9f6e3041b052cf13a0ede4ecf35fb4c9cd16c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}}"></span> — диффузионный потенциал. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{i}=\varphi _{i}-\varphi _{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{i}=\varphi _{i}-\varphi _{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b90bf549313d3bde15f38fd98bcc9f84d9a7df9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.78ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{i}=\varphi _{i}-\varphi _{O}}"></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Например, реверсивный потенциал для ионов калия: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}={\frac {RT}{zF}}\ln {\frac {[K^{+}]_{O}}{[K^{+}]_{i}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}={\frac {RT}{zF}}\ln {\frac {[K^{+}]_{O}}{[K^{+}]_{i}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec74c1360dfb7058d6a3fd7992bd656ccd382053" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.351ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}={\frac {RT}{zF}}\ln {\frac {[K^{+}]_{O}}{[K^{+}]_{i}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>где <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/336b9ed67908d98dbc7b48450fa3f8e6cc59a104" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.435ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}"></span> — равновесный потенциал ионов <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{+},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{+},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/627ad010ce5584094b007de53a54facbd23011b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.252ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{+},}"></span> измеряемый в <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт">вольтах</a>;</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Универсальная газовая постоянная">универсальная газовая постоянная</a>, равная 8,3144 <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джоуль">Дж</a>/(моль·К);</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Абсолютная температура">абсолютная температура</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кельвин">кельвинах</a>;</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}"></span> — заряд ионов участвующих в реакции, выраженный в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Элементарный электрический заряд">элементарных зарядах</a>, для ионов калия равен 1;</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Постоянная Фарадея">постоянная Фарадея</a>, равная 96 485 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кулон">Кл</a>/моль;</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{K^{+}]}_{O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{K^{+}]}_{O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34ec8b397802ea5cd1f9a6e27f638993290a69a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.385ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{K^{+}]}_{O}}"></span> — внеклеточная концентрация ионов калия, измеряется в моль/л;</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{K^{+}]}_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{K^{+}]}_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef02a7451856b87b1652c96b9345209aa892ea5f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.698ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{K^{+}]}_{i}}"></span> — внутриклеточная концентрация ионов калия, измеряется в моль/л.</dd></dl> <p>Реверсивный потенциал (англ. <i>reversal potential</i>) численно равен равновесному потенциалу. Термин реверсивный потенциал отражает тот факт, что при переходе через данное значение мембранного потенциала происходит обращение направления потока ионов. </p><p>Уравнение Нернста корректно описывает мембранный потенциал только в тех случаях, когда мембрана пропускает исключительно ионы одного вида, что бывает крайне редко. Поэтому обычно уравнение позволяет рассчитать лишь приблизительное значение мембранного потенциала. Когда мембрана пропускает потоки ионов нескольких видов, мембранный потенциал можно вычислить на основе <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_equation" class="extiw" title="en:Goldman equation">уравнения Гольдмана–Ходжкина–Катца</a> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_equation" class="extiw" title="en:Goldman equation">(Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz, GНK).</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Мембранный_потенциал_покоя"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.8F"></span>Мембранный потенциал покоя</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактировать раздел «Мембранный потенциал покоя»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=6" title="Редактировать код раздела «Мембранный потенциал покоя»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r137874932">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-left:10px solid #36c;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 10%}html body.mediawiki.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-width:0 0 0 4px}.mw-parser-output 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.ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-textsmall-div{font-size:90%}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(max-width:1366px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:6%;margin-right:6%}}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}</style><table class="mbox-Заготовка_раздела plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/25px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/38px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-div">Этот раздел <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Заготовка статьи">не завершён</a></b>.</div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"><span class="hide-when-compact"> Вы поможете проекту, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Википедия:Правила и указания">исправив и дополнив</a> его.<br /></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Во многих <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка">клетках</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Потенциал покоя">потенциал покоя</a> соответствует диффузионному потенциалу <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/336b9ed67908d98dbc7b48450fa3f8e6cc59a104" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.435ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{e,\ K^{+}}}"></span> для <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1121f5e27e3dd7471b277a6a419a626b5af39918" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.319ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}}"></span>. </p><p>Приблизительные значения потенциала покоя для разных клеток: -70 мВ для <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейрон">нейронов</a>, -90 мВ для клеток <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нейроглия">нейроглии</a>; -90 мВ для клеток скелетных мышц и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Миокард">миокарда</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Градуированные_значения"><span id=".D0.93.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Градуированные значения</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактировать раздел «Градуированные значения»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=7" title="Редактировать код раздела «Градуированные значения»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r137874932"><table class="mbox-Заготовка_раздела plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/25px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/38px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-div">Этот раздел <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Заготовка статьи">не завершён</a></b>.</div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"><span class="hide-when-compact"> Вы поможете проекту, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Википедия:Правила и указания">исправив и дополнив</a> его.<br /></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эффекты_и_последствия"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.84.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.8B_.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B4.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Эффекты и последствия</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактировать раздел «Эффекты и последствия»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=8" title="Редактировать код раздела «Эффекты и последствия»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r137874932"><table class="mbox-Заготовка_раздела plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/25px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/38px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-div">Этот раздел <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Заготовка статьи">не завершён</a></b>.</div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"><span class="hide-when-compact"> Вы поможете проекту, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Википедия:Правила и указания">исправив и дополнив</a> его.<br /></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Примечания"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Примечания</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактировать раздел «Примечания»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>править</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=9" title="Редактировать код раздела «Примечания»"><span>править код</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston and Wu, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bullock_140_141-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bullock_140_141_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Holmes_Bullock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Holmes Bullock (страница отсутствует)">Bullock</a>, Orkand, and Grinnell, pp. 140-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Holmes_Bullock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Holmes Bullock (страница отсутствует)">Bullock</a>, Orkand, and Grinnell, pp. 153-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mummert_1991-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mummert_1991_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Mummert H., Gradmann D.</i> Action potentials in Acetabularia: measurement and simulation of voltage-gated fluxes <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на английском языке">(англ.)</small> // <span data-interwiki-lang="en" data-interwiki-article="The Journal of Membrane Biology"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Membrane_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Membrane Biology (страница отсутствует)">Journal of Membrane Biology</a></span><sup class="noprint" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Membrane_Biology" class="extiw" title="en:The Journal of Membrane Biology"><span title="The Journal of Membrane Biology — версия статьи «The Journal of Membrane Biology» на английском языке">[англ.]</span></a></sup> : journal. — 1991. — <span class="nowrap">Vol. 124</span>, <span class="nowrap">no. 3</span>. — <span class="nowrap">P. 265—273</span>. — <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01994359">10.1007/BF01994359</a>. — <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1664861">1664861</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Schmidt-Nielsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Knut Schmidt-Nielsen">Schmidt-Nielsen</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141305934">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after,.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a::after{content:"";width:1.1em;height:1.1em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a::after,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a::after{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a::after,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a::after{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Агаджанян Н. А., Смирнов В. М.</i> Общая физиология возбудимых тканей; роль ионных насосов в формировании потенциала покоя. — 2007. — С. 58.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eisenman_theory-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eisenman_theory_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Eisenman G.</i> <span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248">On the elementary atomic origin of equilibrium ionic specificity</span> // Symposium on Membrane Transport and Metabolism <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на английском языке">(англ.)</small> / A. Kleinzeller, A. Kotyk, eds.. — New York: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>, 1961. — P. 163—179.</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Eisenman G.</i> <span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248">Some elementary factors involved in specific ion permeation</span> // Proc. 23rd Int. Congr. Physiol. Sci., Tokyo <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на английском языке">(англ.)</small>. — Amsterdam: Excerta Med. Found., 1965. — P. 489—506.</span><br />* <span class="citation"><i>Diamond J. M., Wright E. M.</i> Biological membranes: the physical basis of ion and nonekectrolyte selectivity <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на английском языке">(англ.)</small> // <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews" title="Annual Reviews">Annual Review of Physiology</a> : journal. — 1969. — <span class="nowrap">Vol. 31</span>. — <span class="nowrap">P. 581—646</span>. — <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ph.31.030169.003053">10.1146/annurev.ph.31.030169.003053</a>. — <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4885777">4885777</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>1</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>2</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>3</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>4</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>5</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>под ред. Р. Ф. Шмидта, Ф. Ланга, М. Хекманна.</i> Физиология человека с основами патофизиологии : в 2 т. <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на неопределённом языке">(неопр.)</small> / пер. с нем. под ред. М. А. Каменской и др.. — 2-е изд., испр., электрон.. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: Лаборатория знаний, 2021. — Т. 1. — С. 87-90. — 540 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9785001019411" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-00101-941-1</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141305934"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>С. Зильбернагль, А. Деспопулос.</i> Наглядная физиология <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на неопределённом языке">(неопр.)</small> / Ведущий редактор канд. хим. наук Т. И. Почкаева, редакторы канд. биол. наук О. В. Ефременкова, Л. Н Коробкова, Н. В. Штопина. — <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2013. — С. 32, 38. — 408 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9785947743852" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-94774-385-2</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r137874932"><table class="mbox-Перевести plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, 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Конгресса">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2015000178">sh2015000178</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Источник — <a dir="ltr" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Мембранный_потенциал&oldid=140379290">https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Мембранный_потенциал&oldid=140379290</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Служебная:Категории">Категории</a>: <ul><li><a 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rel="discussion" class="new" title="Обсуждение основной страницы (страница отсутствует) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Обсуждение</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">русский</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Просмотры</span> 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit" title="Править исходный текст этой страницы [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Править код</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=history" title="Журнал изменений страницы [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="Больше возможностей" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span 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href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Статьи о текущих событиях в мире"><span>Текущие события</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ru.wikipedia.org&uselang=ru" title="Поддержите нас"><span>Пожертвовать</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-participation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-participation-label" > <h3 id="p-participation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Участие</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сообщить об ошибке в этой статье"><span>Сообщить об ошибке</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5"><span>Как править статьи</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="О проекте, о том, чем здесь можно заниматься, а также — где что находится"><span>Сообщество</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Форум участников Википедии"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Список всех страниц, ссылающихся на данную [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ссылки сюда</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" rel="nofollow" title="Последние изменения в страницах, на которые ссылается эта страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Связанные правки</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Список служебных страниц [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Служебные страницы</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&oldid=140379290" title="Постоянная ссылка на эту версию страницы"><span>Постоянная ссылка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=info" title="Подробнее об этой странице"><span>Сведения о странице</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Membrane_potential" hreflang="en"><span>Викисклад</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q389844" title="Ссылка на связанный элемент репозитория данных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Элемент Викиданных</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">На других языках</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="جهد غشائي — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهد غشائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranski_potencijal" title="Membranski potencijal — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Membranski potencijal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_de_membrana" title="Potencial de membrana — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potencial de membrana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95" title="پۆتەنشڵی پەردە — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆتەنشڵی پەردە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membr%C3%A1nov%C3%BD_potenci%C3%A1l" title="Membránový potenciál — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Membránový potenciál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranpotential" title="Membranpotential — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Membranpotential" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Μεμβρανικό δυναμικό — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεμβρανικό δυναμικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Membrane potential" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_de_membrana" title="Potencial de membrana — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencial de membrana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membraanipotentsiaal" title="Membraanipotentsiaal — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Membraanipotentsiaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintz_potentzial" title="Mintz potentzial — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mintz potentzial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="پتانسیل غشا — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتانسیل غشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvoj%C3%A4nnite" title="Kalvojännite — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalvojännite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiel_%C3%A9lectrochimique_de_membrane" title="Potentiel électrochimique de membrane — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potentiel électrochimique de membrane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poit%C3%A9inseal_scann%C3%A1in" title="Poitéinseal scannáin — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poitéinseal scannáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_de_membrana" title="Potencial de membrana — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Potencial de membrana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5" title="झिल्ली विभव — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="झिल्ली विभव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potensial_membran" title="Potensial membran — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Potensial membran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADldarspenna" title="Hvíldarspenna — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvíldarspenna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenziale_di_membrana" title="Potenziale di membrana — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potenziale di membrana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="膜電位 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="膜電位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potensial_membran" title="Potensial membran — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Potensial membran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89_%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%84" title="막 전위 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막 전위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мембраналык потенциал — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мембраналык потенциал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мембрански потенцијал — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мембрански потенцијал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мембраны потенциал — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мембраны потенциал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keupayaan_membran" title="Keupayaan membran — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keupayaan membran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membraanpotentiaal" title="Membraanpotentiaal — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Membraanpotentiaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranpotensial" title="Membranpotensial — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Membranpotensial" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencja%C5%82_b%C5%82onowy" title="Potencjał błonowy — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potencjał błonowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_el%C3%A9trico_de_membrana" title="Potencial elétrico de membrana — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potencial elétrico de membrana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_de_membran%C4%83" title="Potențial de membrană — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Potențial de membrană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranski_potencijal" title="Membranski potencijal — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Membranski potencijal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membr%C3%A1nov%C3%BD_potenci%C3%A1l" title="Membránový potenciál — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Membránový potenciál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranski_potencial" title="Membranski potencial — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Membranski potencial" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мембрански потенцијал — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мембрански потенцијал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranpotential" title="Membranpotential — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Membranpotential" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranong_potensiyal" title="Membranong potensiyal — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Membranong potensiyal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_potansiyeli" title="Membran potansiyeli — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Membran potansiyeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мембранний потенціал — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мембранний потенціал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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