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id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Royal families </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lakshmipuram_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakshmipuram_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Lakshmipuram Palace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakshmipuram_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilimanoor_palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilimanoor_palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Kilimanoor palace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilimanoor_palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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id="toc-Kozhikode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malappuram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malappuram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Malappuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malappuram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Palakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malappuram_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malappuram_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Malappuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malappuram_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Palakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Airport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_and_Malappuram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_and_Malappuram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Kozhikode and Malappuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_and_Malappuram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Palakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Shopping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malappuram_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malappuram_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Malappuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malappuram_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Palakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malappuram_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malappuram_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Malappuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malappuram_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Palakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malayalam_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Malayalam language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malappuram_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malappuram_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Malappuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malappuram_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Palakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malabar_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malabar_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Malabar cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malabar_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Tourism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tourism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">South Malabar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Geographical / Historical Area</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg/260px-Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg/390px-Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg/520px-Calicut_mini_bypass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/260px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/390px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/520px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Palakkad_City,_Kunnathurmedu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palakkad_City%2C_Kunnathurmedu.jpg/260px-Palakkad_City%2C_Kunnathurmedu.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palakkad_City%2C_Kunnathurmedu.jpg/390px-Palakkad_City%2C_Kunnathurmedu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palakkad_City%2C_Kunnathurmedu.jpg/520px-Palakkad_City%2C_Kunnathurmedu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="2241" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_metropolitan_area" title="Kozhikode metropolitan area">Kozhikode metropolitan area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> city view from Kunnathurmedu.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,416 km2 (2,863 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)(approx.)<a href="#cite_note-A-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,368,794</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,128/km2 (2,920/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">673***, 676***, 678***, 679*** and 680***</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-KL</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">KL-08, KL-09, KL-10, KL-11, KL-46, KL-49, KL-50, KL-51, KL-52, KL-53, KL-54, KL-55, KL-57, KL-65, KL-71, KL-75, KL-76, KL-77, KL-84 & KL-85</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Niyamasabha</a> constituencies</th><td class="infobox-data">36<a href="#cite_note-B-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> South Malabar refers to a geographical area of the southwestern coast of India covering some parts of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> state. South Malabar covers the regions included in present-day Kozhikode <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">taluk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a> excluding <a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a> taluk, the whole area of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a> taluk of <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a>, excluding parts of <a href="/wiki/Chittur,_Palakkad" title="Chittur, Palakkad">Chittur</a> taluk. The Fort Kochi region of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> city also historically belongs to South Malabar. The term South Malabar refers to the region of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> south to the river <a href="/wiki/Korapuzha" title="Korapuzha">Korapuzha</a>, and bears a high cultural similarity to both the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> (Southern <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> region) and the <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-3">[3]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British rule</a>, South Malabar's chief importance lay in producing coconut, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pepper" title="Malabar pepper">pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiles">tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Old administrative records of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by the government in the Madras Presidency was the teak plantation at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, planted in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-Mbsp-5">[5]</a> South Malabar held importance as one of the two districts in the Madras Presidency that lay on the western <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, thus accessing the marine route through the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> via its ports at <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>. The first railway line of Kerala, from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to Beypore, was laid for it. <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> is the capital and largest city of the whole of Malabar, followed by <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>. The South Malabar region is bounded by <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korapuzha" title="Korapuzha">Korapuzha</a>) to north, the hilly region of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> which connects <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> to east, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> to south, and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to west.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Nediyiruppu Swaroopam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valluvanad_(southern_Malabar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvanad (southern Malabar)">Valluvanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavalappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalappara">Kavalappara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadis</a>, and Palakkad, are all included in South Malabar. The longest three rivers of Malabar region, namely the <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi Rivers</a>, flow through South Malabar. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Until the arrival of British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-C-7">[7]</a> Earlier, the term Malabar had been used to also include <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a>, which lie contiguous to Kerala on the southwestern coast of India.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The people of Malabar were known as <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabars</a>. The term Malabar is still often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India. In the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> sailors called Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, was already attested in <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>' Topography, which mentions a pepper emporium called "Male", which clearly gave its name to Malabar (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the country of Male'). The name Malabar is thought to come from the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word mala (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'hill')<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word barr (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'country/continent').<a href="#cite_note-C-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Historically, Arab writers variously called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (973–1048) must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-C-7">[7]</a> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> mention Malabar ports in their works.<a href="#cite_note-KMMohammad-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/220px-Uru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/330px-Uru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/440px-Uru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a>, a type of ship built at <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient era">edit</a>]</div> The ancient port of <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, which was located on the northern side of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, was somewhere near Kozhikode.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-14">[14]</a> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-14">[14]</a> The suggested locations are <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-14">[14]</a> Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, with the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The region around <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> was ruled by the Cheras during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> between 1st and the 4th centuries CE and served as the eastern entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>, the principal inland trade route between the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trade-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century CE) stated that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-odra-18">[18]</a> According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> began at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Naura</a> and Tyndis. However, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> During the early Middle Ages, South Malabar was home to numerous political realms, including the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu (Tanur)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kurumathur_inscription" title="Kurumathur inscription">Kurumathur inscription</a> found near <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a> dates back to 871 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Veluthat-23">[23]</a> Three inscriptions written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> dating from 932 CE were found in <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, and mention the name of <a href="/wiki/Goda_Ravi" title="Goda Ravi">Goda Ravi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a> Of these, the Triprangode inscription describes the agreement of <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a> Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam dating from the 10th century have found in <a href="/wiki/Sukapuram" title="Sukapuram">Sukapuram</a> near <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>, which was one of the 64 old <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of the Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin" title="Jewish copper plates of Cochin">Jewish copper plates</a> of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Viraraghava_copper_plates" title="Viraraghava copper plates">Viraraghava copper plates</a> of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).<a href="#cite_note-mh-25">[25]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Muchundi_Mosque" title="Muchundi Mosque">Muchundi Mosque</a> in Kozhikode, a 13th-century granite inscription written in a mixture of Old Malayalam and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> mentions a donation by the king to the mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Narayanan2017-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Samanthan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanthan Nair">Samanthan Nair</a> clan known as <a href="/wiki/Eradi" title="Eradi">Eradis</a>, similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Nedunganad</a> (Ottapalam). The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the title Eralppad or Eradi. The ruler of Eranad later became the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> by annexing the port town of Calicut from Polanad, a vassal to <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Kozhikode">Rise of Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/220px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/330px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/440px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>India in early 1320. Most of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Kozhikode.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (Calicut) was the most powerful ruler of South Malabar during the Middle Ages. Under its rule, Kozhikode was the largest city on Malabar Coast, and South Malabar emerged as one of the leading centres of maritime trade on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. This continued until the 18th century. The port at Kozhikode was the gateway to the South Indian coast for <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, who had a monopoly on foreign trade, and later the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clt-27">[27]</a> The Zamorin, who originally ruled <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a>, developed the port at Kozhikode and relocated there for its maritime trade. In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after seizing the <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> region from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a>, which was under control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>. The Kingdom of Cochin was originally headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a>; however, due to the annexation, the kingdom was forced to shift its capital (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1405) further south, first to <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>. In the 15th century, Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in the medieval Malabar Coast.<a href="#cite_note-askh-28">[28]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/220px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/330px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/440px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a>'s empire in 1498. It was the most powerful kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>-speaking region during Middle Ages.</figcaption></figure> At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (1342–1347), who visited Kozhikode six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city—he described Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found". The king of this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit-out others like them".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Chinese sailor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> (1403), as part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> described the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He noted the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day), and the matrilineal system of succession. <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Razzaq_(traveller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdur Razzaq (traveller)">Abdur Razzak</a> (1442–43), <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> (1445), <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin" title="Afanasy Nikitin">Afanasy Nikitin</a> (1468–74), <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> (1503–1508), and <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> witnessed the city as one of the major international trading centres on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/220px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/330px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/440px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The route <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> took to reach <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (black line) in 1498. The discovery of this sea route from Europe to India eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Kozhikode resided at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese arrived at <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a>, Kozhikode, in 1498 during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkars</a>, who were the naval chiefs of the Zamorin of Kozhikode, are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1664, the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a>, making it the first municipality on the Indian subcontinent; it was later dissolved when Dutch authority weakened in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, Kozhikode acted as the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a>; the port held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, and Kochi were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-38">[38]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_(1930-37).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/300px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/450px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/600px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> harbour in mid-1930s</figcaption></figure> South Malabar was the cultural capital of medieval Kerala. The region was and still is the main hub of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, the hub of the <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, the largest hub of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> studies in Kerala during the Middle Ages, were located in South Malabar. The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and was based in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roy-39">[39]</a> In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Series_expansion" title="Series expansion">series expansion</a> for trigonometric functions.<a href="#cite_note-roy-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a>, the feudal lords of <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a> who were considered the supreme head of <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> of Kerala during the Middle Ages, were also natives of South Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Additionally, South Malabar was home to the prominent figures like <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:261px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington,_soldier_and_statesman,_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_(1904)_(14593177119).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/200px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/300px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/400px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of India in 1804. Note that only <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> are marked as cities within present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:261px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_District_(1951_Census).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg/184px-Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg/276px-Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg/368px-Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1655" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Malabar District during the <a href="/wiki/1951_census_of_India" title="1951 census of India">1951 census of India</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/220px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/330px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/440px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, was planted in the 1840s by District Collector <a href="/wiki/H.V._Conolly" class="mw-redirect" title="H.V. Conolly">H. V. Conolly</a>.</figcaption></figure> The northern parts of Kerala were unified under <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> during the last decades of the 18th century. Following his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">Treaty of Seringapatam</a>, the regions of Tipu's kingdom were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of the Malabar Coast that became British colonies were organized into a district of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, and divided into <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> and South Malabar on 30 March 1793 for administrative convenience. Though the general administrative headquarters of Malabar was at <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> (South Malabar), the special headquarters of South Malabar was at <a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a>. Initially, Malabar was placed under the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. Later, in 1799–1800, Malabar and <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>. The oldest railway line of Kerala was laid at South Malabar in the 1860s. South Malabar was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar Rebellion">Malabar Rebellion</a> in 1921. On 1 November 1956, this region was annexed with the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-C-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_families">Royal families</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Royal families">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal family is a cousin dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, belonged to the Parappanad royal family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lakshmipuram_Palace">Lakshmipuram Palace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lakshmipuram Palace">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lakshmipuram_Palace" title="Lakshmipuram Palace">Lakshmipuram Palace</a></div> Lakshmipuram Palace is the royal palace of the Parappanad royal families in <a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a>. It was built in 1811 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gowri_Lakshmi_Bayi" title="Gowri Lakshmi Bayi">Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi</a> (1791–1815) and served as a new palace for her husband <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Varma_Koil_Thampuran" title="Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran">Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran</a> and his family members.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran was born in <a href="/wiki/Neerazhi_Palace" title="Neerazhi Palace">Neerazhi Palace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Puzhavathu" title="Puzhavathu">Puzhavathu</a> neighborhood of Changanassery, near Kavil Bhagavathy Temple.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> He was part of the Parappanad royal family<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> who ruled <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He was the father of <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma</a>, Maharaja of Travancore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kilimanoor_palace">Kilimanoor palace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kilimanoor palace">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanoor palace">Kilimanoor palace</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studiorrv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Studiorrv.jpg/220px-Studiorrv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Studiorrv.jpg/330px-Studiorrv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Studiorrv.jpg/440px-Studiorrv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> with his studio in the foreground</figcaption></figure> In 1705 (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam era">ME</a> 880), the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of the <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal house were adopted into the royal house of <a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a>. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a>, the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son became known as <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a> Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma. In 1740, when an allied force<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power. In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> from taxes and granted them autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The present palace complex was built at this time, together with the <a href="/wiki/Ayyappan" title="Ayyappan">Ayyappan</a> temple<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> for the family deity, Sastha or Ayyapan.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi</a> <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dalawa</a> held meetings at Kilimanoor palace while planning uprisings against the British. He handed over his sword at the palace before going into his final battle against the British. India's first president, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, received this sword from the palace, and it was kept in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Afterwards, the sword was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a> in Trivandrum. <a href="/wiki/Nedumpuram_Palace" title="Nedumpuram Palace">Nedumpuram Palace</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a> belongs to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad royal family</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg/220px-Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg/330px-Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg/440px-Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Distant view of <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a>, Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Houseboat_(191490747).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg/220px-Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg/330px-Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg/440px-Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Biyyam backwater, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></figcaption></figure> The term 'South Malabar' refers to the region of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> that lies south of the river <a href="/wiki/Korapuzha" title="Korapuzha">Korapuzha</a> and bears high cultural similarity with both the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Central Kerala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Southern Thrissur</a> region) and the <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-3">[3]</a> Three of the largest five rivers in Kerala—the <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi</a>—flow through South Malabar. The region also has several small and medium-sized tributaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhavani_River" title="Bhavani River">Bhavani River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>. Dams have been built across tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> River, the largest by dimension being the <a href="/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a> and the largest by volume being the <a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Biyyam</a> backwaters, canals such as the <a href="/wiki/Conolly_Canal" title="Conolly Canal">Conolly Canal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur-Ponnani_Kole_Wetlands" title="Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands">Ponnani Kole Wetlands</a> are also present in South Malabar region. The <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>, the largest mountain pass in Kerala's <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and that connects Kerala with Tamil Nadu by road through <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> city, is located in South Malabar. The region is therefore also known as "The Gateway of Kerala". The highest peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> were in the <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> (eastern) region of Eranad, near the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-3">[3]</a> The 2,554 m (8,379 ft)-high <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> peak, which is situated in the border of modern-day Nilambur Taluk and <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a> Taluk, was the highest point of elevation in Malabar District; today, it is the fifth-highest peak in South India and the third-highest in Kerala after <a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a> (2,696 m) and <a href="/wiki/Meesapulimala" title="Meesapulimala">Meesapulimala</a> (2,651 m). It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a> (2,383 m) was the second-highest peak in the district, and <a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a> (2,339 m) was the third-highest.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-3">[3]</a> Apart from the main continuous range of the Western Ghats, the region has many small undulating hills in the lowland.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-3">[3]</a> South Malabar has rich biodiversity. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Nedumkayam</a> Rainforest, <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Reserved Forest, as well as teak plantations. The eastern regions in the modern-day districts of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a> (Chaliyar valley), and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Valley)—which together form parts of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Plateau">Mysore Plateau</a>—are known for natural <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> fields, along with the adjoining districts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a> The South Malabar region is nicknamed "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/districts/palakkad/">the granary of Kerala</a>". In the British records, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> region was collectively described as "Nilambur Valley".<a href="#cite_note-c1951-57">[57]</a> The riverbank of the <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> is known for natural gold fields.<a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a> Mineral explorations done in the Chaliyar river valley showed reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-58">[58]</a> Eranad has several tributaries of Chaliyar and Kadalundi rivers. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary"><img alt="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/120px-Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/180px-Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/240px-Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3773" data-file-height="2627" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bharathappuzha, the second-longest river in Kerala"><img alt="Bharathappuzha, the second-longest river in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="840" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, the second-longest river in Kerala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaliyar, the fourth-longest river in Kerala"><img alt="Chaliyar, the fourth-longest river in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg/120px-Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg/180px-Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg/240px-Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, the fourth-longest river in Kerala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemmara-paddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical Palakkadan paddy field (from Nemmara)"><img alt="Typical Palakkadan paddy field (from Nemmara)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/120px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/180px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/240px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical Palakkadan paddy field (from <a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kadalundi River, the fifth-longest river in Kerala"><img alt="Kadalundi River, the fifth-longest river in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/120px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/180px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/240px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a>, the fifth-longest river in Kerala</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Malappuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Malappuram district">Transportation in Malappuram district</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg/220px-Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg/330px-Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg/440px-Volvo_8400_at_Calicut_Bus_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Volvo 8400 at Calicut Bus Terminal</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_17_(India)" title="National Highway 17 (India)">National Highway 66</a> connects Kozhikode to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> via <a href="/wiki/Mangaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaluru">Mangaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> to the south; it terminates at <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, the southern tip of India. <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_766_(India)" title="National Highway 766 (India)">National Highway 766</a> connects Kozhikode to <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> through <a href="/wiki/Kollegal" title="Kollegal">Kollegal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> via <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_966_(India)" title="National Highway 966 (India)">National Highway 966</a> connects Kozhikode to <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> through <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, as well as connects the city to the <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a>. At Ramanattukara, a suburb of Kozhikode, it joins NH 66. State highways <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_29_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 29 (Kerala)">SH 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_54_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 54 (Kerala)">SH 54</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_68_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 68 (Kerala)">SH 68</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_34_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 34 (Kerala)">SH 34</a> also run through the city. Buses, predominantly run by individual owners, ply routes within the city and nearby locations. City buses are painted green. <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a> (KSRTC) runs regular services to many destinations in the state and to neighbouring states. The city has three bus stands: private buses to the suburbs and nearby towns depart from the Palayam Bus Stand; private buses to adjoining districts depart from the Mofussil Bus Stand on Indira Gandhi Road (Mavoor Road); KSRTC buses depart from the KSRTC bus stand on Indira Gandhi Road, the largest bus stand in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> There are also KSRTC depots in <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thottilpalam" title="Thottilpalam">Thottilpalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a>. Private tour operators maintain regular luxury bus services to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, and mainly operate from the Palayam area. These are usually night services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malappuram">Malappuram</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg/220px-Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg/330px-Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg/440px-Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_bridge" title="Kuttippuram bridge">Kuttippuram bridge</a>, built in 1953</figcaption></figure> Malappuram is well-connected by roads. There are four <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a> stations in district.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The district has two <a href="/wiki/National_highways_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National highways in India">National Highways</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">NH 66</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_966_(India)" title="National Highway 966 (India)">NH 966</a>) and numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Kerala" title="List of state highways in Kerala">State Highways</a>. Kerala PWD maintains 2,680 km of road in the district, of which 2,305 km are district roads and the remaining 375 km are State Highways.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Nadukani Churam <a href="/wiki/Ghat_Roads" title="Ghat Roads">Ghat Road</a> connects Malappuram with <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nadukani-62">[62]</a> The Nadukani–<a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at Nadukani Churam bordering <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr-63">[63]</a> The first modern road in the district was laid in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> The road from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> was projected by him.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> Tipu had also projected the roads from <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1961_kkd-65">[65]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:406px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge"><img alt="A panoramic view of Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG/398px-GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG" decoding="async" width="398" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG/597px-GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG/796px-GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG" title="File:GKN Chamravattom Regulator Bridge DSC 0446.JPG"> </a></div>A panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Chamravattom_Regulator-cum-Bridge" title="Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge">Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palakkad">Palakkad</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg/220px-Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg/330px-Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg/440px-Chandranagar_round_palakkad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Night view of <a href="/wiki/Chandranagar" title="Chandranagar">Chandranagar</a> roundabout, Palakkad</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> has a medium-grade network of roads. It is connected to <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_544_(India)" title="National Highway 544 (India)">National Highway 544</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a>) and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_966_(India)" title="National Highway 966 (India)">National Highway 966</a>, which starts in Palakkad and joins <a href="/wiki/NH_66" class="mw-redirect" title="NH 66">NH 66</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ramanattukara" title="Ramanattukara">Ramanattukara</a> in Kozhikode.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Another important road is the Palakkad–Ponnani road, which connects NH 544 and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">NH 66</a>. Palakkad has four bus stations: the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a> Terminal Palakkad and three Private Bus stands (Stadium Bus Stand, Municipal Bus stand, and Town Bus Stand). The Palakkad KSRTC depot is the only such depot in the district, but is the second-most revenue-generating KSRTC depot in the state after Trivandrum.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stadium_Bus_Stand_Palakkad" title="Stadium Bus Stand Palakkad">Stadium Bus Stand</a> is the largest private bus stand in the city, and offers services to the city suburbs and other areas of the district, such as <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollachi" title="Pollachi">Pollachi</a>. Services to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongad_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongad (gram panchayat)">Kongad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sreekrishnapuram">Sreekrishnapuram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadampazhipuram" title="Kadampazhipuram">Kadampazhipuram</a> start from Municipal Stand. Buses to western parts of the district (<a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a>, and towards <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a>) start from Town Stand. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kozhikode_2">Kozhikode</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Kozhikode_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozhikode Railway Station">Kozhikode Railway Station</a> is one of the busiest railway stations in South India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_railway_station" title="Kozhikode railway station">Kozhikode railway station</a>, also known as Calicut railway station, is the largest railway station in the city. At ₹98 crore (equivalent to ₹131 crore or US$16 million in 2023) in revenue in 2018, it is the third largest in terms of passenger revenues in Kerala, the largest in <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_railway_division" title="Palakkad railway division">Palakkad division</a>, and the seventh largest in Southern Railway.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The station has four platforms, two terminals, and a total of six tracks.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It is a major railway stations in Kerala, with trains connecting the city to other major cities in India. An integrated security system was installed at the station in 2012, featuring baggage scanners, CCTVs, and vehicle scanners.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The 125th anniversary of the station was celebrated on 2 January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The railway line to Calicut (now Kozhikode) was opened to traffic on 2 January 1888, and at that time was western terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Railway" title="Madras Railway">Madras Railway</a>. The first line in Malabar was laid between <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> (at the time an important port) and <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>. With the arrival of the new line to Calicut and its growth as an administrative centre, Chaliyam diminished in significance and the railway line to it was subsequently abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The other railway stations in Kozhikode include <a href="/wiki/Ferok_railway_station" title="Ferok railway station">Ferok</a> (code: FK), <a href="/wiki/Kallayi" title="Kallayi">Kallayi Kozhikode South</a> (code: KUL), <a href="/wiki/Vellayil" title="Vellayil">Vellayil</a> (code: VLL) and <a href="/wiki/West_Hill_railway_station" title="West Hill railway station">West Hill</a> (code: WH). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malappuram_2">Malappuram</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mankeri_kunnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mankeri_kunnu.jpg/220px-Mankeri_kunnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mankeri_kunnu.jpg/330px-Mankeri_kunnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mankeri_kunnu.jpg/440px-Mankeri_kunnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Railway at Mankeri Kunnu, <a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur railway station</a>, the oldest in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> The state's first railway line was laid in 1861.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Railway_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Railway Division">Palakkad Railway Division</a>, one of six divisions under the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway</a>, manages the district's 142 kilometres<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> of railways. <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> City is served by the railway stations at <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram</a> (17 km away), <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_railway_station" title="Parappanangadi railway station">Parappanangadi</a> (both 26 km, 40 minute drive away). The history of railways in Kerala traces back to this district. The oldest railway station in the state is at <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> The stations at <a href="/wiki/Tanur_railway_station" title="Tanur railway station">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_railway_station" title="Parappanangadi railway station">Parappanangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu_railway_station" title="Vallikkunnu railway station">Vallikkunnu</a> also form parts of the oldest railway line in the state laid from Tirur to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> The line was inaugurated on 12 March 1861.<a href="#cite_note-ll-74">[74]</a> In the same year, it was extended from Tirur to <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_railway_station" title="Kuttippuram railway station">Kuttippuram</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> In 1862, it was further extended from Kuttippuram to <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a>, and then from Pattambi to <a href="/wiki/Podanur" title="Podanur">Podanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> railway line was later formed as an extension of this <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>–<a href="/wiki/Podanur" title="Podanur">Podanur</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a> is among the shortest as well as picturesque <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> railway lines in India.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It was laid by the British for the transportation of Nilambur <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Nanjangud_line" title="Nilambur–Nanjangud line">Nilambur–Nanjangud line</a> is a proposed railway line connecting <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> railway line is another proposed project.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Ministry of Railways included a railway line connecting Kozhikode–Malappuram–Angadipuram in its Vision 2020 plan. Multiple surveys have been done on the line already. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Railway stations in Malappuram District </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherukara_railway_station" title="Cherukara railway station">Cherukara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_railway_station" title="Kuttippuram railway station">Kuttippuram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melattur_railway_station" title="Melattur railway station">Melattur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Road_railway_station" title="Nilambur Road railway station">Nilambur Road</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_railway_station" title="Parappanangadi railway station">Parappanangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pattikkad_railway_station" title="Pattikkad railway station">Pattikkad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Perassannur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur_railway_station" title="Tanur railway station">Tanur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porur,_Malappuram" title="Porur, Malappuram">Thodikapulam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuvvur_railway_station" title="Tuvvur railway station">Tuvvur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu_railway_station" title="Vallikkunnu railway station">Vallikkunnu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaniyambalam_railway_station" title="Vaniyambalam railway station">Vaniyambalam</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palakkad_2">Palakkad</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olavakkode_railway_station,_palakkad_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Olavakkode_railway_station%2C_palakkad_.jpg/220px-Olavakkode_railway_station%2C_palakkad_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Olavakkode_railway_station%2C_palakkad_.jpg/330px-Olavakkode_railway_station%2C_palakkad_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Olavakkode_railway_station%2C_palakkad_.jpg/440px-Olavakkode_railway_station%2C_palakkad_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Palakkad Junction Railway Station</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_railway_division" title="Palakkad railway division">Palakkad railway division</a>, the smallest of the six administrative divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway zone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>, is headquartered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> and manages 588 kilometers of track. It is one of the oldest railway divisions in India. The terminal facility of the Palakkad division is in Shoranur Junction and Mangalore Central of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka state">Karnataka state</a>. The city is mainly served by two railway stations: <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Junction">Palakkad Junction</a> (located at <a href="/wiki/Olavakkode" title="Olavakkode">Olavakkode</a>, about 4 km from Municipal bus stand) and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Town_railway_station" title="Palakkad Town railway station">Palakkad Town</a> railway station (located in the heart of the city). <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">Broad gauge</a> lines connect Palakkad to the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Train_services_resume_on_Pollachi_–_Palakkad_section-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoranur_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoranur Junction">Shoranur Junction</a> is the largest railway station in Kerala and plays a major role in connecting the southwestern coast of India (<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>) with the southeastern coast (<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>. Due to its proximity to the gap, the station is the meeting point of three major railway lines: the <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> line, the <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>–<a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a> line. It also has rail connections to the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a>, enabling travel towards <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Airport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kozhikode_and_Malappuram">Kozhikode and Malappuram</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kozhikode and Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Kozhikode and Malappuram are served by the <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: CCJ, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: VOCL), located at <a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a>, about 25 kilometres away from Malappuram City. The airport started operation in April 1988. It has two terminals: one for domestic flights and another for international flights.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The airport serves as an operating base for <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Express" title="Air India Express">Air India Express</a> and operates <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj pilgrimage</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport">Medina</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">Jeddah</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. There are direct buses to the airport for transportation. According to statistics provided by the <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a> in 2019–20, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the busiest airports in India">17th busiest airport in the country</a> and the third-busiest in the state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palakkad_3">Palakkad</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> The nearest international airport is <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_International_Airport" title="Coimbatore International Airport">Coimbatore International Airport</a>, which is about 62 kilometres (39 mi) from Palakkad. However, <a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a> serve the city as well. In 2011, there was a proposal by the civil aviation ministry of India for a mini domestic airport at East Yakkara to enhance air connectivity. 60 acres were identified for the project at East Yakkara Palakkad.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_3">Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (Calicut) is the largest economic hub is South Malabar as well as the whole Malabar region. Nedungadi Bank, the first and oldest bank in the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, was established by <a href="/wiki/Appu_Nedungadi" title="Appu Nedungadi">Appu Nedungadi</a> at Kozhikode in the year 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018386-82">[82]</a> Service sector dominates the economy, followed by industries. <a href="/wiki/Cyberpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpark">Cyberpark</a>, an organisation of the Government of Kerala, plans to build, operate, and manage two <a href="/wiki/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT</a> parks for the promotion and development of investment in IT and ITES industries in the Malabar region of Kerala. It would be the third IT hub in the state, and create a total 100,000 direct job opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-calicut_cyberpark-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Other planned projects include the Birla IT Park (at Mavoor), and Malaysian satellite city (at Kinaloor) where <a href="/wiki/Kinfra_Film_and_Video_Park" title="Kinfra Film and Video Park">KINFRA</a> plans to set up a 160-hectare (400-acre) industrial park. In 2012, Kozhikode was given the tag of "City of Sculptures" ("Shilpa Nagaram") because of the architectural sculptures around the city.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shopping">Shopping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shopping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shopping_Malls_in_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping Malls in Calicut">Shopping Malls in Calicut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Focus_mall_calicut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Focus_mall_calicut.jpg/220px-Focus_mall_calicut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Focus_mall_calicut.jpg/330px-Focus_mall_calicut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Focus_mall_calicut.jpg/440px-Focus_mall_calicut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Focus Mall in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, the first shopping mall of its kind in Kerala</figcaption></figure> The city has a strong mercantile aspect. The main area of business was once Valiyangadi ("Big Bazaar") near the railway station, but has since shifted to other parts of the city. The commercial heart has moved to Mittai Theruvu (<a href="/wiki/S._M._Street" title="S. M. Street">Sweetmeat Street, or S. M. Street</a>), a long street crammed with shops that sell everything from <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">saris</a> to cosmetics. It also houses restaurants and sweetmeat shops. Today, the city has multiple shopping malls, including Focus Mall (first mall of Kerala), <a href="/wiki/Hilite_Mall" title="Hilite Mall">HiLITE Mall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Address Mall, and RP Mall.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_3">Malappuram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/220px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/330px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/440px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>Kodakkal Tile Factory</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross district value added</a> (GDVA) of Malappuram in the fiscal year 2018–19 was estimated as ₹ 698.37 billion, with a growth of 11.30% compared to the previous year. The district ranks third in GDVA among the districts of Kerala, after <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, as of 2018–19.<a href="#cite_note-GDVA_Malappuram-89">[89]</a> The growth rate of GDVA showed a zigzag trend between 2012 and 2017. The per capita GDVA was calculated as ₹ 154,463. The <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">net district value added</a> (NDVA) of the district in 2018–19 was ₹ 631.90 billion, and the annual growth rate was 11.59%. <a href="#cite_note-GDVA_Malappuram-89">[89]</a> The economy of Malappuram significantly depends upon emigrants. Malappuram has the most emigrants in the state. According to the 2016 economic review report published by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>, every 54 per 100 households in the district are emigrant households.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Most of them work in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gramin_Bank" title="Kerala Gramin Bank">Kerala Gramin Bank</a> is situated at Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, and started in 1887. It is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. (The first tile factory was at <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a>, which was a part of the then <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad Taluk</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_4">Palakkad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joby%27s_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joby%27s_Mall.jpg/220px-Joby%27s_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joby%27s_Mall.jpg/330px-Joby%27s_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joby%27s_Mall.jpg/440px-Joby%27s_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Joby's Mall, the first mall in <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></figcaption></figure> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> and proximity to <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> make Palakkad economically important. Palakkad City is one of the largest industrial hubs in Kerala. The <a href="/wiki/Kanjikode" title="Kanjikode">Kanjikode</a> area of Palakkad is the second-largest industrial hub of Kerala after <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, and home to production facilities for companies like <a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries Limited</a> (ITI), Instrumentation Limited, Fluid Control Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain India Private Limited</a>, Patspin India Ltd, Pepsi, PPS steel (Kerala) Pvt Ltd, United breweries, Empee Distilleries, Marico, <a href="/wiki/BEML" title="BEML">BEML</a>, Rubfila International Ltd, and Arya Vaidya Pharmacy. The commercialization of Palakkad City has experienced steady economic growth in recent years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">as of?</a>] The developments are mainly concentrated on the bypass roads, and include housing develops, shopping centres, hotels, and restaurants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education in Kerala</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_4">Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/220px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/330px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/440px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Kozhikode" title="Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode">Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NITC_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NITC_AB.jpg/220px-NITC_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NITC_AB.jpg/330px-NITC_AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NITC_AB.jpg/440px-NITC_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="431" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Calicut" title="National Institute of Technology Calicut">National Institute of Technology Calicut</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Educational_institutions_in_Kozhikode_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational institutions in Kozhikode district">Educational institutions in Kozhikode district</a></div> There are 1,237 schools in Kozhikode district, including 191 high schools.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Kozhikode is home to two premier educational institutions of national importance: the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Kozhikode" title="Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode">Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Calicut" title="National Institute of Technology Calicut">National Institute of Technology Calicut</a>. Other institutions include the <a href="/wiki/NIRDESH" title="NIRDESH">National Institute for Research and Development in Defence Shipbuilding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Spices_Research" title="Indian Institute of Spices Research">Indian Institute of Spices Research</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Recently, Kozhikode got Kerala's first residential <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> continuum school, The White School International. It is located in Perumanna and was established in 2016. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a> is the largest university in Kerala. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Thenjipalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenjipalam">Thenjipalam</a>, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Calicut. This university was established in 1968 and was the second university established in Kerala. Most of the colleges offering tertiary education in the region are affiliated with this university.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calicut_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut Medical College">Calicut Medical College</a> was established in 1957 as the second medical college in Kerala. Since then, the institution has grown into a premier centre of medical education in the state. Presently it is the largest medical institute in the state, with a yearly intake of 250 candidates for its undergraduate programme. In 1877, a school for young <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajas</a> was started in Kozhikode. This was later opened to Hindu boys of all castes. In 1879, it was affiliated with the University of Madras as a second-grade college, bolstering collegiate education in the district. Secondary education has recorded appreciable progress since 1915. The erstwhile Malabar District (of which the present-day Kozhikode district formed a part) holds a high rank among the districts of the Madras Presidency in secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-Kozhikode_Education-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_4">Malappuram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malappuram" title="Education in Malappuram">Education in Malappuram</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Perinthalmanna" title="Education in Perinthalmanna">Education in Perinthalmanna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg/220px-MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg/330px-MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg/440px-MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MES_College_of_Engineering" title="MES College of Engineering">MESCE Kuttippuram</a>, the first self-financing engineering college in Kerala</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Series_expansion" title="Series expansion">series expansion</a> for trigonometric functions.<a href="#cite_note-roy-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The school was based in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur region</a>).<a href="#cite_note-roy-39">[39]</a> The Malappuram district has 1,620 schools,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the most in Kerala as per the school statistics of 2019–20. There are 898 lower primary schools,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> 363 upper primary schools,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> 355 high schools,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> 248 higher secondary schools,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and 27 vocational higher secondary schools<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> in the district. Besides these, there are 120 <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a> schools and 3 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">ICSE</a> schools. 554 government schools, 810 aided schools, and 1 unaided school recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> have been digitalised.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] In the academic year 2019–20, the total number of students studying in the schools recognised by Government of Kerala was 739,966; this was composed of 407,690 in aided schools; 245,445 in government schools; and 86,831 in the recognised unaided schools.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This district plays a significant role in the higher education sector of the state. It is home to two of the main universities in the state: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a> centered at <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a>, which was established in 1968 as the second university in Kerala,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_Malayalam_University" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University</a> centered at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, which was established in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/AMU_Malappuram_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="AMU Malappuram Campus">AMU Malappuram Campus</a>, one of the three off-campus centres of <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a> (AMU), is in Cherukara and was established by the AMU in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> An off-campus of the <a href="/wiki/English_and_Foreign_Languages_University" title="English and Foreign Languages University">English and Foreign Languages University</a> functions at Panakkad.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The district is also home to a subcentre of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Agricultural_University" title="Kerala Agricultural University">Kerala Agricultural University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>, and a subcentre of <a href="/wiki/Sree_Sankaracharya_University_of_Sanskrit" title="Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit">Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Darul_Huda_Islamic_University" title="Darul Huda Islamic University">Darul Huda Islamic University</a> is at Chemmad. INKEL Greens at Malappuram provides an educational zone with the industrial zone.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Eranad Knowledge City at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> is a first of its kind project in the state.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_5">Palakkad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palakkad_district" title="Education in Palakkad district">Education in Palakkad district</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg/220px-Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg/330px-Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg/440px-Govt_Victoria_College_Palakkad_Campus_IMG_20190106_103527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3699" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>Physics department of <a href="/wiki/Government_Victoria_College,_Palakkad" title="Government Victoria College, Palakkad">Government Victoria College, Palakkad</a></figcaption></figure> Palakkad city is home to the only <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology,_Palakkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad">Indian Institute of Technology</a> in Kerala. <a href="/wiki/Government_Victoria_College,_Palakkad" title="Government Victoria College, Palakkad">Government Victoria College, Palakkad</a>, established in 1866, is one of the oldest colleges in the state.<a href="#cite_note-spbprofile-114">[114]</a> Other colleges in the state include the <a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Palakkad" title="Government Medical College, Palakkad">Government Medical College, Palakkad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> the <a href="/wiki/NSS_College_of_Engineering" title="NSS College of Engineering">NSS College of Engineering</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercy_College,_Palakkad" title="Mercy College, Palakkad">Mercy College, Palakkad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> a women's college established in 1964. The <a href="/wiki/Chembai_Memorial_Government_Music_College" title="Chembai Memorial Government Music College">Chembai Memorial Government Music College</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> is one of the main centres of excellence in teaching <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">carnatic music</a> in the state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_5">Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> The Kozhikode radio station of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> has two transmitters: Kozhikode AM (100 kilowatts) and Kozhikode FM [Vividh Bharathi] (10 kilowatts). Private FM radio stations are <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mango_91.9" title="Radio Mango 91.9">Radio Mango 91.9</a> (operated by Malayala Manorama Co. Ltd.), <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a> (operated by Entertainment Network India Ltd.), and <a href="/wiki/Club_FM_104.8" class="mw-redirect" title="Club FM 104.8">Club FM 104.8</a> (operated by Mathrubhumi group and <a href="/wiki/Red_FM_(India)" title="Red FM (India)">Red FM 93.5</a> of the SUN Network). AIR FM radio stations are Kozhikode – 103.6 MHz; AIR MW radio station is Kozhikode – 684 kHz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg/220px-MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg/330px-MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg/440px-MediaOne_TV_Headquarters_And_Studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>MediaOne TV headquarters and studio</figcaption></figure> Since 3 July 1984, a television transmitter has relayed programmes from <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> to Kozhikode. <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> has its broadcasting centre in Kozhikode at the Medical College. Malayalam channels based in Kozhikode include <a href="/wiki/Shalom_(TV_channel)" title="Shalom (TV channel)">Shalom Television</a>, Darshana TV, and <a href="/wiki/Media_One_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Media One TV">Media One TV</a>. All major channels in Malayalam—<a href="/wiki/Manorama_News" title="Manorama News">Manorama News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asianet_News" title="Asianet News">Asianet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya_TV" title="Surya TV">Surya TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kairali_TV" title="Kairali TV">Kairali TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrita_TV" title="Amrita TV">Amrita TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeevan_TV" title="Jeevan TV">Jeevan TV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaihind" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaihind">Jaihind</a>—have their studios and news bureaus in the city. Satellite television services are available through <a href="/wiki/DD_Direct%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="DD Direct+">DD Direct+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dish_TV" title="Dish TV">Dish TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Direct_DTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Direct DTH">Sun Direct DTH</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Sky">Tata Sky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asianet_Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Asianet Digital TV">Asianet Digital TV</a> is popularly known as ACV telecasts daily city news. Spidernet is another local channel. Other local operators include KCL and Citinet. The Calicut Press Club was established in 1970 as the centre of all regional media activities, both print and electronic. Beginning with around 70 members, this Press Club became a prestigious and alert media centre in the state, with a present membership of over 280.<a href="#cite_note-calicut_press_club-119">[119]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_5">Malappuram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg/220px-MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg/330px-MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg/440px-MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AIR_Manjeri_FM" title="AIR Manjeri FM">AIR Manjeri FM</a> radio station</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamam" title="Madhyamam">Madhyamam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_(Malayalam_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)">Chandrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suprabhaatham_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprabhaatham Daily">Suprabhaatham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siraj_Daily" title="Siraj Daily">Siraj</a> daily newspapers have printing centres in and around <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> City. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> also has an edition and printing press at Malappuram. A few periodicals—monthlies, fortnightlies, and weeklies, mostly devoted to religion and culture—are also published. Almost all Malayalam channels and newspapers, as well as the Malappuram Press Club, have their bureau at Up Hill, adjacent to Municipal Town Hall. <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> has two major relay stations in the district: one at Malappuram and one at Manjeri. The government of India's <a href="/wiki/Prasar_Bharati" title="Prasar Bharati">Prasar Bharati</a> National Public Service Broadcaster has an FM station in the district (<a href="/wiki/AIR_Manjeri_FM" title="AIR Manjeri FM">AIR Manjeri FM</a>), broadcasting on 102.7 Mhz. Despite lacking private FM stations, Malappuram, Ponnani, and Tirur are among the top ten towns with the highest radio listenership in India.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_6">Palakkad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> Major Malayalam newspapers <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suprabhaatham_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprabhaatham Daily">Suprabhaatham Daily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> have printing centers in city. A few evening newspapers are also published in the city. Local news channels like ACV also function in city. A private FM station operates in Palakkad at Ahalia Campus; there is a long-term demand for setting up a government FM station in Palakkad.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_6">Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malayalam_language">Malayalam language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Malayalam language">edit</a>]</div> Kozhikode district has made significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> literature. During the 17th century, His Highness Sri <a href="/wiki/Samoothiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoothiri">Samoothiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Manaveda" title="Manaveda">Manavedan</a> Maharaja authored <a href="/wiki/Krishnanattam" title="Krishnanattam">Krishnattam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">manipravala</a> text describing the childhood of Lord Krishna in eight volumes. The district is famous for folk songs or ballads known as <a href="/wiki/Vadakkan_Pattukal" title="Vadakkan Pattukal">Vadakkan Pattukal</a>. The most popular songs celebrate the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Thacholi_Othenan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thacholi Othenan">Thacholi Othenan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unniyarcha" title="Unniyarcha">Unniyarcha</a>. An intellectual debate is held for Vedic scholars, wherein winners receive the title of "Pattathanam". This debate takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Tali_Shiva_Temple" title="Tali Shiva Temple">Thali Temple</a> during the month of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Thulam</a>. Many prominent writers of Malayalam literature hail from Kozhikode. Among them are <a href="/wiki/S._K._Pottekkatt" title="S. K. Pottekkatt">S. K. Pottekkatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thikkodiyan" title="Thikkodiyan">Thikkodiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punathil_Kunjabdulla" title="Punathil Kunjabdulla">Punathil Kunjabdulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/U._A._Khader" title="U. A. Khader">U. A. Khader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Kakkattil" title="Akbar Kakkattil">Akbar Kakkattil</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._N._Kakkad" title="N. N. Kakkad">N. N. Kakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._Valsala" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Valsala">P. Valsala</a>, and M. N. Karassery. Pottekkatt was perhaps the most celebrated writer from Kozhikode whose award-winning work <a href="/wiki/Oru_Theruvinte_Katha" title="Oru Theruvinte Katha">Oru Theruvinte Katha</a> is set in <a href="/wiki/S._M._Street" title="S. M. Street">S. M. Street</a>. Several leading Malayalam publishing houses are based in the city, including Poorna, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>, Mulberry, Lipi, and Olive. The Kozhikode Public Library and Research Centre at <a href="/wiki/Mananchira" title="Mananchira">Mananchira</a> was constructed in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_Mahotsavam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malabar Mahotsavam (page does not exist)">Malabar Mahotsavam</a>, the annual cultural fest of Kozhikode,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> the Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust has conducted a five-day music festival in honour of <a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a> every year since 1981. The festival is complete with the Uncchavritti, rendering of Divyanama Kritis and <a href="/wiki/Pancharatna_Kriti" title="Pancharatna Kriti">Pancharatna Kritis</a>, and concerts by professional and student musicians throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Kozhikode has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a> music appreciation. There are many Malayalam ghazals. The late film director and singer <a href="/wiki/M._S._Baburaj" title="M. S. Baburaj">M. S. Baburaj</a>, from Kozhikode, was influenced by ghazal and Hindustani music traditions.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> songs are popular in this city. The Mohammed Rafi Foundation organises musical events on the anniversaries of the birth (on 24 December) and death of legendary singer <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi" title="Mohammed Rafi">Mohammed Rafi</a>. These events are estimated to be the largest such "Rafi Nite" gatherings anywhere in India.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> The film history of Kozhikode dates back to the 1950s. Some of the main production companies of Malayalam films—like Grihalakshmi productions, Kalpaka, and Swargachithra—are Kozhikode based companies. The city was also an important centre for filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/I._V._Sasi" title="I. V. Sasi">I. V. Sasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._Damodaran" title="T. Damodaran">T. Damodaran</a>. Kozhikode produced such notable actors as <a href="/wiki/Ummer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummer">Ummer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammukoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammukoya">Mammukoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balan_K._Nair" title="Balan K. Nair">Balan K. Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santha_Devi" title="Santha Devi">Santha Devi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuthiravattam_Pappu" title="Kuthiravattam Pappu">Kuthiravattam Pappu</a>. The composer <a href="/wiki/M._S._Baburaj" title="M. S. Baburaj">M. S. Baburaj</a>, lyricist and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Gireesh_Puthenchery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gireesh Puthenchery">Gireesh Puthenchery</a>, directors <a href="/wiki/Ranjith_(director)" title="Ranjith (director)">Ranjith</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._M._Vinu" title="V. M. Vinu">V. M. Vinu</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Vincent" title="A. Vincent">A. Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shajoon_Kariyal" title="Shajoon Kariyal">Shajoon Kariyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjali_Menon" title="Anjali Menon">Anjali Menon</a>, and cinematographer <a href="/wiki/P._S._Nivas" title="P. S. Nivas">P. S. Nivas</a> also hail from Kozhikode. Also from Kozhikode include the actors <a href="/wiki/Neeraj_Madhav" title="Neeraj Madhav">Neeraj Madhav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhupal" title="Madhupal">Madhupal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anoop_Menon" title="Anoop Menon">Anoop Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellikode_Bhaskaran" title="Nellikode Bhaskaran">Nellikode Bhaskaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, and Vijayan Malaparamba. The 1947 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr." title="Douglas Fairbanks Jr.">Douglas Fairbanks Jr.</a> Hollywood thriller, <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor_(1947_film)" title="Sinbad the Sailor (1947 film)">Sinbad the Sailor</a>, mentions Kozhikode. As the largest city in the Malabar region, Kozhikode also has a vital role in the entertainment segment. The city's first theatre, Calicut Crown, was opened as early as 1925. The city has more than 10 theatres and two multiplexes, the PVS Film City (the first multiplex in Malabar), and the Crown Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg/220px-Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg/330px-Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg/440px-Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EMS_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="EMS Stadium">EMS Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> Kozhikode is known as the "second Mecca" of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Corporation_EMS_Stadium" title="Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium">EMS Stadium</a> has hosted many international football matches of major football teams. The city is home to international footballers such as <a href="/wiki/T._Abdul_Rahman" title="T. Abdul Rahman">T. Abdul Rahman</a> (who played for the nation in many international games, including the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Olympic Games">Melbourne Olympic Games</a>), K.P. Sethu Madhavan, Premnath Phillips, Muhamad Najeeb, M. Prasannan, and Sudheer. The <a href="/wiki/Sevens_football_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevens football in Kerala">seven-a-side form of football</a> is famous in the city. Other popular games in Kozhikode include <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sports_and_Games-128">[128]</a> basketball, badminton, and volleyball. <a href="/wiki/P._T._Usha" title="P. T. Usha">P. T. Usha</a> is a famous Kozhikode athlete who is regarded as one of the greatest athletes India has ever produced; she is often called the "queen of Indian track and field". Currently, she runs the Usha School of Athletics at Koyilandy in Kerala. Other sports personalities include Jimmy George, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Joseph" title="Tom Joseph">Tom Joseph</a>, and Premnath Phillips. <a href="/wiki/Jaseel_P._Ismail" title="Jaseel P. Ismail">Jaseel P. Ismail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valiyaveetil_Diju" title="Valiyaveetil Diju">V. Diju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Balan" title="Aparna Balan">Aparna Balan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arun_Vishnu" title="Arun Vishnu">Arun Vishnu</a> are international badminton players from the city. The Sports & Education Promotion Trust (SEPT) was established to promote sports development in India, with a focus on football. Started in 2004 and based in Kozhikode, the trust has set up 52 centres called "football nurseries" spread across thirteen districts in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Since 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Calicut_Mini_Marathon" title="Calicut Mini Marathon">Calicut Mini Marathon</a> has been organised by IIM Kozhikode, with a participation of around 7,000 people every year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_6">Malappuram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg/220px-Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg/330px-Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg/440px-Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Thunchan Smarakam at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, in memory of <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaidyar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vaidyar.JPG/220px-Vaidyar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vaidyar.JPG/330px-Vaidyar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vaidyar.JPG/440px-Vaidyar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maha_Kavi_Moyinkutty_Vaidyar_Smarakam" title="Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam">Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam alphabet">Malayalam alphabet</a> was first adopted by <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan">Thunchath Ezhuthachan</a>, who was born at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> and is known as the father of the modern Malayalam language.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Tirur is the headquarters of the Malayalam Research Centre. The <a href="/wiki/Mappila_songs" title="Mappila songs">Mappila paattu</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a> was born at <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>. He is considered as one of the Mahakavis (a title for 'great poet') of Mappila songs.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Additional renowned writers of Malayalam include <a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Achyutha Pisharadi</a>, Alamkode Leelakrishnan, <a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Govindan_Nair" title="Edasseri Govindan Nair">Edasseri Govindan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni" title="K. P. Ramanunni">K. P. Ramanunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttikrishna_Marar" title="Kuttikrishna Marar">Kuttikrishna Marar</a>, Kuttippuram Kesavan Nair, <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a>, N. Damodaran, <a href="/wiki/Nandanar_(author)" title="Nandanar (author)">Nandanar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uroob" title="Uroob">Uroob</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._C._Balakrishna_Panicker" title="V. C. Balakrishna Panicker">V. C. Balakrishna Panicker</a>, Vallathol Gopala Menon, and <a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a>, all of whom were natives of the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Writers <a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a> hailed from Ponnani Kalari based at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a> also hail from the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani Taluk</a>. Malappuram was the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Mappila_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Songs">Mappila Paattu</a> literature in the state.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Mappila Paattu poets such as the aforementioned Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder, as well as Kulangara Veettil Moidu Musliyar (popularly known as Chakkeeri Shujayi), Chakkeeri Moideenkutty, Manakkarakath Kunhikoya, Nallalam Beeran, K. K. Muhammad Abdul Kareem, Balakrishnan Vallikunnu, Punnayurkulam Bapu, and <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode_Umar_Qasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Veliyankode Umar Qasi">Veliyankode Umar Qasi</a>, chose to work from Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirur,_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg/220px-Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg/330px-Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg/440px-Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Countryside near <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></figcaption></figure> The district has also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, the classical dance form of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Veṭṭathunāṭu</a> rulers, who controlled parts of present-day Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani Taluks, were noted patrons of arts and learning. A Veṭṭathunāṭu Raja (r. 1630–1640) is said to have introduced innovations in Kathakali, which has come to be known as the "Veṭṭathu Tradition".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Thunchath Ezhuthachchan and Vallathol Narayana Menon hail from Vettathunad, the latter of whom is considered the resurrector of modern Kathakali through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Kathakali trainer <a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Kunchu_Nair" title="Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair">Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair</a> and Kathakali singers <a href="/wiki/Sankaran_Embranthiri" title="Sankaran Embranthiri">Sankaran Embranthiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Nambissan" title="Tirur Nambissan">Tirur Nambissan</a> were also from Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Kalyanikutty_Amma" title="Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma">Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma</a>, who played a major role in resurrecting Mohiniyattam in the modern Kerala, hailed from <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mrinalini_Sarabhai" title="Mrinalini Sarabhai">Mrinalini Sarabhai</a>, an Indian classical dancer, hailed from erstwhile Ponnani Taluk. <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Chandrasekharan" title="Kottakkal Chandrasekharan">Kottakkal Chandrasekharan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Sivaraman" title="Kottakkal Sivaraman">Kottakkal Sivaraman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Madhu" title="Kottakkal Madhu">Kottakkal Madhu</a> are famous Kathakali artists hailing from the group Kottakkal Natya Sangam, established by <a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_P._S._Warrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier">Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>. The district has also contributed to traditional <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a> medicine.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> is one of the largest ayurvedic medicinal networks in the world.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg/220px-Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg/330px-Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg/440px-Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="3097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran" title="Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran</a> (poet), <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Varma">Raja Raja Varma</a> (poet), and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> (painter) were from different branches of the <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> Royal Family from <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> According to some scholars, the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a> also belong to <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> near Parappanangadi. The Chief Editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> (1898–1905) and Founder Chief Editor of The Indian Patriot, Divan Bahadur C. Karunakara Menon (1863–1922), was also from Parappanangadi.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/O._Chandu_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="O. Chandu Menon">O. Chandu Menon</a> wrote his novels Indulekha (the first major novel written in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>) and Saradha while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. K. Madhavan Nair, the founder of Mathrubhumi Daily, comes from Malappuram. The <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> region was the working platform of freedom fighters such as <a href="/wiki/K._Kelappan" title="K. Kelappan">K. Kelappan</a> (popularly known as "Kerala Gandhi"), A. V. Kuttimalu Amma, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdur_Rahiman" title="Mohammed Abdur Rahiman">Mohammed Abdur Rahiman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Other independence activists from Ponnani Taluk included <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sehgal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Sehgal">Lakshmi Sehgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan" title="Ammu Swaminathan">Ammu Swaminathan</a>. The ashes of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>, were deposited in Kerala at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, on the bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> K. Madhavanar, who translated Gandhi's autobiography into Malayalam, was also a native of Malappuram. Ponnani's trade relations with foreign countries since ancient times paved the way for a cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Persian–Arab art forms and North Indian culture came to Ponnani via this trade. This was also the origin of the hybrid language <a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a>, which has been used in the composition of some regional poetry.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> The language's <a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">script</a> (also known as Ponnani script) was created during the late 16th century and early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> The script was widely used in the district during the last centuries.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Hindustani <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a>, which came here as part of the cultural exchange, still thrive in Ponnani. EK Aboobacker, Main, and Khalil Bhai (Khalil Rahman) are some of the famous qawwali singers of Ponnani. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nila_Nadhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nila_Nadhi.jpg/220px-Nila_Nadhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nila_Nadhi.jpg/330px-Nila_Nadhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nila_Nadhi.jpg/440px-Nila_Nadhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, the seat of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a></figcaption></figure> The original headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> Rajas were at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-28">[28]</a> Several aristocratic Nambudiri Manas are present in the Tirur, Perinthalmanna, and Ponnani taluks. <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, the seat of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a>, is also present in the district. <a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a>, the first Chief Minister of Kerala, hails from <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a> in the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> During the medieval period, the district was a centre of <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> studies.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> The Valiya Juma Masjid at Ponnani was one of the largest centres of Islamic studies in Asia during the medieval period. It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a> visited Ponnani.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Achyutha Pisharadi</a>, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, who were the main members of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a>, hailed from the Tirur region.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a>, a judge and the first known Keralite historian, also hails from the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Playwrights and actors from the district include <a href="/wiki/K._T._Muhammed" title="K. T. Muhammed">K. T. Muhammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Balan" title="Nilambur Balan">Nilambur Balan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Ayisha" title="Nilambur Ayisha">Nilambur Ayisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adil_Ibrahim" title="Adil Ibrahim">Adil Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aneesh_G._Menon" title="Aneesh G. Menon">Aneesh G. Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Nair" title="Aparna Nair">Aparna Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anikha">Baby Anikha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanish_Karthik" title="Dhanish Karthik">Dhanish Karthik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemanth_Menon" title="Hemanth Menon">Hemanth Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashin_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashin Rahman">Rashin Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallathol" title="Ravi Vallathol">Ravi Vallathol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangita_Madhavan_Nair" title="Sangita Madhavan Nair">Sangita Madhavan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shwetha_Menon" title="Shwetha Menon">Shwetha Menon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sooraj_Thelakkad" title="Sooraj Thelakkad">Sooraj Thelakkad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sukumaran" title="Sukumaran">Sukumaran</a>—who is also the father of two notable actors and playback singers of Malayalam film industry, namely <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Sukumaran" title="Prithviraj Sukumaran">Prithviraj Sukumaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indrajith_Sukumaran" title="Indrajith Sukumaran">Indrajith Sukumaran</a>—also was a native of the district. Other playback singers from the district include <a href="/wiki/Krishnachandran" title="Krishnachandran">Krishnachandran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Jayadevan" title="Parvathy Jayadevan">Parvathy Jayadevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahabaz_Aman" title="Shahabaz Aman">Shahabaz Aman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sithara_(singer)" title="Sithara (singer)">Sithara Krishnakumar</a>, Sudeep Palanad, and <a href="/wiki/Unni_Menon" title="Unni Menon">Unni Menon</a>. The district has also produced some notable film producers, lyricists, cinematographers, and directors including <a href="/wiki/Aryadan_Shoukath" title="Aryadan Shoukath">Aryadan Shoukath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepu_Pradeep" title="Deepu Pradeep">Deepu Pradeep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hari_Nair" title="Hari Nair">Hari Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Kuttippuram" title="Iqbal Kuttippuram">Iqbal Kuttippuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankada_Ravi_Varma" title="Mankada Ravi Varma">Mankada Ravi Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musthafa" title="Muhammad Musthafa">Muhammad Musthafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Parari" title="Muhsin Parari">Muhsin Parari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajeev Nair">Rajeev Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salam_Bappu" title="Salam Bappu">Salam Bappu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanavas_K_Bavakutty" title="Shanavas K Bavakutty">Shanavas K Bavakutty</a>, Shanavas Naranippuzha, <a href="/wiki/T._A._Razzaq" title="T. A. Razzaq">T. A. Razzaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._A._Shahid" title="T. A. Shahid">T. A. Shahid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinay_Govind" title="Vinay Govind">Vinay Govind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_Mohammed" title="Zakariya Mohammed">Zakariya Mohammed</a>. Most notable painters from district include <a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_(artist)" title="Namboothiri (artist)">Artist Namboothiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._C._S._Paniker" title="K. C. S. Paniker">K. C. S. Paniker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Narayanan" title="Akkitham Narayanan">Akkitham Narayanan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._K._Padmini" title="T. K. Padmini">T. K. Padmini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a>, one among the most notable historians of Kerala, also hail from here.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> Social reformers from the district include <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode_Umar_Khasi" title="Veliyankode Umar Khasi">Veliyankode Umar Khasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalilakath_Kunahmed_Haji" title="Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji">Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._Moidu_Moulavi" title="E. Moidu Moulavi">E. Moidu Moulavi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Sanaullah_Makti_Tangal" title="Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal">Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports_2">Sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg/220px-Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg/330px-Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg/440px-Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium">MDSC Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg/220px-Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg/330px-Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg/440px-Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium">MDSC Stadium</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Indian_Federation_Cup" title="2013–14 Indian Federation Cup">2013–14 Indian Federation Cup</a></figcaption></figure> Malappuram is often known as "The Mecca of Kerala Football",<a href="#cite_note-Football_a-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Football_b-135">[135]</a> and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_%26_Football_Academy" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy">Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Football_Stadium,_Malappuram" title="Kottappadi Football Stadium, Malappuram">Kottappadi Football Stadium</a> complexes. <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium">MDSC Stadium</a> was selected as one of two stadiums, along with the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a>, to host the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Indian_Federation_Cup_Group_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage">group stages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Indian_Federation_Cup" title="2013–14 Indian Federation Cup">2013–14 Indian Federation Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Federation_Cup_2014-136">[136]</a> Other major stadiums include the Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium at Tirur, and the Perinthalmanna Cricket Stadium at Perinthalmanna. <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Premier_League" title="Malabar Premier League">Malabar Premier League</a> was initiated in 2015 to strengthen football in the district.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The Calicut University Synthetic Track at <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a> is the apex synthetic track in the district, and is associated with the C. H. Muhammad Koya Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Other major stadiums include those at <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a>, Kottakkal, and Ponnani. A football hub to internationalise the eight major football stadiums of district is proposed.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Two new stadium complexes in <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> are under construction.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_7">Palakkad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a> has produced several notable poets, playback singers, and actors. The <a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a> region can be described as the cultural capital of the district. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports_3">Sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> The Indira Gandhi Municipal Stadium in the center of Palakkad city, once used for major sport events, has fallen into disrepair due to the lack of maintenance; however, the municipality has proposed a renovation of the stadium with international facilities.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Maidan" title="Fort Maidan">Fort Maidan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> a multi-use <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a> in Palakkad, is mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> matches. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a> was introduced in Fort Maidan. The city has an indoor stadium<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> located near <a href="/wiki/Government_Victoria_College,_Palakkad" title="Government Victoria College, Palakkad">Government Victoria College, Palakkad</a>, with an eight-lane synthetic track.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malabar_cuisine">Malabar cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Malabar cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thalassery_cuisine" title="Thalassery cuisine">Thalassery cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/150px-Pathiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/225px-Pathiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/300px-Pathiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="735" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a>, a pancake made of <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg/150px-KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg/225px-KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg/300px-KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3465" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Calicut_Halwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Calicut_Halwa.jpg/150px-Calicut_Halwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Calicut_Halwa.jpg/225px-Calicut_Halwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Calicut_Halwa.jpg/300px-Calicut_Halwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="1481" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Halwas are popular in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></div></div></div></div></div> Centuries of maritime trade has given South Malabar a cosmopolitan cuisine that combines traditional <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Iran">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemenese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> food culture,<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> and offers a variety of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. <a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a>, a type of rice flour pancake, is a primary food throughout South Malabar, and a common breakfast item.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Variants of pathiri include neypathiri (made with ghee), poricha pathiri (fried rather than baked), meen pathiri (stuffed with fish), and irachi pathiri (stuffed with beef).<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> Kallummakkaya (<a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a>) <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>, irachi puttu (irachi meaning "meat"), parottas (soft flatbread),<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> rice are some other specialties. Spices are a hallmark of South Malabar cuisine—<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a> are used profusely. Vegetarian fare includes <a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">Sadya</a>, a traditional meal served on a banana leaf. The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_biriyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar biriyani">Malabar</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: kuzhi mandi) is another popular item, which has influences from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> Various varieties of biriyanis like Kozhikode biriyani<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and Ponnani biriyani<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> are prepared in South Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> Another specialty is <a href="/wiki/Banana_chip#India" title="Banana chip">banana chips</a>, which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes are prepared using seafood such as prawns, mussels, and mackerel. Snacks include <a href="/wiki/Unnakai" title="Unnakai">unnakkaya</a> (deep-fried, boiled ripe <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> paste covering a mixture of cashew, <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>),<a href="#cite_note-MC_2-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pazham_pori" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazham pori">pazham nirachathu</a> (ripe banana filled with <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> grating, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, or sugar),<a href="#cite_note-MC_2-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fios_de_ovos" title="Fios de ovos">muttamala</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatti_pathiri" title="Chatti pathiri">chatti pathiri</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling), arikkadukka,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and more.<a href="#cite_note-MC-145">[145]</a> Many of these snacks have their own style in the <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> is also famous for <a href="/wiki/Halva#India" title="Halva">haluva</a>, called "sweet meat" by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet. A main road in Kozhikode is named "Mittai Theruvu" ("Sweet Meat Street"), so named for the numerous halwa stores which used to dot it. However, newer generations are more inclined towards Chinese and American food. Chinese food is very popular among the locals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_7">Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/220px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/330px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/440px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery_Churam" title="Thamarassery Churam">Thamarassery Churam</a>, a tourist destination in Kozhikode</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Beach" title="Kozhikode Beach">Kozhikode Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananchira" title="Mananchira">Mananchira</a> – man-made freshwater pond park in the city centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Street" title="S. M. Street">S. M. Street</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittayitheruvu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittayitheruvu (page does not exist)">Mittayitheruvu</a>) a famous shopping street and pedestrian zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkayam_Dam" title="Kakkayam Dam">Kakkayam Valley</a> – dam site located at Koorachundu in Kozhikode, on the outskirts of the Western Ghats and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary">Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, home to wild animals including elephants and bison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarovaram_Bio_Park" title="Sarovaram Bio Park">Sarovaram Bio Park</a> – eco-friendly development near Kottooly, located in an ecosystem consisting of wetlands and mangrove forests containing bird habitat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishkal_Mosque" title="Mishkal Mosque">Mishkal Mosque</a> – one of the few surviving medieval mosques in Kerala, and regarded as an important cultural, historical, and architectural monument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a> Beach – beach and village near Koyilandy where <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> landed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thusharagiri_Falls" title="Thusharagiri Falls">Thusharagiri Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> harbour – village on an island in the estuary of Chaliyar (River Beypore), bounded by the Conolly Canal in the east</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkadampoyil" title="Kakkadampoyil">Kakkadampoyil</a> – small village that has recently emerged as a major tourist destination in the district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripara_Falls" title="Aripara Falls">Aripara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery_Churam" title="Thamarassery Churam">Thamarassery Churam</a> – mountain pass in Kerala; part of the National Highway 766</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> – ancient port town with a beach and floating bridge</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumi_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumi dam (page does not exist)">Urumi Dam</a> – small diversion dam constructed across Poyilingalpuzha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vayalada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vayalada (page does not exist)">Vayalada</a> – hilly area home to Wayalada view point</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tali_Shiva_Temple" title="Tali Shiva Temple">Tali Shiva Temple</a> – 14th-century Hindu temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaliyar River">Chaliyar River</a> – fourth-longest river in Kerala</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iruvazhanjippuzha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iruvazhanjippuzha (page does not exist)">Iruvazhanjippuzha</a> – major tributary of Chaliyar River</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a> – coastal village famous for its bird sanctuary</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nambikulam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nambikulam (page does not exist)">Nambikulam</a> – eco-tourism village</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thonikadavu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thonikadavu (page does not exist)">Thonikadavu</a> – tourist destination called the "Switzerland of Kerala"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kozhikode Beach"><img alt="Kozhikode Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg/120px-Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg/180px-Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg/240px-Kozhikode_Beach_Coastline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1292" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Beach" title="Kozhikode Beach">Kozhikode Beach</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="S. M. Street"><img alt="S. M. Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG/120px-SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG/180px-SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG/240px-SK_Pottekkat_Bust.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/S._M._Street" title="S. M. Street">S. M. Street</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thusharagiri_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thusharagiri"><img alt="Thusharagiri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Thusharagiri_3.jpg/120px-Thusharagiri_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Thusharagiri_3.jpg/180px-Thusharagiri_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Thusharagiri_3.jpg/240px-Thusharagiri_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thusharagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thusharagiri">Thusharagiri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kappad_beach_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kappad Beach"><img alt="Kappad Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kappad_beach_2.jpg/120px-Kappad_beach_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kappad_beach_2.jpg/180px-Kappad_beach_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kappad_beach_2.jpg/240px-Kappad_beach_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kappad_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappad beach">Kappad Beach</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Miskhal_Masjid,_Kozhikode,_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mishkal Mosque"><img alt="Mishkal Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Miskhal_Masjid%2C_Kozhikode%2C_Kerala.jpg/120px-Miskhal_Masjid%2C_Kozhikode%2C_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Miskhal_Masjid%2C_Kozhikode%2C_Kerala.jpg/180px-Miskhal_Masjid%2C_Kozhikode%2C_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Miskhal_Masjid%2C_Kozhikode%2C_Kerala.jpg/240px-Miskhal_Masjid%2C_Kozhikode%2C_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="837" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mishkal_Mosque" title="Mishkal Mosque">Mishkal Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarovaram_08239.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarovaram Bio Park"><img alt="Sarovaram Bio Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sarovaram_08239.JPG/120px-Sarovaram_08239.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sarovaram_08239.JPG/180px-Sarovaram_08239.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sarovaram_08239.JPG/240px-Sarovaram_08239.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sarovaram_Bio_Park" title="Sarovaram Bio Park">Sarovaram Bio Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakkayam_hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kakkayam Dam"><img alt="Kakkayam Dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kakkayam_hills.jpg/120px-Kakkayam_hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kakkayam_hills.jpg/180px-Kakkayam_hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kakkayam_hills.jpg/240px-Kakkayam_hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3192" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kakkayam_Dam" title="Kakkayam Dam">Kakkayam Dam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePier_Beypore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beypore"><img alt="Beypore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/StonePier_Beypore.jpg/120px-StonePier_Beypore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/StonePier_Beypore.jpg/180px-StonePier_Beypore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/StonePier_Beypore.jpg/240px-StonePier_Beypore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aripparawaterfalls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aripara Falls"><img alt="Aripara Falls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aripparawaterfalls.jpg/120px-Aripparawaterfalls.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aripparawaterfalls.jpg/180px-Aripparawaterfalls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aripparawaterfalls.jpg/240px-Aripparawaterfalls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aripara_Falls" title="Aripara Falls">Aripara Falls</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaliyam_Harbour,_Calicut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaliyam"><img alt="Chaliyam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaliyam_Harbour%2C_Calicut.jpg/120px-Chaliyam_Harbour%2C_Calicut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaliyam_Harbour%2C_Calicut.jpg/180px-Chaliyam_Harbour%2C_Calicut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaliyam_Harbour%2C_Calicut.jpg/240px-Chaliyam_Harbour%2C_Calicut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vayalada_View_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vayalada"><img alt="Vayalada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vayalada_View_Point.jpg/120px-Vayalada_View_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vayalada_View_Point.jpg/180px-Vayalada_View_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vayalada_View_Point.jpg/240px-Vayalada_View_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vayalada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vayalada (page does not exist)">Vayalada</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_7">Malappuram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg/220px-Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg/330px-Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg/440px-Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra Hills</a> (also known as "Mini-Ooty")<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a> – health centre known for its heritage and expertise in the Indian traditional medicine system of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyapanov_Waterfalls" title="Ayyapanov Waterfalls">Ayyapanov Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> – second-longest river in Kerala, also known as the Ponnani, Nila, and Perar river<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Biyyam Kayal – backwater lake at Ponnani<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> – fourth-longest river in Kerala. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation, is adjacent to the river</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamravattom_Regulator-cum-Bridge" title="Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge">Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge</a> – largest regulator-cum bridge of Kerala; connects <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur Taluk</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> port<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>Chekkunnu Mala – a misty green hill near to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>Cherumb eco-tourist village (<a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a>)<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a> – home to more than a hundred species of native birds and over 60 species of migratory birds<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu community reserve – first community reserve in Kerala and an eco-tourism spot<a href="#cite_note-Vallikkunnu-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkadampoyil" title="Kakkadampoyil">Kakkadampoyil</a> – hilly village on the bank of <a href="/wiki/Cherupuzha_(Karulai)" title="Cherupuzha (Karulai)">Cherupuzha</a></li> <li>Keralamkundu waterfalls (<a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a>)<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>Kollam Kolli Waterfalls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a> ("The Marine Drive of Malappuram") – site of an old fort, water park, and ancient murals in the middle of Malappuram city<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_bridge" title="Kuttippuram bridge">Kuttippuram bridge</a> – One of the largest and oldest bridges built over the river Bharathappuzha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> – fifth-highest peak in South India</li> <li>Nadukani Churam – a <a href="/wiki/Ghat_Roads" title="Ghat Roads">Ghat Road</a> that connects Malappuram district with the hilly district of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><a href="#cite_note-Nadukani-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Nedumkayam Rainforest – part of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a> – wildlife sanctuary near <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a><a href="#cite_note-birdlife.org-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kovilakam</a> – headquarters of the Nilambur royal family<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a> – one of the shortest <a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">broad-gauge railway</a> lines in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Noor Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorakam_Hill" title="Oorakam Hill">Oorakam Hill</a></li> <li>Poorappuzha River – scenic coastal tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Padinjarekara Azhimukham</a> beach – the <a href="/wiki/Tirur_River" title="Tirur River">Tirur River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> rivers join the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> here;<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> the estuary is a centre for migratory birds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>Parappanangadi beach (<a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>)</li> <li>Paravanna beach (<a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a>)</li> <li>Ponnani beach</li> <li>Poonathanam Illam – birthplace of 16th-century Malayalam poet <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a> near <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li>Poorappuzha Azhimukham – an estuary at <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></li> <li>Tanur beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a> – world's first teak plantation<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu,_Tirur" title="Thunchan Parambu, Tirur">Thunchan Parambu</a> – birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, who is known as the father of modern Malayalam language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_River" title="Tirur River">Tirur River</a></li> <li>Unity hill viewpoint (<a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>)</li> <li>Unniyal beach (<a href="/wiki/Niramarutur" title="Niramarutur">Niramarutur</a>)</li> <li>Vakkad beach<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>Vallikunnu beach<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a> – mountain range near <a href="/wiki/Chungathara" title="Chungathara">Chungathara</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kodikuthimala"><img alt="Kodikuthimala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg/120px-Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg/180px-Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg/240px-Kodikuthi_Mala_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kottakkunnu"><img alt="Kottakkunnu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg/120px-Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg/180px-Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg/240px-Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3012" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DR0034DSC_6627.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line at Angadipuram"><img alt="Nilambur–Shoranur line at Angadipuram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DR0034DSC_6627.jpg/120px-DR0034DSC_6627.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DR0034DSC_6627.jpg/180px-DR0034DSC_6627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DR0034DSC_6627.jpg/240px-DR0034DSC_6627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Noor_Lake_-_Tirur,_Kerala_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noor Lake, Tirur"><img alt="Noor Lake, Tirur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg/120px-Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg/180px-Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg/240px-Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noor Lake, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arimbra Hills"><img alt="Arimbra Hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg/120px-View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg/180px-View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg/240px-View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra Hills</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabian Sea at Parappanangadi"><img alt="Arabian Sea at Parappanangadi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/120px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/180px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/240px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nedumkayam_Forest,_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nedumkayam Reserved Forest near Nilambur"><img alt="Nedumkayam Reserved Forest near Nilambur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="971" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nedumkayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumkayam">Nedumkayam</a> Reserved Forest near Nilambur</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_8">Palakkad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:100%;max-width:408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Western Ghats Mountain Range from Mangalam Dam Reservoir"><img alt="Panoramic view of Mangalam Dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg/400px-View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg/600px-View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg/800px-View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="1843" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg" title="File:View from Mangalam Dam Reservoir.jpg"> </a></div>View of the Western Ghats Mountain Range from <a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam" title="Mangalam Dam">Mangalam Dam</a> Reservoir</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg/220px-MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg/330px-MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg/440px-MALAMPUZHA_DAM_OUTLET_WATER_CANAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Reserve Forest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoni,_Palakkad" title="Dhoni, Palakkad">Dhoni Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elivai_Mala" title="Elivai Mala">Elivai Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Fantasy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirapuzha_Dam" title="Kanjirapuzha Dam">Kanjirapuzha Dam</a></li> <li>Kannimara <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha,_Palakkad" title="Karimpuzha, Palakkad">Karimpuzha Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode_Palace" title="Kollengode Palace">Kollengode Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a> Garden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Mampara peak (Raja's cliff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam" title="Mangalam Dam">Mangalam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Meenvallam Waterfalls</a></li> <li>Meenkara Dam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi</a> hillstation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Fort" title="Palakkad Fort">Palakkad Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Tiger_Reserve" title="Parambikulam Tiger Reserve">Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothundi_Dam" title="Pothundi Dam">Pothundi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Dam" title="Siruvani Dam">Siruvani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Waterfalls" title="Siruvani Waterfalls">Siruvani Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varikkasseri_Mana" title="Varikkasseri Mana">Varikkasseri Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayar_Dam" title="Walayar Dam">Walayar Dam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_Valley_National_Park">Silent Valley National Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Silent Valley National Park">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:100%;max-width:408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silent Valley National Park, Kerala"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg/400px-Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg/600px-Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg/800px-Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4301" data-file-height="1415" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg" title="File:Highland Grassland Shola of Silent Valley National Park.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a>, Kerala</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></div> This national park is located in the rich biodiversity of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>. Additional nearby protected areas include the <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Nedumkayam</a> Rainforest, <a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Reserved Forest, and <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> peak, the fifth-highest peak in South India, and <a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a> are also located in its vicinity. <a href="/wiki/Bhavani_River" title="Bhavani River">Bhavani River</a> (a tributary of <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kunthipuzha_River" title="Kunthipuzha River">Kunthipuzha River</a> (a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> originate in the vicinity of Silent Valley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_8">Kozhikode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Pottekkatt" title="S. K. Pottekkatt">S. K. Pottekkatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikkodiyan" title="Thikkodiyan">Thikkodiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punathil_Kunjabdulla" title="Punathil Kunjabdulla">Punathil Kunjabdulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._A._Khader" title="U. A. Khader">U. A. Khader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Kakkattil" title="Akbar Kakkattil">Akbar Kakkattil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Kakkad" title="N. N. Kakkad">N. N. Kakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Valsala" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Valsala">P. Valsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Karassery" title="M. N. Karassery">M. N. Karassery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_2">Music</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Baburaj" title="M. S. Baburaj">M. S. Baburaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baburaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Baburaj">Baburaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gireesh_Puthenchery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gireesh Puthenchery">Gireesh Puthenchery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._V._Sasi" title="I. V. Sasi">I. V. Sasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Damodaran" title="T. Damodaran">T. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummer">Ummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammukoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammukoya">Mammukoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balan_K._Nair" title="Balan K. Nair">Balan K. Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santha_Devi" title="Santha Devi">Santha Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Thiruvothu" title="Parvathy Thiruvothu">Parvathy Thiruvothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthiravattam_Pappu" title="Kuthiravattam Pappu">Kuthiravattam Pappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjith_(director)" title="Ranjith (director)">Ranjith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._M._Vinu" title="V. M. Vinu">V. M. Vinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vincent" title="A. Vincent">A. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajoon_Kariyal" title="Shajoon Kariyal">Shajoon Kariyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjali_Menon" title="Anjali Menon">Anjali Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._S._Nivas" title="P. S. Nivas">P. S. Nivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neeraj_Madhav" title="Neeraj Madhav">Neeraj Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhupal" title="Madhupal">Madhupal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoop_Menon" title="Anoop Menon">Anoop Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellikode_Bhaskaran" title="Nellikode Bhaskaran">Nellikode Bhaskaran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports_4">Sports</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._Abdul_Rahman" title="T. Abdul Rahman">T. Abdul Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._Usha" title="P. T. Usha">P. T. Usha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaseel_P._Ismail" title="Jaseel P. Ismail">Jaseel P. Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiyaveetil_Diju" title="Valiyaveetil Diju">V. Diju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparna_Balan" title="Aparna Balan">Aparna Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Vishnu" title="Arun Vishnu">Arun Vishnu</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_8">Malappuram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Malappuram">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Malappuram_district" title="List of people from Malappuram district">List of people from Malappuram district</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Vijayaraghavan" title="A. Vijayaraghavan">A. Vijayaraghavan</a> – former member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> and the state secretary of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Anil_Kumar" title="A. P. Anil Kumar">A. P. Anil Kumar</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> poet and grammatician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nediyodath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Nediyodath">Abdul Nediyodath</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurahiman_Randathani" title="Abdurahiman Randathani">Abdurahiman Randathani</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Achyutha Pisharadi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">astronomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Ibrahim" title="Adil Ibrahim">Adil Ibrahim</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kutty" title="Ahmad Kutty">Ahmad Kutty</a> – North American Islamic scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajijesh_Pachat" title="Ajijesh Pachat">Ajijesh Pachat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> writer, and <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> poet and essayist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Narayanan" title="Akkitham Narayanan">Akkitham Narayanan</a> – painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Musliyar" title="Ali Musliyar">Ali Musliyar</a> – freedom activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan" title="Ammu Swaminathan">Ammu Swaminathan</a> – independence activist and a member of Constituent Assembly of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Edathodika" title="Anas Edathodika">Anas Edathodika</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneesh_G._Menon" title="Aneesh G. Menon">Aneesh G. Menon</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anikha">Anikha</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparna_Nair" title="Aparna Nair">Aparna Nair</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Jayaraj" title="Arjun Jayaraj">Arjun Jayaraj</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_(artist)" title="Namboothiri (artist)">Artist Namboothiri</a> – painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadan_Muhammed" title="Aryadan Muhammed">Aryadan Muhammed</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadan_Shoukath" title="Aryadan Shoukath">Aryadan Shoukath</a> – film producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashique_Kuruniyan" title="Ashique Kuruniyan">Ashique Kuruniyan</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Saheer" title="Asif Saheer">Asif Saheer</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Moopen" title="Azad Moopen">Azad Moopen</a> – doctor and philanthropist<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._M._Kutty" title="B. M. Kutty">B. M. Kutty</a> – journalist and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Karunakara_Menon" title="C. Karunakara Menon">C. Karunakara Menon</a> – journalist and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Radhakrishnan" title="C. Radhakrishnan">C. Radhakrishnan</a> – writer and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Ahmad_Moulavi" title="C. N. Ahmad Moulavi">C. N. Ahmad Moulavi</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakkeeri_Ahemed_Kutty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakkeeri Ahemed Kutty">Chakkeeri Ahemed Kutty</a> – former minister of Kerala and former speaker of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalilakath_Kunahmed_Haji" title="Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji">Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji</a> – social reformer<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad Govinda Pisharody</a> – Malayalam playwright, novelist, poet, and political activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodara" title="Damodara">Damodara</a> – astronomer and mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepu_Pradeep" title="Deepu Pradeep">Deepu Pradeep</a> – scriptwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Padikkal" title="Devdutt Padikkal">Devdutt Padikkal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cricketer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricketer">cricketer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanish_Karthik" title="Dhanish Karthik">Dhanish Karthik</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dileep_K._Nair" title="Dileep K. Nair">Dileep K. Nair</a> – educationist, skill development campaigner, social activist, and publisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Harikumar" title="E. Harikumar">E. Harikumar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Moidu_Moulavi" title="E. Moidu Moulavi">E. Moidu Moulavi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Indian_freedom_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian freedom fighter">Indian freedom fighter</a> and Islamic scholar<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a> – Metroman of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Imbichi_Bava" title="E. K. Imbichi Bava">E. K. Imbichi Bava</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a> – first Chief Minister of Kerala and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Mohammed_Basheer" title="E. T. Mohammed Basheer">E. T. Mohammed Basheer</a> – former minister of Kerala and member of <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Govindan_Nair" title="Edasseri Govindan Nair">Edasseri Govindan Nair</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamaram_Kareem" title="Elamaram Kareem">Elamaram Kareem</a> – former minister of Kerala and member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Kutty" title="Faisal Kutty">Faisal Kutty</a> – lawyer, academic, writer, public speaker, and human rights activist<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Muthukad" title="Gopinath Muthukad">Gopinath Muthukad</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magician_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (illusion)">magician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motivational_speaker" title="Motivational speaker">motivational speaker</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhattathiri" title="Govinda Bhattathiri">Govinda Bhattathiri</a> – astrologer and astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Nair" title="Hari Nair">Hari Nair</a> – cinematographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemanth_Menon" title="Hemanth Menon">Hemanth Menon</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajith_Sukumaran" title="Indrajith Sukumaran">Indrajith Sukumaran</a> – film actor and playback singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Kuttippuram" title="Iqbal Kuttippuram">Iqbal Kuttippuram</a> – screenwriter and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homoeopathic physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayasree_Kalathil" title="Jayasree Kalathil">Jayasree Kalathil</a> – writer, translator, mental health researcher, and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishnu_Balakrishnan" title="Jishnu Balakrishnan">Jishnu Balakrishnan</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Rahman" title="K. A. Rahman">K. Abdurahman</a> – founder of <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> movement<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Avukader_Kutty_Naha" title="K. Avukader Kutty Naha">K. Avukader Kutty Naha</a> – former <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Kerala" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala">deputy chief minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._S._Paniker" title="K. C. S. Paniker">K. C. S. Paniker</a> – metaphysical and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Manavedan_Raja" title="K. C. Manavedan Raja">K. C. Manavedan Raja</a> – Indian <a href="/wiki/Aristocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrat">aristocrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Asif" class="mw-redirect" title="K. M. Asif">K. M. Asif</a> – cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Maulavi" title="K. M. Maulavi">K. M. Maulavi</a> – Indian freedom fighter, social reformer, and the founding vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> Malabar District committee<a href="#cite_note-SMW19-48-47-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-IM115-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._A._Majeed" title="K. P. A. Majeed">K. P. A. Majeed</a> – former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni" title="K. P. Ramanunni">K. P. Ramanunni</a> – writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Irfan" title="K. T. Irfan">K. T. Irfan</a> – athlete<a href="#cite_note-dailysports-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Jaleel" title="K. T. Jaleel">K. T. Jaleel</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Muhammed" title="K. T. Muhammed">K. T. Muhammed</a>- Malayalam playwright and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Rabiya" title="K. V. Rabiya">K. V. Rabiya</a> – social worker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramakrishnan" title="K. V. Ramakrishnan">K. V. Ramakrishnan</a> – Malayalam–language poet and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavanad_Kuttikrishnan" title="Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan">Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan</a> – Malayalam poet and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Kalyanikutty_Amma" title="Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma">Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma</a> – resurrector of Mohiniyattam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran" title="Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> poet and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnachandran" title="Krishnachandran">Krishnachandran</a> – actor, dubbing artist, and playback singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttikrishna_Marar" title="Kuttikrishna Marar">Kuttikrishna Marar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a> and literary critic of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a> – revolutionary in the Indian independence movement, officer of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Hind Government">Azad Hind government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Swaraj" title="M. Swaraj">M. Swaraj</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a> – historian, and academic and political commentator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Vellodi" title="M. K. Vellodi">M. K. Vellodi</a> – former Indian diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Akbar" title="M. M. Akbar">M. M. Akbar</a> – Islamic scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Abdussamad_Samadani" title="M. P. Abdussamad Samadani">M. P. Abdussamad Samadani</a> – former member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._M._Ahammed_Kurikkal" title="M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal">M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._M._Menon" title="M. P. M. Menon">M. P. M. Menon</a> – Indian <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> author, <a href="/wiki/Screenplay_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Screenplay writer">screenplay writer</a>, and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayath_Appunni" title="Malayath Appunni">Malayath Appunni</a> – Malayalam language poet and children's writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjalamkuzhi_Ali" title="Manjalamkuzhi Ali">Manjalamkuzhi Ali</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada_Ravi_Varma" title="Mankada Ravi Varma">Mankada Ravi Varma</a> – cinematographer and director<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorama_Thampuratti" title="Manorama Thampuratti">Manorama Thampuratti</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashoor_Shereef" title="Mashoor Shereef">Mashoor Shereef</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melattur_Sahadevan" title="Melattur Sahadevan">Melattur Sahadevan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> vocalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a> – mathematical <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersheena_Neenu" title="Mersheena Neenu">Mersheena Neenu</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Irshad" title="Mohammed Irshad">Mohammed Irshad</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_(Indian_footballer)" title="Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)">Mohamed Salah</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanakrishnan_Kaladi" title="Mohanakrishnan Kaladi">Mohanakrishnan Kaladi</a> – Malayalam poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mappila_pattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila pattu">Mappila pattu</a> poet<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinalini_Sarabhai" title="Mrinalini Sarabhai">Mrinalini Sarabhai</a> – Indian classical dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musthafa" title="Muhammad Musthafa">Muhammad Musthafa</a> – actor and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Parari" title="Muhsin Parari">Muhsin Parari</a> – director, writer, and lyricist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalakath_Soopy" title="Nalakath Soopy">Nalakath Soopy</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandanar_(author)" title="Nandanar (author)">Nandanar</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Ayisha" title="Nilambur Ayisha">Nilambur Ayisha</a> – actress in the Malayalam film industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Balan" title="Nilambur Balan">Nilambur Balan</a> – Malayalam actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirupama_Rao" title="Nirupama Rao">Nirupama Rao</a> – former foreign secretary of India<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi-193">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Sreeramakrishnan" title="P. Sreeramakrishnan">P. Sreeramakrishnan</a> – former speaker of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a> – writer, columnist, art critic, and philanthropist<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Abdu_Rabb" title="P. K. Abdu Rabb">P. K. Abdu Rabb</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Kunhalikutty" title="P. K. Kunhalikutty">P. K. Kunhalikutty</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Warrier" title="P. K. Warrier">P. K. Warrier</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurvedic</a> physician and a <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._P._Ramachandran" title="P. P. Ramachandran">P. P. Ramachandran</a> – Malayalam poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Abdul_Wahab" title="P. V. Abdul Wahab">P. V. Abdul Wahab</a> – businessman and a member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloli_Mohammed_Kutty" title="Paloli Mohammed Kutty">Paloli Mohammed Kutty</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a> – mathematician and astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Jayadevan" title="Parvathy Jayadevan">Parvathy Jayadevan</a> – playback singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a> – Malayalam poet<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premji" title="Premji">Premji</a> – social reformer, cultural leader, and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Sukumaran" title="Prithviraj Sukumaran">Prithviraj Sukumaran</a> – actor, director, producer, playback singer, and distributor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulapre_Balakrishnan" title="Pulapre Balakrishnan">Pulapre Balakrishnan</a> – economist and educationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mappila_pattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila pattu">Mappila pattu</a> poet<a href="#cite_note-mlpgov-196">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajeev Nair">Rajeev Nair</a> – writer, lyricist, and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjith_Padinhateeri" title="Ranjith Padinhateeri">Ranjith Padinhateeri</a> – biological physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_(actor)" title="Rahman (actor)">Rashin Rahman</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> – painter and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Menon" title="Ravi Menon">Ravi Menon</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallathol" title="Ravi Vallathol">Ravi Vallathol</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinshad_Reera" title="Rinshad Reera">Rinshad Reera</a> – student activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salam_Bappu" title="Salam Bappu">Salam Bappu</a> – film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Kalliyath" title="Salman Kalliyath">Salman Kalliyath</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita_Madhavan_Nair" title="Sangita Madhavan Nair">Sangita Madhavan Nair</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankaran_Embranthiri" title="Sankaran Embranthiri">Sankaran Embranthiri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savithri_Rajeevan" title="Savithri Rajeevan">Savithri Rajeevan</a> – poet, short story writer, and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Sanaullah_Makti_Tangal" title="Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal">Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal</a> – social reformer<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabaz_Aman" title="Shahabaz Aman">Shahabaz Aman</a> – Playback singer and Composer.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanavas_K_Bavakutty" title="Shanavas K Bavakutty">Shanavas K Bavakutty</a> – film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweta_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shweta Menon">Shweta Menon</a> – model, actress, and television anchor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithara_(singer)" title="Sithara (singer)">Sithara</a> – playback singer, composer, and actor<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooraj_Thelakkad" title="Sooraj Thelakkad">Sooraj Thelakkad</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumaran" title="Sukumaran">Sukumaran</a> – film actor and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Wayne" title="Sunny Wayne">Sunny Wayne</a> – film actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammedali_Shihab_Thangal" title="Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal">Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal</a> – religious leader and politician<a href="#cite_note-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Razzaq" title="T. A. Razzaq">T. A. Razzaq</a> – screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Hamza" title="T. K. Hamza">T. K. Hamza</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Padmini" title="T. K. Padmini">T. K. Padmini</a> – painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Nair" title="T. M. Nair">T. M. Nair</a> – political activist of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a> - "father" of Malayalam language<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref002-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Nambissan" title="Tirur Nambissan">Tirur Nambissan</a> – Kathakali singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._A._Beeran" title="U. A. Beeran">U. A. Beeran</a> – former minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.Jimshad" class="mw-redirect" title="U.Jimshad">U.Jimshad</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._Sharaf_Ali" title="U. Sharaf Ali">U. Sharaf Ali</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unni_Menon" title="Unni Menon">Unni Menon</a> – playback singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroob" title="Uroob">Uroob</a> – writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Abdurahiman" title="V. Abdurahiman">V. Abdurahiman</a> – Minister of Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Balakrishna_Panicker" title="V. C. Balakrishna Panicker">V. C. Balakrishna Panicker</a> – poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a> – social reformer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_P._S._Warrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier">Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurvedic</a> physician<a href="#cite_note-aryavaidyasala-205">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_Triprangode_Moossad" title="Vaidyaratnam Triprangode Moossad">Vaidyaratnam Triprangode Moossad</a> – ayurvedic physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a> – Malayalam poet<a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli-206">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variyan_Kunnathu_Kunjahammed_Haji" class="mw-redirect" title="Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji">Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji</a> – Indian freedom fighter<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Kunchu_Nair" title="Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair">Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> master and a <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Vijayan" title="Vazhenkada Vijayan">Vazhenkada Vijayan</a> – retired principal of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliyankode_Umar_Khasi" title="Veliyankode Umar Khasi">Veliyankode Umar Khasi</a> – freedom fighter and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinay_Govind" title="Vinay Govind">Vinay Govind</a> – Indian film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a> – author of <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_Mohammed" title="Zakariya Mohammed">Zakariya Mohammed</a> – film director, screenwriter, and actor<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakeer_Mundampara" title="Zakeer Mundampara">Zakeer Mundampara</a> – professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeenath" title="Zeenath">Zeenath</a> – actress</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_9">Palakkad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Palakkad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Palakkad_district" title="List of people from Palakkad district">List of people from Palakkad district</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Mohammed" title="C. P. Mohammed">C. P. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ravi" title="Major Ravi">Major Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anumol" title="Anumol">Anumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikandan_Pattambi" title="Manikandan Pattambi">Manikandan Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Gopi" title="Kalamandalam Gopi">Kalamandalam Gopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.G._Sasi" class="mw-redirect" title="M.G. Sasi">M.G. Sasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_(Malayalam_actor)" title="Shivaji (Malayalam actor)">Shivaji (Malayalam actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Nair" title="Anita Nair">Anita Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_Sreedharan" class="mw-redirect" title="E Sreedharan">E Sreedharan</a> (Metroman of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K. P. Kesava Menon</a> – idealist, founder of Mathrubhoomi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methil_Devika" title="Methil Devika">Methil Devika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._B._Rajesh" title="M. B. Rajesh">M. B. Rajesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sankaranarayanan" title="K. Sankaranarayanan">K. Sankaranarayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudev_Nair" title="Sudev Nair">Sudev Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Seshan" title="T. N. Seshan">T. N. Seshan</a> – former Chief Election Commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._R._Pisharoty" title="P. R. Pisharoty">P. R. Pisharoty</a> – Kollengode, father of remote sensing in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> – actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Balan" title="Vidya Balan">Vidya Balan</a> – Bollywood actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Mahadevan" title="Shankar Mahadevan">Shankar Mahadevan</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Devassy" title="Stephen Devassy">Stephen Devassy</a> – pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyamani" title="Priyamani">Priyamani</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuvaran" title="Raghuvaran">Raghuvaran</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_R_Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="P R Nathan">P R Nathan</a> – novelist, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarnalatha" title="Swarnalatha">Swarnalatha</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unni_Mukundan" title="Unni Mukundan">Unni Mukundan</a> – actor</li> <li>Niranjan EK – decorated military officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Padmasoorya" title="Govind Padmasoorya">Govind Padmasoorya</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyuktha_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyuktha Menon">Samyuktha Menon</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Sankunni_Nair" title="M. P. Sankunni Nair">M.P. Sankunni Nair</a> – novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palghat_Mani_Iyer" title="Palghat Mani Iyer">Palghat Mani Iyer</a> – Mridangist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocheril_R._Narayanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kocheril R. Narayanan">Kocheril R. Narayanan</a> – former president of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V P Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olappamanna" title="Olappamanna">Olappamanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_V_Vijayan" class="mw-redirect" title="O V Vijayan">O V Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor_Ramakrishnan" title="Malayattoor Ramakrishnan">Malayattoor Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_M_C_Narayanan_Nambudiripad" class="mw-redirect" title="O M C Narayanan Nambudiripad">O M C Narayanan Nambudiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Sethumadhavan" title="K. S. Sethumadhavan">K. S. Sethumadhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Unnikrishnan" title="P. Unnikrishnan">P. Unnikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam_Pappan" title="Ottapalam Pappan">Ottapalam Pappan</a> – Malayalam drama and film actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautham_Vasudev_Menon" title="Gautham Vasudev Menon">Gautham Vasudev Menon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Film">Tamil Film</a> director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Jose" title="Lal Jose">Lal Jose</a> – Malayalam film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Radhakrishnan_Menon" title="Anil Radhakrishnan Menon">Anil Radhakrishnan Menon</a> – Malayalam film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Menon" title="Bhaskar Menon">Bhaskar Menon</a> – first Indian to head a multinational corporation, chairman of <a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon" title="K. P. S. Menon">K. P. S. Menon</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a> of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a> – former Union Minister and Scientific Adviser in the <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> administration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KP_Candeth" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Candeth">KP Candeth</a> – Lieutenant General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivshankar_Menon" title="Shivshankar Menon">Shivshankar Menon</a> – 4th <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a> and 26th <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">foreign secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Narayanan" title="M. K. Narayanan">M. K. Narayanan</a> – former chief of the Intelligence Bureau and former <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sankaran_Nair" title="K. Sankaran Nair">K. Sankaran Nair</a> – former director of <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> and former <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of India">High Commissioner of India</a> to Singapore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Venkataraman_Sundaram" title="C. Venkataraman Sundaram">C. Venkataraman Sundaram</a> – former director of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> recipient<a href="#cite_note-Biography-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruvan" title="Dhruvan">Dhruvan</a> – Malayalam film actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinish_Aravind" title="Srinish Aravind">Srinish Aravind</a> – television actor</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_South_Malabar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_South_Malabar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to South Malabar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />South Malabar<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a>&<a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-1"><a href="#cite_ref-A_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html">"District Census Handbooks of Kerala - 2011"</a>. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=District+Census+Handbooks+of+Kerala+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2FKerla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-2"><a href="#cite_ref-B_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralaassembly.org/election/Delimitation.pdf">"Limits of assembly constituencies of Kerala"</a> (PDF). Keralaassembly.org. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keralaassembly.org&rft.atitle=Limits+of+assembly+constituencies+of+Kerala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralaassembly.org%2Felection%2FDelimitation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120604476" title="Special:BookSources/9788120604476"><bdi>9788120604476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-I%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788120604476&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Pamela Nightingale, ‘<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Duncan_(Governor_of_Bombay)" title="Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)">Jonathan Duncan</a> (bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mbsp-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Mbsp_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoag1933" class="citation book cs1">Boag, GT (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0023302_The_Madras_Presidency_1881_1931.pdf">The Madras Presidency (1881-1931)</a> (PDF). Madras: Government of Madras. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Madras+Presidency+%281881-1931%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Boag&rft.aufirst=GT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamildigitallibrary.in%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fbook%2FTVA_BOK_0023302_The_Madras_Presidency_1881_1931.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1953" class="citation book cs1">Government of Madras (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District</a> (PDF). Madras Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1951+Census+Handbook-+Malabar+District&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Government+of+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6425%2F1%2F20493_1951_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82">Kerala Charitram</a> (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415885" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415885"><bdi>9788126415885</bdi></a>. 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Madras Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Manuals+-+South+Canara+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.au=J.+Sturrock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.csl.3200%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Nagam_Aiya1906" class="citation book cs1">V. Nagam Aiya (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up">The Travancore State Manual</a>. Travancore Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travancore+State+Manual&rft.pub=Travancore+Government+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.au=V.+Nagam+Aiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravancorestate00aiyagoog%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1, Madras District Gazetteers (Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> M. T. Narayanan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC">Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar</a> (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1887" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/1/mode/1up">Malabar Manual, Vol. 1</a>. Servants of Knowledge. 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Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malabar-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon,_A._Sreedhara2007" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C">A Survey of Kerala History</a>. 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S (28 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th">"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Roman+connection+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fthscrip%2Fprint.pl%3Ffile%3D2007012800201800.htm%26date%3D2007%2F01%2F28%2F%26prd%3Dth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">^</a> Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334-350. </li> <li id="cite_note-odra-18"><a href="#cite_ref-odra_18-0">^</a> A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-Veluthat-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Veluthat_23-0">^</a> Veluthat, Kesavan (1 June 2018). "History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala". Studies in People's History. 5 (1): 13–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2348448918759852">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1">b</a> Narayanan, M. G. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala">Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy Perumāḷs of Kerala</a>. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 438-42. </li> <li id="cite_note-mh-25"><a href="#cite_ref-mh_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf">"History of Malappuram"</a> (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=History+of+Malappuram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narayanan2017-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Narayanan2017_26-0">^</a> M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8267-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8267-114-0">978-81-8267-114-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clt-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Clt_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ">Kerala Charitram</a> (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1588-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1588-5"><bdi>978-81-264-1588-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+Charitram&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007-01&rft.isbn=978-81-264-1588-5&rft.aulast=Sreedhara+Menon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAlXPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-askh-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-askh_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history">A Survey of Kerala History</a> (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415786"><bdi>9788126415786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126415786&rft.aulast=Sreedhara+Menon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdcbookstore.com%2Fbooks%2Fa-survey-of-kerala-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Varier, M. R. Raghava. "Documents of Investiture Ceremonies" in K. K. N. Kurup, Edit., "India's Naval Traditions". Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-KrishnaIyer2_30-0">^</a> K. V. Krishna Iyer, Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Battuta,_H._A._R._Gibb1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, H. A. R. Gibb (1994). The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D 1325-1354. Vol. IV. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battuta+A.D+1325-1354&rft.place=London&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Ibn+Battuta%2C+H.+A.+R.+Gibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a>: Ying Yai Sheng Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, translated by J.V.G. Mills, 1970 <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>, reprint 1997 White Lotus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8496-78-3" title="Special:BookSources/974-8496-78-3">974-8496-78-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Varthema, Ludovico di, The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, A.D.1503–08, translated from the original 1510 Italian ed. by John Winter Jones, Hakluyt Society, London </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Gangadharan. M., The Land of Malabar: The Book of Barbosa (2000), Vol II, M.G University, Kottayam. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html">"Give Indian Navy its due"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Give+Indian+Navy+its+due&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F110217%2Fgive-indian-navy-its-due.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_K_Sunil_Kumar2017" class="citation news cs1">M K Sunil Kumar (26 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go/articleshow/60835311.cms">"50 years on, Kochi still has a long way to go"</a>. The Times of India. Retrieved 1 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=50+years+on%2C+Kochi+still+has+a+long+way+to+go&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.au=M+K+Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2F50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go%2Farticleshow%2F60835311.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malekandathil-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil_38-0">^</a> The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala) </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ranjan (1990). "Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (5): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2690896">10.2307/2690896</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2690896">2690896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+Series+Formula+for+%CF%80+by+Leibniz%2C+Gregory%2C+and+Nilakantha&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2690896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2690896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPingree1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">Pingree, David</a> (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–63, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Isis...83..554P">1992Isis...83..554P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F356288">10.1086/356288</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/234257">234257</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:68570164">68570164</a>, <q>One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Hellenophilia+versus+the+History+of+Science&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=554-63&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F356288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A68570164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F234257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Isis...83..554P&rft.aulast=Pingree&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mal-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_41-25">z</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeelakrishnan2019" class="citation news cs1">Leelakrishnan, Alamkode (17 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507091729/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/alamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292">"അമ്പതിന്റെ നിറവില്‍ മലപ്പുറം; മലപ്പുറത്തിന്റെ മാനവിക മഹാപൈതൃകം"</a>. Mathrubhumi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/alamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292">the original</a> on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82%3B+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.aulast=Leelakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Alamkode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Fmalappuram%2Fspecials%2F50-years-of-malappuram%2Falamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The Travancore State Manual Vol 1 to 4; Publisher : Kerala Council for Historical Research; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185499268" title="Special:BookSources/8185499268">8185499268</a>; Edition : 1996; Pages: 2500; Author:T.K. Velu Pillai; Editor:S.Raimon; Category:Manuals; Year of Publishing:1940 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources in India; Author: Dr. Manohar Sajnani, Published in 2001, Published by: Kalpaz Publications; Address: C-30, Satyawati Nagar, Phase-III, Ashok Vihar, Delhi-110052, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7835-014-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7835-014-9">81-7835-014-9</a> (set), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7835-018-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7835-018-1">81-7835-018-1</a> (Vol II) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> History of Travancore from the Earliest Times - P. Shungoonny Menon - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120601696" title="Special:BookSources/8120601696">8120601696</a> - Published By: Asian Educational Services </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennox_Raphael_Eyvindr2012" class="citation book cs1">Lennox Raphael Eyvindr, ed. (2012). Visakham Thirunal. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6139120642" title="Special:BookSources/978-6139120642"><bdi>978-6139120642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visakham+Thirunal&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-6139120642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Menon, P Shungoonny (1878). History of Travancore from the Earliest Times by P Shungoonny Menon (Dewan Peishcar of Travancore). 105, Mount Road, Madras: Higginbotham and Company. pp. 152, 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Visakham Thirunal - Editor: Lennox Raphael Eyvindr - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786139120642" title="Special:BookSources/9786139120642">9786139120642</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> P. Shungoonny Menon - A HISTORY OF TRAVANCORE - First edition: 1878, New edition: 1983, Page 130, 131 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170200406" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170200406">978-8170200406</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Sister's son. According to the matrilineal system prevalent at that time children born of the female members only belonged to that house. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The forces were from Kochi, Thekkumkoor, Deshinganad (present kollam) and Purakkad who had enmity towards Marthanda Varma </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Most of the area under the present Kilimanoor and Pazhayakunnummel <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">panchayats</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Although under his kingdom </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The original temple being at Nerumkaithakotta, near Kozhikode </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> It is also said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] Shaastha and Ayyappa are different </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213125037/http://www.diehardindian.com/infra/dams.htm">"Fact sheet on Indian dams at Diehardindian.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diehardindian.com/infra/dams.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+sheet+on+Indian+dams+at+Diehardindian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diehardindian.com%2Finfra%2Fdams.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61">"Minerals Resources"</a>. Dmg.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 27 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dmg.kerala.gov.in&rft.atitle=Minerals+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdmg.kerala.gov.in%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D55%26Itemid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c1951-57"><a href="#cite_ref-c1951_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">1951 census handbook - Malabar district</a> (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1951+census+handbook+-+Malabar+district&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6425%2F1%2F20493_1951_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geographymalappuram-58"><a href="#cite_ref-geographymalappuram_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf">"Physical divisions of Malappuram"</a> (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Physical+divisions+of+Malappuram&rft.pages=21-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075532/https://kozhikode.cyberparktoday.com/business/kozhikode/public-centre/kozhikode-bus-stand-ksrtc-bus-station-and-shopping-complex-calicut/">"Kozhikode Bus Stand : KSRTC Bus Station and Shopping Complex Calicut | Kozhikode"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kozhikode.cyberparktoday.com/business/kozhikode/public-centre/kozhikode-bus-stand-ksrtc-bus-station-and-shopping-complex-calicut/">the original</a> on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kozhikode+Bus+Stand+%3A+KSRTC+Bus+Station+and+Shopping+Complex+Calicut+%26%23124%3B+Kozhikode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkozhikode.cyberparktoday.com%2Fbusiness%2Fkozhikode%2Fpublic-centre%2Fkozhikode-bus-stand-ksrtc-bus-station-and-shopping-complex-calicut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralartc.com/unit.html">"KSRTC stations of Malappuram"</a>. keralartc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keralartc.com&rft.atitle=KSRTC+stations+of+Malappuram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralartc.com%2Funit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/RoadNetworkKerala_2284.aspx">"Length of PWD Roads in Malappuram"</a>. kerenvis.nic.in. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kerenvis.nic.in&rft.atitle=Length+of+PWD+Roads+in+Malappuram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerenvis.nic.in%2FDatabase%2FRoadNetworkKerala_2284.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadukani-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nadukani_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadukani_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128011007/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/malappuram/rare-beauty-of-nadukani-churam-what-to-see-at-nadukani-pass-1.3901911">"നാടുകാണിച്ചുരം വിളിക്കുന്നു, അപൂര്‍വകാഴ്ചകളുമായി"</a>. Mathrubhumi. 25 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/malappuram/rare-beauty-of-nadukani-churam-what-to-see-at-nadukani-pass-1.3901911">the original</a> on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%2C+%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Ftravel%2Fkerala%2Fmalappuram%2Frare-beauty-of-nadukani-churam-what-to-see-at-nadukani-pass-1.3901911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-63"><a href="#cite_ref-npr_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Correspondent2020" class="citation news cs1">Special Correspondent (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2020/02/12/malappuram-tirurangadi-nadukani-parappanangadi-road-taring.amp.html">"നാടുകാണി–പരപ്പനങ്ങാടി റോഡ് ടാറിങ് തുടങ്ങി; വീതികൂട്ടലും ഓടനിർമാണവും പിന്നീട്"</a>. Manorama Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BF%3B+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.au=Special+Correspondent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manoramaonline.com%2Fdistrict-news%2Fmalappuram%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fmalappuram-tirurangadi-nadukani-parappanangadi-road-taring.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-mpm-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_64-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130082010/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175">"ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും..."</a> Mathrubhumi. 17 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175">the original</a> on 30 November 2020. 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When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. 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Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English.mathrubhumi.com&rft.atitle=A+trip+to+Paloor+Kotta&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Ftravel%2Fkerala%2Fkerala-travel%2Fa-trip-to-paloor-kotta-where-tippu-sulthan-once-sought-asylum-1.4049141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArun_Narayanan2018" class="citation news cs1">Arun Narayanan (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/amp/">"The Charms of Poonthanam Illam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Charms+of+Poonthanam+Illam&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.au=Arun+Narayanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fthe-charms-of-poonthanam-illam%2Farticle25308319.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/teak-museum-nilambur/344">"Teak Museum"</a>. keralatourism.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keralatourism.org&rft.atitle=Teak+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fdestination%2Fteak-museum-nilambur%2F344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/related-destinations/vakkad-beach-malappuram/ds543">"Vakkad beach"</a>. keralatourism.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keralatourism.org&rft.atitle=Vakkad+beach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Frelated-destinations%2Fvakkad-beach-malappuram%2Fds543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/vallikunnu-beach-malappuram/515">"Vallikunnu beach"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Stories.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keralasahityaakademi.org&rft.atitle=Award+for+Short+Stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralasahityaakademi.org%2Fsp%2FWriters%2Fksa%2FAwards%2FStories.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI_K_K_Menon1995" class="citation book cs1">I K K Menon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCv2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT194">FOLK TALES OF KERALA</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlp.kerala.gov.in/heri.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Website+of+Malappuram+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlp.kerala.gov.in%2Fheri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Journal of Kerala Studies Volume 9. (1982): 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Mohammed, U. Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims. Calicut (Kerala): Other Books, 2017. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100614/http://hellobahrain.com/content/shaam-e-ehsas-ghazal-nite-shahabaz-aman">""Shaam-e-Ehsas" Ghazal Nite by Shahabaz Aman"</a>. Hello Bahrain. 29 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hellobahrain.com/content/shaam-e-ehsas-ghazal-nite-shahabaz-aman">the original</a> on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Shaam-e-Ehsas%22+Ghazal+Nite+by+Shahabaz+Aman&rft.pub=Hello+Bahrain&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhellobahrain.com%2Fcontent%2Fshaam-e-ehsas-ghazal-nite-shahabaz-aman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/shahabaz-aman-when-i-die-id-rather-have-people-say-that-malabars-renowned-romantic-passed-away-than-just-a-singer/articleshow/63233070.cms">"Shahabaz Aman: When I die, I'd rather have people say that Malabar's renowned romantic passed away than just a singer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shahabaz+Aman%3A+When+I+die%2C+I%27d+rather+have+people+say+that+Malabar%27s+renowned+romantic+passed+away+than+just+a+singer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmalayalam%2Fmusic%2Fshahabaz-aman-when-i-die-id-rather-have-people-say-that-malabars-renowned-romantic-passed-away-than-just-a-singer%2Farticleshow%2F63233070.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/sithara-goes-to-kollywood/etarticleshow/12098503.cms">"Sithara goes to Kollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 2 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216075315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news-interviews/31114294_1_kollywood-mollywood-song">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sithara+goes+to+Kollywood&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fregional%2Fmovie-details%2Fnews-interviews%2Fsithara-goes-to-kollywood%2Fetarticleshow%2F12098503.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com-202"><a href="#cite_ref-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-PM-Sonia-pay-homage-to-IUML-leader-Thangal/articleshow/4848046.cms">"President, PM, Sonia pay homage to IUML leader Thangal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 2 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612045904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/india/28200612_1_iuml-indian-union-muslim-league-homage">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=President%2C+PM%2C+Sonia+pay+homage+to+IUML+leader+Thangal&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FPresident-PM-Sonia-pay-homage-to-IUML-leader-Thangal%2Farticleshow%2F4848046.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mal">Malayalam</a>" Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2014: (Dallas, Texas) Web. 29 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref002-204"><a href="#cite_ref-ref002_204-0">^</a> K. SANTHOSH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-malayalam-found-its-feet/article6217620.ece">"When Malayalam found its feet"</a> THRISSUR, 17 July 2014 The Hindu </li> <li id="cite_note-aryavaidyasala-205"><a href="#cite_ref-aryavaidyasala_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmail_at_aryavaidyasala_dot_com" class="citation web cs1">mail at aryavaidyasala dot com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aryavaidyasala.com/(S(uiytac45y0tizh45dbjufynb))/about_avs.aspx#rec">"ARYA VAIDYA SALA – Kottakkal"</a>. aryavaidyasala.com. Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARYA+VAIDYA+SALA+%E2%80%93+Kottakkal&rft.pub=aryavaidyasala.com&rft.au=mail+at+aryavaidyasala+dot+com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aryavaidyasala.com%2F%28S%28uiytac45y0tizh45dbjufynb%29%29%2Fabout_avs.aspx%23rec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrilli2004" class="citation book cs1">Zarrilli, Phillip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHCnqglqyoC&pg=PA30">Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</a>. Routledge. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203197660" title="Special:BookSources/9780203197660"><bdi>9780203197660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-Drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780203197660&rft.aulast=Zarrilli&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVHCnqglqyoC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.#page/n481/mode/1up">EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld Volume 6</a>. 1988. p. 460. <q>Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was a war of liberation, and in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi, "freedom fighter"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld+Volume+6&rft.pages=460&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13%2F06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.%23page%2Fn481%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/aravindan-puraskaram-awarded-to-zakariya-mohammed/articleshow/68440801.cms">"Aravindan Puraskaram awarded to Zakariya Mohammed – Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Aravindan+Puraskaram+awarded+to+Zakariya+Mohammed+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2019-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fevents%2Fkochi%2Faravindan-puraskaram-awarded-to-zakariya-mohammed%2Farticleshow%2F68440801.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/04/sudani-from-nigeria-wins-audience-choice-award-at-russian-film-festival-1985753.html">"Sudani from Nigeria wins audience choice award at Russian film festival"</a>. The New Indian Express. 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Sudani+from+Nigeria+wins+audience+choice+award+at+Russian+film+festival&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmalayalam%2F2019%2Fjun%2F04%2Fsudani-from-nigeria-wins-audience-choice-award-at-russian-film-festival-1985753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Biography_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901220152/http://www.igcar.gov.in/press_releases/PROFCVSUNDARAM.pdf">"Biography"</a> (PDF). Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research. 2018-06-03. 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Retrieved 2018-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indira+Gandhi+Centre+for+Atomic+Research&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.date=2018-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igcar.gov.in%2Fpress_releases%2FPROFCVSUNDARAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2018" class="citation book cs1">Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathrubhumi+Yearbook+Plus+-+2019&rft.place=Kozhikode&rft.edition=Malayalam&rft.pub=P.+V.+Chandran%2C+Managing+Editor%2C+Mathrubhumi+Printing+%26+Publishing+Company+Limited%2C+Kozhikode&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=VP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Malabar&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942" class="citation cs2">S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage">Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language</a>, University of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin%3A+An+Historical+Work+in+The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.au=S.+Muhammad+Hussain+Nainar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"> (The English translation of <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._V._Krishna_Iyer1938" class="citation cs2">K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379">Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806</a>, Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zamorins+of+Calicut%3A+From+the+earliest+times+to+AD+1806&rft.pub=Norman+Printing+Bureau%2C+Kozhikode&rft.date=1938&rft.au=K.+V.+Krishna+Iyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.3379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Logan1887" class="citation cs2">William Logan (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up">Malabar Manual (Volume-I)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.au=William+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalabarmanual0000loga%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Logan1887" class="citation cs2">William Logan (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up">Malabar Manual (Volume-II)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-II%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.au=William+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalabar_manual_volume2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Alexander_Innes1908" class="citation cs2">Charles Alexander Innes (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up">Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers+Malabar+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Charles+Alexander+Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.358941%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Alexander_Innes1915" class="citation cs2">Charles Alexander Innes (1915), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30521">Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers+Malabar+%28Volume-II%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Charles+Alexander+Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.30521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1953" class="citation cs2">Government of Madras (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District</a> (PDF), Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1951+Census+Handbook-+Malabar+District&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Government+of+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6425%2F1%2F20493_1951_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._I._Arputhanathan1955" class="citation cs2">J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf">South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks)</a> (PDF), Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Kanara%2C+The+Nilgiris%2C+Malabar+and+Coimbatore+Districts+%28Village-wise+Mother-tongue+Data+for+Bilingual+or+Multilingual+Taluks%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.au=J.+I.+Arputhanathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6447%2F1%2F50056_1951_SOU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajabhushanam1963" class="citation cs2">Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf">Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)</a> (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Atlas+of+the+Madras+State+%281951%29&rft.place=Madras+%28Chennai%29&rft.pub=Director+of+Statistics%2C+Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Rajabhushanam&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6454%2F1%2F9111_1951_STA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Malabar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Related_to_South_Malabar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Related_to_South_Malabar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Related to South Malabar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Malabar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Malabar" title="Template:South Malabar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Malabar" title="Template talk:South Malabar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Malabar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Malabar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Malabar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Malabar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> Taluks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur Taluk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad Taluk</a>&Parts of <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> Taluk)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvally" title="Koduvally">Koduvally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkam" title="Mukkam">Mukkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanattukara" title="Ramanattukara">Ramanattukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Census towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdu_Rahiman_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdu Rahiman Nagar">Abdu Rahiman Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamkod,_Edappal" title="Alamkod, Edappal">Alamkode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyallur" title="Ariyallur">Ariyallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmakulam" title="Brahmakulam">Brahmakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelannur" title="Chelannur">Chelannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Chelembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheriyamundam" title="Cheriyamundam">Cheriyamundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukavu" title="Cherukavu">Cherukavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvannur_Nallalam" title="Cheruvannur Nallalam">Cheruvannur Nallalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkazhiyur" title="Edakkazhiyur">Edakkazhiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elavally" title="Elavally">Elavally</a></li> <li>Hemambika Nagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iringaprom" title="Iringaprom">Iringaprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadikkad" title="Kadikkad">Kadikkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkodi" title="Kakkodi">Kakkodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady,_Malappuram" title="Kalady, Malappuram">Kalady</a></li> <li>Kannamangalam</li> <li>Karuvanthuruthy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhuparamba" title="Kizhuparamba">Kizhuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodur,_Malappuram" title="Kodur, Malappuram">Kodur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koottilangadi" title="Koottilangadi">Koottilangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvattoor" title="Kuruvattoor">Kuruvattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttikkattoor_and_Velliparamba" title="Kuttikkattoor and Velliparamba">Kuttikkattoor and Velliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranchery" title="Maranchery">Maranchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marutharode" title="Marutharode">Marutharode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavoor" title="Mavoor">Mavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalappara" title="Thalappara">Moonniyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullassery" title="Mullassery">Mullassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuthala" title="Muthuthala">Muthuthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naduvattom,_Malappuram" title="Naduvattom, Malappuram">Naduvattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanmanda" title="Nanmanda">Nanmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannambra" title="Nannambra">Nannambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neduva" title="Neduva">Neduva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongallur-I" title="Ongallur-I">Ongallur-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongallur-II" title="Ongallur-II">Ongallur-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orumanayur" title="Orumanayur">Orumanayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othukkungal" title="Othukkungal">Othukkungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikkal_Bazar" title="Pallikkal Bazar">Pallikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluvai" title="Paluvai">Paluvai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheeramkavu" title="Pantheeramkavu">Pantheeramkavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappur" title="Parappur">Parappur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakam" title="Perakam">Perakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumanna,_Kozhikode" title="Perumanna, Kozhikode">Perumanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumanna-Klari" title="Perumanna-Klari">Perumanna-Klari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvallur" title="Peruvallur">Peruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvayal" title="Peruvayal">Peruvayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirayiri" title="Pirayiri">Pirayiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmundam" title="Ponmundam">Ponmundam</a></li> <li>Pookode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poolacode" title="Poolacode">Poolacode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudussery_Central" title="Pudussery Central">Pudussery Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudussery_West" title="Pudussery West">Pudussery West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnayur" title="Punnayur">Punnayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnayurkulam" title="Punnayurkulam">Punnayurkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppariyaram,_Palakkad" title="Puthuppariyaram, Palakkad">Puthuppariyaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanalur" title="Tanalur">Tanalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaikkad" title="Thaikkad">Thaikkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalakkad" title="Thalakkad">Thalakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalakkulathur" title="Thalakkulathur">Thalakkulathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalikulam" title="Thalikulam">Thalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumittacode-II" title="Thirumittacode-II">Thirumittacode-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelari">Thenhipalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thennala" class="mw-redirect" title="Thennala">Thennala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkekad" title="Vadakkekad">Vadakkekad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadanappally" title="Vadanappally">Vadanappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaniyamkulam-II" title="Vaniyamkulam-II">Vaniyamkulam-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vazhayoor">Vazhayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkitangu" title="Venkitangu">Venkitangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venmanad" title="Venmanad">Venmanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vylathur" title="Vylathur">Vylathur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malabar_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malabar" title="Template:Malabar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malabar" title="Template talk:Malabar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malabar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malabar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malabar_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan cities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_metropolitan_area" title="Kozhikode metropolitan area">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States/UTs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahé district">Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tehsils in India">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur_taluk" title="Gudalur taluk">Gudalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandalur_taluk" title="Pandalur taluk">Pandalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in Kerala">Municipal Corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> area only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thangassery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery">Thangassery</a> area only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvally" title="Koduvally">Koduvally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkam" title="Mukkam">Mukkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanattukara" title="Ramanattukara">Ramanattukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amini,_India" title="Amini, India">Amini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrott" title="Andrott">Andrott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devarshola" title="Devarshola">Devarshola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmat_Island" title="Kadmat Island">Kadmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeni" title="Kalpeni">Kalpeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottappadi">Kottappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliyalam" title="Nelliyalam">Nelliyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27_Valley" title="O' Valley">O' Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirakkal_Raja" title="Chirakkal Raja">Chirakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadathanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadathanad">Kingdom of Kadathanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalappara">Kavalappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Malabar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarghat_Nair" title="Mannarghat Nair">Mannarghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, 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