Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Fuel Basics

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href="/fuels">Fuels & <span class="primary-nav-break">Vehicles</span></a> » <a href="/fuels/biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></div> </div> <div class="span6 last"> <ul id="utilities"> <li id="print" class="hidden-phone hidden-tablet"><a href="#printable"><i class="icon-eere-utility-print"></i>Printable Version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span4 hidden-print"> <div class="accordion plus-minus-accordion plus-minus-accordion-grey hidden-print" id="left_nav_accordion"> <div class="accordion-group"> <div class="accordion-heading visible-phone collapsed"> <a href="#left_nav" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse"> <span class="accordion-hidden-expanded"> <i class="icon-eere-accordion-plus-grey"></i> </span> <span class="accordion-visible-expanded"> <i class="icon-eere-accordion-minus-grey"></i> </span> More in this section... </a> </div> <div id="left_nav" class="accordion-body collapse-phone"> <ul><li class="selected active-leaf"><a class="selected" href="/fuels/biodiesel-basics">Biodiesel Basics</a><ul><li><a href="/fuels/biodiesel-blends">Blends</a></li><li><a href="/fuels/biodiesel-production">Production & Distribution</a></li><li><a href="/fuels/biodiesel-specifications">Specifications</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/fuels/biodiesel-benefits">Benefits & Considerations</a></li><li><a href="/fuels/biodiesel-stations">Stations</a></li><li><a href="/vehicles/diesel">Vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/fuels/laws/BIOD">Laws & Incentives</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="span13" id="main_content">  <h1>Biodiesel Fuel Basics</h1>  <div class="callout" style="width:33%;"> <img src="/vite/assets/biodiesel-basics-CmWOa6Ui.png" style="padding-bottom:8px;margin:0;display:block;border:0;" /> </div>  <p>Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. Biodiesel meets both the biomass-based diesel and overall advanced biofuel requirement of the <a href="/laws/RFS">Renewable Fuel Standard</a>. <a href="https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/renewable_diesel.html">Renewable diesel</a> is distinct from biodiesel.</p> <p>Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100, pure, or neat biodiesel in its unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines. See the table below for biodiesel's physical characteristics.</p> <p>Biodiesel performance in cold weather depends on the blend of biodiesel, the feedstock, and the petroleum diesel characteristics. In general, blends with smaller percentages of biodiesel perform better in cold temperatures. Typically, No. 2 diesel and B5 (up to 5% biodiesel) perform about the same in cold weather. Both biodiesel and No. 2 diesel have some compounds that crystallize in very cold temperatures. In winter weather, fuel blenders and suppliers combat crystallization by adding a cold <a href="/glossary.html#FlowImprovers" class="glossary">flow improver</a>. For the best cold weather performance, users should work with their fuel provider to ensure the blend is appropriate.</p> <div style="text-align:center;"> <table class="table table-bordered" style="width:70%;margin-bottom:10px;"> <caption>Biodiesel's Physical Characteristics (for B100)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Specific gravity</th><td>0.88</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Kinematic viscosity at 40°C, mm<sup>2</sup>/s</th><td>1.9 to 6.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cetane number</th><td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Lower heating value, Btu/gal</th><td>&tilde;119,550</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Density, lb/gal at 15.5°C</th><td>7.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Carbon, wt%</th><td>77</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Hydrogen, wt%</th><td>12</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Oxygen, by dif. wt%</th><td>11</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Boiling point, °C</th><td>330-357</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Flash point, °C</th><td>130</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Sulfur, % mass (ppm)</th><td>0.0015-0.05</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cloud point, °C</th><td>-3 to 15</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Pour point, °C</th><td>-5 to 10</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p style="margin-top:0;">Source: <a href="https://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/biodiesel_handling_use_guide.pdf">Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide</a></p>  </div> <div class="span7"> <div class="accordion plus-minus-accordion hidden-print" id="related_accordion"> <div class="accordion-group"> <h5 class="accordion-heading expanded"> <a href="#related_maps_data" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#related_accordion"><i class="icon-eere-accordion-plus accordion-hidden-expanded"></i><i class="icon-eere-accordion-minus accordion-visible-expanded"></i> Maps & Data</a> </h5> <div id="related_maps_data" class="accordion-body collapse in"> <div class="accordion-inner"> <div id="related_maps_data_carousel" class="carousel"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="item active"> <div class="title-container"><a href="/data/10325"> U.S. Biodiesel Production, Exports, and Consumption</a></div> <div class="img-container"> <a href="/data/10325"><img src="/files/u/data/thumbnail/10325/generated_thumb20240410-298-hzas84.png?a3101c8f1c" alt="U.S. Biodiesel Production, Exports, and Consumption" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="title-container"><a href="/data/10365"> Biodiesel Fueling Station Locations by State</a></div> <div class="img-container"> <a href="/data/10365"><img src="/files/u/data/thumbnail/10365/biodiesel-stations.jpg?5e893cb979" alt="Biodiesel Fueling Station Locations by State" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="title-container"><a href="/data/10372"> Biodiesel Laws and Incentives by State</a></div> <div class="img-container"> <a href="/data/10372"><img src="/files/u/data/thumbnail/10372/biodiesel_li_by_state.jpg?d224c1bb38" alt="Biodiesel Laws and Incentives by State" /></a> </div> </div> </div> <a class="carousel-control left" href="#related_maps_data_carousel" data-slide="prev"><i class="icon-eere-arrow-left"></i></a> <a 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<li><a href="/case/1053"><span><i class="icon-eere-web story"></i></span><span>Seattle's Waste Haulers are Going Green </span></a></li> </ul> <p class="related-accordion-more"><a href="/case/search?keyword=Biodiesel">More Biodiesel Case Studies</a> | <a href="/case">All Case Studies</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-group"> <h5 class="accordion-heading collapsed"> <a href="#related_publications" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#related_accordion"><i class="icon-eere-accordion-plus accordion-hidden-expanded"></i><i class="icon-eere-accordion-minus accordion-visible-expanded"></i> Publications</a> </h5> <div id="related_publications" class="accordion-body collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner"> <ul> <li><a href="/files/u/publication/biodiesel_handling_use_guide.pdf?b7580a0db6"><span><i class="icon-eere-report"></i></span><span>Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Sixth Edition)</span></a></li> <li><a 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Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Fuel Basics