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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mughal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Misl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Misl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sikh Misl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Misl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sikh Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Motorways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rawalpindi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="راولبندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راولبندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="रावलपिंडी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रावलपिंडी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindi" title="Ravalpindi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ravalpindi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="راولپندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راولپندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="রাওয়ালপিন্ডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাওয়ালপিন্ডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Равалпіндзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Равалпіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81walpindi" title="Rāwalpindi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rāwalpindi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1valpind%C3%AD" title="Rávalpindí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rávalpindí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Ραβαλπίντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραβαλπίντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="راولپندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راولپندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%88%ED%95%80%EB%94%94" title="라왈핀디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라왈핀디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ռավալպինդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռավալպինդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="रावलपिंडी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रावलपिंडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="רוואלפינדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוואלפינדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რავალპინდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რავალპინდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpind%C3%AE" title="Rawalpindî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rawalpindî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81valpindi" title="Rāvalpindi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rāvalpindi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindis" title="Ravalpindis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ravalpindis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindi" title="Ravalpindi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ravalpindi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="റാവൽപിണ്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാവൽപിണ്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="रावळपिंडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रावळपिंडी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რავალპინდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რავალპინდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="راولبندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راولبندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="راولپندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="راولپندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="रावलपिन्डी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रावलपिन्डी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ラーワルピンディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーワルピンディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindi" title="Ravalpindi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ravalpindi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="راولپنڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راولپنڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A" title="راولپنډي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راولپنډي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raualpindi" title="Raualpindi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raualpindi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A" title="راولپنڊي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="راولپنڊي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="இராவல்பிண்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராவல்பிண்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ราวัลปินดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราวัลปินดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Равалпинди – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Равалпинди" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindi" title="Ravalpindi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ravalpindi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Равалпінді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Равалпінді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="راولپنڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راولپنڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="راۋالپىندى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="راۋالپىندى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rawalpindi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%93%81%E7%AC%AC" title="拉瓦尔品第 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉瓦尔品第" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%8F%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%93%81%E7%AC%AC" title="拉華爾品第 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉華爾品第" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindi" title="Ravalpindi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ravalpindi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%93%81%E7%AC%AC" title="拉瓦尔品第 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉瓦尔品第" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalpindi" title="Ravalpindi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ravalpindi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rawalpindi&params=33_36_N_73_02_E_region:PK_type:city(3357612)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.600°N 73.033°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.600; 73.033</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Punjab, Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the district, see <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rawalpindi (disambiguation)">Rawalpindi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Punjab, Pakistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Rawalpindi</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">راولپنڈی</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_Districts_of_Pakistan" title="City Districts of Pakistan">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg/268px-Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg/402px-Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg/536px-Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="2412" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rawal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawal Lake">Rawal Lake</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="border:1;;height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg/122px-Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg/183px-Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg/244px-Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="3289" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rawat_Fort" title="Rawat Fort">Rawat Fort</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church,_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/142px-Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/213px-Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/284px-Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3948" data-file-height="2265" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Rawalpindi" title="Christ Church, Rawalpindi">Christ Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG/151px-Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG/227px-Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG/302px-Rawalpindi_railway_station_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_railway_station" title="Rawalpindi railway station">Rawalpindi railway station</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg/113px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg/170px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg/226px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Town#Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi" title="Bahria Town">Bahria Town</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/268px-ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/402px-ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/536px-ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pir_Mehr_Ali_Shah_Arid_Agriculture_University" title="Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University">PMAS-Arid Agriculture University</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Rawalpindi"><img alt="Official logo of Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg/100px-City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg/150px-City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg/200px-City_District_Government_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="256" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Pindi</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rawalpindi is located in Punjab, Pakistan"><img alt="Rawalpindi is located in Punjab, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg/250px-Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg/375px-Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg/500px-Pakistan_Punjab_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.955%;left:60.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rawalpindi"><img alt="Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rawalpindi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Punjab</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a></span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rawalpindi is located in Pakistan"><img alt="Rawalpindi is located in Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.619%;left:62.665%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rawalpindi"><img alt="Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rawalpindi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Pakistan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Pakistan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rawalpindi is located in South Asia"><img alt="Rawalpindi is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/250px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/375px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/500px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.218%;left:34.371%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rawalpindi"><img alt="Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rawalpindi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in South Asia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rawalpindi&params=33_36_N_73_02_E_region:PK_type:city(3357612)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.600°N 73.033°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.600; 73.033</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Pakistan">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan"><img alt="Punjab, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan" title="Divisions of Pakistan">Division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Division" title="Rawalpindi Division">Rawalpindi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="List of tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan">Tehsils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Union councils</th><td class="infobox-data">38</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipal status</th><td class="infobox-data">1867<span class="noprint">; 157 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1867</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Metropolitan Corporation</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Rawalpindi" title="Mayor of Rawalpindi">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None (Vacant)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Rawalpindi" title="Mayor of Rawalpindi">Deputy Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None (Vacant)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Commissioner</th><td class="infobox-data">Engineer Abdul Aamir Khattak <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Administrative_Service" title="Pakistan Administrative Service">(BPS-20 PAS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Commissioner_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)">Deputy Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hassan Waqar Cheema <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Administrative_Service" title="Pakistan Administrative Service">(BPS-19 PAS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional Police Officer(RPO)</th><td class="infobox-data">Syed Khurram Ali <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Service of Pakistan">(BPS-20 PSP)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Metropolitan Corporation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">479 km<sup>2</sup> (185 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">311 km<sup>2</sup> (120 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">508 m (1,667 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Metropolitan Corporation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,357,612</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab,_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population">3rd, Punjab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Pakistan">4th, Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,000/km<sup>2</sup> (18,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Pakistan" title="Postal codes in Pakistan">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">46000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">051</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provincial Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rda.gop.pk/">Official Website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rawalpindi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">راولپنڈی</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Urdu">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">Rāwalpinḍī</i></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ɾɑːʋəlpɪnɖiː]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/93\/Rawalpindi_Pronunciation.ogg\/Rawalpindi_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rawalpindi Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Rawalpindi_Pronunciation.ogg/Rawalpindi_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Rawalpindi Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), colloquially known as <b>Pindi</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab,_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population">third-largest</a> city in the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Pakistani province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. It is a commercial and metropolitan city, being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">fourth most populous</a> in Pakistan. It is located near the <a href="/wiki/Soan_River" title="Soan River">Soan River</a> in north-western <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, and is the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi-speaking</a> city in the world. Rawalpindi is situated adjacent to Pakistan's capital <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, and the two are jointly known as "<a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">twin cities</a>" because of the social and economic links between them. Prior to Islamabad's establishment, Rawalpindi served as the country's capital from 1959 to 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Located on the <a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a> of northern Punjab, Rawalpindi remained a small town of little importance up until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is known for its ancient heritage, for instance the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1765, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a> were defeated and the city came under <a href="/wiki/Sukerchakia_Misl" title="Sukerchakia Misl">Sukerchakia Misl</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh-era</a>, Rawalpindi, from a small regional town, became an important city in regards to trade and its strategic location within Punjab. The city's <i>Babu Mohallah</i> neighbourhood was once home to a community of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> traders who had fled <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Persia, in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjab was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1849, in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a>, and in the late 19th century Rawalpindi became the largest <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> town of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>'s Northern command as its climate suited the British authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazumder_2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazumder_2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was established as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Division" title="Rawalpindi Division">Rawalpindi Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British Punjab</a>, this elevated Rawalpindi's status to one the largest metropolitan centres in colonial Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazumder_2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazumder_2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the partition of British India in 1947, the city became home to the <a href="/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">headquarters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_conspiracy" title="Rawalpindi conspiracy">Rawalpindi conspiracy</a> took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawalpindi later became site of <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan#Assassination" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination</a>. On 27 December 2007, it was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Benazir Bhutto assassination">assassination</a> of former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazumder_2003_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazumder_2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of Pakistan's new purpose-built national capital city of <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in 1961 led to greater investment in the city provided by <a href="/wiki/Imf" class="mw-redirect" title="Imf">Imf</a> and local banks,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a brief stint as the country's capital before the completion of Islamabad.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbasi_2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbasi_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furniture_2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniture_2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As home to the <a href="/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">GHQ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/PAF_Base_Nur_Khan" title="PAF Base Nur Khan">PAF Base Nur Khan</a>, and with connections to the <a href="/wiki/M-1_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-1 motorway (Pakistan)">M-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M-2_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-2 motorway (Pakistan)">M-2</a> motorways, Rawalpindi is a major logistics and transportation centre for northern Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also home to historic <a href="/wiki/Haveli" title="Haveli">havelis</a> and temples, and serves as a hub for tourists visiting <a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Fort" title="Rohtas Fort">Rohtas Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name may derive from <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> words "<i>rāwal"</i> (<span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">راول</span></span></span>) meaning "lake" and "<i>pinḍ"</i> (<span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پِنڈ</span></span></span>) meaning "village". The combination of the two words thus means "the village on the lake".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another explanation is that Rawalpindi literally means the "Village of Rawals" as it occupies the site of an old village inhabited by the Rawals, a group of <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accounts propose that a group of yogis arrived in this area with their leader, a head yogi named 'Rawal', and settled here with their followers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region around Rawalpindi has been inhabited for thousands of years. Rawalpindi falls within the ancient boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, and is thus in a region containing many Buddhist ruins. In the region north-west of Rawalpindi, traces have been found of at least 55 <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>, 28 Buddhist monasteries, 9 temples, and various artifacts in the <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE,_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East,_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE%2C_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East%2C_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg/220px-Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE%2C_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East%2C_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE%2C_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East%2C_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg/330px-Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE%2C_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East%2C_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE%2C_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East%2C_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg/440px-Silverplate_with_investiture_scene._Sasanian_4th_century_CE%2C_possibly_Afghanistan._Middle_East%2C_52_Ancient_Iran_-_28174064678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3179" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption>Possible <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanian">Kushano-Sasanian</a> plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, fourth century CE. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> 124093.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg/170px-Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg/255px-Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg/340px-Fasting_Buddha_BM_OA1907.12-28.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="3883" /></a><figcaption>The "Fasting <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>", on display at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, was discovered in Rawalpindi.</figcaption></figure> <p>To the southeast are the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Mankiala_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankiala stupa">Mankiala stupa</a> – a second-century stupa where, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>, a previous incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> leapt off a cliff in order to offer his corpse to seven hungry tiger cubs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> is thought to have been home to one of the early universities or education centres of South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Sir Alexander Cunningham</a> identified ruins on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Cantonment" title="Rawalpindi Cantonment">Rawalpindi Cantonment</a> as the ancient city of Ganjipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bhatti_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatti tribe">Bhatti tribe</a> in the ages preceding the Christian era.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mention of Rawalpindi's earliest settlement dates from when <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by <i><a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhar</a></i> chief <i>Kai Gohar</i> in the early 11th century. The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-IGI_2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGI_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated along an invasion route, the settlement did not prosper and remained deserted until 1493, when <i>Jhanda Khan</i> <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhar</a> re-established the ruined town, and named it <i>Rawal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal">Mughal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mughal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg/220px-Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg/330px-Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg/440px-Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="3289" /></a><figcaption>The 16th century <a href="/wiki/Rawat_Fort" title="Rawat Fort">Rawat Fort</a> offered military protection to Rawalpindi.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Mughal era, Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Ghakhar</a> clan, who in turn pledged allegiance to the Mughal Empire. The city was developed as an important outpost in order to guard the frontiers of the Mughal realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_1983_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal_1983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gakhars fortified a nearby <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, in the 16th century, transforming it into the <a href="/wiki/Rawat_Fort" title="Rawat Fort">Rawat Fort</a> in order to defend the Pothohar plateau from <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>'s forces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Attock_Fort" title="Attock Fort">Attock Fort</a> in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Hakim" title="Mirza Muhammad Hakim">Mirza Muhammad Hakim</a>, further securing Rawalpindi's environs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1585, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> arrived in Rawalpindi, and remained in and around Rawalpindi for 13 years as he extended the frontiers of the empire,<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_1983_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal_1983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an era described as a "glorious period" in his career as Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_1983_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal_1983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the onset of chaos and rivalry between Gakhar chiefs after the death of Kamal Khan in 1559, Rawalpindi was awarded to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jehangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehangir">Jehangir</a> visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622, where he first learned of Shah <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I of Persia</a>'s plan to invade <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Misl">Sikh Misl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sikh Misl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rawalpindi declined in importance as <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> power declined, until the town was captured in the mid-1760s from Muqarrab Khan by the <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikhs</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gujjar_Singh_Banghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar Singh Banghi">Sardar Gujjar Singh</a> and his son Sahib Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's administration was handed to Sardar Milkha Singh, who then invited traders from the neighbouring commercial centers of <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhelum (city)">Jhelum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_(Punjab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahpur (Punjab)">Shahpur</a> to settle in the territory in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-IGI_2013_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGI_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city then began to prosper, although the population in 1770 is estimated to have been only about 300 families.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_2022_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers_2022-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawalpindi became for a time the refuge of <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shah Shuja</a>, the exiled king of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sikh Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sikh ruler <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi, after Ranjit Singh seized the district in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikh rule over Rawalpindi was consolidated by defeat of the Afghans at Haidaran in July 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh rulers allied themselves with some of the local <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhar</a> tribes, and jointly defeated <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Syed Ahmad Barelvi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Akora_Khattak" title="Akora Khattak">Akora Khattak</a> in 1827, and again in 1831 in <a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's <i>Babu Mohallah</i> neighbourhood from <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_History_2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_History_2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the <a href="/wiki/Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar">Qajar</a> dynasty. In 1841, Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed <i>Sardar</i> of Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March 1849, Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi, ceding the city to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Grewal_1998_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal_1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FJWU_main_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FJWU_main_building.JPG/220px-FJWU_main_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FJWU_main_building.JPG/330px-FJWU_main_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FJWU_main_building.JPG/440px-FJWU_main_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Rawalpindi's <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah_Women_University" title="Fatima Jinnah Women University">Fatima Jinnah Women University</a> is housed in a Victorian mansion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Rawalpindi's capture by the British East India Company, 53rd Regiment of the company army took quarters in the newly captured city.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to man a permanent military cantonment in the city was made in 1851 by the <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Marquess of Dalhousie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city saw its first <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> office in the early 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orient_Blackswan_2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's Garrison Church was built shortly after in 1854,<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the site where <a href="/wiki/Robert_Milman" title="Robert Milman">Robert Milman</a>, Bishop of Calcutta, was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was home to 15,913 people in the 1855 census.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_2022_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers_2022-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1857 <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Mutiny">Sepoy Mutiny</a>, the area's <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janjua" title="Janjua">Janjua</a> tribes remained loyal to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orient_Blackswan_2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous civil and military buildings were built during the British era, and the Municipality of Rawalpindi was constituted in 1867,<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the city's population as per the 1868 census was 19,228, with another 9,358 people residing in the city's cantonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was also connected to railways that offered connection to India and the northwest frontier in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commissariat Steam Flour Mills were the first such mills in Punjab, and supplied most of the needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawalpindi's cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre, though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of Kashmir's external trade passing through the city; in 1885, 14% of Kashmir's exports, and 27% of its imports passed through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large market was opened in central Rawalpindi in 1883 by Sardar Sujan Singh, while the British further developed a shopping district for the city's elite known as <i>Saddar</i> with an archway built to commemorate Brigadier General Massey.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue,_Rawalpindi,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue%2C_Rawalpindi%2C_1939.jpg/220px-Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue%2C_Rawalpindi%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue%2C_Rawalpindi%2C_1939.jpg/330px-Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue%2C_Rawalpindi%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue%2C_Rawalpindi%2C_1939.jpg/440px-Queen_Victoria%27s_Statue%2C_Rawalpindi%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, Rawalpindi, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Rawalpindi's cantonment became a major centre of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-IGI_2013_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGI_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's army elevated the city from a small town, to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orient_Blackswan_2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, 9,358 people lived in the city's cantonment – by 1891, the number rose to 37,870.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, the city's population excluding the Cantonment was 34,153.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was considered to be a favourite first posting for newly arrived soldiers from England, owing to the city's agreeable climate, and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, Rawalpindi was made the winter headquarters of the Northern Command and of the Rawalpindi military division. Riots broke out against British rule in 1905, following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act.<sup id="cite_ref-Nijjar_1996_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nijjar_1996-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a> "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into the area in return.<sup id="cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orient_Blackswan_2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1921, Rawalpindi's cantonment had overshadowed the city – Rawalpindi was one of seven cities of Punjab in which over half the population lived in the cantonment district.<sup id="cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orient_Blackswan_2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communal riots erupted between Rawalpindi's Sikh and Muslim communities in 1926 after Sikhs refused to silence music from a procession that was passing in front of a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Nijjar_1996_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nijjar_1996-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HMS_Rawalpindi" title="HMS Rawalpindi">HMS <i>Rawalpindi</i></a> was launched as an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a> in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Harland and Wolff">Harland and Wolff</a>, the same company which built <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>. The ship was converted into an armed vessel, and was sunk in October 1939. Scientists from <a href="/wiki/Porton_Down" title="Porton Down">Porton Down</a> carried out poison gas tests on <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_experiments" title="Rawalpindi experiments">Rawalpindi experiments</a> over the course of more than a decade beginning in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition">Partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/220px-Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/330px-Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/440px-Inside_raja_bazaar_Rawalpindi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Andaroon Raja Bazaar streets</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 March 1947, members of Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh communities took a procession against the formation of a Muslim ministry within the Government of Punjab. Policemen fired upon protestors, while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter-protestors.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area's first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947, when the city's Muslims, angered by the actions of Hindus and Sikhs and encouraged by the Pir of <a href="/wiki/Golra_Sharif" title="Golra Sharif">Golra Sharif</a>, raided nearby villages after they were unable to do so in the city on account of Rawalpindi's heavily armed Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani_2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani_2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947 following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>, Rawalpindi was 43.79% Muslim, while Rawalpindi District as a whole was 80% Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ispahani_2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region, on account of its large Muslim majority, was thus awarded to Pakistan. Rawalpindi's <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> population, who had made up 33.72% and 17.32% of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ispahani_2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> migrated <i>en masse</i> to the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> after anti-Hindu and anti-Sikh pogroms in western Punjab, while Muslim refugees from India settled in the city following anti-Muslim pogroms in eastern Punjab and northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani_2014_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani_2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg/220px-Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg/330px-Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg/440px-Murree_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Murree Road is one of the main arteries in Rawalpindi.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg/220px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg/330px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg/440px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Bahria Town is an affordable locality in Rawalpindi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg/220px-6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg/330px-6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg/440px-6th_road_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>Rehman Abad Clock Tower Rawalpindi</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following independence, Rawalpindi saw an influx of <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri</a> settlers. Having been the largest British Cantonment in the region at the dawn of Pakistan's independence, Rawalpindi was chosen as headquarters for the Pakistani Army, despite the fact that Karachi had been selected as the first capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki_2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_conspiracy" title="Rawalpindi conspiracy">Rawalpindi conspiracy</a> took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki_2015_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination, in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Liaqat_National_Bagh" title="Liaqat National Bagh">Liaquat Bagh Park</a>. In 1958, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> launched his <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a></i> from Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki_2015_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, the city became the interim capital of the country under Ayub Khan, who had sought the creation of a new planned capital of Islamabad in the vicinity of Rawalpindi. As a result, Rawalpindi saw most major central government offices and institutions relocate to nearby territory, and its population rapidly expand. </p><p>The construction of Pakistan's new capital city of <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_2016_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawalpindi remained the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Army">Pakistani Army</a> after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969, while the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> continues to maintain an airbase in the <a href="/wiki/Chaklala" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaklala">Chaklala</a> district of Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Zia_ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul Haq">Zia ul Haq</a> hanged Pakistan's deposed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, in Rawalpindi in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, tens of thousands of Shia protestors led by Mufti Jaffar Hussain marched to Rawalpindi to protest a provision of Zia ul Haqs Islamization programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ispahani_2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spate of bombings in September 1987 took place in the city killing 5 people, in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan's communist government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 April 1988, Rawalpindi's <a href="/wiki/Ojhri_Camp_disaster" title="Ojhri Camp disaster">Ojhri Camp</a>, an ammunition depot for Afghan <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> fighting against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces in Afghanistan, exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the New York Times reported more than 93 were killed and another 1,100 wounded;<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_1988_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many believe that the toll was much higher.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riots erupted in Rawalpindi in 1992 as mobs attacked Hindu temples in retaliation for the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ispahani_2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Benazir Bhutto assassination">assassination</a> of former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbasi_2015_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbasi_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furniture_2016_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniture_2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi-Islamabad_Metrobus" title="Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus">Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> line with various points in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, opened for service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg/280px-Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg/420px-Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg/560px-Islamabad_from_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of <a href="/wiki/Islamabad-Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area">Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area</a> with <a href="/wiki/Margalla_Hills" title="Margalla Hills">Margalla Hills</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Potohar_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Potohar Plateau">Potohar Plateau</a> on the other 3 sides.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pothohar_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pothohar_map.jpg/220px-Pothohar_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pothohar_map.jpg/330px-Pothohar_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pothohar_map.jpg/440px-Pothohar_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Map of Pothohar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Rawalpindi" title="Climate of Rawalpindi">Climate of Rawalpindi</a></div> <p>Rawalpindi features a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen</a>: Cwa)<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with hot and wet summers, a cooler and drier winter. Rawalpindi and its twin city <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, during the year experiences an average of 91 thunderstorms, which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country. Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Meteorological_Department" title="Pakistan Meteorological Department">Pakistan Meteorological Department</a> to have reached 176 km/h (109 mph). In such thunder/wind storms, which results in some damage of infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather is highly variable due to the proximity of the city to the foothills of Himalayas. </p><p>The average annual rainfall is 1,254.8 mm (49.40 in), most of which falls in the summer monsoon season. However, westerly disturbances also bring quite significant rainfall in the winter. In summer, the record maximum temperature has soared to 47.7 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (118 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) recorded in June 1954, while it has dropped to a minimum of −3.9 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (25 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) several occasions, though the last of which was in January 1967. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Rawalpindi </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6<br />(114.1) </td> <td style="background: #B80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.6<br />(115.9) </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(111.9) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #B80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.6<br />(115.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(97) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(2.64) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.1<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.4<br />(3.64) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(1.34) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br />(2.96) </td> <td style="background: #003700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">305.3<br />(12.02) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">340.3<br />(13.40) </td> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.7<br />(4.36) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(1.25) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(1.43) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,254.8<br />(49.41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <i>Climate-Data.org</i>, altitude: 497 m<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_2015_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: SCBM<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fawara Chowk in 1940."><img alt="Fawara Chowk in 1940." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg/323px-Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg/484px-Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg/645px-Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fawara Chowk in 1940.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fawara Chowk in 2021."><img alt="Fawara Chowk in 2021." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg/275px-Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg/412px-Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg/550px-Fawara_Chowk_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fawara Chowk in 2021.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="College Road is famous for electronic markets."><img alt="College Road is famous for electronic markets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg/240px-College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg/360px-College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg/480px-College_Road_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">College Road is famous for electronic markets.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haveli sujan Singh Rawalpindi"><img alt="Haveli sujan Singh Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg/180px-Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg/270px-Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg/360px-Haveli_sujan_Singh_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Haveli sujan Singh Rawalpindi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poonch House Rawalpindi"><img alt="Poonch House Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg/277px-Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg/416px-Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg/554px-Poonch_house_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poonch House Rawalpindi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faizabad_Interchange,_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faizabad Interchange"><img alt="Faizabad Interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/144px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/216px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/288px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faizabad Interchange</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lal_haveli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lal Haveli"><img alt="Lal Haveli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lal_haveli.jpg/270px-Lal_haveli.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lal_haveli.jpg/405px-Lal_haveli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lal_haveli.jpg/540px-Lal_haveli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lal_Haveli" title="Lal Haveli">Lal Haveli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahria Town is a private housing scheme in Rawalpindi"><img alt="Bahria Town is a private housing scheme in Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg/320px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg/480px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg/640px-Bahria_Town_Rawalpindi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bahria Town is a private housing scheme in Rawalpindi</div> </li> </ul> <p>Social structures in Rawalpindi's historic core centre around neighbourhoods, each known as a <i>Mohallah</i>. Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar (market) and mosque, which in turn serves as a place where people can gather for trade and manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <i>Mohallah</i> has narrow <i>gallies</i> (streets), and the grouping of houses around short lanes and cul-de-sacs lends a sense of privacy and security to residents of each neighbourhood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Major intersections in the neighbourhood are each referred to as a <i>chowk</i>. </p><p>Rawalpindi is relatively a new city contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of Rawalpindi's historic core, and across the Lai Nullah, are the wide lanes of the Rawalpindi Cantonment. With tree-lined avenues and historic architecture, the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule. British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core, which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city. Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for Islamabad's commuter population.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_2013_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of Rawalpindi is 2,098,231 in 2017. 84% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a>, 9% is <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>, and 7% is from other ethnic groups. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1855 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,913</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1868 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,586</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+79.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,975</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+85.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">87,688</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+21.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">86,483</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,142</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,284</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">185,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+55.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">237,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+28.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">340,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1972 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">615,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+80.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">795,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1998 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,409,768</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+77.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2017 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,098,231</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+48.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,357,612</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+60.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1921a_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1921a-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elahi_2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elahi_2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics_2017_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics_2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagh_Sardaran.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An abandoned Hindu Temple at Bagh Sardaran"><img alt="An abandoned Hindu Temple at Bagh Sardaran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bagh_Sardaran.JPG/240px-Bagh_Sardaran.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bagh_Sardaran.JPG/360px-Bagh_Sardaran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bagh_Sardaran.JPG/480px-Bagh_Sardaran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An abandoned Hindu Temple at <i>Bagh Sardaran</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church,_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Church, Rawalpindi"><img alt="Christ Church, Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/314px-Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/471px-Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/628px-Perspective_view_from_main_gate_-_Christ_Church%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3948" data-file-height="2265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ Church, Rawalpindi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moti_Masjid,_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Moti Masjid"><img alt="Moti Masjid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Moti_Masjid%2C_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png/141px-Moti_Masjid%2C_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Moti_Masjid%2C_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png/212px-Moti_Masjid%2C_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Moti_Masjid%2C_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png/283px-Moti_Masjid%2C_liaquat_road_Rawalpindi.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moti Masjid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatima_masjid,_bahria_town,_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fatima Masjid, Bahria Town"><img alt="Fatima Masjid, Bahria Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fatima_masjid%2C_bahria_town%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/202px-Fatima_masjid%2C_bahria_town%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fatima_masjid%2C_bahria_town%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/303px-Fatima_masjid%2C_bahria_town%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fatima_masjid%2C_bahria_town%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/404px-Fatima_masjid%2C_bahria_town%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fatima Masjid, Bahria Town</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markazi_Jamia_Masjid,_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Markazi Jamia Masjid"><img alt="Markazi Jamia Masjid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Markazi_Jamia_Masjid%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/270px-Markazi_Jamia_Masjid%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Markazi_Jamia_Masjid%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/405px-Markazi_Jamia_Masjid%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Markazi_Jamia_Masjid%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/540px-Markazi_Jamia_Masjid%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Markazi Jamia Masjid</div> </li> </ul> <p>96.7% of Rawalpindi's population is Muslim, 3.1% is Christian, 0.2% belong to other religious groups. The city's <i>Kohaati Bazaar</i> is site of large <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> mourning-processions for <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rida_2015_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rida_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neighbourhoods of <i>Waris Shah Mohallah</i> and <i>Pir Harra Mohallah</i> form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi's old city. </p><p>Prior to partition there used to be a sizable <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> community living in Rawalpindi, the city is still home to a few hundred Hindu families.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that the vast majority of the city's Hindus fled <i>en masse</i> to India after Partition, most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing, although in disrepair and often abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the old city's neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names, such as Krishanpura, Aria Mohallah, Akaal Garh, Mohanpura, Amarpura, Kartarpura, Bagh Sardaraan, Angatpura. </p><p>Rawalpindi was a majority <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> city prior to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined composing 51.05 percent of the total population according to the 1941 census.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1941-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> The same census detailed Muslims made up 43.79 percent of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ispahani_2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1941-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> The Baba Dyal Singh Gurdwara in Rawalpindi was where the reformist <a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a> movement of Sikhism originated.<sup id="cite_ref-Rida_2015_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rida_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city still has a small Sikh population, but has been bolstered by the arrival of Sikhs fleeing political instability in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Mandir,_Rawalpindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Krishna Mandir, Rawalpindi">Shri Krishna Mandir</a> is the only functional Hindu temple in Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in the Kabarri Bazaar in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other temples are abandoned or were repurposed. Rawalpindi's large Kalyan Das Temple from 1880 has been used as the "Gov't. Qandeel Secondary School for the Blind" since 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ram Leela Temple in <i>Kanak Mandi</i>, and the Kaanji Mal Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar, are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees. Mohan Temple in the <i>Lunda Bazaar</i> remains standing, but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose. The city's "Shamshan Ghat" serves as the city's cremation grounds, and was partly renovated in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's <i>Babu Mohallah</i> neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders who had fled <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_History_2016_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_History_2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the British era many churches were built for the British soldiers to come to the churches for Sunday prayer because Rawalpindi Cantonment was the home for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_History_2016_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_History_2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in Rawalpindi City (1881−2023)<sup id="cite_ref-RawalpindiCity1881to2023_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawalpindiCity1881to2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religious</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1881a_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1881a-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1881b_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1881b-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1881c_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1881c-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1891_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1891-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1901_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1901-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1911_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1911-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1921b_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1921b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1931_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1931-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1941-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2017<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2017_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2017-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2023<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics_2024_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics_2024-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </td> <td>23,664 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001446701274185936♠" style="display:none"></span>44.67% </td> <td>32,787 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001444298394200149♠" style="display:none"></span>44.43% </td> <td>40,807 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001465365842532615♠" style="display:none"></span>46.54% </td> <td>40,678 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001470358336320432♠" style="display:none"></span>47.04% </td> <td>47,653 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001471149473018132♠" style="display:none"></span>47.11% </td> <td>55,637 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001466424667180845♠" style="display:none"></span>46.64% </td> <td>81,038 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001437943818160201♠" style="display:none"></span>43.79% </td> <td>2,029,304 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001967337584087130♠" style="display:none"></span>96.73% </td> <td>3,207,449 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001970859524760111♠" style="display:none"></span>97.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-ad-dharmi_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>23,419 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001442076451156205♠" style="display:none"></span>44.21% </td> <td>29,264 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001396558032387018♠" style="display:none"></span>39.66% </td> <td>33,227 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001378922999726302♠" style="display:none"></span>37.89% </td> <td>29,106 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001336551692240093♠" style="display:none"></span>33.66% </td> <td>35,279 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001348806628304759♠" style="display:none"></span>34.88% </td> <td>40,161 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001336683880486905♠" style="display:none"></span>33.67% </td> <td>62,394 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001337188314004388♠" style="display:none"></span>33.72% </td> <td>628 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998299357810760101♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>843 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998255166825527942♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> </td> <td>1,919 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000362246342614440♠" style="display:none"></span>3.62% </td> <td>4,767 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000645978724845856♠" style="display:none"></span>6.46% </td> <td>6,302 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000718684426603412♠" style="display:none"></span>7.19% </td> <td>8,306 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000960419966929916♠" style="display:none"></span>9.6% </td> <td>9,144 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000904075458266595♠" style="display:none"></span>9.04% </td> <td>15,532 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001130210254518627♠" style="display:none"></span>13.02% </td> <td>32,064 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001173279579771079♠" style="display:none"></span>17.33% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>118 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997357173017939468♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span> </td> <td>904 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000170646531382727♠" style="display:none"></span>1.71% </td> <td>848 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000114912934480655♠" style="display:none"></span>1.15% </td> <td>1,008 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000114953015235836♠" style="display:none"></span>1.15% </td> <td>963 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000111351363851855♠" style="display:none"></span>1.11% </td> <td>916 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999905657392576773♠" style="display:none"></span>0.91% </td> <td>1,025 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999859293786258006♠" style="display:none"></span>0.86% </td> <td>1,301 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999703083624258276♠" style="display:none"></span>0.7% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>6,072 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000822819974252998♠" style="display:none"></span>8.23% </td> <td>6,275 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000715605327981023♠" style="display:none"></span>7.16% </td> <td>7,846 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000907230322722384♠" style="display:none"></span>9.07% </td> <td>8,111 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000801941824365743♠" style="display:none"></span>8.02% </td> <td>6,850 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000574259749840716♠" style="display:none"></span>5.74% </td> <td>3,668 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000198225267777045♠" style="display:none"></span>1.98% </td> <td>65,729 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000313319897188706♠" style="display:none"></span>3.13% </td> <td>92,906 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000281216240717663♠" style="display:none"></span>2.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>51 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998691103733315265♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td> <td>65 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998741264483167594♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td> <td>58 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998670652035660187♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td> <td>39 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998385596488105831♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>65 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998544918010797760♠" style="display:none"></span>0.05% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>21 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996635646896332953♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997271021071888339♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>16 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998185007458113155♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997419167700613661♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998115629661320722♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997754501861104590♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/15px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/23px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/30px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,848 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998880912793446924♠" style="display:none"></span>0.09% </td> <td>1,651 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998499739536117002♠" style="display:none"></span>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>3,069 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000579329872581406♠" style="display:none"></span>5.79% </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997542042143776678♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997114040689718091♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>4,587 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000247889668291523♠" style="display:none"></span>2.48% </td> <td>315 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998150155589792089♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>733 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998221871035720026♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>52,975 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>73,795 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>87,688 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>86,483 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>101,142 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>119,284 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>185,042 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,097,824 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,303,721 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg/220px-Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg/330px-Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg/440px-Double_road_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A Double road in Rawalpindi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg/220px-Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg/330px-Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg/440px-Public_transport_network_in_the_Rawalpindi_Islamabad_Metropolitan_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Map of Pindi-Islamabad public transport</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi-Islamabad_Metrobus" title="Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus">Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus</a> is a 48.1 km (29.9 mi) <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system operating in the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad-Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area">Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area</a>. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between <a href="/wiki/Pak_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Secretariat">Pak Secretariat</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saddar,_Rawalpindi" title="Saddar, Rawalpindi">Saddar</a> in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Morr_Interchange" title="Peshawar Morr Interchange">Peshawar Morr Interchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Islamabad_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New Islamabad International Airport">New Islamabad International Airport</a> and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system uses e-ticketing and an <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Transportation System">Intelligent Transportation System</a> and is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Mass_Transit_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Mass Transit Authority">Punjab Mass Transit Authority</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rawalpindi is situated along the historic <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> that connects Peshawar to <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. The road is roughly paralleled by the <a href="/wiki/M-1_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-1 motorway (Pakistan)">M-1 Motorway</a> between Peshawar and Rawalpindi, while the <a href="/wiki/M-2_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-2 motorway (Pakistan)">M-2 Motorway</a> provides an alternate route to Lahore via the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a>. The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, with onwards connections to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Salang_Pass" title="Salang Pass">Salang Pass</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> provides access between Islamabad and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> in the Chinese region of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Expressway" title="Islamabad Expressway">Islamabad Expressway</a> connects Rawalpindi's eastern portions with the <a href="/wiki/Rawal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawal Lake">Rawal Lake</a> and heart of <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. The IJP Road separates Rawalpindi's northern edge from Islamabad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways">Motorways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Motorways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg/220px-M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg/330px-M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg/440px-M2_Motorway._Linking_Islamabad_with_Lahore-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M-2_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-2 motorway (Pakistan)">M-2 motorway</a> connects Rawalpindi to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, and is part of a network of motorways under construction that will continue to the port city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rawalpindi is connected to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> by the <a href="/wiki/M-1_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-1 motorway (Pakistan)">M-1 Motorway</a>. The motorway also links Rawalpindi to major cities in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> province, such as <a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M-2_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-2 motorway (Pakistan)">M-2 motorway</a> offers high speed access to Lahore via the <a href="/wiki/Potohar_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Potohar Plateau">Potohar Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M-3_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-3 motorway (Pakistan)">M-3 Motorway</a> branches off from the M-2 at the city of <a href="/wiki/Pindi_Bhattian" title="Pindi Bhattian">Pindi Bhattian</a>, where the M-3 offers onward connections to <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, and connects to the <a href="/wiki/M-4_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-4 motorway (Pakistan)">M-4 Motorway</a> which continues onward to <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and from there onwards to <a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a>. A new motorway network is under construction to connect Sukkur and <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/China_Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China Pakistan Economic Corridor">China Pakistan Economic Corridor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/E35_expressway_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="E35 expressway (Pakistan)">Hazara Motorway</a> is also under construction as part of CPEC, and will provide control-access motorway travel all the way to <a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a> via the M-1 or Grand Trunk Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg/220px-Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg/330px-Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg/440px-Rawalpindi_Railway_Station_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Rawalpindi Railway Station</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_railway_station" title="Rawalpindi railway station">Rawalpindi railway station</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saddar,_Rawalpindi" title="Saddar, Rawalpindi">Saddar</a> neighbourhood serves as a stop along Pakistan's 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Karachi%E2%80%93Peshawar_Railway_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line">Main Line-1</a> railway that connects the city to the port city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. The stations is served by the <a href="/wiki/Awam_Express" title="Awam Express">Awam Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazara_Express" title="Hazara Express">Hazara Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Express" title="Islamabad Express">Islamabad Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffar_Express" title="Jaffar Express">Jaffar Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Mail_(passenger_train)" title="Khyber Mail (passenger train)">Khyber Mail</a> trains, and serves as the terminus for the <a href="/wiki/Margalla_Express" title="Margalla Express">Margalla Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehr_Express" title="Mehr Express">Mehr Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawal_Express" title="Rawal Express">Rawal Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Express" title="Pakistan Express">Pakistan Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subak_Raftar_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Subak Raftar Express">Subak Raftar Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Line Express">Green Line Express</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Syed_Express&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Syed Express (page does not exist)">Sir Syed Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subak_Kharam_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Subak Kharam Express">Subak Kharam Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tezgam" title="Tezgam">Tezgam</a> trains. </p><p>The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $3.65 billion for the first phase of the project,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with completion by 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rawalpindi is served by the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_International_Airport" title="Islamabad International Airport">Islamabad International Airport</a>. The airport is located 21 km west of the city. It offers non-stop flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Middle East, Europe, North America, Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg/237px-Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg/356px-Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg/474px-Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Div.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Administrative subdivisions of Rawalpindi District.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/City_District_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="City District Government">City-District</a> of Rawalpindi is sub-divided into one Municipal Corporation, two Cantonment Boards and seven <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawalpindi Municipal Corporation">Rawalpindi Municipal Corporation</a> Rawalpindi City <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mcrawalpindi.org/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424082439/http://www.mcrawalpindi.org/">Archived</a> 24 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Cantonment" title="Rawalpindi Cantonment">Rawalpindi Cantonment</a> Board Rawalpindi Cantt <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://rcb.gov.pk/">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaklala_Cantonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaklala Cantonment">Chaklala Cantonment</a> Board Chaklala Cantt <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ccb.gov.pk/en">[3]</a></li></ul> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr.</th> <th>Tehsil</th> <th>Headquarters</th> <th>Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Population<br />(2017) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxila_Tehsil" title="Taxila Tehsil">Taxila</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> </td> <td>NA </td> <td>677,951 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Tehsil" title="Rawalpindi Tehsil">Rawalpindi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>2,237,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan_Tehsil" title="Gujar Khan Tehsil">Gujar Khan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan" title="Gujar Khan">Gujar Khan</a> </td> <td>1,466 </td> <td>678,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kallar_Syedan_Tehsil" title="Kallar Syedan Tehsil">Kallar Syedan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kallar_Syedan_Tehsil" title="Kallar Syedan Tehsil">Kallar Syedan</a> </td> <td>421 </td> <td>217,273 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Tehsil" title="Kahuta Tehsil">Kahuta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kahuta" title="Kahuta">Kahuta</a> </td> <td>NA </td> <td>220,576 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotli_Sattian_Tehsil" title="Kotli Sattian Tehsil">Kotli Sattian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotli_Sattian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotli Sattian">Kotli Sattian</a> </td> <td>NA </td> <td>119,312 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murree_Tehsil" title="Murree Tehsil">Murree</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a> </td> <td>NA </td> <td>233,471 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rawalpindi also holds many private colonies that have developed themselves rapidly, e.g. Gulraiz Housing Society, Korang Town, Agochs Town, Ghori Town, Pakistan Town, Judicial Town, Bahria Town<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the Asia's largest private colony, Kashmir Housing Society, Danial Town, Al-Haram City, Education City, Gul Afshan Colony, Allama Iqbal Colony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG/220px-Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG/330px-Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG/440px-Gate_of_Pharwala_Fort_toward_the_Swaan_stream.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The gate of <a href="/wiki/Paharwala_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Paharwala Fort">Paharwala Fort</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ayub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhelum City">Jhelum</a> Road. It covers an area of about 2,300 acres (930 ha) and has a playland, lake with boating facility, an aquarium and a garden-restaurant. Rawalpindi Public Park is on <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Benazir Bhutto Road">Murree Road</a> near Shamsabad. The Park was opened to the public in 1991. It has a playland for children, grassy lawns, fountains and flower beds. </p><p>In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Park" title="Jinnah Park">Jinnah Park</a> was inaugurated at the heart of Rawalpindi and has since become a hotspot of activity for the city. It houses a state-of-the-art cinema, Cinepax,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cash_and_Carry" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Cash and Carry">Metro Cash and Carry</a> supermart, an outlet of <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, gaming lounges, <a href="/wiki/Motion_Rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Rides">Motion Rides</a> and other recreational facilities. The vast lawns also provide an adequate picnic spot.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg/220px-Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg/330px-Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg/440px-Rawal_Lake_Eastern_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Rawal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawal Lake">Rawal Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rawalpindi is situated near the <i><a href="/wiki/Ayub_National_Park" title="Ayub National Park">Ayub National Park</a></i> formerly known as 'Topi Rakh' (keep the hat on) is by the old Presidency, between the <a href="/wiki/Murree_Brewery" title="Murree Brewery">Murree Brewery</a> Co. and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a>. It covers an area of about 2,300 acres (930 ha) and has a play area, lake with boating facility, an aquarium, a garden-restaurant and an open-air theater. This park hosts "<a href="/wiki/Jungle_World,_Rawalpindi" title="Jungle World, Rawalpindi">The Jungle Kingdom</a>" which is particularly popular among young residents.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaquat Bagh">Liaquat Bagh</a>, formerly known as the "company bagh" (East India Company's Garden), is of great historical interest. The first prime minister of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, was assassinated here in 1950. Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated here on 27 December 2007. She was the youngest and the only woman to be elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan.</li> <li>Rawalpindi Public Park (previously Nawaz Sharif Park, renamed Iqbal Park in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is located on Murree Road just opposite to the Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. The park was opened in 1991. It has a play area for children, lawns, fountains and flower beds. A <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Cricket_Stadium" title="Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium">cricket stadium</a> was built in 1992 opposite the public park. Several matches in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996 World Cup</a> were held on this cricket ground.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rawalpindi" title="Economy of Rawalpindi">Economy of Rawalpindi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Govt College for Women"><img alt="Govt College for Women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG/240px-Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG/360px-Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG/480px-Government_college_for_Women_Dhoke_Kala_Khan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Govt College for Women</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARID Agriculture University"><img alt="ARID Agriculture University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/395px-ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/593px-ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg/790px-ARID_Agriculture_university_Rawalpindi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ARID Agriculture University</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gordon college"><img alt="Gordon college" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png/257px-Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png/386px-Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png/514px-Gordon_college_Rawalpindi.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gordon college</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipal_library,_Rawalpindi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Municipal library, Rawalpindi"><img alt="Municipal library, Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Municipal_library%2C_Rawalpindi.png/273px-Municipal_library%2C_Rawalpindi.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Municipal_library%2C_Rawalpindi.png/409px-Municipal_library%2C_Rawalpindi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Municipal_library%2C_Rawalpindi.png/545px-Municipal_library%2C_Rawalpindi.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Municipal library, Rawalpindi</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Rawalpindi" title="List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi">List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi</a></div> <p>Rawalpindi District is home to 2,463 government public schools, out of which 1706 are primary schools, 306 middle schools, 334 are high schools, while 117 are higher education colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>97.4% of children ages 6–16 in urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a> are enrolled in school – the third highest percentage in Pakistan after Islamabad and <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASER_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASER-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 77.1% of Rawalpindi's students in Class 5 are able to read sentences in English.<sup id="cite_ref-ASER_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASER-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 27% of children in Rawalpindi attend paid private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Electrical_%26_Mechanical_Engineering" title="College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering">College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering</a> is located on Grand Trunk Road in Rawalpindi, EME is the largest constituent college of NUST.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah_Women_University" title="Fatima Jinnah Women University">Fatima Jinnah Women University</a> The first ever Women University of Pakistan that was established in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_University_Islamabad" title="Foundation University Islamabad">Foundation University RWP Campus</a> located in new Lalazar alongside FFCB. They offer mainly IT and Biotech related courses like Phd in Computer Science etc.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2020)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rawalpindi, being so close to the capital, has an active media and newspaper climate. There are over a dozen of newspaper companies based in the city including <i><a href="/wiki/Nawa-i-Waqt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawa-i-Waqt">Daily Nawa-i-Waqt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily Jang</a>, Daily Asas, The Daily Sada-e-Haq, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_(Urdu_newspaper)" title="Daily Express (Urdu newspaper)">Daily Express</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daily_Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daily Din (page does not exist)">Daily Din</a>, Daily Aajkal Rawalpindi, Daily Islam,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Pakistan" title="Daily Pakistan">Daily Pakistan</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Express_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Express Tribune">Express Tribune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Pakistani_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)">The Nation</a></i> in English. </p><p>There are a large number of Cable TV service providers in the city such as <a href="/wiki/Nayatel" title="Nayatel">Nayatel</a>, PTCL, SA Cable Network and DWN. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has a centre in Rawalpindi Television channels based in Rawalpindi include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATV_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATV (Pakistan)">ATV</a></li> <li>Lights Asia</li> <li>Aapna Channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothohari language">Pothohari TV</a> (Regional language channel)</li> <li>City 51</li> <li>Pahariwood Network (Regional language channel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> TV</li> <li>Oxygene TV</li> <li>Samaa News</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="I Love Rawalpindi signboard outside Punjab House."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Green_Rawalpindi.jpg/284px-Green_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Green_Rawalpindi.jpg/426px-Green_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Green_Rawalpindi.jpg/568px-Green_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">I Love Rawalpindi signboard outside Punjab House.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giga Mall is one of the largest malls in Rawalpindi"><img alt="Giga Mall is one of the largest malls in Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg/240px-Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg/360px-Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg/480px-Hyperstar_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giga Mall is one of the largest malls in Rawalpindi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_cricket_stadium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pindi Cricket Stadium"><img alt="Pindi Cricket Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rawalpindi_cricket_stadium_1.jpg/363px-Rawalpindi_cricket_stadium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rawalpindi_cricket_stadium_1.jpg/544px-Rawalpindi_cricket_stadium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Rawalpindi_cricket_stadium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pindi Cricket Stadium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayub_park_Rawalpindi_museum.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayub park Rawalpindi museum"><img alt="Ayub park Rawalpindi museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ayub_park_Rawalpindi_museum.png/278px-Ayub_park_Rawalpindi_museum.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ayub_park_Rawalpindi_museum.png/416px-Ayub_park_Rawalpindi_museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ayub_park_Rawalpindi_museum.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ayub park Rawalpindi museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Night view of Joyland Rawalpindi"><img alt="Night view of Joyland Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png/195px-Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png/292px-Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png/389px-Night_view_of_Joyland_Rawalpindi.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Night view of Joyland Rawalpindi</div> </li> </ul> <p>In mid-2012 3D cinema, The Arena, started its operations in <a href="/wiki/Bahria_Town" title="Bahria Town">Bahria Town</a> Phase-4 in Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG/170px-Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG/255px-Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG/340px-Rawalpindi_food_street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption>Rawalpindi food street, Saddar</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Rawalpindi Golf Course was completed in 1926 by Rawalpindi Golf Club, one of the oldest golf clubs of Pakistan. The facility was initially developed as a nine-hole course. After several phases of development, it is now a 27-hole course and the biggest in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.M._Ahmed1985_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.M._Ahmed1985-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the clubhouse, there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque, the twin cities of <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> and Rawalpindi. Major domestic golf tournaments are regularly held here.</li> <li>Playland is another public park parallel to Ayub Park</li> <li>In 2019, after the Army Heritage Foundation took over Ayub park from Chaklala Cantonment Board, a new amusement park called JoyLand was opened on the site of a previously failed project.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This newly developed park has a number of rides and activities for visitors, from the relaxing Ferris wheel to the daring Discovery. All rides are imported and meet safety standards. JoyLand is the only amusement park in Pakistan that is ISO 9001:2008 certified.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Jail_Rawalpindi" title="Central Jail Rawalpindi">Central Jail Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Rawalpindi" title="Christ Church, Rawalpindi">Christ Church, Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Rawalpindi" title="List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi">List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamial" title="Dhamial">Dhamial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Barotha_water_supply_project" title="Ghazi Barotha water supply project">Ghazi Barotha water supply project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Hospital_Rawalpindi" title="Military Hospital Rawalpindi">Military Hospital Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Museum" title="Pakistan Army Museum">Pakistan Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree_Road" title="Murree Road">Murree Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhral" title="Pakhral">Pakhral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rawalpindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Rawalpindi">Treaty of Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Rawalpindi" title="HMS Rawalpindi">HMS Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Gazetteer" title="Rawalpindi Gazetteer">Rawalpindi Gazetteer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RawalpindiCity1881to2023-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawalpindiCity1881to2023_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Rawalpindi, which included Rawalpindi Municipality and Rawalpindi Cantonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_1941-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup><br /><br />2017–2023: Urban population of Rawalpindi Tehsil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-dharmi-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1931–1941: Including <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmis</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Rawalpindi">"Rawalpindi"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220090009/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rawalpindi">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRawalpindi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1798682/rawalpindi-to-get-business-facilitation-centre-soon">"Rawalpindi to get 'Business Facilitation Centre' soon"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. 18 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi+to+get+%27Business+Facilitation+Centre%27+soon&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1798682%2Frawalpindi-to-get-business-facilitation-centre-soon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1798475/rawalpindi-admin-gears-up-for-feb-8-elections">"Rawalpindi admin gears up for Feb 8 elections"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. 17 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+size+and+growth+of+major+cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Ftables%2FPOPULATION%2520SIZE%2520AND%2520GROWTH%2520OF%2520MAJOR%2520CITIES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadishah1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Padishah, Nur al-Din Muhammad Jahangir (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLflzQEACAAJ"><i>Tuzk-e Jahangiri</i></a> (in Urdu). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rawalpindi%3A+History+behind+a+bustling+city&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2012%2F08%2F26%2Fcity%2Fislamabad%2Frawalpindi-history-behind-a-bustling-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/article/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi">"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+lost+Jewish+history+of+Rawalpindi&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Farticle%2F32513%2Fthe-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazumder_2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumder_2003_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumder_2003_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumder_2003_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumder2003" class="citation book cs1">Mazumder, Rajit K. 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Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6"><bdi>978-81-7824-059-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+and+the+Making+of+Punjab&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-059-6&rft.aulast=Mazumder&rft.aufirst=Rajit+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4Wop9vwS9sC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/08/26/city/islamabad/rawalpindi-history-behind-a-bustling-city/">"Rawalpindi: History behind a bustling city"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623200612/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/08/26/city/islamabad/rawalpindi-history-behind-a-bustling-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rawalpindi%3A+History+behind+a+bustling+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2012%2F08%2F26%2Fcity%2Fislamabad%2Frawalpindi-history-behind-a-bustling-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunaidi2015" class="citation web cs1">Junaidi, Ikram (23 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1215003">"What is being built on GHQ land?"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107182404/https://www.dawn.com/news/1215003">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=What+is+being+built+on+GHQ+land%3F&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft.aulast=Junaidi&rft.aufirst=Ikram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1215003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224093108/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/">"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi"</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4148-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4148-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4148-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819210204/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lonelyplanet.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Islamabad+%26+Rawalpindi+%E2%80%93+Lonely+Planet+Travel+Information&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fpakistan%2Fislamabad-and-rawalpindi%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbasi_2015-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi_2015_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi_2015_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasi2015" class="citation web cs1">Abbasi, Aamir Yasin | Kashif (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1193096">"Rawalpindi-Islamabad metro bus project not waterproof"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514225800/http://www.dawn.com/news/1193096">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609110849/http://www.dawn.com/news/1187778">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=The+havelis+of+Potohar%3A+Pakistan%27s+opportunity+to+promote+heritage+tourism&rft.date=2015-06-13&rft.aulast=Kalhoro&rft.aufirst=Zulfiqar+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1187778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/796666/nca-to-document-potohar-history">"NCA to document Potohar history"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. 20 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805233210/http://www.dawn.com/news/796666/nca-to-document-potohar-history">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=NCA+to+document+Potohar+history&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F796666%2Fnca-to-document-potohar-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamil2015" class="citation web cs1">Shamil, Taimur (16 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1211298">"The temples of Rawalpindi: Old wisdom in a new world"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926234913/http://www.dawn.com/news/1211298">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+temples+of+Rawalpindi%3A+Old+wisdom+in+a+new+world&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft.aulast=Shamil&rft.aufirst=Taimur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1211298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prideofpakistan.com/pakistan-city-details/Do-you-know-in-which-year-Rawalpindi-cantonment-was-established/19#:~:text=The%20word%20Rawalpindi%20consists%20of,means%20the%20village%20of%20lake.">"Do you know in which year Rawalpindi cantonment was established? | Pakistan Cities, Towns and Villages | PrideofPakistan.com"</a>. <i>www.prideofpakistan.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prideofpakistan.com&rft.atitle=Do+you+know+in+which+year+Rawalpindi+cantonment+was+established%3F+%7C+Pakistan+Cities%2C+Towns+and+Villages+%7C+PrideofPakistan.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prideofpakistan.com%2Fpakistan-city-details%2FDo-you-know-in-which-year-Rawalpindi-cantonment-was-established%2F19%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520word%2520Rawalpindi%2520consists%2520of%2Cmeans%2520the%2520village%2520of%2520lake.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Rawalpindi">"Rawalpindi | City, Pakistan, & Population | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 28 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi+%7C+City%2C+Pakistan%2C+%26+Population+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRawalpindi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1998" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tK-nRXoQ40oC&pg=PA262"><i>Buddhist Sects in India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804289" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804289"><bdi>978-8120804289</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819230620/https://books.google.com/books?id=tK-nRXoQ40oC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Sects+in+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8120804289&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Nalinaksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtK-nRXoQ40oC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188">"Plate British Museum"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019223056/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Plate+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FW_1897-1231-188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC"><i>Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment</i></a>. A.A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40009-4"><bdi>978-0-375-40009-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819030323/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Journey%3A+Retracing+the+Path+of+an+Ancient+Buddhist+Monk+who+Crossed+Asia+in+Search+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40009-4&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-D0Tsbmep7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/takshashila-taxila-oldest-university/">"Takshashila – World's Oldest University"</a>. Hitxp.com. 10 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124324/https://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/takshashila-taxila-oldest-university/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Takshashila+%E2%80%93+World%27s+Oldest+University&rft.pub=Hitxp.com&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitxp.com%2Farticles%2Fhistory%2Ftakshashila-taxila-oldest-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazetteer_1895-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_1895_29-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260"><i>Gazetteer of the Rawalpindi district</i></a>. "Civil and Military Gazette" Press. 1895. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819200235/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Rawalpindi+district&rft.pub=%22Civil+and+Military+Gazette%22+Press&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxsUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGI_2013-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IGI_2013_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGI_2013_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGI_2013_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif">"Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library"</a>. Dsal.uchicago.edu. 18 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221359/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetter+of+India%2C+Volume+21%2C+page+272+%E2%80%93+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+%E2%80%93+Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft.pub=Dsal.uchicago.edu&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1986" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Asghar (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pakistan tourism directory, '86: everything about tourism</i></a>. Holiday Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505202041/https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+tourism+directory%2C+%2786%3A+everything+about+tourism&rft.pub=Holiday+Weekly&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Asghar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-x0zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrawal_1983-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_1983_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_1983_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_1983_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal1983" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Ashvini (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA180"><i>Studies in Mughal History</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120823266" title="Special:BookSources/9788120823266"><bdi>9788120823266</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818224854/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA180">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Mughal+History&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9788120823266&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Ashvini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZdCrUxFAHEC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2006" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). <i>Culture and Customs of Pakistan</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33126-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33126-8&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar+Haider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin_1890-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1890_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1890" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Sir Lepel Henry (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhFPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA321"><i>The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab, Volume 2</i></a>. Civil and Military Gazette Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030328/https://books.google.com/books?id=YhFPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA321">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab+Chiefs%3A+Historical+and+Biographical+Notices+of+the+Principal+Families+in+the+Lahore+and+Rawalpindi+Divisions+of+the+Panjab%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Civil+and+Military+Gazette+Press&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Sir+Lepel+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhFPAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindly1993" class="citation book cs1">Findly, Ellison (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA173"><i>Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536060-8"><bdi>978-0-19-536060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819235750/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nur+Jahan%3A+Empress+of+Mughal+India&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536060-8&rft.aulast=Findly&rft.aufirst=Ellison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugxFjVDk3I8C%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers_2022-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_2022_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_2022_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Ayesha Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10585632">"Rawalpindi Historic Urban Landscape Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124317/https://www.academia.edu/10585632">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi+Historic+Urban+Landscape+Project&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Ayesha+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10585632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_History_2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_History_2016_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_History_2016_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_History_2016_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/">"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 23 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231506/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+lost+Jewish+history+of+Rawalpindi&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.tribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F32513%2Fthe-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal_1998-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal_1998_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA140"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818171901/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orient_Blackswan_2003-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orient_Blackswan_2003_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA114"><i>The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178240596" title="Special:BookSources/9788178240596"><bdi>9788178240596</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819164013/https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+and+the+Making+of+Punjab&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788178240596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4Wop9vwS9sC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nijjar_1996-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nijjar_1996_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nijjar_1996_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijjar1996" class="citation book cs1">Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luropwVYb0kC&pg=PA151"><i>History of the United Panjab</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171565344" title="Special:BookSources/9788171565344"><bdi>9788171565344</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142959/https://books.google.com/books?id=luropwVYb0kC&pg=PA151">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+Panjab&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788171565344&rft.aulast=Nijjar&rft.aufirst=Bakhshish+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluropwVYb0kC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm">"UK tested poison gas on Indian soldiers"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 1 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105041502/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=UK+tested+poison+gas+on+Indian+soldiers&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre">"The forgotten massacre"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 29 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207111523/http://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+massacre&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F29-Dec-2014%2Fthe-forgotten-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani_2014-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani_2014_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani_2014_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOORANI" class="citation news cs1">NOORANI, A.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm">"Horrors of Partition"</a>. Frontline (India). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225142101/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Horrors+of+Partition&rft.aulast=NOORANI&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2904%2Fstories%2F20120309290407300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ispahani_2017-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ispahani_2017_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIspahani2017" class="citation book cs1">Ispahani, Farahnaz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20"><i>Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062167-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062167-4"><bdi>978-0-19-062167-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819132718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purifying+the+Land+of+the+Pure%3A+A+History+of+Pakistan%27s+Religious+Minorities&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062167-4&rft.aulast=Ispahani&rft.aufirst=Farahnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJl7ODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/march98/paf1.htm">"Pakistan Air Force"</a>. Defense General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018220202/http://www.defencejournal.com/march98/paf1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Air+Force&rft.pub=Defense+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2Fmarch98%2Fpaf1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626125429/http://www.paf.gov.pk/active_bases.html">"PAF Active Bases"</a>. Pakistan Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paf.gov.pk/active_bases.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAF+Active+Bases&rft.pub=Pakistan+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paf.gov.pk%2Factive_bases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2009" class="citation web cs1">Siddiqui, Salman (4 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/archives/143320">"No Morning English Daily Carried the News of Bhutto's Hanging"</a>. <i>Daily Dawn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201083844/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/143320">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Dawn&rft.atitle=No+Morning+English+Daily+Carried+the+News+of+Bhutto%27s+Hanging&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Salman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2Farchives%2F143320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870921&id=d2NPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5563,4284917&hl=en">"5 killed, 16 hurt in Rawalpindi bus stop blast"</a>. <i>New Straits Times</i>. Rawalpindi. Reuter. 21 September 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124344/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870921&id=d2NPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5563%2C4284917&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=5+killed%2C+16+hurt+in+Rawalpindi+bus+stop+blast&rft.date=1987-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1309%26dat%3D19870921%26id%3Dd2NPAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DDZADAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5563%2C4284917%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamal_Siddiqi1998" class="citation web cs1">Kamal Siddiqi (14 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/">"Ojhri disaster saw end of Junejo govt: Report"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140914051204/http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Ojhri+disaster+saw+end+of+Junejo+govt%3A+Report&rft.date=1998-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2FStoryold%2F27939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7161590.stm">"Benazir Bhutto killed in attack"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+History+for+Islamabad%2C+Pakistan+%26%23124%3B+Weather+Underground&rft.pub=Wunderground.com&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fhistory%2Fairport%2FOPRN%2F2006%2F10%2F13%2FDailyHistory.html%3Freq_city%3DNA%26req_state%3DNA%26req_statename%3DNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/pa-rawal.htm">"PAKISTAN – RAWALPINDI"</a>. 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"Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan", University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenoyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, Jonathan M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DK3tAAAAMAAJ&q=major+ancient++cities+of+pakistan"><i>Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2Fideologie%2Fdata%2FCensusIndia%2FCensusIndia1921%2FCensusIndia1921IndiaTables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elahi_2006-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elahi_2006_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElahi2006" class="citation book cs1">Elahi, Asad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf">"2: Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-pocket-book-2006"><i>Pakistan Statistical Pocket Book 2006</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Population&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Statistical+Pocket+Book+2006&rft.place=Islamabad%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Government+of+Pakistan%3A+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Elahi&rft.aufirst=Asad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fother%2Fpocket_book2006%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics_2017-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics_2017_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf">DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=DISTRICT+WISE+CENSUS+RESULTS+CENSUS+2017&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbscensus.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rida_2015-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rida_2015_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rida_2015_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidaFarooqi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rida, Arif; Farooqi, Maria (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33926957">"The Lost Art of Rawalpindi"</a>. <i>THAAP</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124320/https://www.academia.edu/33926957">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=THAAP&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Art+of+Rawalpindi&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rida&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft.au=Farooqi%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33926957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "Rida 2015" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_2015-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2015_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1211298">"The temples of Rawalpindi: Old wisdom in a new world"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 16 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216100744/https://www.dawn.com/news/1211298">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=The+temples+of+Rawalpindi%3A+Old+wisdom+in+a+new+world&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1211298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_of_India_1941-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1941_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/">"CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CENSUS+OF+INDIA%2C+1941+VOLUME+VI+PUNJAB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fsite%2Fsouth-asia-open-archives%2Fsaoa%2Fcensusofindia1941-28216851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1122982">"For the Sikhs in KP, Rawalpindi is their new home"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 3 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231444/https://www.dawn.com/news/1122982">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=For+the+Sikhs+in+KP%2C+Rawalpindi+is+their+new+home&rft.date=2014-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1122982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAamir_Yasin2020" class="citation news cs1">Aamir Yasin (8 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1539267">"Krishna Temple- the only worship place for twin cities' Hindus"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606021930/https://www.dawn.com/news/1539267">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Krishna+Temple-+the+only+worship+place+for+twin+cities%27+Hindus&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.au=Aamir+Yasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1539267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1122802">"Devi ka mandir"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 2 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208234408/https://www.dawn.com/news/1122802">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Devi+ka+mandir&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1122802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gounesco.com/kalyan-das-temple-200-year-old-relic-rawalpindi/">"A 200-year-old temple in Rawalpindi is a school for special children"</a>. Gounesco. 6 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232712/https://www.gounesco.com/kalyan-das-temple-200-year-old-relic-rawalpindi/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+200-year-old+temple+in+Rawalpindi+is+a+school+for+special+children&rft.pub=Gounesco&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gounesco.com%2Fkalyan-das-temple-200-year-old-relic-rawalpindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1150796">"Rawalpindi's dilapidated Shamshan Ghat"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 14 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231447/https://www.dawn.com/news/1150796">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi%27s+dilapidated+Shamshan+Ghat&rft.date=2014-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1150796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/413967/pindis-architectural-heritage-ii-the-sacred-banyan-tree-and-the-neglected-hindu-temples/">"Pindi's architectural heritage – II: The sacred banyan tree and the neglected Hindu temples"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 28 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209212629/https://tribune.com.pk/story/413967/pindis-architectural-heritage-ii-the-sacred-banyan-tree-and-the-neglected-hindu-temples/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pindi%27s+architectural+heritage+%E2%80%93+II%3A+The+sacred+banyan+tree+and+the+neglected+Hindu+temples&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F413967%2Fpindis-architectural-heritage-ii-the-sacred-banyan-tree-and-the-neglected-hindu-temples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_of_India_1881a-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1881a_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I."</a> 1881. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656">saoa.crl.25057656</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+I.&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_of_India_1881b-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1881b_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II"</a>. 1881. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657">saoa.crl.25057657</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+II.&rft.pages=520&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_of_India_1881c-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1881c_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III"</a>. 1881. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658">saoa.crl.25057658</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+III.&rft.pages=250&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_of_India_1891-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_India_1891_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/">"CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearena.com.pk/about.php">the original</a> on 4 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bahria+Construction&rft.atitle=The+Arena%3A+About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearena.com.pk%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town">"Pakistan's first gold class 3D cinema: 'The Arena' opened at Bahria Town"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701220021/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+first+gold+class+3D+cinema%3A+%27The+Arena%27+opened+at+Bahria+Town&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.M._Ahmed1985-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.M._Ahmed1985_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM.M._Ahmed1985">M.M. Ahmed 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasin2019" class="citation web cs1">Yasin, Aamir (22 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1506547">"Amusement park in Pindi returns with a revamped look"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030191748/https://www.dawn.com/news/1506547">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Amusement+park+in+Pindi+returns+with+a+revamped+look&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft.aulast=Yasin&rft.aufirst=Aamir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1506547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joyland.com.pk/about-us/">"About us | Joyland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223092605/http://joyland.com.pk/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us+%7C+Joyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoyland.com.pk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.M._Ahmed1985" class="citation cs2">M.M. Ahmed (1985), <i>Teenager, Volume 16</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Virginia">The University of Virginia</a>, p. 11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teenager%2C+Volume+16&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=1985&rft.au=M.M.+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARawalpindi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Rawalpindi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rawalpindi">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="c:Rawalpindi">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Rawalpindi">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="q:Rawalpindi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Rawalpindi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Rawalpindi">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rawalpindi" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Rawalpindi">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313180203/http://www.rawalpindi.gov.pk/">City District Government Rawalpindi, Official Website, archived at 13 March 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492326/Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi (Pakistan) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rawalpindi#Q93230" class="extiw" title="voy:Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1921/CensusIndia1921IndiaTables.pdf">[4]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mypindi.com/">Rawalpindi – Tradition to Innovation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Rawalpindi" title="Template:Neighbourhoods of Rawalpindi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neighbourhoods_of_Rawalpindi" title="Template talk:Neighbourhoods of Rawalpindi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Rawalpindi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neighbourhoods of Rawalpindi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbourhoods_of_Rawalpindi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbourhoods of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rawalpindi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Administrations: <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Divisions.png/80px-Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Divisions.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Divisions.png/120px-Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Divisions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Divisions.png/160px-Rawalpindi_District_Sub_Divisions.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="596" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tehsils_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan">Tehsils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan_Tehsil" title="Gujar Khan Tehsil">Gujar Khan Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Tehsil" title="Kahuta Tehsil">Kahuta Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallar_Syedan_Tehsil" title="Kallar Syedan Tehsil">Kallar Syedan Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotli_Sattian_Tehsil" title="Kotli Sattian Tehsil">Kotli Sattian Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree_Tehsil" title="Murree Tehsil">Murree Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Tehsil" title="Rawalpindi Tehsil">Rawalpindi Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxila_Tehsil" title="Taxila Tehsil">Taxila Tehsil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandra" title="Mandra">Mandra</a></li> <li>Rawat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallar_Syedan" title="Kallar Syedan">Kallar Syedan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaklala" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaklala">Chaklala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiala" title="Adiala">Adiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan" title="Gujar Khan">Gujar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotli_Sattian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotli Sattian">Kotli Sattian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahuta" title="Kahuta">Kahuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxila_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila city">Taxila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahdi,_Pakistan" title="Ahdi, Pakistan">Ahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoori,_Murree" title="Angoori, Murree">Angoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban,_Murree" title="Ban, Murree">Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beor_(village)" title="Beor (village)">Beor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bewal" title="Bewal">Bewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadana" title="Bhadana">Bhadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaklala,_Rawalpindi" title="Chaklala, Rawalpindi">Chaklala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changa_Bangial" title="Changa Bangial">Changa Bangial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhan" title="Charhan">Charhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choha_Khalsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Choha Khalsa">Choha Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Gali" title="Darya Gali">Darya Gali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daultala" title="Daultala">Daultala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi,_Punjab" title="Devi, Punjab">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewal" title="Dewal">Dewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoke_khabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhoke khabba">Dhoke khabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghari_Afghanan" title="Ghari Afghanan">Ghari Afghanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghel" title="Ghel">Ghel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghora_Gali" title="Ghora Gali">Ghora Gali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungrila" title="Ghungrila">Ghungrila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulyana" title="Gulyana">Gulyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islampura_Jabbar" title="Islampura Jabbar">Islampura Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jand_Mehlo" title="Jand Mehlo">Jand Mehlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarmot_Kalan" title="Jarmot Kalan">Jarmot Kalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatli" title="Jatli">Jatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhungle" title="Jhungle">Jhungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliam_Awan" title="Kaliam Awan">Kaliam Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaniat_Khalil" title="Kaniat Khalil">Kaniat Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karumb_Ilyas" title="Karumb Ilyas">Karumb Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauntrila" title="Kauntrila">Kauntrila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinger_Kalan" title="Khinger Kalan">Khinger Kalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinger_Khurd" title="Khinger Khurd">Khinger Khurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurram_Colony" title="Khurram Colony">Khurram Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Suleman" title="Kot Suleman">Kot Suleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_Dolal" title="Kuri Dolal">Kuri Dolal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalkurti" title="Lalkurti">Lalkurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohi_Bher" title="Lohi Bher">Lohi Bher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandra" title="Mandra">Mandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghot" title="Manghot">Manghot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiala" title="Mankiala">Mankiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiala_Brahmanan" title="Mankiala Brahmanan">Mankiala Brahmanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastala" title="Mastala">Mastala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matore" title="Matore">Matore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matwa" title="Matwa">Matwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyal_Syedan" title="Miyal Syedan">Miyal Syedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Pura,_Rawalpindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Pura, Rawalpindi">Mohan Pura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Darogha" title="Mohra Darogha">Mohra Darogha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Noori" title="Mohra Noori">Mohra Noori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Sandhu" title="Mohra Sandhu">Mohra Sandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Sharif" title="Mohra Sharif">Mohra Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Topian" title="Mohra Topian">Mohra Topian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussiari" title="Mussiari">Mussiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambal,_Punjab" title="Nambal, Punjab">Nambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narali" title="Narali">Narali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordolal" class="mw-redirect" title="Noordolal">Noordolal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbal" title="Numbal">Numbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora,_Punjab" title="Pandora, Punjab">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjar" title="Panjar">Panjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagwari" title="Phagwari">Phagwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phambray_Rajgan" title="Phambray Rajgan">Phambray Rajgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindbala" title="Pindbala">Pindbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paimal" title="Paimal">Paimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Wadhai" title="Pir Wadhai">Pir Wadhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potha_Sharif" title="Potha Sharif">Potha Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjgran_Kalan" title="Punjgran Kalan">Punjgran Kalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazian" title="Qazian">Qazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman,_Rawalpindi" title="Raman, Rawalpindi">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat,_Murree" title="Rawat, Murree">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Bazaar" title="Royal Artillery Bazaar">Royal Artillery Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddar,_Rawalpindi" title="Saddar, Rawalpindi">Saddar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagri_(Rawalpindi)" title="Sagri (Rawalpindi)">Sagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahang" title="Sahang">Sahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samote_Union_Council" title="Samote Union Council">Samote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Town,_Rawalpindi" title="Satellite Town, Rawalpindi">Satellite Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehr_Bagla" title="Sehr Bagla">Sehr Bagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrial" title="Shakrial">Shakrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_Cheemian" title="Sui Cheemian">Sui Cheemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukho" title="Sukho">Sukho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Kasran" title="Syed Kasran">Syed Kasran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takal" title="Takal">Takal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarati,_Pakistan" title="Tarati, Pakistan">Tarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakra" title="Thakra">Thakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thathi" title="Thathi">Thathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tret,_Murree" title="Tret, Murree">Tret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_Zada_Adra" title="Usman Zada Adra">Usman Zada Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausia,_Pakistan" title="Ausia, Pakistan">Ausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badnian" title="Badnian">Badnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Seri" title="Bani Seri">Bani Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basand" title="Basand">Basand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahgwal_Dargahi" title="Bahgwal Dargahi">Bahgwal Dargahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barian" title="Barian">Barian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhata" title="Bhata">Bhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bher_Ahir" title="Bher Ahir">Bher Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokra_Sharif" title="Bokra Sharif">Bokra Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhura_Hayal" title="Bhura Hayal">Bhura Hayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurban" title="Bhurban">Bhurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan, Pakistan">Burhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakri_Vakilan" title="Chakri Vakilan">Chakri Vakilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakri,_Rawalpindi" title="Chakri, Rawalpindi">Chakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charra_Pani" title="Charra Pani">Charra Pani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena" title="Cheena">Cheena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chour_Harpal" title="Chour Harpal">Chour Harpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Lines,_Rawalpindi" title="Civil Lines, Rawalpindi">Civil Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadhar_Mirza" title="Dadhar Mirza">Dadhar Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadhocha" title="Dadhocha">Dadhocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Khalsa" title="Dera Khalsa">Dera Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamyal_Town" title="Dhamyal Town">Dhamyal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoke_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhoke Habib">Dhoke Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamiak" title="Dhamiak">Dhamiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamial" title="Dhamial">Dhamial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhok_Gohar_Shah" title="Dhok Gohar Shah">Dhok Gohar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhok_Manna" title="Dhok Manna">Dhok Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhok_Nagyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhok Nagyal">Dhok Nagyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoke_Budhal" title="Dhoke Budhal">Dhoke Budhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoke_Qureshian" title="Dhoke Qureshian">Dhoke Qureshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoong" title="Dhoong">Dhoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajja">Jajja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameel_Pura" title="Jameel Pura">Jameel Pura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jand_Najjar" title="Jand Najjar">Jand Najjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jherain" title="Jherain">Jherain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhika_Gali" title="Jhika Gali">Jhika Gali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrian" title="Kathrian">Kathrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyal_Bajrana" title="Kanyal Bajrana">Kanyal Bajrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasala_Kalan" title="Khasala Kalan">Khasala Kalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasala_Khurd" title="Khasala Khurd">Khasala Khurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manakray" title="Manakray">Manakray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandwaal" title="Mandwaal">Mandwaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Gujarn" title="Mohra Gujarn">Mohra Gujarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Heran" title="Mohra Heran">Mohra Heran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Rajgan" title="Mohra Rajgan">Mohra Rajgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussiari" title="Mussiari">Mussiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupper_Kalan" title="Rupper Kalan">Rupper Kalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soura_Khatril" title="Soura Khatril">Soura Khatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbal_Bia" title="Sumbal Bia">Sumbal Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoha_Khalsa" title="Thoha Khalsa">Thoha Khalsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_cities_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistani_cities" title="Template:Pakistani cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistani_cities" title="Template talk:Pakistani cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_cities_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">Major cities in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burewala" title="Burewala">Burewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakwal" title="Chakwal">Chakwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniot" title="Chiniot">Chiniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="Dera Ghazi Khan">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan" title="Gujar Khan">Gujar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan" title="Gujrat, Pakistan">Gujrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhang" title="Jhang">Jhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasur" title="Kasur">Kasur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanewal" title="Khanewal">Khanewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharian" title="Kharian">Kharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin" title="Mandi Bahauddin">Mandi Bahauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwali" title="Mianwali">Mianwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okara,_Pakistan" title="Okara, Pakistan">Okara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan" title="Rahim Yar Khan">Rahim Yar Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiqabad,_Punjab" title="Sadiqabad, Punjab">Sadiqabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal" title="Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura" title="Sheikhupura">Sheikhupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh" title="Toba Tek Singh">Toba Tek Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talagang" title="Talagang">Talagang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badin" title="Badin">Badin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotri" title="Kotri">Kotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabshah" title="Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battagram" title="Battagram">Battagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.I.Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="D.I.Khan">D.I.Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripur,_Pakistan" title="Haripur, Pakistan">Haripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat, Pakistan">Swat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabi" title="Swabi">Swabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timergara" title="Timergara">Timergara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_(city)" title="Tank (city)">Tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaman" title="Chaman">Chaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdar" title="Khuzdar">Khuzdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat" title="Ziarat">Ziarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh,_Azad_Kashmir" title="Bagh, Azad Kashmir">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimber" title="Bhimber">Bhimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotli" title="Kotli">Kotli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur,_Azad_Kashmir" title="Mirpur, Azad Kashmir">Mirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalakot" title="Rawalakot">Rawalakot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller;"><div><sup>*</sup>Federal capital <sup>**</sup>Provincial/Territorial capitals</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210864/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhvjT9BjfhTCTwFcCRKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4347440-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80150834">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16260150d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16260150d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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