CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>9th millennium BC - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"eaf07166-ebd2-4591-bf3c-7dfadb8e1ca1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"9th_millennium_BC","wgTitle":"9th millennium BC","wgCurRevisionId":1247049557,"wgRevisionId":1247049557,"wgArticleId":40181 ,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"9th_millennium_BC","wgRelevantArticleId":40181,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym": "ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym": "Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym": "Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym": "Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym" :"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty", "autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus", "kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki", "ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q597145","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/1200px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="797"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/800px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="531"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/640px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="425"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="9th millennium BC - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_millennium_BC"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-9th_millennium_BC rootpage-9th_millennium_BC stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=9th+millennium+BC" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=9th+millennium+BC" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">9th millennium BC</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/9th_millennium_BC" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:9th_millennium_BC" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=9th+millennium+BC" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The 9th millennium BC spanned the years 9000 BC to 8001 BC (11 to 10 thousand years ago). In chronological terms, it is the first full millennium of the current <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> epoch that is generally reckoned to have begun by 9700 BC (11.7 thousand years ago). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis, or by radiometric dating. <table class="infobox" style="max-width:100%; width: 400px"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennia</a>: </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_millennium_BC" title="8th millennium BC">8th millennium BC</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">Centuries</a>: </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>90th century BC</li> <li>89th century BC</li> <li>88th century BC</li> <li>87th century BC</li> <li>86th century BC</li> <li>85th century BC</li> <li>84th century BC</li> <li>83rd century BC</li> <li>82nd century BC</li> <li>81st century BC</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, Şanlıurfa, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8500bce.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/8500bce.PNG/220px-8500bce.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/8500bce.PNG/330px-8500bce.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/8500bce.PNG/440px-8500bce.PNG 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="380"></a><figcaption>Europe and surrounding areas in the 9th millennium BC. Blue areas are covered in ice. <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> cultures.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> cultures.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian cultures</a>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Pontic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tardenoisian" title="Tardenoisian">Tardenoisian</a> cultures.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian cultures</a>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Oranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oranian">Oranian</a> cultures.</li><li>Lower <a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian cultures</a>.</li><li>The <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> In the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, the transitory <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic</a> age was gradually superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> with evidence of agriculture across the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The key characteristic of the Neolithic is agricultural settlement, albeit with wooden and stone tools and weapons still in use. It is believed that agriculture had begun in China by the end of the millennium. Elsewhere, especially in Europe, the Neolithic continued. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Global_environment">1 Global environment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Population_and_communities">2 Population and communities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Near_East">2.1 Near East</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Europe">2.2 Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Japan">2.3 Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Americas">2.4 Americas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_warfare">2.5 Early warfare</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Rise_of_agriculture">3 Rise of agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pottery_and_dating_systems">4 Pottery and dating systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Metallurgy">5 Metallurgy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography">7 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Global_environment">Global environment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global environment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stratigraphic stage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> is the "<a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a>" from about 9700 BC to the fixed date 6236 BC and so including the whole of the 9th millennium. The starting point for the Greenlandian has been correlated with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> and a climate shift from near-glacial to interglacial, causing glaciers to retreat and sea levels to rise.<a href="#cite_note-ICC-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRS-2">[2]</a> It has been estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a> was inundated around 8500 BC by the rising sea levels so that North America and Asia were again separated by the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is generally believed that there was a migration across the land bridge from eastern Siberia into North America during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. Sometime after the American glaciers melted, these peoples expanded southward into the wider continent to become the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. After the land bridge was inundated by the rising sea water, no further migration was possible from Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> During the millennium, there were <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaternary_volcanic_eruptions" title="List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions">three known volcanic eruptions</a> which registered magnitude 5 or more on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">volcanic explosivity index</a> (VEI). These were at <a href="/wiki/Ulleungdo" title="Ulleungdo">Ulleungdo</a> (aka Ulreung), an island east of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> about 8750 BC; <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsv%C3%B6tn" title="Grímsvötn">Grímsvötn</a>, north east Iceland about 8230 BC; and <a href="/wiki/Taupo_Caldera" class="mw-redirect" title="Taupo Caldera">Taupo Caldera</a>, New Zealand about 8130 BC.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The biggest eruption was at Grímsvötn, VEI 6, producing some 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Population_and_communities">Population and communities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population and communities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> As the Neolithic began in the Fertile Crescent, most people around the world still lived in scattered <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> communities which remained firmly in the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">world population</a> was probably stable and slowly increasing. It has been estimated that there were some five million people in 10,000 BC growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC. That is an average growth rate of 0.027% per annum from the beginning of the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-JNB-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_East">Near East</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Near East" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From the beginning of the 9th millennium, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> was inhabited after possibly being first occupied during the previous millennium.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It is a carved stone hilltop sanctuary in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> which includes the world's oldest known <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megaliths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-10">[10]</a> As with Göbekli Tepe, the site at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a>, in north-west <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, was inhabited from 9000 BC following possible first occupation in the previous millennium.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the same region, the settlement at <a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a> has been dated about 8500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Elsewhere in the Fertile Crescent, there is evidence of settlements at <a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a> from around 8500 BC. Towards the end of the millennium, by 8200 BC, the site of <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a> in central Anatolia was first occupied (until around 7400 BC).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is believed that European sites settled before 8500 were still Palaeolithic, or at best <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, communities. At <a href="/wiki/Star_Carr" title="Star Carr">Star Carr</a> in North Yorkshire, the results of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> analysis in 2018 indicate that occupation first commenced between 9335 and 9275 BC, lasting for a period of around 800 years until 8525–8440 BC, although such occupations may have been episodic in nature, varying in intensity between different periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilnerConnellerTaylor2018225%E2%80%93244-14">[14]</a> Archaeological excavations at <a href="/wiki/Cramond" title="Cramond">Cramond</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">prehistoric Scotland</a> have uncovered evidence of habitation dating to around 8500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Another settlement may have been established at <a href="/wiki/%C3%86r%C3%B8" title="Ærø">Ærø</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a> culture had probably been established by small communities on the Pacific side of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> by this time. The word means "cord-pattern", referring to the distinctive pottery of the period. As there was no potter's wheel, the clay was prepared in the shape of a rope and manually coiled upwards to create a vessel that was baked in an open fire. At first, the vessels were simple bowls and jars but later became artistic. Proposed dates for the start of the Jomon are wildly variable, ranging from the Ice Ages to as late as c. 4500. It is generally accepted that the period ended c. 300 BC when it was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perri2016-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In North America, the Paleo-Indian <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> is believed to have ended around 8800 BC having fathered numerous local variants. One of these was the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom complex</a> which was centred in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> and is dated from c.9000 to c.8000 BC. The people were hunter-gatherers who hunted the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">Bison antiquus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, the Fell's Tradition prevailed through the millennium at <a href="/wiki/Cueva_Fell" title="Cueva Fell">Cueva Fell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Another Paleo-Indian site in the region is the Las Cuevas Canyon near <a href="/wiki/Los_Toldos_(Santa_Cruz)" title="Los Toldos (Santa Cruz)">Los Toldos (Santa Cruz)</a> where rock art has been found.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In Central America, remains of three prehistoric human fossils have been discovered since 2006 in the cave system at <a href="/wiki/Chan_Hol" title="Chan Hol">Chan Hol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>, Mexico. All have been dated to around the 9th millennium.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_warfare">Early warfare</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early warfare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Evidence of a precursor to warfare has been found at <a href="/wiki/Nataruk" title="Nataruk">Nataruk</a> in Kenya. Remains of at least 27 individuals have been found and dated to 7550–8550 BC.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The condition of the skeletons indicates that a massacre took place as hands were bound and skulls were smashed by blunt force. Communities in Africa at the time would have been nomadic hunter-gatherers.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Rise_of_agriculture">Rise of agriculture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of agriculture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> continued to prevail in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> with their most significant site at <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho (Tell es-Sultan)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>. The Natufian people had been <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary or semi-sedentary</a> through the 10th millennium, even before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> By about 8500 BC, the Natufians were harvesting <a href="/wiki/Wild_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild wheat">wild wheat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>-edged <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197365-25">[25]</a> It was around that time, or soon afterwards, that the wild wheat crossed with a natural <a href="/wiki/Aegilops" title="Aegilops">goat grass</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, the seeds of which could scatter in the wind to spread naturally. Later, emmer crossed with another goat grass to form the even larger hybrid that is <a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">bread wheat</a>. The Natufians learned how to harvest the new wheat, grind it into flour and make <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>. The early bread was unleavened, with the dough allowed to dry on hot stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197364%E2%80%9369-26">[26]</a> Writing in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Jacob Bronowski</a> argued that the combination of wheat and water at Jericho enabled man to begin civilisation. Jericho, having a natural spring, was an oasis on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> and, although similar developments occurred elsewhere, Bronowski called Jericho "a microcosm of history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197369-27">[27]</a> The earliest known cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a> was at <a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a> in Syria, where wheat and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> were also grown. Lentils were later (by 7500 BC) found at <a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a> in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Ganj Dareh, in Iranian Kurdistan, has been cited as the earliest settlement to domesticate animals, specifically the goat, towards the end of the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-zeder-sci-2000-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-goats1-30">[30]</a> Agriculture may have begun in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> before 8300 BC, the estimated date for the earliest cultivation of common <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. Proso millet (<a href="/wiki/Panicum_miliaceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panicum miliaceum">Panicum miliaceum</a>) and foxtail millet (<a href="/wiki/Setaria_italica" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaria italica">Setaria italica</a>) were important crops beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Neolithic">Early Neolithic</a> of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at <a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a> (north), where proso millet husk <a href="/wiki/Phytoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoliths">phytoliths</a> and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Storage_pit_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage pit (archaeology)">storage pits</a> along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Pottery_and_dating_systems">Pottery and dating systems</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pottery and dating systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Beginning with China c.18,000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> is believed to have been invented independently in various places – for example, at <a href="/wiki/Ounjougou" title="Ounjougou">Ounjougou</a> in central Mali (dated c.9400 BC). These early innovations were probably created accidentally by fires lit on <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan2017197-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-PNAS09-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard2004244-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> had not yet been invented and, where pottery as such was made, it was still hand-built, often by means of <a href="/wiki/Coiling_(pottery)" title="Coiling (pottery)">coiling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pit_fired_pottery" title="Pit fired pottery">pit fired</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-36">[36]</a> The first chronological pottery system was the Early, Middle and Late Minoan framework devised in the early 20th century by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> findings at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> for the period c. 2800 BC to c. 1050 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryMeiggs19756-37">[37]</a> Dame <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon" title="Kathleen Kenyon">Kathleen Kenyon</a> was the principal archaeologist at <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (ancient Jericho) and she discovered that there was no pottery there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dever-39">[39]</a> The vessels she found were made from stone and she reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dever-39">[39]</a> Using Evans' system as a benchmark, Kenyon divided the Near East Neolithic into phases called <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA), from c. 10,000 BC to c. 8800 BC; <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB), from c. 8800 BC to c. 6500 BC; and then <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> (PN), which had varied start-points from c. 6500 BC until the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium</a>. At the beginning of the 9th millennium, the Natufian culture co-existed with the PPNA which prevailed in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian areas of the Fertile Crescent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Metallurgy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> (Cu, 29) was originally found in <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">raw surface lumps</a> and first used in the Middle East. It was later extracted from ores such as <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski1973125-40">[40]</a> A copper pendant from Mesopotamia is dated 8700 BC.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The use of copper and, from the eighth millennium, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (Pb, 82) was gradual – it could not become widespread until <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">systematic processes</a> had been developed for extraction of the metals from their ores; this did not happen until about the sixth millennium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski1973125-40">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICC-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ICC_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenFinneyGibbardFan2019" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=Finney%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Fan%2C+J.-X.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2019-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRS-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FRS_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Walker_&_others2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mike Walker & others (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Walker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf">"Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)"</a> (PDF). Episodes. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Walker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Formal+ratification+of+the+subdivision+of+the+Holocene+Series%2FEpoch+%28Quaternary+System%2FPeriod%29&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.au=Mike+Walker+%26+others&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FWalker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231158/http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge">"Bering Land Bridge"</a>. SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge">the original</a> on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bering+Land+Bridge&rft.pub=SFU+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.museum%2Fjourney%2Fan-en%2Fpostsecondaire-postsecondary%2Fpont_beringie-beringia_bridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliasShortNelsonBirks1996" class="citation journal cs1">Elias, Scott A.; Short, Susan K.; Nelson, C. Hans; Birks, Hilary H. (1996). "Life and Times of the Bering Land Bridge". Nature. 382 (6, 586): 60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.382...60E">1996Natur.382...60E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F382060a0">10.1038/382060a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347413">4347413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Life+and+Times+of+the+Bering+Land+Bridge&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6%2C+586&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4347413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F382060a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.382...60E&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=Short%2C+Susan+K.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+C.+Hans&rft.au=Birks%2C+Hilary+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebelWaters,_Michael_R.O'Rourke,_Dennis_H.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas". Science. 319 (5, 869): 1497–1502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1497G">2008Sci...319.1497G</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.398.9315">10.1.1.398.9315</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1153569">10.1126/science.1153569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18339930">18339930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36149744">36149744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Late+Pleistocene+Dispersal+of+Modern+Humans+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5%2C+869&rft.pages=1497-1502&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36149744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1497G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.398.9315%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18339930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1153569&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Waters%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Dennis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/list_volcano_holocene.cfm">"Holocene Volcano List"</a>. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Holocene+Volcano+List&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Flist_volcano_holocene.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=373010">"Grímsvötn"</a>. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Gr%C3%ADmsv%C3%B6tn&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D373010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JNB-8"><a href="#cite_ref-JNB_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiraben1979" class="citation journal cs1">Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". Population. 34 (1): 13–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1531855">10.2307/1531855</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1531855">1531855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population&rft.atitle=Essai+sur+l%27%C3%A9volution+du+nombre+des+hommes&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-25&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1531855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1531855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Biraben&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_DietrichÇigdem_Köksal-SchmidtJens_NotroffKlaus_Schmidt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver Dietrich; Çigdem Köksal-Schmidt; Jens Notroff; Klaus Schmidt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4386577">"Establishing a Radiocarbon Sequence for Göbekli Tepe. State of Research and New Data"</a>. NEO-LITHICS 1/13 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NEO-LITHICS+1%2F13+the+Newsletter+of+Southwest+Asian+Neolithic+Research&rft.atitle=Establishing+a+Radiocarbon+Sequence+for+G%C3%B6bekli+Tepe.+State+of+Research+and+New+Data&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Oliver+Dietrich&rft.au=%C3%87igdem+K%C3%B6ksal-Schmidt&rft.au=Jens+Notroff&rft.au=Klaus+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4386577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2008" class="citation web cs1">Curry, Andrew (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665/">"Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gobekli+Tepe%3A+The+World%27s+First+Temple%3F&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fgobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazurowskiKanjou2012" class="citation book cs1">Mazurowski, Ryszard F.; Kanjou, Youssef, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/3532/3047">Tell Qaramel 1999–2007. Protoneolithic and early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria</a>. PCMA Excavation Series 2. Warsaw, Poland: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-90379-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-90379-63-0"><bdi>978-83-90379-63-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tell+Qaramel+1999%E2%80%932007.+Protoneolithic+and+early+Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+settlement+in+Northern+Syria.&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.series=PCMA+Excavation+Series+2&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology%2C+University+of+Warsaw&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-83-90379-63-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3532%2F3047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobolczyk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tobolczyk, Marta (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.600">"The World's Oldest Temples in Göbekli Tepe and Nevalı Çori, Turkey in the Light of Studies in Ontogenesis of Architecture"</a>. Procedia Engineering. 161: 1398–1404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.600">10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Temples+in+G%C3%B6bekli+Tepe+and+Neval%C4%B1+%C3%87ori%2C+Turkey+in+the+Light+of+Studies+in+Ontogenesis+of+Architecture&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=1398-1404&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.600&rft.aulast=Tobolczyk&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2016.08.600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Thissen, L. 2002. Appendix I, "The CANeW 14C databases, Anatolia 10,000-5000 cal. BC". In "The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th–6th millennia cal BC", Proc. Int. CANeW Round Table, Istanbul 23–24 November 2001, edited by F. Gérard and L. Thissen. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilnerConnellerTaylor2018225–244-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilnerConnellerTaylor2018225%E2%80%93244_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilnerConnellerTaylor2018">Milner, Conneller & Taylor 2018</a>, pp. 225–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1352091.stm">"Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site"</a>. BBC News. 26 May 2001. Retrieved 24 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nuts+give+clue+to+%27oldest%27+Scots+site&rft.date=2001-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2F1352091.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929153930/http://www.aeroeisland.com/aero_history.php">"Aeroe History"</a>. Aeroe Island. 11 November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aeroe+History&rft.pub=Aeroe+Island&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeroeisland.com%2Faero_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-perri2016-17"><a href="#cite_ref-perri2016_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerri2016" class="citation journal cs1">Perri, Angela R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701/S0003598X16001150a.pdf/hunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf">"Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan"</a> (PDF). Antiquity. 90 (353): 1166–1180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2016.115">10.15184/aqy.2016.115</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701/S0003598X16001150a.pdf/hunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Hunting+dogs+as+environmental+adaptations+in+Jomon+Japan&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=353&rft.pages=1166-1180&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2016.115&rft.aulast=Perri&rft.aufirst=Angela+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FF1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701%2FS0003598X16001150a.pdf%2Fhunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Folsom-complex">"Folsom complex"</a>. Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folsom+complex&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFolsom-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1990" class="citation journal cs1">Roosevelt, Anna C. (1990). "Travels and Archaeology In South Chile". The Latin American Anthropology Review. 2 (2). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 72–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjlca.1990.2.2.72">10.1525/jlca.1990.2.2.72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Latin+American+Anthropology+Review&rft.atitle=Travels+and+Archaeology+In+South+Chile&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-74&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjlca.1990.2.2.72&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Anna+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardenMiottiBlanco2018" class="citation journal cs1">Carden, Natalia M.; Miotti, Laura L.; Blanco, Rocío V. (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/nuevos-datos-sobre-las-pinturas-rupestres-de-los-toldos-santa-cruz-argentina-bases-para-un-enfoque-comparativo-en-patagonia-meridional/61C331AF1D4318734A2574411470493D">"New data on the rock paintings of Los Toldos"</a>. Latin American Antiquity. 29 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 293–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Flaq.2017.83">10.1017/laq.2017.83</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F88211">11336/88211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165615499">165615499</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=New+data+on+the+rock+paintings+of+Los+Toldos&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-310&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F88211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165615499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Flaq.2017.83&rft.aulast=Carden&rft.aufirst=Natalia+M.&rft.au=Miotti%2C+Laura+L.&rft.au=Blanco%2C+Roc%C3%ADo+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Flatin-american-antiquity%2Farticle%2Fnuevos-datos-sobre-las-pinturas-rupestres-de-los-toldos-santa-cruz-argentina-bases-para-un-enfoque-comparativo-en-patagonia-meridional%2F61C331AF1D4318734A2574411470493D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinnesbeck2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; et al. (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7001910">"New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas"</a>. PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0227984. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1527984S">2020PLoSO..1527984S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0227984">10.1371/journal.pone.0227984</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7001910">7001910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32023279">32023279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=New+evidence+for+an+early+settlement+of+the+Yucat%C3%A1n+Peninsula%2C+Mexico%3A+The+Chan+Hol+3+woman+and+her+meaning+for+the+Peopling+of+the+Americas&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0227984&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7001910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1527984S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32023279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0227984&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Stinnesbeck&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7001910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahrRiveraPowerMounier2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lahr, M. Mirazon; Rivera, F.; Power, R. K.; Mounier, A.; Copsey, B.; Crivellaro, F.; Edung, J. E.; Fernandez, J. M. Maillo; Kiarie, C.; Lawrence, J.; Leakey, A.; Mbua, E.; Miller, H.; Muigai, A.; Mukhongo, D. M.; Baelen, A. Van; Wood, R.; Schwenninger, J.-L.; Gran, R.; Achyuthan, H.; Wilshaw, A.; Foley, R. A. (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00280836&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA440918913&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya"</a>. Nature. 529 (7586): 394–411. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.529..394L">2016Natur.529..394L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16477">10.1038/nature16477</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26791728">26791728</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2023 – via go.gale.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Inter-group+violence+among+early+Holocene+hunter-gatherers+of+West+Turkana%2C+Kenya&rft.volume=529&rft.issue=7586&rft.pages=394-411&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26791728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.529..394L&rft.aulast=Lahr&rft.aufirst=M.+Mirazon&rft.au=Rivera%2C+F.&rft.au=Power%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Mounier%2C+A.&rft.au=Copsey%2C+B.&rft.au=Crivellaro%2C+F.&rft.au=Edung%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+J.+M.+Maillo&rft.au=Kiarie%2C+C.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+J.&rft.au=Leakey%2C+A.&rft.au=Mbua%2C+E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+H.&rft.au=Muigai%2C+A.&rft.au=Mukhongo%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Baelen%2C+A.+Van&rft.au=Wood%2C+R.&rft.au=Schwenninger%2C+J.-L.&rft.au=Gran%2C+R.&rft.au=Achyuthan%2C+H.&rft.au=Wilshaw%2C+A.&rft.au=Foley%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00280836%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA440918913%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk2016" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian (20 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ancient-brutal-massacre-may-be-earliest-evidence-war-180957884/">"An Ancient, Brutal Massacre May Be the Earliest Evidence of War"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Ancient%2C+Brutal+Massacre+May+Be+the+Earliest+Evidence+of+War&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fancient-brutal-massacre-may-be-earliest-evidence-war-180957884%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, D. N.</a>; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/689">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/689">689–691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-02824-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-02824-00-4"><bdi>978-08-02824-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=689-691&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-08-02824-00-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Allen+C.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Astrid+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerdmansdictiona0000unse%2Fpage%2F689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197365-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197365_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197364–69-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197364%E2%80%9369_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, pp. 64–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197369-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197369_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Pulses, Sugar and Tuber Crops by Chittaranjan Kole, 2007, Introduction 5.1.1, page 91, quoting Cubero JI (1981) Origin, taxonomy and domestication. In: Webb C, Hawtin G (eds) Lentils. CAB, Slough, UK, pp. 15–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-zeder-sci-2000-29"><a href="#cite_ref-zeder-sci-2000_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeder2000" class="citation journal cs1">Zeder, M. A. (24 March 2000). "The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago". Science. 287 (5461): 2254–2257. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...287.2254Z">2000Sci...287.2254Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2254">10.1126/science.287.5461.2254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10731145">10731145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Initial+Domestication+of+Goats+%28Capra+hircus%29+in+the+Zagros+Mountains+10%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=5461&rft.pages=2254-2257&rft.date=2000-03-24&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10731145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2254&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...287.2254Z&rft.aulast=Zeder&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goats1-30"><a href="#cite_ref-goats1_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2000/jul/breakbone">What's Bred in the Bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover (magazine)</a>, July 2000 ("After investigating bone collections from ancient sites across the Middle East, she found a dearth of adult male goat bones—and an abundance of female and young male remains—from a 10,000-year-old settlement called Ganj Dareh, in Iran's Zagros Mountains. This provides the earliest evidence of domesticated livestock, Zeder says".) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuZhangLiuWu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Liu, Kam-biu; Wu, Naiqin; Li, Yumei; Zhou, Kunshu; Ye, Maolin; Zhang, Tianyu; Zhang, Haijiang; Yang, Xiaoyan; Shen, Licheng; Xu, Deke; Li, Quan (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631">"Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (18): 7367–7372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.7367L">2009PNAS..106.7367L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0900158106">10.1073/pnas.0900158106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631">2678631</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19383791">19383791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Earliest+domestication+of+common+millet+%28Panicum+miliaceum%29+in+East+Asia+extended+to+10%2C000+years+ago&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=7367-7372&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2678631%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19383791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0900158106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.7367L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Houyuan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianping&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kam-biu&rft.au=Wu%2C+Naiqin&rft.au=Li%2C+Yumei&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kunshu&rft.au=Ye%2C+Maolin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Tianyu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Haijiang&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiaoyan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Licheng&rft.au=Xu%2C+Deke&rft.au=Li%2C+Quan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2678631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan2017197-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChazan2017197_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChazan2017">Chazan 2017</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS09-33"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS09_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuijtFinlayson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuijt, I.; Finlayson, B. (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700141">"Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (27): 10966–10970. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10610966K">2009PNAS..10610966K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0812764106">10.1073/pnas.0812764106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700141">2700141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19549877">19549877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+food+storage+and+predomestication+granaries+11%2C000+years+ago+in+the+Jordan+Valley&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=10966-10970&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2700141%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10610966K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19549877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0812764106&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Kuijt&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2700141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzkaya2009" class="citation web cs1">Ozkaya, Vecihi (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/ozkaya/">"Körtik Tepe, a new Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site in south-eastern Anatolia"</a>. Antiquity Journal, Volume 83, Issue 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6rtik+Tepe%2C+a+new+Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+A+site+in+south-eastern+Anatolia&rft.pub=Antiquity+Journal%2C+Volume+83%2C+Issue+320&rft.date=2009-06&rft.aulast=Ozkaya&rft.aufirst=Vecihi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fprojgall%2Fozkaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard2004244-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard2004244_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichard2004">Richard 2004</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellwood2004">Bellwood 2004</a>, p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryMeiggs19756-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuryMeiggs19756_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuryMeiggs1975">Bury & Meiggs 1975</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen200360_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen200360_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen200360_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMithen2003">Mithen 2003</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dever-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever1978" class="citation journal cs1">Dever, William G. (1978). "Kathleen Kenyon (1906–1978): A Tribute". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 232. American Schools of Oriental Research: 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FBASOR1356696">10.1086/BASOR1356696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167007661">167007661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Kathleen+Kenyon+%281906%E2%80%931978%29%3A+A+Tribute&rft.volume=232&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FBASOR1356696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167007661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski1973125-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski1973125_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski1973125_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse,_Rayner_W.2007" class="citation book cs1">Hesse, Rayner W. (2007). Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-13335-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-13335-07-5"><bdi>978-03-13335-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewelrymaking+through+History%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-03-13335-07-5&rft.au=Hesse%2C+Rayner+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a> (November 30, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1mzyCEOAUIC">First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06-31205-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-06-31205-66-1"><bdi>978-06-31205-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Farmers%3A+The+Origins+of+Agricultural+Societies&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-06-31205-66-1&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1mzyCEOAUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronowski1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Bronowski, Jacob</a> (1973). The Ascent of Man. London: BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-49901-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-49901-15-4"><bdi>978-18-49901-15-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-18-49901-15-4&rft.aulast=Bronowski&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryMeiggs1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Meiggs" title="Russell Meiggs">Meiggs, Russell</a> (1975) [first published 1900]. A History of Greece (Fourth ed.). London: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-33154-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-33154-92-2"><bdi>978-03-33154-92-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-03-33154-92-2&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Meiggs%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2017" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time</a>. Routledge. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-13-51802-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-13-51802-89-5"><bdi>978-13-51802-89-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Prehistory+and+Archaeology%3A+Pathways+Through+Time&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-13-51802-89-5&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3BQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Suzanne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA244">Near Eastern Archaeology</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-15-75060-83-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-15-75060-83-5"><bdi>978-15-75060-83-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-15-75060-83-5&rft.au=Richard%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhR0apPid8gC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">Roberts, J. M.</a> (1993). Shorter Illustrated History of the World. Abingdon: Helicon Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-95115-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-95115-04-8"><bdi>978-01-95115-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Illustrated+History+of+the+World&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Helicon+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-01-95115-04-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilnerConnellerTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Milner" title="Nicky Milner">Milner, Nicky</a>; Conneller, Chantal; Taylor, Barry (2018). Star Carr: Volume 1: A Persistent Place in a Changing World. York: White Rose University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19-12482-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-19-12482-04-7"><bdi>978-19-12482-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Carr%3A+Volume+1%3A+A+Persistent+Place+in+a+Changing+World&rft.place=York&rft.pub=White+Rose+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-19-12482-04-7&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft.au=Conneller%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen" title="Steven Mithen">Mithen, Steven</a> (2003). After The Ice. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-53813-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-53813-92-8"><bdi>978-07-53813-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+The+Ice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-07-53813-92-8&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A9th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&oldid=1247049557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&oldid=1247049557</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 September 2024, at 15:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_9_%D9%82.%D9%85" title="ألفية 9 ق.م – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفية 9 ق.م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniu_IX_e.C." title="Mileniu IX e.C. – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mileniu IX e.C." data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="9 хилядолетие пр.н.е. – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="9 хилядолетие пр.н.е." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Joatausend_v._Chr." title="9. Joatausend v. Chr. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="9. Joatausend v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._milenij_p._n._e." title="9. milenij p. n. e. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="9. milenij p. n. e." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXvet_milved_kt_JK" title="IXvet milved kt JK – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="IXvet milved kt JK" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C2%B7lenni_IX_aC" title="Mil·lenni IX aC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mil·lenni IX aC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._tis%C3%ADcilet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l." title="9. tisíciletí př. n. l. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="9. tisíciletí př. n. l." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%C3%A5rtusinde_f.Kr." title="9. årtusinde f.Kr. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="9. årtusinde f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._Jahrtausend_v._Chr." title="9. Jahrtausend v. Chr. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="9. Jahrtausend v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._aastatuhat_eKr" title="9. aastatuhat eKr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="9. aastatuhat eKr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80.%CE%A7." title="9η χιλιετία π.Χ. – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="9η χιλιετία π.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_milenio_a._C." title="IX milenio a. C. – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IX milenio a. C." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-a_jarmilo_a.K." title="9-a jarmilo a.K. – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="9-a jarmilo a.K." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.a._9._milurtekoa" title="K.a. 9. milurtekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="K.a. 9. milurtekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="هزاره نهم (پیش از میلاد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هزاره نهم (پیش از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IXe millénaire av. J.-C. – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IXe millénaire av. J.-C." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/9e_milennium_f.Kr." title="9e milennium f.Kr. – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="9e milennium f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%9C9%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EA%B8%B0" title="기원전 제9천년기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원전 제9천년기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._tisu%C4%87lje%C4%87e_pr._Kr." title="9. tisućljeće pr. Kr. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="9. tisućljeće pr. Kr." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/9ma_yarmilo_aK" title="9ma yarmilo aK – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="9ma yarmilo aK" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-9_SM" title="Milenium ke-9 SM – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milenium ke-9 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-im_millennie_AC" title="9-im millennie AC – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="9-im millennie AC" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%C3%A1r%C3%BE%C3%BAsundi%C3%B0_f.Kr." title="9. árþúsundið f.Kr. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="9. árþúsundið f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_millennio_a.C." title="IX millennio a.C. – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IX millennio a.C." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94-9_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1" title="האלף ה-9 לפנה"ס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האלף ה-9 לפנה"ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._IX_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ძვ. წ. IX ათასწლეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვ. წ. IX ათასწლეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenia_ya_9_KK" title="Milenia ya 9 KK – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milenia ya 9 KK" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_9_a.C.n." title="Millennium 9 a.C.n. – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Millennium 9 a.C.n." data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_t%C5%ABkstantmetis_pr._m._e." title="9 tūkstantmetis pr. m. e. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="9 tūkstantmetis pr. m. e." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._e._9._%C3%A9vezred" title="I. e. 9. évezred – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. e. 9. évezred" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.पू.चे ९ वे सहस्रक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.पू.चे ९ वे सहस्रक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-9_SM" title="Milenium ke-9 SM – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milenium ke-9 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/9e_millennium_v.Chr." title="9e millennium v.Chr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="9e millennium v.Chr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D9%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%80" title="紀元前9千年紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元前9千年紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90" title="تر ميلاد نهه زره کاله وړاندې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تر ميلاد نهه زره کاله وړاندې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_tysi%C4%85clecie_p.n.e." title="IX tysiąclecie p.n.e. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IX tysiąclecie p.n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nono_mil%C3%A9nio_a.C." title="Nono milénio a.C. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nono milénio a.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniul_al_IX-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Mileniul al IX-lea î.Hr. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mileniul al IX-lea î.Hr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="9-е тысячелетие до н. э. – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="9-е тысячелетие до н. э." data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%D0%B1._%D1%8D._%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD._%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="9 б. э. инн. тыһыынча сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="9 б. э. инн. тыһыынча сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._tis%C3%ADcro%C4%8Die_pred_Kr." title="9. tisícročie pred Kr. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="9. tisícročie pred Kr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._tiso%C4%8Dletje_pr._n._%C5%A1t." title="9. tisočletje pr. n. št. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="9. tisočletje pr. n. št." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سەدەی ۸۱ی پێش زایین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ۸۱ی پێش زایین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BF._%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="9. миленијум п. н. е. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="9. миленијум п. н. е." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._milenijum_pne." title="9. milenijum pne. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="9. milenijum pne." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdeks%C3%A4s_vuosituhat_eaa." title="Yhdeksäs vuosituhat eaa. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdeksäs vuosituhat eaa." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/8000-talet_f.Kr._(millennium)" title="8000-talet f.Kr. (millennium) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="8000-talet f.Kr. (millennium)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81_9%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கிமு 9ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிமு 9ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="9-те тисячоліття до н. е. – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="9-те тисячоліття до н. е." data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA_%DB%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="آٹھواں ہزاریہ قبل مسیح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آٹھواں ہزاریہ قبل مسیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-9_nga_yukottuig_UC" title="Ika-9 nga yukottuig UC – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-9 nga yukottuig UC" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D9%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4" title="前9千年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="前9千年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D9%E5%8D%83%E7%B4%80" title="前9千紀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前9千紀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 15:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_millennium_BC&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-wgwwp","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.705","walltime":"0.838","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4842,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":97984,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2792,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":156095,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 739.289 1 -total"," 37.96% 280.617 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.39% 113.781 9 Template:Cite_web"," 14.12% 104.423 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.96% 81.025 14 Template:Sfn"," 10.83% 80.051 1 Template:Millenniumbox"," 10.22% 75.572 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.21% 60.683 11 Template:Cite_book"," 8.00% 59.177 1 Template:Stone_Age"," 7.73% 57.182 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.430","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9816660,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBellwood2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiraben1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronowski1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuryMeiggs1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardenMiottiBlanco2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenFinneyGibbardFan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliasShortNelsonBirks1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoebelWaters,_Michael_R.O\u0026#039;Rourke,_Dennis_H.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandwerk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHesse,_Rayner_W.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuijtFinlayson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahrRiveraPowerMounier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuZhangLiuWu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazurowskiKanjou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Walker_\u0026amp;_others2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilnerConnellerTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_DietrichÇigdem_Köksal-SchmidtJens_NotroffKlaus_Schmidt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzkaya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStinnesbeck2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobolczyk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeder2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Millennia\"] = 1,\n [\"Millenniumbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stone Age\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mcbjw","timestamp":"20241122140429","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"9th millennium BC","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/9th_millennium_BC","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q597145","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q597145","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-21T08:02:17Z","dateModified":"2024-09-22T15:33:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg","headline":"millennium between 9000 BC and 8001 BC"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>