CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134241adec340aa',cH: 'NFuKyAYaMlruj.hCqo8OB6YBw5l7cBHAgkuXoqVx1SA-1739778149-1.2.1.1-F5KNhIKSpVGobzCyH.Er.3Fy6Mh6wu8dj3VQzf1iaJZUy1UpeKgC.HgP1H0j_1Nx',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=solar%20flare&__cf_chl_tk=Zf8K6.V5rDnt9kP1VmkTrqkONx0a9qH65xIaFnHuFl0-1739778149-1.0.1.1-Em5PD9VyC83euVR_m7u8Sxo9UuX88Rv6iT6GwGWONXk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778149',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=solar%20flare&__cf_chl_f_tk=Zf8K6.V5rDnt9kP1VmkTrqkONx0a9qH65xIaFnHuFl0-1739778149-1.0.1.1-Em5PD9VyC83euVR_m7u8Sxo9UuX88Rv6iT6GwGWONXk",md: "aK3GhLUtgeO1B7Th9WbPaL1rZu0E_aWV6l9aOieTZkw-1739778149-1.2.1.1-v6nV2i6X78s6ztEc_4dm8R7OyrxV1r0zTpHjubFDegkh7wK4sDoWiihc4u_dwYkNrGMSkgWLCzjbw8FBFNX2J44p_NAaOFahX5iLe62_3j5Jebjsd9XCUnabL5QWMdmWQXci785GwGsAg0rCYdSENsioneRd25KC3fhjAiSXrnzMaE6vltMRmtpws1hBqNB9dMKWpUYWa8oLx6Ryl3QKGJW7AIxPILcbMna.vZsc5eWg9riJIlYnphRooXnh.yffsutRxhVjgJUjvYU7.cEZjttoX_EVKEzH57YL3dy54uKsLE5A44Gt9sWlC6TeLEGD5ZZk70ZpDQTGgAPw7DQ3LqB5rs_g8Y8SZvlKow1ilqrkeQu03RyVlsccqaUaD3rAWviOJ7jlNJ12OF577Rsulu30eDTRaLLzPqN5GQnX2xgcAs5VU7JqbVUBVQlhCi3XACL3pPl1zlJqnh3AtS_NNfD1yP3W4tTjUOSwJW16Kpw4COXkalL_KD3uFVvCnWz93WQMPgceIOrVho6dv0ahNnvMrNNVCDYPU0qQZrf2Ar_f4Ru5YkYkgboMuyjKUbphF.enWwTp_uB6owhbmAXgL6fh1C7VKKCp8mswmacm9mXA8Z24rlTU8MPvumVam.x_qGiyqcM7XDzSQwg2ZCjYHNnqv3HGP0ea0x2PGP3tgnKZ2LI52ATLH2RG8DCFkobVWIr928jsJB1zOpwcle5LCPWfr43fHiyap_uZIn31vrat5wlR.kdEs8myNP69nPnGHFYO6T9DORYW9.FTOX50h4483L3wbiZdv_c7P6ah8zDD7gc1_EEmCxrUXH8NlygqibzMJ1t.Ee7x4PKMVm1ZEkFeEm5ceWNgWtAyFWzqLNKPuAnh25tFyTx1Xnwq5foRav8A.eiGT9X9roD1k.m3wt82wZfXTzJf5D2WcYFbqbuax129TCbsvtznl3joZb.jLwJnPf0RdUffKBThsfyrbOtbcZF8HyyoqtJuvXk7o6DIMqiIcB9kdaG7MfPZSA3.wjnmMhD6Nioz8cv.CRcRV4XE0LUE6cbZMVNU.xBU1ZVdFcPulJymhgS9ST.lslUqILBBTMLmWzWqJcIO4ZgnIu9KmFmpXBR.Lea0un5Pl2tLjczYOnHUbVoqePJoGWhY9Smv.ozr5fL4yzNttE_eCwQLOU3549JgSVCklzYs4Ou7lXliEsdQnJgq1Hvephx1zeQFF5_oohvbgYHZkw7wJOOhTp99mdAT4hs6gvAfets_5RtiNgJcPOSgdUV8ki3HfbbSfjeiaqn3zPxMda5XmeuhGvlQPrdyTUjvWJhGlJPvSdvKJq4kH512CKmmxnzIvJ6dLZCRpZN0Qr8.0ppmer70fCuqTr_dcRDbpwZTM_F_c2I._.bv4OP1avQFaWHASTIGop25acmV2yJPx.lYwYqC19LCCZqlIijSyUzvO1ahUVTauJ2f3WXYm6fUPBuB9VPi7mD08br4b68avbz.CTOfqo8FJZEOaV0mfRnpc6q.bswoOpIKaFHlPXwjiYoA4_ErWSQX_N7pG6JmDfRUzsBTe04fL470IzAwo_flcA.rcP7GACp6i1UsGOlRUsS2escFv2nnOekD3Yi8JyCLcB6bEHVNShcHWIZbzgvrlCXgQyPLQJapm5GDC.WyHwFJi4TL8cptnmwvt9UMkpbhR8ZDjvrEL0CWoDlN.SBM0p2GqmcDFPGwnJr8NaLc1CkN_qU4JYePtt36cyU28nREfFyc77vIvrNeh4qBsDPuB7KPBoxZYZpYfYnYtfrgcgj0vJOEpFcD4XhAOfjF1qXtuqnp4..1pBcf_zHnUqb76uzqZJLzmz4_gGC132.17y_nY1sKM7yer0QHAduE.1OLxgHYNARcUBxBNPnmEzxKKnyIoFGCC9K87iN2caBMR_MWEF1tUrwPqbRsGnanfaUyV1SCO8qiSlzTkDcCgUbkP8c",mdrd: "yqT7ILJaTyCoF..9zbPCBmXaAiXbgJRBUC.kySnze6c-1739778149-1.2.1.1-C4Jvt2YcQDDCNsnPjwvr0Hn.0o4yjRaUWP9LXBDQr1PyRBX23yVFGrsC3AFE9tvY2KA71RA4GkJN5X8Q9oo0UPQBD03TOpCpvtSNECVWqfkeEmQjNFYEtZHPDrRGR5duIWVCsuR7UIQiUk6ucP.F3wg4HDP99yr8wOhoDV5DEVds4iLnp9Whg0C37H5uuV02JeXlGLuHwVq52F3IXsF5QqrqIllhfrC8sLCrMtLbffY8xaKpjnqlvMfsncHOXNzRfmqv8OzGkEIh6l9jFFj1nxA940kKwaj_RPiqK6SgCalwoGrz_dhY4zTIBFvZX2btKYZXOQw2h.dZ3RNePHW4LtLTjRPobWZEMZsjMMdysUbymMtypyvNucpn.yBJJj4r9uN0.oIHFxBlYOCYfCq6w7AR0xSlVL9ARZ3J5nF_0zK.6pSapCbdoBbJ9jWWrW3NyxY85.6z_1Jelv352TBv51V_9VKzF0UNUByYkDlW3KQHb9uNjZIH_01on8DMg8Ya7QKQaNfBBGNgTQOZqCzG_xpxkm8KyS2bd.Xn1MxTqoFK0FnNnHMps6S8J3yGinh9LGIqprh0cbHb0aphNjYrGM0xZ1a811OLJ6sDH7bCC0LuJOn3XO7NbqtuVaoJNXH24n0pixBFMo052TW25V_DdR2VJrJztjTitZ9RfMt.5.eOmBUa.2AhJPhgWcPc6UT0SzRvyhYvCaRXSei99R9SbNeTjWVQ5B0AzRTkaaHZpQG8Fc8nFsTE78Qs92YQDlcgdpECQeDQU6jgbuBDlycN7Mk.1XJKCkq6706gtPCFcQ41fz.TF6u.dBlQYqJszdrPdTFm1isWBfmewNzDrPFBS9Gsizp7mL_GT2U9e11O8sRhs.c9QGBzOmdUyTLdt2R5BVitcElQtysk_v8.9Dv6ftRMkfV6Lv_DiYriNa38KMwSe_uLiL3jE82YM4AKYsN.32VLoIEPDhTJQ52EvD7MFtT_IsPXqN53edHrdqD5vdpDwK3qGUkj3cjQdVxJPKU_rScqm43Or9P6TXdG9R4k8GbHuyJmcggl72_EdJAM8M28nTgWgT61qtkIN9u2O.PKCMwb4a0JR3wPhUijSm20oiuErWCqJEhNZQn39weRWvPBignevrQxKGLpZi6dEN0xyyebkx.w41WJDMM7tiKkBnvLHJNPx93Be8ovJ0eecHB10f4E9qazz8ut3Ee_2czJgWZ0qyFQ.E_JzGSNayx51shcDlX5lMqokBSuNRMzP5dyOXKobi17hPze4_jl.VSiyP7Ex79ov5un9uf...JP.coGrvU7QjQOihWD9hNUYUriGkm1CqtT2JdbA3U2HDdljKsBW_Bbb5oJg27xQ2A_TxoD7RkYUkOgpZpQ0phJgV0MRtYzo_cc0jkH7BRZobi_Gr7VxjJ_D5BU6GDJ.xV8qKif7IKBePfDVNZWxgtUYikb1b6RlF8W1iSQYkt8I.A2PvQRlpBeKvHmWsXlSwtR4N67pnunJ5HKif8o.hcLRXOLLcC_FpI9YOQIVRpJBkl3OjQwgTnr0VIW7Lyk.tDFOChX5OhqLsmDDkCvbUSodzvXLvhWgky9O.Zmmc5HCgWAJWRLTnDppaSOeDW7qnz1azXuZ8Sz2qGsX3MWTn5_lnqw6XISr2GxrStZ543bLrKVdtNTuQ3c4TXdrFXOwgS7KGhcrDLs386iBJzio3AjwIISTyw0iJ6l7UgjFAe4DxqiJvqIdlUFAG1buvEfox3b87VESZgNnlWJSFkMW8b4l1GIznIJJNk2GJOQ8Ow1jqNofDU6zwJgHKE5hFkyKGnFPLyV5zR9isgUsI7Hc_UjoCg0D6Dlx2ulXa8F6tsHlvCIsTZkYNSQxUNxH3si1XFY87iKVIag9dsfMpvK5l_SabdQWJ7ZaZFiS0y90KKsllMVhsaVqg4sNrNY13bMaE6WNCr8ieZxtN.S0RKGT08SC1qM5onAI33ZmIdqCvKWMu85"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134241adec340aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=solar%20flare&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Zf8K6.V5rDnt9kP1VmkTrqkONx0a9qH65xIaFnHuFl0-1739778149-1.0.1.1-Em5PD9VyC83euVR_m7u8Sxo9UuX88Rv6iT6GwGWONXk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>