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id="mf-section-0"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>word stem</b> is a part of a <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> responsible for its <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical</a> meaning. Typically, a stem remains unmodified during <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> with few exceptions due to <a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">apophony</a> (for example in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">miast-o</i></span> ("city") and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">w mieść-e</i></span> ("in the city"); in English, <i>sing</i>, <i>sang</i>, and <i>sung</i>, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>). </p><p>Uncovering and analyzing <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognation</a> between word stems and roots within and across <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> has allowed <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative philology and comparative linguistics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">determine the history</a> of languages and <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHD_IndoEuropRoots_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD_IndoEuropRoots-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of the language in question. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan linguistics</a>, a verb stem is a <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> that cannot appear on its own and that carries the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> of the word. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Root_vs_stem"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Root vs stem</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Citation_forms_and_bound_morphemes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Citation forms and bound morphemes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Paradigms_and_suppletion"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Paradigms and suppletion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Oblique_stem"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Oblique stem</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Root_vs_stem">Root vs stem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Root vs stem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>By attaching the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> <i>-ship</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root word</a> <i>friend</i> (which some linguists<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> call a stem, too), the new word <i>friendship</i> was synthesized. While an <i>s</i> can be attached to <i>friendship</i> to form <i>friendships</i>, it can not be attached to the root within it to form <i>friendsship</i>. A stem is a base from which all its <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> variants are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i>stabil-</i> (a variant of <i>stable</i> unable to stand alone) is the root of the <i>destabilized</i>, while the stem consists of <i>de·stabil·ize</i>, including <i>de-</i> and <i>-ize</i>. The <i>-(e)d</i>, on the other hand, is not part of the stem. </p><p>Stem may either consist of a root (e.g. <i>run</i>) alone or a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound word</a>, such as <i>meatball</i> and <i>bottleneck</i> (examples of compound nouns) or <i>blacken</i> and <i>standardize</i> (examples of compound verbs). The stem of the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> <i>to wait</i> is <i>wait</i>: it is the part that is common to all its inflected variants. </p> <ol><li><i>wait</i> (infinitive, imperative, present subjunctive, and present indicative except in the 3rd-person singular)</li> <li><i>wait</i>s (3rd person singular simple present indicative)</li> <li><i>wait</i>ed (simple past)</li> <li><i>wait</i>ed (past participle)</li> <li><i>wait</i>ing (present participle)</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Citation_forms_and_bound_morphemes">Citation forms and bound morphemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Citation forms and bound morphemes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">Lemma (morphology)</a></div> <p>In languages with very little inflection, such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, the stem is usually not distinct from the "normal" form of the word (the lemma, citation, or dictionary form). However, in other languages, word stems may rarely or never occur on their own. For example, the English verb stem <i>run</i> is indistinguishable from its present tense form (except in the third person singular). However, the equivalent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> verb stem <i>corr-</i> never appears as such because it is cited with the infinitive inflection (<i>correr</i>) and always appears in actual speech as a non-finite (infinitive or participle) or conjugated form. Such morphemes that cannot occur on their own in this way are usually referred to as <i>bound morphemes</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, the term "stem" is used for the part of the word that never changes, even morphologically, when inflected, and a lemma is the base form of the word.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, given the word "produced", its lemma (linguistics) is "produce", but the stem is "produc-" because of the inflected form "producing". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Paradigms_and_suppletion">Paradigms and suppletion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paradigms and suppletion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>A list of all the inflected forms of a word stem is called its inflectional paradigm. The paradigm of the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> <i>tall</i> is given below, and the stem of this adjective is <i>tall</i>. </p> <ul><li>tall (positive); taller (comparative); tallest (superlative)</li></ul> <p>Some paradigms do not make use of the same stem throughout; this phenomenon is called <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletion</a>. An example of a suppletive paradigm is the paradigm for the adjective <i>good</i>: its stem changes from <i>good</i> to the bound morpheme <i>bet-</i>. </p> <ul><li>good (positive); better (comparative); best (superlative)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Oblique_stem">Oblique stem <span class="anchor" id="Oblique_stem"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oblique stem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Both in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> (inflection) of some <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> uses a different stem in the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique cases</a> than in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> singular cases. Such words belong to, respectively, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension#Third_declension_(i_and_consonant_stems)" title="Latin declension">third declension</a> of the Latin grammar and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_nouns#Third_declension" title="Ancient Greek nouns">third declension</a> of the Ancient Greek grammar. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> singular is formed by adding <i>-is</i> (Latin) or -ος (Greek) to the oblique stem, and the genitive singular is conventionally listed in Greek and Latin dictionaries to illustrate the oblique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin word </th> <th>meaning </th> <th>oblique stem </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adeps#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:adeps">adeps</a></i> </td> <td>fat </td> <td><i>adip-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/altitudo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:altitudo">altitudo</a></i> </td> <td>height </td> <td><i>altitudin-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/index#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:index">index</a></i> </td> <td>pointer </td> <td><i>indic-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rex#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rex">rex</a></i> </td> <td>king, ruler </td> <td><i>reg-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>supellex</i> </td> <td>equipment, furniture </td> <td><i>supellectil-</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Greek word </th> <th>meaning </th> <th>oblique stem </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄναξ">ἄναξ</a> (ánax) </td> <td>lord </td> <td>ἄνακτ- (ánakt-) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀνήρ">ἀνήρ</a> (anḗr) </td> <td>man </td> <td>ἀνδρ- (andr-) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κάλπις">κάλπις</a> (kálpis) </td> <td>jug </td> <td>κάλπιδ- (kálpid-) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μάθημα">μάθημα</a> (máthēma) </td> <td>learning </td> <td>μαθήματ- (mathḗmat-) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>English words derived from Latin or Greek often involve the oblique stem: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adipose" class="extiw" title="wikt:adipose"><u>adip</u>ose</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/altitudinal" class="extiw" title="wikt:altitudinal"><u>altitudin</u>al</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/android" class="extiw" title="wikt:android"><u>andr</u>oid</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mathematics" class="extiw" title="wikt:mathematics"><u>mathemat</u>ics</a></i>. </p><p>Historically, the difference in stems arose due to sound changes in the nominative. In the Latin third declension, for example, the nominative singular suffix <i>-s</i> is combined with a stem-final consonant. If that consonant was <i>c</i>, the result was <i>x</i> (a mere orthographic change), while if it was <i>g</i>, the <i>-s</i> caused it to <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">devoice</a>, again resulting in <i>x</i>. If the stem-final consonant was another <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonant</a> (<i>t, d, r</i>), it elided before the <i>-s</i>. In a later era, <i>n</i> before the nominative ending was also lost, producing pairs like <i>atlas, atlant-</i> (for English <a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">Lemma (morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">Lexeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_typology" title="Morphological typology">Morphological typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_parts" title="Principal parts">Principal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">Root (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming algorithms (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">Thematic vowel</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AHD_IndoEuropRoots-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHD_IndoEuropRoots_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoughton_Mifflin_Harcourt" class="citation cs2">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Indo-European Roots Appendix</i></a>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+Indo-European+Roots+Appendix&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.au=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Findoeurop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+stem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_SampsonPaul_Martin_Postal2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Sampson" title="Geoffrey Sampson">Geoffrey Sampson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Postal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Martin Postal">Paul Martin Postal</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0zJNPuXTZMC&pg=PA124"><i>The 'language instinct' debate</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7385-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-7385-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27language+instinct%27+debate&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7385-1&rft.au=Geoffrey+Sampson&rft.au=Paul+Martin+Postal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0zJNPuXTZMC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+stem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kroeger2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kroeger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSglHbBaNyAC&pg=PA248"><i>Analyzing grammar</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81622-9"><bdi>978-0-521-81622-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+grammar&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81622-9&rft.au=Paul+Kroeger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSglHbBaNyAC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+stem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/stem">What is a stem?</a> – <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, Glossary of Linguistic Terms.</li> <li>Bauer, Laurie (2003) <i>Introducing Linguistic Morphology</i>. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.</li> <li>Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987) <i>On the definition of a word.</i> Cambridge MA, MIT Press.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Semitic_stems" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Semitic stems">Appendix:List of Proto-Semitic stems</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prefixsuffix.com/">Searchable reference for word stems including affixes (prefixes and suffixes)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&oldid=1273012445">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&oldid=1273012445</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Word_stem&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Klekono" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1738310719"> <span>Last edited on 31 January 2025, at 08:05</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stam_(taalkunde)" title="Stam (taalkunde) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stam (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="أصل كلمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أصل كلمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_lingga" title="Kruna lingga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna lingga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="শব্দ কান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দ কান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аснова слова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аснова слова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аснова слова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аснова слова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Основа (морфология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Основа (морфология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelf_(yezhoniezh)" title="Kelf (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kelf (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot_primitiu" title="Mot primitiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mot primitiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmen_(mluvnice)" title="Kmen (mluvnice) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kmen (mluvnice)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzitsi_(Mazwi)" title="Dzitsi (Mazwi) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzitsi (Mazwi)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordstamme" title="Ordstamme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ordstamme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortstamm" title="Wortstamm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wortstamm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCvi_(keeleteadus)" title="Tüvi (keeleteadus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tüvi (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_(morfolog%C3%ADa_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Tema (morfología lingüística) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tema (morfología lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiko#Lingvo" title="Radiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ستاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8me_morphologique" title="Thème morphologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thème morphologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gass_(%C3%A7hengoaylleeaght)" title="Gass (çhengoaylleeaght) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gass (çhengoaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EA%B0%84" title="어간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D6%84_(%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Հիմք (քերականություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմք (քերականություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_dasar" title="Kata dasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata dasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofn_(m%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Stofn (málfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stofn (málfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_(morfologia)" title="Tema (morfologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tema (morfologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_lingga" title="Tembung lingga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung lingga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Сөздің негізі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөздің негізі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina" title="Shina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thema_verbi" title="Thema verbi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thema verbi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celms_(valodniec%C4%ABba)" title="Celms (valodniecība) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Celms (valodniecība)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamienas_(kalbotyra)" title="Kamienas (kalbotyra) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamienas (kalbotyra)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_dasar" title="Kata dasar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata dasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stam_(taalkunde)" title="Stam (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stam (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="語幹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="語幹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordstamme" title="Ordstamme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ordstamme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordstamme" title="Ordstamme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ordstamme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negiz" title="Negiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Negiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮੂਲਾਂਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੂਲਾਂਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temat_wyrazu" title="Temat wyrazu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Temat wyrazu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C4%83_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Temă (lingvistică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Temă (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Основа (морфология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Основа (морфология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wird_stem" title="Wird stem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wird stem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemi_i_fjal%C3%ABs" title="Stemi i fjalës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stemi i fjalës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" title="Stem (linguistics) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stem (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umsuka" title="Umsuka – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umsuka" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vartalo_(kielitiede)" title="Vartalo (kielitiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vartalo (kielitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordstam" title="Ordstam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ordstam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Основа слова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Основа слова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_(Gram%C3%A0dega)" title="Tema (Gramàdega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tema (Gramàdega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1n" title="Từ cán – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ cán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="詞幹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詞幹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="詞幹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詞幹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 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