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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scientific contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="كارل غوستاف ياكوب ياكوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل غوستاف ياكوب ياكوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کارل قوستاو یاکوب یاکوبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل قوستاو یاکوب یاکوبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="কার্ল গুস্তাফ ইয়াকপ ইয়াকবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল গুস্তাফ ইয়াকপ ইয়াকবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Карл Густаў Якаб Якобі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Густаў Якаб Якобі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Карл Густав Якоб Якоби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Густав Якоб Якоби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B2_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Καρλ Γκούσταβ Γιάκομπ Γιακόμπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρλ Γκούσταβ Γιάκομπ Γιακόμπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jacobi" title="Carl Jacobi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carl Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کارل گوستاو یاکوب یاکوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل گوستاو یاکوب یاکوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gustave_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Charles Gustave Jacob Jacobi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Gustave Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84_%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B9%84" title="카를 구스타프 야코프 야코비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 구스타프 야코프 야코비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2" title="Կառլ Գուստավ Յակոբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլ Գուստավ Յակոբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacobi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jacobi" title="Carl Jacobi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="קרל גוסטב יעקב יעקובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל גוסטב יעקב יעקובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಗುಸ್ಟಾಫ್ ಯಾಕಾಪ್ ಯಾಕೋಬೀ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಗುಸ್ಟಾಫ್ ಯಾಕಾಪ್ ಯಾಕೋಬೀ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კარლ გუსტავ იაკობ იაკობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ გუსტავ იაკობ იაკობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Gustavus_Iacobus_Jacobi" title="Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Gustavs_J%C4%93kabs_Jakobi" title="Kārlis Gustavs Jēkabs Jakobi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Gustavs Jēkabs Jakobi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Карл Густав Јакоб Јакоби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл Густав Јакоб Јакоби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gustave_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Charles Gustave Jacob Jacobi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Gustave Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF" title="കാൾ ഗുസ്തവ് ജേക്കബ് ജക്കോബി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ ഗുസ്തവ് ജേക്കബ് ജക്കോബി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კარლ გუსტავ იაკობ იაკობი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ გუსტავ იაკობ იაკობი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="كارل جوستاف جاكوب جاكوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل جوستاف جاكوب جاكوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jacobi" title="Carl Jacobi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%93" title="カール・グスタフ・ヤコブ・ヤコビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・グスタフ・ヤコブ・ヤコビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobi_Karl_Gustav_Yakob" title="Yakobi Karl Gustav Yakob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yakobi Karl Gustav Yakob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Якоби, Карл Густав Якоб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Якоби, Карл Густав Якоб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Карл Густав Јакоб Јакоби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Густав Јакоб Јакоби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="คาร์ล กุสทัฟ ยาค็อพ ยาโคบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล กุสทัฟ ยาค็อพ ยาโคบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Карл Густав Якоб Якобі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Густав Якоб Якобі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jakob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%8F%AF%E6%AF%94" title="卡尔·雅可比 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔·雅可比" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carl Jacobi" redirects here. For the American author, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Richard_Jacobi" title="Carl Richard Jacobi">Carl Richard Jacobi</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Jacobi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Carl_Jacobi.jpg/220px-Carl_Jacobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Carl_Jacobi.jpg/330px-Carl_Jacobi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Carl_Jacobi.jpg/440px-Carl_Jacobi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1804-12-10</span>)</span>10 December 1804<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 1851<span style="display:none">(1851-02-18)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Kingdom of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._habil." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. habil.">Dr. habil.</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%88%82#History" title="∂">Popularizing the character ∂</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrich2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm" title="Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm">Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_ellipsoid" title="Jacobi ellipsoid">Jacobi ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_elliptic_functions" title="Jacobi elliptic functions">Jacobi elliptic functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_identity" title="Jacobi identity">Jacobi identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_method" title="Jacobi method">Jacobi method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_operator" title="Jacobi operator">Jacobi operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_polynomials" title="Jacobi polynomials">Jacobi polynomials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_symbol" title="Jacobi symbol">Jacobi symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_transform" title="Jacobi transform">Jacobi transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobian_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobian matrix">Jacobian matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Jacobi_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel–Jacobi theorem">Abel–Jacobi theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Moritz von Jacobi</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">University of Königsberg</a><br />University of Berlin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN270894594&DMDID=DMDLOG_0001&LOGID=LOG_0001&PHYSID=PHYS_0001">Disquisitiones Analyticae de Fractionibus Simplicibus</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1825)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enno_Dirksen" title="Enno Dirksen">Enno Dirksen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gordan" title="Paul Gordan">Paul Gordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hesse" title="Otto Hesse">Otto Hesse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Richelot" title="Friedrich Julius Richelot">Friedrich Julius Richelot</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-randomhouse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randomhouse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[jaˈkoːbi]</a></span>; 10 December 1804 – 18 February 1851)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who made fundamental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_function" title="Elliptic function">elliptic functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determinants" class="mw-redirect" title="Determinants">determinants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacobi was born of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jew">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> parentage in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> on 10 December 1804. He was the second of four children of a banker, Simon Jacobi. His elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Moritz</a>, would also become known later as an engineer and physicist. He was initially home schooled by his uncle Lehman, who instructed him in the classical languages and elements of mathematics. In 1816, the twelve-year-old Jacobi went to the Potsdam <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a>, where students were taught all the standard subjects: classical languages, history, philology, mathematics, sciences, etc. As a result of the good education he had received from his uncle, as well as his own remarkable abilities, after less than half a year Jacobi was moved to the senior year despite his young age. However, as the University would not accept students younger than 16 years old, he had to remain in the senior class until 1821. He used this time to advance his knowledge, showing interest in all subjects, including Latin, Greek, philology, history and mathematics. During this period he also made his first attempts at research, trying to solve the <a href="/wiki/Quintic_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintic equation">quintic equation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic solution">radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger1904_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger1904-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierpont1906261–262_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierpont1906261–262-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1821 Jacobi went to study at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin University">Berlin University</a>, where he initially divided his attention between his passions for <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. In philology, he participated in the seminars of <a href="/wiki/Philipp_August_B%C3%B6ckh" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp August Böckh">Böckh</a>, drawing the professor's attention with his talent. Jacobi did not follow a lot of mathematics classes at the time, finding the level of mathematics taught at Berlin University too elementary. He continued, instead, with his private study of the more advanced works of <a href="/wiki/Euler" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrange">Lagrange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace">Laplace</a>. By 1823 he understood that he needed to make a decision between his competing interests and chose to devote all his attention to mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he became qualified to teach secondary school and was offered a position at the <a href="/wiki/Joachimsthal_Gymnasium" title="Joachimsthal Gymnasium">Joachimsthal Gymnasium</a> in Berlin. Jacobi decided instead to continue to work towards a university position. In 1825, he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a dissertation on the <a href="/wiki/Partial_fraction_decomposition" title="Partial fraction decomposition">partial fraction decomposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rational_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational fraction">rational fractions</a> defended before a commission led by <a href="/wiki/Enno_Dirksen" title="Enno Dirksen">Enno Dirksen</a>. He followed immediately with his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> and at the same time converted to Christianity. Now qualifying for teaching university classes, the 21-year-old Jacobi lectured in 1825/26 on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry_of_curves" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential geometry of curves">curves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry_of_surfaces" title="Differential geometry of surfaces">surfaces</a> at the University of Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames200269–74_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames200269–74-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1826, Jacobi became a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">private lecturer</a>, in the next year an <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Germany" title="Academic ranks in Germany">extraodinary professor</a>, and in finally 1829, a tenured professor of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Königsberg University">Königsberg University</a>, and held the chair until 1842. He suffered a <a href="/wiki/Mental_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental breakdown">breakdown</a> from overwork in 1843. He then visited <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> for a few months to regain his health. On his return he moved to Berlin, where he lived as a royal pensioner, apart from a very brief interim, until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a> Jacobi was politically involved and unsuccessfully presented his parliamentary candidature on behalf of a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a> club. This led, after the suppression of the revolution, to his royal grant being cut off – but his fame and reputation were such that it was soon resumed, thanks to the personal intervention of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. </p><p>Jacobi died in 1851 from a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> infection. His grave is preserved at a cemetery in the <a href="/wiki/Kreuzberg" title="Kreuzberg">Kreuzberg</a> section of Berlin, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church_(Berlin)#Cemeteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Church (Berlin)">Friedhof I der Dreifaltigkeits-Kirchengemeinde</a> (61 Baruther Street). His grave is close to that of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Encke" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Encke">Johann Encke</a>, the astronomer. The crater <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_(crater)" title="Jacobi (crater)">Jacobi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_contributions">Scientific contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Jacobi's greatest accomplishments was his theory of <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_function" title="Elliptic function">elliptic functions</a> and their relation to the elliptic <a href="/wiki/Theta_function" title="Theta function">theta function</a>. This was developed in his great treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_nova_theoriae_functionum_ellipticarum" title="Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum">Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum</a></i> (1829), and in later papers in <a href="/wiki/Crelle%27s_Journal" title="Crelle's Journal">Crelle's Journal</a>. Theta functions are of great importance in mathematical physics because of their role in the inverse problem for periodic and <a href="/wiki/Quasiperiodic_motion" title="Quasiperiodic motion">quasi-periodic flows</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">equations of motion</a> are <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_integral" title="Jacobi integral">integrable</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Jacobi%27s_elliptic_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobi's elliptic functions">Jacobi's elliptic functions</a> in the well-known cases of the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lagrange,_Euler,_and_Kovalevskaya_tops" title="Lagrange, Euler, and Kovalevskaya tops">Euler top</a>, the symmetric Lagrange top in a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_problem" title="Kepler problem">Kepler problem</a> (planetary motion in a central gravitational field). </p><p>He also made fundamental contributions in the study of differential equations and to <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi theory</a>. </p><p>It was in algebraic development that Jacobi's particular power mainly lay, and he made important contributions of this kind in many areas of mathematics, as shown by his long list of papers in Crelle's Journal and elsewhere from 1826 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have told his students that when looking for a research topic, one should 'Invert, always invert' (German original: <i>"man muss immer umkehren"</i>), reflecting his belief that inverting known results can open up new fields for research, for example inverting <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_integral" title="Elliptic integral">elliptic integrals</a> and focusing on the nature of elliptic and theta functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Vleck19161–13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Vleck19161–13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1835 paper, Jacobi proved the following basic result classifying periodic (including elliptic) functions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a univariate single-valued function is multiply <a href="/wiki/Periodic_function" title="Periodic function">periodic</a>, then such a function cannot have more than two periods, and the ratio of the periods cannot be a real number.</p></blockquote> <p>He discovered many of the fundamental properties of theta functions, including the functional equation and the <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_triple_product" title="Jacobi triple product">Jacobi triple product</a> formula, as well as many other results on <a href="/wiki/Q-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-series">q-series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypergeometric_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergeometric series">hypergeometric series</a>. </p><p>The solution of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_inversion_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobi inversion problem">Jacobi inversion problem</a> for the hyperelliptic <a href="/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Jacobi_map" title="Abel–Jacobi map">Abel map</a> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Weierstrass</a> in 1854 required the introduction of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperelliptic_theta_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyperelliptic theta function (page does not exist)">hyperelliptic theta function</a> and later the general Riemann theta function for <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_curve" title="Algebraic curve">algebraic curves</a> of arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Genus_(mathematics)" title="Genus (mathematics)">genus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Complex_torus" title="Complex torus">complex torus</a> associated to a genus <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> algebraic curve, obtained by quotienting <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathbf {C} }^{g}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathbf {C} }^{g}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4cb0a5067cf9117517b748b99557c7c732f777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.953ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathbf {C} }^{g}}"></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Lattice_(group)" title="Lattice (group)">lattice</a> of periods is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Jacobian_variety" title="Jacobian variety">Jacobian variety</a>. This method of inversion, and its subsequent extension by Weierstrass and <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Riemann</a> to arbitrary algebraic curves, may be seen as a higher genus generalization of the relation between elliptic integrals and the Jacobi or Weierstrass elliptic functions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Jacobi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carl_Jacobi2.jpg/220px-Carl_Jacobi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Carl_Jacobi2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</figcaption></figure> <p>Jacobi was the first to apply elliptic functions to <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, for example proving <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Fermat's</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_theorem_on_sums_of_two_squares" title="Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares">two-square theorem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagrange%27s_four-square_theorem" title="Lagrange's four-square theorem">Lagrange's four-square theorem</a>, and similar results for 6 and 8 squares. </p><p>His other work in number theory continued the work of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a>: new proofs of <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_reciprocity" title="Quadratic reciprocity">quadratic reciprocity</a>, and the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_symbol" title="Jacobi symbol">Jacobi symbol</a>; contributions to higher reciprocity laws, investigations of <a href="/wiki/Continued_fraction" title="Continued fraction">continued fractions</a>, and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_sum" title="Jacobi sum">Jacobi sums</a>. </p><p>He was also one of the early founders of the theory of determinants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobi1841285–318_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobi1841285–318-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he invented the <a href="/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant" title="Jacobian matrix and determinant">Jacobian determinant</a> formed from the <i>n</i><sup>2</sup> partial derivatives of <i>n</i> given functions of <i>n</i> independent variables, which plays an important part in changes of variables in multiple integrals, and in many analytical investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841 he reintroduced the <a href="/wiki/Partial_derivative" title="Partial derivative">partial derivative</a> ∂ notation of <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Legendre</a>, which was to become standard. </p><p>He was one of the first to introduce and study the symmetric polynomials that are now known as <a href="/wiki/Schur_polynomial" title="Schur polynomial">Schur polynomials</a>, giving the so-called <a href="/wiki/Schur_polynomial#Definition_(Jacobi's_bialternant_formula)" title="Schur polynomial">bialternant formula</a> for these, which is a special case of the <a href="/wiki/Weyl_character_formula" title="Weyl character formula">Weyl character formula</a>, and deriving the <a href="/wiki/Schur_polynomial#Jacobi−Trudi_identities" title="Schur polynomial">Jacobi–Trudi identities</a>. He also discovered the <a href="/wiki/Dodgson_condensation#Desnanot–Jacobi_identity_and_proof_of_correctness_of_the_condensation_algorithm" title="Dodgson condensation">Desnanot–Jacobi formula for determinants</a>, which underlie the <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%BCcker_embedding" title="Plücker embedding">Plücker relations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grassmannian" title="Grassmannian">Grassmannians</a>. </p><p>Students of <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometry)">vector fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lie_algebra" title="Lie algebra">Lie theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operator_algebra" title="Operator algebra">operator algebras</a> often encounter the <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_identity" title="Jacobi identity">Jacobi identity</a>, the analog of <a href="/wiki/Associative_property" title="Associative property">associativity</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lie_bracket_of_vector_fields" title="Lie bracket of vector fields">Lie bracket</a> operation. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planetary theory (page does not exist)">Planetary theory</a> and other particular dynamical problems likewise occupied his attention from time to time. While contributing to <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_integral" title="Jacobi integral">Jacobi integral</a> (1836) for a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_coordinate_systems" title="Astronomical coordinate systems">sidereal coordinate system</a>. His theory of the <i>last multiplier</i> is treated in <i>Vorlesungen über Dynamik</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Clebsch" title="Alfred Clebsch">Alfred Clebsch</a> (1866).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He left many manuscripts, portions of which have been published at intervals in Crelle's Journal. His other works include <i>Commentatio de transformatione integralis duplicis indefiniti in formam simpliciorem</i> (1832), <i><a href="/wiki/Canon_arithmeticus" title="Canon arithmeticus">Canon arithmeticus</a></i> (1839), and <i>Opuscula mathematica</i> (1846–1857). His <i>Gesammelte Werke</i> (1881–1891) were published by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Berlin Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1829" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentanovat00jacogoog"><i>Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum</i></a> (in Latin), Königsberg, 1829, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05200-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05200-9"><bdi>978-1-108-05200-9</bdi></a>, Reprinted by Cambridge University Press 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamenta+nova+theoriae+functionum+ellipticarum&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.date=1829&rft.isbn=978-1-108-05200-9&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=C.+G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentanovat00jacogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1969" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513144451/http://portail.mathdoc.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_JACOBI__1"><i>Gesammelte Werke</i></a>, Herausgegeben auf Veranlassung der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. <span class="nowrap">I–</span>VIII (2nd ed.), New York: Chelsea Publishing Co., 1969 [1881], <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0260557">0260557</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portail.mathdoc.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_JACOBI__1">the original</a> on 2013-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesammelte+Werke&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Herausgegeben+auf+Veranlassung+der+K%C3%B6niglich+Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chelsea+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0260557%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=C.+G.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportail.mathdoc.fr%2Fcgi-bin%2Foetoc%3Fid%3DOE_JACOBI__1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1839" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canonarithmetic00jacogoog"><i>Canon arithmeticus</i></a>, sive tabulae quibus exhibentur pro singulis numeris primis vel primorum potestatibus infra 1000 numeri ad datos indices et indices ad datos numeros pertinentes, Berlin: Typis Academicis, Berolini, 1839, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0081559">0081559</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+arithmeticus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=sive+tabulae+quibus+exhibentur+pro+singulis+numeris+primis+vel+primorum+potestatibus+infra+1000+numeri+ad+datos+indices+et+indices+ad+datos+numeros+pertinentes&rft.pub=Typis+Academicis%2C+Berolini&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0081559%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanonarithmetic00jacogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1841" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2108544">"De formatione et proprietatibus Determinatium"</a>. <i>Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik</i>. <b>1841</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>318. 1841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcrll.1841.22.285">10.1515/crll.1841.22.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4102">0075-4102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123007787">123007787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+die+reine+und+angewandte+Mathematik&rft.atitle=De+formatione+et+proprietatibus+Determinatium.&rft.volume=1841&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123007787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0075-4102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fcrll.1841.22.285&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=C.G.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2108544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1996" class="citation cs2">Pulte, Helmut, ed. (1996) [1848], <i>Vorlesungen über analytische Mechanik</i>, Dokumente zur Geschichte der Mathematik [Documents on the History of Mathematics], vol. 8, Freiburg: Deutsche Mathematiker Vereinigung, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-80289-7">10.1007/978-3-322-80289-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-528-06692-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-528-06692-5"><bdi>978-3-528-06692-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1414679">1414679</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorlesungen+%C3%BCber+analytische+Mechanik&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.series=Dokumente+zur+Geschichte+der+Mathematik+%5BDocuments+on+the+History+of+Mathematics%5D&rft.pub=Deutsche+Mathematiker+Vereinigung&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1414679%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-322-80289-7&rft.isbn=978-3-528-06692-5&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2007" class="citation cs2"><i>Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie---Wintersemester 1836/37, Königsberg</i>, Algorismus. Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften [Algorismus. Studies in the History of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences], vol. 62, Dr. Erwin Rauner Verlag, Augsburg, 2007 [1836], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936905-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936905-25-0"><bdi>978-3-936905-25-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2573816">2573816</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorlesungen+%C3%BCber+Zahlentheorie---Wintersemester+1836%2F37%2C+K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.series=Algorismus.+Studien+zur+Geschichte+der+Mathematik+und+der+Naturwissenschaften+%5BAlgorismus.+Studies+in+the+History+of+Mathematics+and+the+Natural+Sciences%5D&rft.pub=Dr.+Erwin+Rauner+Verlag%2C+Augsburg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-936905-25-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2573816%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2009" class="citation cs2">Clebsch, A.; Balagangadharan, K.; Banerjee, Biswarup, eds. (2009) [1866], <i>Jacobi's lectures on dynamics</i>, Texts and Readings in Mathematics, vol. 51, New Delhi: Hindustan Book Agency, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185931913" title="Special:BookSources/9788185931913"><bdi>9788185931913</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2569315">2569315</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobi%27s+lectures+on+dynamics&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=Texts+and+Readings+in+Mathematics&rft.pub=Hindustan+Book+Agency&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788185931913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2569315%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2009" class="citation cs2">Ollivier, François; Cohn, Sigismund; Borchardt, C. W.; et al., eds. (2009) [1866], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00821064/file/jacobi2V4.pdf">"The reduction to normal form of a non-normal system of differential equations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing</i>, Translation of De aequationum differentialium systemate non normali ad formam normalem revocando, <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>64, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00200-009-0088-2">10.1007/s00200-009-0088-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-1279">0938-1279</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2496660">2496660</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219629">219629</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applicable+Algebra+in+Engineering%2C+Communication+and+Computing&rft.atitle=The+reduction+to+normal+form+of+a+non-normal+system+of+differential+equations&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2496660%23id-name%3DMR&rft.issn=0938-1279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00200-009-0088-2&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00821064%2Ffile%2Fjacobi2V4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2009" class="citation cs2">Ollivier, François; Cohn, Sigismund; Borchardt., C. W., eds. (2009) [1865], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00820908/file/jacobi1V3.pdf">"Looking for the order of a system of arbitrary ordinary differential equations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing</i>, Translation of De investigando ordine systematis æquationibus differentialium vulgarium cujuscunque, <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>32, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00200-009-0087-3">10.1007/s00200-009-0087-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-1279">0938-1279</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2496659">2496659</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20652724">20652724</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applicable+Algebra+in+Engineering%2C+Communication+and+Computing&rft.atitle=Looking+for+the+order+of+a+system+of+arbitrary+ordinary+differential+equations&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20652724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2496659%23id-name%3DMR&rft.issn=0938-1279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00200-009-0087-3&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00820908%2Ffile%2Fjacobi1V3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Augustin-Louis Cauchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobi_logarithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobi logarithm">Jacobi logarithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_geometric_statement_of_Jacobi" title="Last geometric statement of Jacobi">Last geometric statement of Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="List of things named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">List of things named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His given name is sometimes written as <b>Karl Gustav Jakob</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrich2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrich2017">Aldrich 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-randomhouse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-randomhouse_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob". <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger1904-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger1904_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoenigsberger1904">Koenigsberger 1904</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierpont1906261–262-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierpont1906261–262_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierpont1906">Pierpont 1906</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirichlet1855193–217_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirichlet1855">Dirichlet 1855</a>, pp. 193–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames200269–74-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames200269–74_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2002">James 2002</a>, pp. 69–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Vleck19161–13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Vleck19161–13_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Vleck1916">Van Vleck 1916</a>, pp. 1–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobi1841285–318-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobi1841285–318_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobi1841">Jacobi 1841</a>, pp. 285–318.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2017" class="citation web cs1">Aldrich, John (June 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/calculus.html">"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus"</a>. <i>Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earliest+Uses+of+Various+Mathematical+Symbols&rft.atitle=Earliest+Uses+of+Symbols+of+Calculus&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeff560.tripod.com%2Fcalculus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple_Bell1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Temple_Bell" title="Eric Temple Bell">Temple Bell, Eric</a> (1937). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menofmathematics0041bell"><i>Men of Mathematics</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Temple+Bell&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenofmathematics0041bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz_Cantor1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Cantor" title="Moritz Cantor">Moritz Cantor</a> (1905). "<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Jacobi,_Carl_Gustav_Jacob" class="extiw" title="de:s:ADB:Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob">Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 50. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">598–</span>602.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobi%2C+Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E598-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Moritz+Cantor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirichlet1855" class="citation cs2">Dirichlet, P. G. Lejeune (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN002149478">"Gedächtnißrede auf Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_die_reine_und_angewandte_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik">Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik</a></i>, <b>52</b>: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>217, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4102">0075-4102</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1104895">1104895</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+die+reine+und+angewandte+Mathematik&rft.atitle=Ged%C3%A4chtni%C3%9Frede+auf+Carl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.date=1855&rft.issn=0075-4102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1104895%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Dirichlet&rft.aufirst=P.+G.+Lejeune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3FGDZPPN002149478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jacobi,_Karl_Gustav_Jacob" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob">Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobi%2C+Karl+Gustav+Jacob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2002" class="citation book cs1">James, Ioan Mackenzie (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/remarkablemathem0000jame"><i>Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to Von Neumann</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52094-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52094-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarkable+Mathematicians%3A+From+Euler+to+Von+Neumann&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52094-2&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Ioan+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fremarkablemathem0000jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberger1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koenigsberger, Leo (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlgustavjacobj00koen"><i>Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</i></a>. Festschrift zur Feier der hundertsten Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages (in German). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=Festschrift+zur+Feier+der+hundertsten+Wiederkehr+seines+Geburtstages&rft.pub=B.G.+Teubner&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Koenigsberger&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarlgustavjacobj00koen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierpont1906" class="citation journal cs1">Pierpont, James (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183418772">"Review: Leo Königsberger, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. Festschrift zur Feier der hundertsten Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>12</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1906-01326-X">10.1090/S0002-9904-1906-01326-X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Leo+K%C3%B6nigsberger%2C+Carl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi.+Festschrift+zur+Feier+der+hundertsten+Wiederkehr+seines+Geburtstages&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1906-01326-X&rft.aulast=Pierpont&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2Feuclid.bams%2F1183418772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_J._Scriba1974" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christoph J. Scriba (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016327/images/index.html?seite=247">"Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 10. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>234</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobi%2C+Carl+Gustav+Jacob&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Christoph+J.+Scriba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016327%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118775766.html">full text online</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Vleck1916" class="citation journal cs1">Van Vleck, Edward B. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1916-23-01/S0002-9904-1916-02863-1/S0002-9904-1916-02863-1.pdf">"Current tendencies of mathematical research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society">Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1916-02863-1">10.1090/S0002-9904-1916-02863-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904">0002-9904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Current+tendencies+of+mathematical+research&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1916-02863-1&rft.issn=0002-9904&rft.aulast=Van+Vleck&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1916-23-01%2FS0002-9904-1916-02863-1%2FS0002-9904-1916-02863-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gesammelwerke00jacorich">Jacobi's <i>Vorlesungen über Dynamik</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jacobi.html">"Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FJacobi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Jacobi,_Karl_Gustav_Jakob">"Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobi%2C+Karl+Gustav+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Jacobi,_Karl_Gustav_Jakob">"Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobi%2C+Karl+Gustav+Jakob&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Jacobi,_Karl_Gustav_Jakob">"Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobi%2C+Karl+Gustav+Jakob&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gustav+Jacob+Jacobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513144451/http://portail.mathdoc.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_JACOBI__1">Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi - Œuvres complètes</a> Gallica-Math</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118775766">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84804757">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122025359">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122025359">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001107335">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV029255">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35429574">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20041019005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073133566">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90115652">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000689021&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=139521">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvx0tx219dv795">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810700537105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272029105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514473506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02510325?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=15635">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:jacobi.carl">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/92660">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/949772">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118775766.html?language=en">Deutsche 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