CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pelagianism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b7074db7-fe3e-4a26-8a83-8ffe5cc87b22","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pelagianism","wgTitle":"Pelagianism","wgCurRevisionId":1260450139,"wgRevisionId":1260450139,"wgArticleId":24986,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Pelagianism","Christian terminology","Christian theological movements","Heresy in ancient Christianity"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pelagianism","wgRelevantArticleId":24986, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q122398","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Pelagius.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1331"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pelagius.jpg/800px-Pelagius.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="887"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pelagius.jpg/640px-Pelagius.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="710"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pelagianism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pelagianism rootpage-Pelagianism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pelagianism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pelagianism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pelagianism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pelagianism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagian_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagian_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Pelagian controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagian_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagius'_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagius'_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pelagius' teachings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pelagius'_teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pelagius' teachings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pelagius'_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_will_and_original_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will_and_original_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Free will and original sin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will_and_original_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sin_and_virtue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sin_and_virtue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sin and virtue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sin_and_virtue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_and_judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_and_judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Baptism and judgment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism_and_judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Comparison </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagianism_and_Augustinianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagianism_and_Augustinianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pelagianism and Augustinianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagianism_and_Augustinianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagianism_and_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagianism_and_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pelagianism and Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagianism_and_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semi-Pelagian_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-Pelagian_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Semi-Pelagian controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-Pelagian_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagian_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagian_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pelagian manuscripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagian_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Contemporary responses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_reassessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_reassessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Scholarly reassessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_reassessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pelagianism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيلاجيانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيلاجيانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianisme" title="Pelagianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pelagianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismus" title="Pelagianismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pelagianismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismus" title="Pelagianismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pelagianismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πελαγιανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πελαγιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismo" title="Pelagianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pelagianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismo" title="Pelagianismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pelagianismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismo" title="Pelagianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pelagianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9lagianisme" title="Pélagianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pélagianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelaxianismo" title="Pelaxianismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pelaxianismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%9D%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="펠라기우스주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펠라기우스주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagijanstvo" title="Pelagijanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pelagijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianisme" title="Pelagianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelagianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismo" title="Pelagianismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pelagianismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianesimo" title="Pelagianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pelagianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פלגיאניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלגיאניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პელაგიანობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პელაგიანობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upelaji" title="Upelaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upelaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianizmus" title="Pelagianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pelagianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianisma" title="Pelagianisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pelagianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="പെലേജിയനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെലേജിയനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianisme" title="Pelagianisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pelagianisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="ペラギウス主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペラギウス主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianisme" title="Pelagianisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pelagianisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianizm" title="Pelagianizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pelagianizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianismo" title="Pelagianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pelagianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pelagianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пелагианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пелагианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pelagianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianizmus" title="Pelagianizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pelagianizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пелагијанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пелагијанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagijanstvo" title="Pelagijanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pelagijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagiolaisuus" title="Pelagiolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pelagiolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pelagianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianizm" title="Pelagianizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pelagianizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пелагіанізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пелагіанізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%B3%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伯拉糾主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯拉糾主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122398#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pelagianism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pelagianism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pelagianism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&oldid=1260450139" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pelagianism&id=1260450139&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPelagianism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPelagianism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pelagianism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122398" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early heterodox Christian theological position</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pelagians" redirects here. For the Italian movement of lay mystics known as Pelagians, see <a href="/wiki/Pelagians_(Quietism)" title="Pelagians (Quietism)">Pelagians (Quietism)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelagianism</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagian controversy">Pelagian controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Pelagianism" title="Semi-Pelagianism">Semi-Pelagianism</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pelagians" title="Category:Pelagians">Proponents</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caelestius" title="Caelestius">Caelestius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_the_Syrian" title="Rufinus the Syrian">Rufinus the Syrian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Briton" title="Sicilian Briton">Sicilian Briton</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Opponents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Doctrines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Rejection of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_free_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian free will">Libertarian free will</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pelagianism_sidebar" title="Template:Pelagianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pelagianism_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pelagianism sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pelagianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pelagianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelagius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pelagius.jpg/220px-Pelagius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pelagius.jpg/330px-Pelagius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pelagius.jpg/440px-Pelagius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a>, for whom Pelagianism was named</figcaption></figure> Pelagianism is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theological</a> position that holds that <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">the fall</a> did not taint <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> and that humans by divine grace have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> to achieve human perfection. <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 355 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 420 AD), an ascetic and philosopher from the British Isles, taught that God could not command believers to do the impossible, and therefore it must be possible to satisfy all divine commandments. He also taught that it was unjust to punish one person for the sins of another; therefore, infants are born blameless. Pelagius accepted no excuse for sinful behaviour and taught that all Christians, regardless of their station in life, should live unimpeachable, sinless lives. To a large degree, "Pelagianism" was defined by its opponent <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, and exact definitions remain elusive. Although Pelagianism had considerable support in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>, especially among the Roman elite and <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, it was attacked by Augustine and his supporters, who had opposing views on grace, predestination and free will. Augustine proved victorious in the <a href="#Pelagian_controversy">Pelagian controversy</a>; Pelagianism was decisively condemned at the 418 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage">Council of Carthage</a> and is regarded as heretical by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. For centuries afterward, "Pelagianism" was used in various forms as an accusation of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> for Christians who hold unorthodox beliefs, but some recent scholarship has offered a different opinion. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">Christianity in the 4th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">Christianity in the 5th century</a></div> During the fourth and fifth centuries, the Church was experiencing rapid change due to the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a> to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> Many Romans were converting to Christianity, but they did not necessarily follow the faith strictly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998-2">[2]</a> As Christians were no longer <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecuted</a>, they faced a new problem: how to avoid backsliding and nominal adherence to the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> while retaining the sense of urgency originally caused by persecution. For many, the solution was adopting <a href="/wiki/Christian_asceticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian asceticism">Christian asceticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> Early Christianity was <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">theologically diverse</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> taught that <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> was the result of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, a Syrian tradition including the second-century figures <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> asserted that mortality preceded the fall. Around 400, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> was just emerging in Western Christianity, deriving from the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a> that infants should be baptized for the sin of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>. Other Christians followed <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> in the belief that infants are born in sin due to their failings in a <a href="/wiki/Previous_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Previous life">previous life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_the_Syrian" title="Rufinus the Syrian">Rufinus the Syrian</a>, who came to Rome in 399 as a delegate for <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, followed the Syrian tradition, declaring that man had been created mortal and that each human is only punished for his own <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20141–2-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 355–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 420)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2011377-4">[4]</a> was an ascetic layman, probably from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, who moved to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the early 380s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201238-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201281-6">[6]</a> Like Jerome, Pelagius criticized what he saw as an increasing laxity among Christians, instead promoting higher moral standards and asceticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2011377-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200151-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201281-6">[6]</a> He opposed <a href="/wiki/Manicheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheanism">Manicheanism</a> because of its <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> and argued for the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Sinless" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinless">sinless life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a> Although Pelagius preached the renunciation of earthly wealth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007689–690-9">[9]</a> his ideas became popular among parts of the Roman elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201238-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200151-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Peter Brown</a> argued that Pelagianism appealed "to a powerful centrifugal tendency in the aristocracy of Rome—a tendency to scatter, to form a pattern of little groups, each striving to be an elite, each anxious to rise above their neighbours and rivals—the average upper‐class residents of Rome."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007691-10">[10]</a> The powerful Roman administrator <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola" title="Paulinus of Nola">Paulinus of Nola</a> was close to Pelagius and the Pelagian writer <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197060–61-11">[11]</a> and the former Roman aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Caelestius" title="Caelestius">Caelestius</a> was described by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Bonner" title="Gerald Bonner">Gerald Bonner</a> as "the real apostle of the so-called Pelagian movement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a> Many of the ideas Pelagius promoted were mainstream in contemporary Christianity, advocated by such figures as <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, Jerome, and even the early <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018299-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20142,_4-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pelagian_controversy">Pelagian controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pelagian controversy">edit</a>]</div> In 410, Pelagius and Caelestius fled Rome for Sicily and then North Africa due to the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201282-14">[14]</a> At the 411 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage">Council of Carthage</a>, Caelestius approached the bishop <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_of_Carthage" title="Aurelius of Carthage">Aurelius</a> for ordination, but instead he was condemned for his belief on sin and original sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20143-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002224-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a> Caelestius defended himself by arguing that this original sin was still being debated and his beliefs were <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a>. His views on grace were not mentioned, although Augustine (who had not been present) later claimed that Caelestius had been condemned because of "arguments against the grace of Christ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002224–225,_231-18">[17]</a> Unlike Caelestius, Pelagius refused to answer the question as to whether man had been created mortal, and, outside of Northern Africa, it was Caelestius' teachings which were the main targets of condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20143-15">[15]</a> In 412, Augustine read Pelagius' <a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Romans_(Pelagius)" title="Commentary on Romans (Pelagius)">Commentary on Romans</a> and described its author as a "highly advanced Christian."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201279-19">[18]</a> Augustine maintained friendly relations with Pelagius until the next year, initially only condemning Caelestius' teachings, and considering his dispute with Pelagius to be an academic one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20145-20">[19]</a> Jerome attacked Pelagianism for saying that humans had the potential to be sinless, and connected it with other recognized heresies, including Origenism, <a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinianism</a>, Manichaeanism, and <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a>. Scholar Michael Rackett noted that the linkage of Pelagianism and Origenism was "dubious" but influential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002228–229-21">[20]</a> Jerome also disagreed with Pelagius' strong view of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. In 415, he wrote Dialogus adversus Pelagianos to refute Pelagian statements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002230-22">[21]</a> Noting that Jerome was also an <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">ascetic</a> and critical of earthly wealth, historian <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz" title="Wolf Liebeschuetz">Wolf Liebeschuetz</a> suggested that his motive for opposing Pelagianism was envy of Pelagius' success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007690-23">[22]</a> In 415, Augustine's emissary <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> brought charges against Pelagius at a council in Jerusalem, which were referred to Rome for judgement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20145-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007685–686-24">[23]</a> The same year, the exiled <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> bishops <a href="/wiki/Heros_of_Arles" title="Heros of Arles">Heros of Arles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Aix" title="Lazarus of Aix">Lazarus of Aix</a> accused Pelagius of heresy, citing passages in Caelestius' Liber de 13 capitula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002226-25">[24]</a> Pelagius defended himself by disavowing Caelestius' teachings, leading to his acquittal at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diospolis" title="Synod of Diospolis">Synod of Diospolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, which proved to be a key turning point in the controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201239–40-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002233-27">[26]</a> Following the verdict, Augustine convinced two <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> in North Africa to condemn Pelagianism, whose findings were partially confirmed by Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent I">Innocent I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20145-20">[19]</a> In January 417, shortly before his death, Innocent <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> Pelagius and two of his followers. Innocent's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a>, reversed the judgement against Pelagius, but backtracked following pressure from the African bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201239–40-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20145-20">[19]</a> Pelagianism was later condemned at the Council of Carthage in 418, after which Zosimus issued the Epistola tractoria excommunicating both Pelagius and Caelestius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20146-28">[27]</a> Concern that Pelagianism undermined the role of the clergy and <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a> was specifically cited in the judgement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007687-29">[28]</a> At the time, Pelagius' teachings had considerable support among Christians, especially other ascetics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a> Considerable parts of the Christian world had never heard of Augustine's doctrine of original sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20146-28">[27]</a> Eighteen Italian bishops, including <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a>, protested against the condemnation of Pelagius and refused to follow Zosimus' Epistola tractoria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20146-28">[27]</a> Many of them later had to seek shelter with the Greek bishops <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, leading to accusations that Pelagian errors lay beneath the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian controversy">Nestorian controversy</a> over <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20147-32">[31]</a> Both Pelagianism and <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> were condemned at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201240-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20147-32">[31]</a> With its supporters either condemned or forced to move to the East, Pelagianism ceased to be a viable doctrine in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin West">Latin West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152-31">[30]</a> Despite repeated attempts to suppress Pelagianism and similar teachings, some followers were still active in the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> (493–553), most notably in <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoderic the Great">Theoderic the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2016523-34">[33]</a> Pelagianism was also reported to be popular in Britain, as <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus of Auxerre</a> made at least one visit (in 429) to denounce the heresy. Some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Nowell_Myres" title="Nowell Myres">Nowell Myres</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">John Morris</a>, have suggested that Pelagianism in Britain was understood as an attack on Roman decadence and corruption, but this idea has not gained general acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002236-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pelagius'_teachings">Pelagius' teachings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pelagius' teachings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will_and_original_sin">Free will and original sin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Free will and original sin">edit</a>]</div> The idea that God had created anything or anyone who was evil by nature struck Pelagius as <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a> Pelagius taught that humans were free of the burden of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, because it would be unjust for any person to be blamed for another's actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a> According to Pelagianism, humans were created in the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">image of God</a> and had been granted <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a> and reason to determine right from wrong, and the ability to carry out correct actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a> If "sin" could not be avoided it could not be considered sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002226-25">[24]</a> In Pelagius' view, the doctrine of original sin placed too little emphasis on the human capacity for self-improvement, leading either to despair or to reliance on forgiveness without responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116-38">[37]</a> He also argued that many young Christians were comforted with false security about their salvation leading them to relax their Christian practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">[38]</a> Pelagius believed that Adam's transgression had caused humans to become mortal, and given them a bad example, but not corrupted their nature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200949-40">[39]</a> while Caelestius went even further, arguing that Adam had been created mortal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200950-41">[40]</a> He did not even accept the idea that original sin had instilled <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of death">fear of death</a> among humans, as Augustine said. Instead, Pelagius taught that the fear of death could be overcome by devout Christians, and that death could be a release from toil rather than a punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200488–89-42">[41]</a> Both Pelagius and Caelestius reasoned that it would be unreasonable for God to command the impossible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002226-25">[24]</a> and therefore each human retained <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_free_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian free will">absolute freedom of action</a> and full responsibility for all actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[b]</a> Pelagius did not accept any limitation on free will, including <a href="/wiki/Necessity_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessity defense">necessity</a>, compulsion, or limitations of nature. He believed that teaching a strong position on free will was the best motivation for individuals to reform their conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sin_and_virtue">Sin and virtue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sin and virtue">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> He is a Christian <dl><dd>who shows compassion to all,</dd> <dd>who is not at all provoked by wrong done to him,</dd> <dd>who does not allow the poor to be oppressed in his presence,</dd> <dd>who helps the wretched,</dd> <dd>who succors the needy,</dd> <dd>who mourns with the mourners,</dd> <dd>who feels another's pain as if it were his own,</dd> <dd>who is moved to tears by the tears of others,</dd> <dd>whose house is common to all,</dd> <dd>whose door is closed to no one,</dd> <dd>whose table no poor man does not know,</dd> <dd>whose food is offered to all,</dd> <dd>whose goodness all know and at whose hands no one experiences injury,</dd> <dd>who serves God all day and night,</dd> <dd>who ponders and meditates upon his commandments unceasingly,</dd> <dd>who is made poor in the eyes of the world so that he may become rich before God.</dd></dl> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—On the Christian Life, a Pelagian treatise<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiVA0q4mcwKMCpgRA1-PA124_124]-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-On_the_Christian_Life-46">[c]</a></cite></div> </div> In the Pelagian view, by corollary, sin was not an inevitable result of fallen human nature, but instead came about by <a href="/wiki/Free_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Free choice">free choice</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">[44]</a> and bad habits; through repeated sinning, a person could corrupt their own nature and enslave themself to sin. Pelagius believed that God had given man the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a> in order to counter these ingrained bad habits, and when that wore off over time God revealed the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a> However, because Pelagius considered a person to always have the ability to choose the right action in each circumstance, it was therefore theoretically possible (though rare) to live a sinless life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, held in Christian doctrine to have lived a life without sin, was the ultimate example for Pelagians seeking perfection in their own lives, but there were also other humans who were without sin—including some notable pagans and especially the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew prophets">Hebrew prophets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479–80-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[d]</a> This view was at odds with that of Augustine and orthodox Christianity, which taught that Jesus was the only man free of sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200480-51">[47]</a> Pelagius did teach Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Vicarious_atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicarious atonement">vicarious atonement</a> for the sins of mankind and the cleansing effect of baptism, but placed less emphasis on these aspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a> Pelagius taught that a human's ability to act correctly was a gift of God,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479-48">[45]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a> and the example and teachings of Jesus. Further spiritual development, including faith in Christianity, was up to individual choice, not divine benevolence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948-52">[48]</a> Pelagius accepted no excuse for sin, and argued that Christians should be like the church described in <a href="/wiki/Ephesians_5" title="Ephesians 5">Ephesians 5</a>:27, "without spot or wrinkle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197069-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Instead of accepting the inherent imperfection of man, or arguing that the highest moral standards could only be applied to an elite, Pelagius taught that all Christians should strive for perfection. Like <a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinian</a>, Pelagius taught that married life was not inferior to <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, but with the twist that all Christians regardless of life situation were called to a kind of asceticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> Pelagius taught that it was not sufficient for a person to call themselves a Christian and follow the commandments of scripture; it was also essential to actively do <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a> and cultivate virtue, setting themselves apart from the masses who were "Christian in name only", and that Christians ought to be extraordinary and irreproachable in conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">[38]</a> Specifically, he emphasized the importance of reading scripture, following religious commandments, charity, and taking responsibility for one's actions, and maintaining modesty and moderation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[e]</a> Pelagius taught that true virtue was not reflected externally in <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, but was an internal spiritual state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a> He explicitly called on wealthy Christians to share their fortunes with the poor. (Augustine criticized Pelagius' call for wealth redistribution.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007689–690-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism_and_judgment">Baptism and judgment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baptism and judgment">edit</a>]</div> Because sin in the Pelagian view was deliberate, with people responsible only for their own actions, infants were considered without fault in Pelagianism, and unbaptized infants were not thought to be sent to hell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998Grace_and_free_will-56">[51]</a> Like early Augustine, Pelagians believed that infants would be sent to <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001119-57">[52]</a> Although Pelagius rejected that <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> was necessary to cleanse original sin, he nevertheless supported the practice because he felt it improved their spirituality through a closer union with Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">[53]</a> For adults, baptism was essential because it was the mechanism for obtaining forgiveness of the sins that a person had personally committed and a new beginning in their relationship with God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479-48">[45]</a> After death, adults would be judged by their acts and omissions and consigned to <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">everlasting fire</a> if they had failed: "not because of the evils they have done, but for their failures to do good".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">[38]</a> He did not accept purgatory as a possible destination for adults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20145-20">[19]</a> Although Pelagius taught that the path of righteousness was open to all, in practice only a few would manage to follow it and be saved. Like many medieval theologians, Pelagius believed that instilling in Christians the fear of hell was often necessary to convince them to follow their religion where <a href="/wiki/Internal_motivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal motivation">internal motivation</a> was absent or insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> Significant influences on Pelagius included <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, which had a more positive view of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018304–305-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical philosophy">classical philosophy</a>, from which he drew the ideas of personal autonomy and self-improvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> After having previously credited Cicero's <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a> <a href="/wiki/Hortensius_(Cicero)" title="Hortensius (Cicero)">Hortensius</a> for his eventual conversion to Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> Augustine accused Pelagius' idea of virtue of being "<a href="/wiki/Ciceronian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciceronian">Ciceronian</a>", taking issue with the ideology of the dialogue's author as having overemphasized the role of human intellect and will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004109–110-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[f]</a> Although his teachings on original sin were novel, Pelagius' views on grace, free will and predestination were similar to those of contemporary Greek-speaking theologians such as Origen, John Chrysostom, and Jerome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">[53]</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Carol_Harrison_(theologian)" title="Carol Harrison (theologian)">Carol Harrison</a> commented that Pelagianism is "a radically different alternative to Western understandings of the human person, human responsibility and freedom, ethics and the nature of salvation" which might have come about if Augustine had not been victorious in the Pelagian controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">[1]</a> According to Harrison, "Pelagianism represents an attempt to safeguard God's justice, to preserve the integrity of human nature as created by God, and of human beings' obligation, responsibility and ability to attain a life of perfect righteousness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682-64">[58]</a> However, this is at the expense of downplaying human frailty and presenting "the operation of divine grace as being merely external".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682-64">[58]</a> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Weaver_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca Weaver (theologian)">Rebecca Weaver</a>, "what most distinguished Pelagius was his conviction of an unrestricted freedom of choice, given by God and immune to alteration by sin or circumstance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii-65">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> What Augustine called "Pelagianism" was more his own invention than that of Pelagius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200950-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302-66">[60]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scheck" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Scheck">Thomas Scheck</a>, Pelagianism is the heresy of denying Catholic Church teaching on original sin, or more specifically the beliefs condemned as heretical in 417 and 418.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201286-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[g]</a> In her study, Ali Bonner (a lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>) found that there was no one individual who held all the doctrines of "Pelagianism", nor was there a coherent Pelagian movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302-66">[60]</a> although these findings are disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChronister2020119-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELössl2019848-70">[63]</a> Bonner argued that the two core ideas promoted by Pelagius were "the goodness of human nature and effective free will" although both were advocated by other Christian authors from the 360s. Because Pelagius did not invent these ideas, she recommended attributing them to the ascetic movement rather than using the word "Pelagian".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302-66">[60]</a> Later Christians used "Pelagianism" as an insult for theologically orthodox Christians who held positions that they disagreed with. Historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Nelson_(historian)" title="Eric Nelson (historian)">Eric Nelson</a> defined genuine Pelagianism as rejection of original sin or denial of original sin's effect on man's ability to avoid sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20194-71">[64]</a> Even in recent scholarly literature, the term "Pelagianism" is not clearly or consistently defined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201281–82-72">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelagianism_and_Augustinianism">Pelagianism and Augustinianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pelagianism and Augustinianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></div> Pelagius' teachings on human nature, divine grace, and sin were opposed to those of Augustine, who declared Pelagius "the enemy of the grace of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201279-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[h]</a> Augustine distilled what he called Pelagianism into three heretical tenets: "to think that God redeems according to some scale of human merit; to imagine that some human beings are actually capable of a sinless life; to suppose that the descendants of the first human beings to sin are themselves born innocent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[i]</a> In Augustine's writings, Pelagius is a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> who excluded God from human salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201279-19">[18]</a> Pelagianism shaped Augustine's ideas in opposition to his own on free will, grace, and original sin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200943-77">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201215-78">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump2001130-79">[70]</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a> is devoted to countering Pelagian arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200480-51">[47]</a> Another major difference in the two thinkers was that Pelagius emphasized obedience to God for fear of hell, which Augustine considered servile. In contrast, Augustine argued that Christians should be motivated by the delight and blessings of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and believed that it was treason "to do the right deed for the wrong reason".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">[38]</a> According to Augustine, credit for all virtue and good works is due to God alone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004187–188-80">[71]</a> and to say otherwise caused arrogance, which is the foundation of sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004191-81">[72]</a> According to Peter Brown, "For a sensitive man of the fifth century, Manichaeism, Pelagianism, and the views of Augustine were not as widely separated as we would now see them: they would have appeared to him as points along the great circle of problems raised by the Christian religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200953-82">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a> argued for a middle way between Pelagianism and Augustinianism, in which the human will is not negated but presented as intermittent, sick, and weak,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682-64">[58]</a> and Jerome held a middle position on sinlessness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquires2016706-83">[74]</a> In Gaul, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Semi-Pelagians" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Pelagians">semi-Pelagians</a>" disagreed with Augustine on <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> (but recognized the three Pelagian doctrines as heretical) and were accused by Augustine of being seduced by Pelagian ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152,_55-84">[75]</a> According to Ali Bonner, the crusade against Pelagianism and other heresies narrowed the range of acceptable opinions and reduced the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">intellectual freedom</a> of classical Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018303–304-85">[76]</a> When it came to grace and especially predestination, it was Augustine's ideas, not Pelagius', which were novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018305-86">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200486-87">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xix-88">[79]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belief</th> <th>Pelagianism</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a></td> <td>Sets a bad example, but does not affect <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a></td> <td>Every human's nature is corrupted by <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, and they also inherit moral guilt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_free_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian free will">Absolute freedom of choice</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">[36]</a></td> <td>Original sin renders men unable to choose good<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123–124-89">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Status of infants</td> <td>Blameless<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998Grace_and_free_will-56">[51]</a></td> <td>Corrupted by original sin and consigned to hell if unbaptized<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124-90">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">Sin</a></td> <td>Comes about by free choice<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">[44]</a></td> <td>Inevitable result of fallen human nature<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Forgiveness for sin</a></td> <td>Given to those who sincerely repent and merit it<a href="#cite_note-91">[j]</a></td> <td>Part of God's grace, disbursed according to His will<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200130–31-92">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Impeccability" title="Impeccability">Sinlessness</a></td> <td>Theoretically possible, although unusual<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948-52">[48]</a></td> <td>Impossible due to the corruption of human nature<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124-90">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></td> <td>Humans will be judged for their choices<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">[29]</a></td> <td>Salvation is bestowed by God's grace<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump2001139–140-93">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></td> <td>Rejected<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2011378-94">[84]</a></td> <td>God <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">decides who is saved</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">prevents them from falling away</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001123–124-95">[85]</a> Though the explicit teaching of <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">double predestination</a> by Augustine is debated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48-96">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-97">[87]</a> it is at least implied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-98">[88]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to Nelson, Pelagianism is a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a> that invokes <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_free_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian free will">libertarian free will</a> as both the cause of human suffering and a sufficient good to justify it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20193-99">[89]</a> By positing that man could choose between good and evil without divine intercession, Pelagianism brought into question Christianity's core doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' act of <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> to expiate the sins of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20193,_51-100">[90]</a> For this reason, Pelagianism became associated with <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> interpretations of Christianity which rejected the <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">divinity of Jesus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201951-101">[91]</a> as well as other heresies such as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortalism">mortalism</a> (which rejected the <a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">existence of hell</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20194-71">[64]</a> Augustine argued that if man "could have become just by the law of nature and free will . . . amounts to rendering the cross of Christ void".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20193-99">[89]</a> He argued that no suffering was truly undeserved, and that grace was equally undeserved but bestowed by God's benevolence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001117–118-102">[92]</a> Augustine's solution, while it was faithful to orthodox Christology, worsened the problem of evil because according to Augustinian interpretations, God punishes sinners who by their very nature are unable not to sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20194-71">[64]</a> The Augustinian defense of God's grace against accusations of arbitrariness is that God's ways are incomprehensible to mere mortals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20194-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump2001139-103">[93]</a> Yet, as later critics such as <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> asserted, asking "<a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">it is good and just because God wills it or whether God wills it because it is good and just</a>?", this defense (although accepted by many Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> theologians) creates a <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">God-centered morality</a>, which, in Leibniz' view "would destroy the justice of God" and make him into a tyrant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20195–6-104">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelagianism_and_Judaism">Pelagianism and Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pelagianism and Judaism">edit</a>]</div> One of the most important distinctions between Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is that the former conventionally teaches justification by faith, while the latter teaches that man has the choice to follow divine law. By teaching the absence of original sin and the idea that humans can choose between good and evil, Pelagianism advocated a position close to that of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu2015182-105">[95]</a> Pelagius wrote positively of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and Judaism, recommending that Christians study Old Testament (i.e., the Tanakh) <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">law</a>—a sympathy not commonly encountered in Christianity after <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948-52">[48]</a> Augustine was the first to accuse Pelagianism of "<a href="/wiki/Judaizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizing">Judaizing</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200945-106">[96]</a> which became a commonly heard criticism of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201951-101">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200945-106">[96]</a> However, although contemporary rabbinic literature tends to take a Pelagian perspective on the major questions, and it could be argued that the rabbis shared a <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> with Pelagius, there were minority opinions within Judaism (such as the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>) which argued for ideas more similar to Augustine's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200959-107">[97]</a> Overall, Jewish discourse did not discuss free will and emphasized God's goodness in his revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200960-108">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_responses">Later responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later responses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-Pelagian_controversy">Semi-Pelagian controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Semi-Pelagian controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semi-Pelagian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Pelagian controversy">Semi-Pelagian controversy</a></div> The resolution of the Pelagian controversy gave rise to a new controversy in southern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in the fifth and sixth centuries, retrospectively called by the <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> "semi-Pelagianism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xiv–xv,_xviii-109">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201287-110">[100]</a> The "semi-Pelagians" all accepted the condemnation of Pelagius, believed grace was necessary for salvation, and were followers of Augustine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201287-110">[100]</a> The controversy centered on differing interpretations of the verse <a href="/wiki/1_Timothy_2:4" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy 2:4">1 Timothy 2:4</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii-65">[59]</a> "For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth."<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> Augustine and <a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper of Aquitaine</a> assumed that <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">God's will is always effective</a> and that some are not saved (i.e., opposing <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a>). Their opponents, based on the tradition of Eastern Christianity, argued that <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian predestination">Augustinian predestination</a> contradicted the biblical passage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201287-110">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xv,_xix,_xxiv-112">[102]</a> Cassian, whose writings survived, argued for <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a> that individuals could accept or reject. Other semi-Pelagians were said to undermine the essential role of God's grace in salvation and argue for a median between Augustinianism and Pelagianism, although these alleged writings are no longer extant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii–xix-113">[103]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)" title="Council of Orange (529)">Council of Orange</a> in 529, called and presided over by the Augustinian <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a>, semi-Pelagianism was condemned but Augustinian ideas were also not accepted entirely: the synod advocated <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a>, the idea that human freedom and divine grace work together for salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xxiv-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201287-110">[100]</a> Christians often used "Pelagianism" as a criticism to imply that the target denied God's grace and strayed into heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002236-35">[34]</a> Later Augustinians criticized those who asserted a meaningful role for human free will in their own salvation as covert "Pelagians" or "semi-Pelagians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201279-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelagian_manuscripts">Pelagian manuscripts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pelagian manuscripts">edit</a>]</div> During the Middle Ages, Pelagius' writings were popular but usually attributed to other authors, especially Augustine and Jerome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018288–289-115">[105]</a> Pelagius' Commentary on Romans circulated under two pseudonymous versions, "Pseudo-Jerome" (copied before 432) and "Pseudo-Primasius", revised by <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> in the sixth century to remove the "Pelagian errors" that Cassiodorus found in it. During the Middle Ages, it passed as a work by Jerome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201291–92-116">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> printed the commentary in 1516, in a volume of works by Jerome. Erasmus recognized that the work was not really Jerome's, writing that he did not know who the author was. Erasmus admired the commentary because it followed the consensus interpretation of Paul in the Greek tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201292-117">[107]</a> The nineteenth-century theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Jacques Paul Migne</a> suspected that Pelagius was the author, and <a href="/wiki/William_Ince_(theologian)" title="William Ince (theologian)">William Ince</a> recognized Pelagius' authorship as early as 1887. The original version of the commentary was found and published by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Souter" title="Alexander Souter">Alexander Souter</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201292-117">[107]</a> According to French scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves-Marie_Duval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves-Marie Duval (page does not exist)">Yves-Marie Duval</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves-Marie_Duval" class="extiw" title="fr:Yves-Marie Duval">fr</a>], the Pelagian treatise On the Christian Life was the second-most copied work during the Middle Ages (behind Augustine's <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a>) outside of the Bible and liturgical texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018288–289-115">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-On_the_Christian_Life-46">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early modern era">edit</a>]</div> During the modern era, Pelagianism continued to be used as an epithet against orthodox Christians. However, there were also some authors who had essentially Pelagian views according to Nelson's definition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20194-71">[64]</a> Nelson argued that many of those considered the predecessors to modern <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> took Pelagian or Pelagian-adjacent positions on the problem of evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20195-119">[109]</a> For instance, Leibniz, who coined the word <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> in 1710, rejected Pelagianism but nevertheless proved to be "a crucial conduit for Pelagian ideas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20192,_5-120">[110]</a> He argued that "Freedom is deemed necessary in order that man may be deemed guilty and open to punishment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20198-121">[111]</a> In <a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_christiana_(Milton)" class="mw-redirect" title="De doctrina christiana (Milton)">De doctrina christiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> argued that "if, because of God's decree, man could not help but fall . . . then God's restoration of fallen man was a matter of justice not grace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20197-122">[112]</a> Milton also argued for other positions that could be considered Pelagian, such as that "The knowledge and survey of vice, is in this world ... necessary to the constituting of human virtue."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201911-123">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> made nearly identical arguments for that point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201911-123">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> argued that the idea that "all Adam's Posterity [are] doomed to Eternal Infinite Punishment, for the Transgression of Adam" was "little consistent with the Justice or Goodness of the Great and Infinite God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20197–8-124">[114]</a> He did not accept that original sin corrupted human nature, and argued that man could live a Christian life (although not "void of slips and falls") and be entitled to justification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20198-121">[111]</a> Nelson argues that the drive for rational justification of religion, rather than a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>, was actually "a Pelagian response to the theodicy problem" because "the conviction that everything necessary for salvation must be accessible to human reason was yet another inference from God's justice". In Pelagianism, libertarian free will is <a href="/wiki/Necessary_but_not_sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary but not sufficient">necessary but not sufficient</a> for God's punishment of humans to be justified, because man must also understand God's commands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201915-125">[115]</a> As a result, thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> argued that following <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> without <a href="/wiki/Revealed_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Revealed religion">revealed religion</a> must be sufficient for the <a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">salvation of those who were never exposed to Christianity</a> because, as Locke pointed out, access to revelation is a matter of <a href="/wiki/Moral_luck" title="Moral luck">moral luck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201916–18-126">[116]</a> Early modern proto-liberals such as Milton, Locke, Leibniz, and Rousseau advocated <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> and freedom of private action (eventually codified as <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>), as only freely chosen actions could merit salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201919–20-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[k]</a> 19th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> dealt with the same problems (nature, grace, freedom, and sin) as Augustine and Pelagius,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124-90">[81]</a> which he believed were opposites in a <a href="/wiki/Hegelian_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian dialectic">Hegelian dialectic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008126-130">[119]</a> He rarely mentioned Pelagius explicitly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124-90">[81]</a> even though he inclined towards a Pelagian viewpoint. However, Kierkegaard rejected the idea that man could perfect himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008128-131">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_responses">Contemporary responses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary responses">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> was a critic of Pelagianism, an attitude that he retained even after becoming an atheist. His anti-Pelagian ideas influenced his book <a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a>, in which he argued that differences in productivity between humans are a result of "moral arbitrariness" and therefore unequal wealth is undeserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201950,_53-132">[121]</a> In contrast, the Pelagian position would be that human sufferings are largely the result of sin and are therefore deserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201951-101">[91]</a> According to Nelson, many contemporary <a href="/wiki/Social_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberals">social liberals</a> follow Rawls rather than the older liberal-Pelagian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201949-133">[122]</a> The conflict between Pelagius and the teachings of Augustine was a constant theme throughout the works of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>, in books including <a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthly_Powers" title="Earthly Powers">Earthly Powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Battlements" title="A Vision of Battlements">A Vision of Battlements</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wanting_Seed" title="The Wanting Seed">The Wanting Seed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_reassessment">Scholarly reassessment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scholarly reassessment">edit</a>]</div> During the 20th century, Pelagius and his teachings underwent a reassessment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007694-135">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">[53]</a> In 1956, John Ferguson wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">If a heretic is one who emphasizes one truth to the exclusion of others, it would at any rate appear that [Pelagius] was no more a heretic than Augustine. His fault was in exaggerated emphasis, but in the final form his philosophy took, after necessary and proper modifications as a result of criticism, it is not certain that any statement of his is totally irreconcilable with the Christian faith or indefensible in terms of the New Testament. It is by no means so clear that the same may be said of Augustine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1956182-136">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007694-135">[124]</a></blockquote> Thomas Scheck writes that although Pelagius' views on original sin are still considered "one-sided and defective":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">An important result of the modern reappraisal of Pelagius's theology has been a more sympathetic assessment of his theology and doctrine of grace and the recognition of its deep rootedness in the antecedent Greek theologians... Pelagius's doctrine of grace, free will and predestination, as represented in his Commentary on Romans, has very strong links with Eastern (Greek) theology and, for the most part, these doctrines are no more reproachable than those of orthodox Greek theologians such as Origen and John Chrysostom, and of St. Jerome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">[53]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">Indeterminism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Marius_Mercator" title="Marius Mercator">Marius Mercator</a>, Caelestius was deemed to hold six heretical beliefs:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002224-16">[16]</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> was created mortal</li><li>Adam's sin did not corrupt other humans</li><li>Infants are born into the same state as Adam before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a></li><li>Adam's sin did not introduce mortality</li><li>Following God's law enables man to enter the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of Heaven</a></li><li>There were other humans, besides Christ, who were without sin</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Scriptural passages cited to support this argument include <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_30" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy 30">Deuteronomy 30</a>:15, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiasticus">Ecclesiasticus</a> 15:14–17, and <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_18" title="Ezekiel 18">Ezekiel 18</a>:20 and <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_33" title="Ezekiel 33">33</a>:12, 16.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693-43">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_the_Christian_Life-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-On_the_Christian_Life_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_the_Christian_Life_46-1">b</a> At the Council of Diospolis, On the Christian Life was submitted as an example of Pelagius' heretical writings. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Evans" title="Robert F. Evans">Robert F. Evans</a> argues that it was Pelagius' work, but Ali Bonner disagrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018Chapter_7,_fn_1-118">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> figures claimed as sinless by Pelagius include <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693-43">[42]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diospolis" title="Synod of Diospolis">Synod of Diospolis</a>, Pelagius went back on the claim that other humans besides Jesus had lived sinless lives, but insisted that it was still theoretically possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002233-27">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Scriptural passages cited for the necessity of works include <a href="/wiki/Matthew_7:19" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 7:19">Matthew 7:19</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_7:22" title="Matthew 7:22">22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romans_2" title="Romans 2">Romans 2</a>:13, and <a href="/wiki/Titus_1" title="Titus 1">Titus 1</a>:1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693-43">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> According to Augustine, true virtue resides exclusively in God and humans can know it only imperfectly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004111-62">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Scheck and <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Clark (page does not exist)">F. Clark</a> summarize the condemned beliefs as follows: <div><ol><li>"Adam's sin injured only himself, so that his posterity were not born in that state of alienation from God called original sin</li><li>It was accordingly possible for man, born without original sin or its innate consequences, to continue to live without sin by the natural goodness and powers of his nature; therefore, justification was not a process that must necessarily take place for man to be saved</li><li>Eternal life was, consequently, open and due to man as a result of his natural good strivings and merits; divine interior grace, though useful, was not necessary for the attainment of salvation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201286-67">[61]</a></li></ol></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The phrase (inimici gratiae) was repeated more than fifty times in Augustine's anti-Pelagian writings after Diospolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002234-73">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dodaro" title="Robert Dodaro">Robert Dodaro</a> has a similar list: "(1) that human beings can be sinless; (2) that they can act virtuously without grace; (3) that virtue can be perfected in this life; and (4) that fear of death can be completely overcome".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004186-75">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Pelagius wrote: "pardon is given to those who repent, not according to the grace and mercy of God, but according to their own merit and effort, who through repentance will have been worthy of mercy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200949-40">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> This is the opposite of the Augustinian argument against excessive state power, which is that human corruption is such that man cannot be trusted to wield it without creating tyranny, what <a href="/wiki/Judith_Shklar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Shklar">Judith Shklar</a> called "liberalism of fear".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201921-128">[118]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201678_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2016">Harrison 2016</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirwan1998">Kirwan 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20141–2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20141–2_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeselle2014">Teselle 2014</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2011377-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2011377_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2011377_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott2011">Elliott 2011</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201238-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeech201238_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeech201238_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeech2012">Keech 2012</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201281-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201281_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201281_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200151-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzel200151_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzel200151_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetzel2001">Wetzel 2001</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2004-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2004_8-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2004">Bonner 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007689–690-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007689–690_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007689–690_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, pp. 689–690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007691-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007691_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 691. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197060–61-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197060–61_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1970">Brown 1970</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018299-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018299_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20142,_4-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20142,_4_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeselle2014">Teselle 2014</a>, pp. 2, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201282-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201282_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20143-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20143_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20143_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeselle2014">Teselle 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002224-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002224_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002224_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002224–225,_231-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002224–225,_231_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, pp. 224–225, 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201279-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201279_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201279_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201279_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201279_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20145-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20145_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20145_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20145_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20145_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20145_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeselle2014">Teselle 2014</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002228–229-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002228–229_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002230-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002230_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007690-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007690_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007685–686-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007685–686_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, pp. 685–686. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002226-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002226_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002226_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002226_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201239–40-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeech201239–40_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeech201239–40_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeech2012">Keech 2012</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002233-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002233_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002233_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20146-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20146_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20146_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20146_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeselle2014">Teselle 2014</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007687-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007687_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 687. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_30-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuchniak2008">Puchniak 2008</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetzel2001">Wetzel 2001</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeselle20147-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20147_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeselle20147_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeselle2014">Teselle 2014</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201240-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeech201240_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeech2012">Keech 2012</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2016523-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2016523_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2016">Cohen 2016</a>, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002236-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002236_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002236_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201681_36-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2016">Harrison 2016</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201679_37-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2016">Harrison 2016</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001116_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick2001">Chadwick 2001</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201680_39-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2016">Harrison 2016</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200949-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200949_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200949_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200950-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200950_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200950_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200488–89-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200488–89_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007693_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 693. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiVA0q4mcwKMCpgRA1-PA124_124]-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiVA0q4mcwKMCpgRA1-PA124_124]_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees1998">Rees 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVA0q4mcwKMC&pg=RA1-PA124">124</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200944_47-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479_48-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479–80-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200479–80_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200480-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200480_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200480_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948_52-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197069-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197069_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1970">Brown 1970</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:27&version=nrsv">Ephesians 5:27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998Grace_and_free_will-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998Grace_and_free_will_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirwan1998Grace_and_free_will_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirwan1998">Kirwan 1998</a>, Grace and free will. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001119-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001119_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick2001">Chadwick 2001</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201280-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201280_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201280_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201280_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201280_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201280_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201280_58-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018304–305-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018304–305_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 3:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004109–110-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004109–110_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004111-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004111_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201682_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2016">Harrison 2016</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2014">Weaver 2014</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018302_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201286-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201286_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201286_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChronister2020119-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChronister2020119_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChronister2020">Chronister 2020</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELössl2019848-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELössl2019848_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLössl2019">Lössl 2019</a>, p. 848. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20194-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20194_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20194_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20194_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20194_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20194_71-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201281–82-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201281–82_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackett2002234-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackett2002234_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRackett2002">Rackett 2002</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004186-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004186_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200943-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200943_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeech201215-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeech201215_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeech2012">Keech 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump2001130-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump2001130_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStump2001">Stump 2001</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004187–188-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004187–188_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004191-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro2004191_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200953-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200953_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESquires2016706-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESquires2016706_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSquires2016">Squires 2016</a>, p. 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152,_55-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzel200152,_55_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetzel2001">Wetzel 2001</a>, pp. 52, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018303–304-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018303–304_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, pp. 303–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018305-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018305_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodaro200486-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodaro200486_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodaro2004">Dodaro 2004</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xix-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xix_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2014">Weaver 2014</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123–124-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123–124_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuchniak2008">Puchniak 2008</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008124_90-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuchniak2008">Puchniak 2008</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200130–31-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick200130–31_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick2001">Chadwick 2001</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump2001139–140-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump2001139–140_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStump2001">Stump 2001</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2011378-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2011378_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott2011">Elliott 2011</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001123–124-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001123–124_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick2001">Chadwick 2001</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 103. "If one asks, whether double predestination is a logical implication or development of Augustine's doctrine, the answer must be in the affirmative." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20193-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20193_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20193_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20193,_51-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20193,_51_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 3, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201951-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201951_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201951_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201951_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001117–118-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2001117–118_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick2001">Chadwick 2001</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump2001139-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump2001139_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStump2001">Stump 2001</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20195–6-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20195–6_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu2015182-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFu2015182_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFu2015">Fu 2015</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200945-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200945_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200945_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200959-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200959_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200960-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200960_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xiv–xv,_xviii-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xiv–xv,_xviii_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2014">Weaver 2014</a>, pp. xiv–xv, xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201287-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201287_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201287_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201287_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201287_110-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+2:3–4&version=nkjv">1 Timothy 2:3–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xv,_xix,_xxiv-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xv,_xix,_xxiv_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2014">Weaver 2014</a>, pp. xv, xix, xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii–xix-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xviii–xix_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2014">Weaver 2014</a>, pp. xviii–xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xxiv-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver2014xxiv_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2014">Weaver 2014</a>, p. xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018288–289-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018288–289_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018288–289_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, pp. 288–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201291–92-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201291–92_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheck201292-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201292_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheck201292_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheck2012">Scheck 2012</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2018Chapter_7,_fn_1-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2018Chapter_7,_fn_1_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2018">Bonner 2018</a>, Chapter 7, fn 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20195-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20195_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20192,_5-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20192,_5_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 2, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20198-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20198_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20198_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20197-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20197_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201911-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201911_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201911_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20197–8-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson20197–8_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201915-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201915_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201916–18-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201916–18_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 16–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201919–20-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201919–20_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201921-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201921_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008126-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008126_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuchniak2008">Puchniak 2008</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008128-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008128_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuchniak2008">Puchniak 2008</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201950,_53-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201950,_53_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 50, 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201949-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201949_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthonyburgess.org/blog-posts/the-earthly-powers-bookshelf-augustines-confessions/">'Augustine's Confessions', The International Anthony Burgess Foundation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007694-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007694_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007694_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 694. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1956182-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1956182_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1956">Ferguson 1956</a>, p. 182. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeck2007" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, John H. (2007). "The Pelagian Controversy: An Economic Analysis". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Economics and Sociology">American Journal of Economics and Sociology</a>. 66 (4): 681–696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2007.00535.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2007.00535.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144950796">144950796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Pelagian+Controversy%3A+An+Economic+Analysis&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=681-696&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2007.00535.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144950796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2018" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Ali (2018). <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Pelagianism" title="The Myth of Pelagianism">The Myth of Pelagianism</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Monograph" class="mw-redirect" title="British Academy Monograph">British Academy Monograph</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726639-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726639-7"><bdi>978-0-19-726639-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Pelagianism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=British+Academy+Monograph&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726639-7&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_T._Clark" title="Mary T. Clark">Clark, Mary T.</a> (2005). Augustine. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8259-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-8259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8259-3&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Bonner" title="Gerald Bonner">Bonner, Gerald</a> (2004). "Pelagius (fl. c.390–418), theologian". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21784">10.1093/ref:odnb/21784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelagius+%28fl.+c.390%E2%80%93418%29%2C+theologian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21784&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown, Peter</a> (1970). "The Patrons of Pelagius: the Roman Aristocracy Between East and West". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Theological_Studies" title="The Journal of Theological Studies">The Journal of Theological Studies</a>. 21 (1): 56–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2FXXI.1.56">10.1093/jts/XXI.1.56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23957336">23957336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Patrons+of+Pelagius%3A+the+Roman+Aristocracy+Between+East+and+West&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-72&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23957336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2FXXI.1.56&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/A_Very_Short_Introduction" class="mw-redirect" title="A Very Short Introduction">Augustine: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285452-0"><bdi>978-0-19-285452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285452-0&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronister2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chronister, Andrew C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40131562">"Ali Bonner, The Myth of Pelagianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Studies" title="Augustinian Studies">Augustinian Studies</a>. 51 (1): 115–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Faugstudies20205115">10.5840/augstudies20205115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213551127">213551127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustinian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ali+Bonner%2C+The+Myth+of+Pelagianism&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-119&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Faugstudies20205115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213551127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chronister&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40131562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2016" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Samuel (2016). "Religious Diversity". In Jonathan J. Arnold; M. Shane Bjornlie; <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Sessa" title="Kristina Sessa">Kristina Sessa</a> (eds.). A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 503–532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004-31376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004-31376-7"><bdi>978-9004-31376-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Diversity&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ostrogothic+Italy&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=503-532&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9004-31376-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodaro2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dodaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Dodaro">Dodaro, Robert</a> (2004). Christ and the Just Society in the Thought of Augustine. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45651-7"><bdi>978-1-139-45651-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+and+the+Just+Society+in+the+Thought+of+Augustine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45651-7&rft.aulast=Dodaro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Elliott" title="Mark W. Elliott">Elliott, Mark W.</a> (2011). "Pelagianism". In McFarland, Ian A.; Fergusson, David A. S.; Kilby, Karen; Torrance, Iain R. (eds.). The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-78128-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-78128-5"><bdi>978-0-511-78128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelagianism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=377-378&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-511-78128-5&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1956" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, John (1956). Pelagius: A Historical and Theological Study. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagius%3A+A+Historical+and+Theological+Study&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=W.+Heffer+%26+Sons&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu2015" class="citation book cs1">Fu, Youde (2015). "Hebrew Justice: A Reconstruction for Today". The Value of the Particular: Lessons from Judaism and the Modern Jewish Experience. Leiden: Brill. pp. 171–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29269-7"><bdi>978-90-04-29269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Justice%3A+A+Reconstruction+for+Today&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+the+Particular%3A+Lessons+from+Judaism+and+the+Modern+Jewish+Experience&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=171-194&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29269-7&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Youde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Harrison_(theologian)" title="Carol Harrison (theologian)">Harrison, Carol</a> (2016). "Truth in a Heresy?". <a href="/wiki/The_Expository_Times" title="The Expository Times">The Expository Times</a>. 112 (3): 78–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001452460011200302">10.1177/001452460011200302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170152314">170152314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=Truth+in+a+Heresy%3F&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=78-82&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001452460011200302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170152314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1998" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A. III (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113343/https://www.questia.com/library/1833170/peter-martyr-vermigli-and-predestination-the-augustinian">Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer</a>. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1833170/peter-martyr-vermigli-and-predestination-the-augustinian">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Martyr+Vermigli+and+Predestination%3A+The+Augustinian+Inheritance+of+an+Italian+Reformer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1833170%2Fpeter-martyr-vermigli-and-predestination-the-augustinian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeech2012" class="citation book cs1">Keech, Dominic (2012). The Anti-Pelagian Christology of Augustine of Hippo, 396-430. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966223-4"><bdi>978-0-19-966223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Pelagian+Christology+of+Augustine+of+Hippo%2C+396-430&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966223-4&rft.aulast=Keech&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeny2009" class="citation book cs1">Keeny, Anthony (2009). An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7860-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-7860-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Brief+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7860-0&rft.aulast=Keeny&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwan1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kirwan, Christopher (1998). "Pelagianism". <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-K064-1">10.4324/9780415249126-K064-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelagianism&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-K064-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Kirwan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevering2011" class="citation book cs1">Levering, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLBS6Dl1OYgC">Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960452-4"><bdi>978-0-19-960452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predestination%3A+Biblical+and+Theological+Paths&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960452-4&rft.aulast=Levering&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLBS6Dl1OYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLössl2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lössl, Josef (20 September 2019). "The myth of Pelagianism. By Ali Bonner. (A British Academy Monograph.) Pp. xviii + 342. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press (for The British Academy), 2018. 978 0 19 726639 7". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Ecclesiastical_History" title="The Journal of Ecclesiastical History">The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</a>. 70 (4): 846–849. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046919001283">10.1017/S0022046919001283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204479402">204479402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+Pelagianism.+By+Ali+Bonner.+%28A+British+Academy+Monograph.%29+Pp.+xviii+%2B+342.+Oxford%E2%80%93New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press+%28for+The+British+Academy%29%2C+2018.+978+0+19+726639+7&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=846-849&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046919001283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204479402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_M._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric M. Nelson">Nelson, Eric</a> (2019). The Theology of Liberalism: Political Philosophy and the Justice of God. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24094-0"><bdi>978-0-674-24094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Liberalism%3A+Political+Philosophy+and+the+Justice+of+God&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-674-24094-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby2015" class="citation book cs1">Rigby, Paul (2015). The Theology of Augustine's Confessions. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09492-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09492-5"><bdi>978-1-107-09492-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Augustine%27s+Confessions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09492-5&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuchniak2008" class="citation book cs1">Puchniak, Robert (2008). "Pelagius: Kierkegaard's use of Pelagius and Pelagianism". In <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart_(philosopher)" title="Jon Stewart (philosopher)">Stewart, Jon Bartley</a> (ed.). Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6391-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6391-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelagius%3A+Kierkegaard%27s+use+of+Pelagius+and+Pelagianism&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+the+Patristic+and+Medieval+Traditions&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6391-1&rft.aulast=Puchniak&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rackett, Michael R. (2002). "What's Wrong with Pelagianism?". Augustinian Studies. 33 (2): 223–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Faugstudies200233216">10.5840/augstudies200233216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustinian+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+Pelagianism%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-237&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Faugstudies200233216&rft.aulast=Rackett&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._R._Rees" title="B. R. Rees">Rees, Brinley Roderick</a> (1998). Pelagius: Life and Letters. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-714-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-714-6"><bdi>978-0-85115-714-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagius%3A+Life+and+Letters&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-714-6&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Brinley+Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2012" class="citation book cs1">Scheck, Thomas P. (2012). "Pelagius's Interpretation of Romans". In Cartwright, Steven (ed.). A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill. pp. 79–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23671-4"><bdi>978-90-04-23671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelagius%27s+Interpretation+of+Romans&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+St.+Paul+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=79-114&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23671-4&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2016" class="citation journal cs1">Squires, Stuart (2016). "Jerome on Sinlessness: a Via Media between Augustine and Pelagius". <a href="/wiki/The_Heythrop_Journal" title="The Heythrop Journal">The Heythrop Journal</a>. 57 (4): 697–709. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fheyj.12063">10.1111/heyj.12063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heythrop+Journal&rft.atitle=Jerome+on+Sinlessness%3A+a+Via+Media+between+Augustine+and+Pelagius&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=697-709&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fheyj.12063&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeselle2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Teselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Teselle">Teselle, Eugene</a> (2014). "The Background: Augustine and the Pelagian Controversy". In Hwang, Alexander Y.; Matz, Brian J.; Casiday, Augustine (eds.). Grace for Grace: The Debates after Augustine and Pelagius. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2601-9"><bdi>978-0-8132-2601-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Background%3A+Augustine+and+the+Pelagian+Controversy&rft.btitle=Grace+for+Grace%3A+The+Debates+after+Augustine+and+Pelagius&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2601-9&rft.aulast=Teselle&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStump2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_Stump" title="Eleonore Stump">Stump, Eleonore</a> (2001). "Augustine on free will". In Stump, Eleonore; Kretzmann, Norman (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Augustine" title="The Cambridge Companion to Augustine">The Cambridge Companion to Augustine</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1391-7804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1391-7804-4"><bdi>978-1-1391-7804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustine+on+free+will&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Augustine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=124-147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-1391-7804-4&rft.aulast=Stump&rft.aufirst=Eleonore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisotzky2009" class="citation book cs1">Visotzky, Burton L. (2009). "Will and Grace: Aspects of Judaising in Pelagianism in Light of Rabbinic and Patristic Exegesis of Genesis". In Grypeou, Emmanouela; Spurling, Helen (eds.). The Exegetical Encounter Between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity. Leiden: Brill. pp. 43–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17727-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17727-7"><bdi>978-90-04-17727-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Will+and+Grace%3A+Aspects+of+Judaising+in+Pelagianism+in+Light+of+Rabbinic+and+Patristic+Exegesis+of+Genesis&rft.btitle=The+Exegetical+Encounter+Between+Jews+and+Christians+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=43-62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17727-7&rft.aulast=Visotzky&rft.aufirst=Burton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Weaver_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca Weaver (theologian)">Weaver, Rebecca</a> (2014). "Introduction". In Hwang, Alexander Y.; Matz, Brian J.; Casiday, Augustine (eds.). Grace for Grace: The Debates after Augustine and Pelagius. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. xi–xxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2601-9"><bdi>978-0-8132-2601-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Grace+for+Grace%3A+The+Debates+after+Augustine+and+Pelagius&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=xi-xxvi&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2601-9&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wetzel" title="James Wetzel">Wetzel, James</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/859842">"Predestination, Pelagianism, and foreknowledge"</a>. In Stump, Eleonore; Kretzmann, Norman (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1391-7804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1391-7804-4"><bdi>978-1-1391-7804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Predestination%2C+Pelagianism%2C+and+foreknowledge&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Augustine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49-58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-1391-7804-4&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F859842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bonner, Gerald (2002). "The Pelagian controversy in Britain and Ireland". <a href="/wiki/Peritia" title="Peritia">Peritia</a>. 16: 144–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.Peri.3.483">10.1484/J.Peri.3.483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peritia&rft.atitle=The+Pelagian+controversy+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=144-155&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.Peri.3.483&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown, Peter</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37603782">"Pelagius and his Supporters: Aims and Environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Theological_Studies" title="The Journal of Theological Studies">The Journal of Theological Studies</a>. XIX (1): 93–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2FXIX.1.93">10.1093/jts/XIX.1.93</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23959559">23959559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Pelagius+and+his+Supporters%3A+Aims+and+Environment&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-114&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2FXIX.1.93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23959559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37603782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Clark" title="Elizabeth A. Clark">Clark, Elizabeth A.</a> (2014). The Origenist Controversy: The Cultural Construction of an Early Christian Debate. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6311-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6311-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-6311-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origenist+Controversy%3A+The+Cultural+Construction+of+an+Early+Christian+Debate&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6311-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cyr, Taylor W.; Flummer, Matthew T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/CYRFWG">"Free will, grace, and anti-Pelagianism"</a>. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 83 (2): 183–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11153-017-9627-0">10.1007/s11153-017-9627-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8684">1572-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171953180">171953180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Free+will%2C+grace%2C+and+anti-Pelagianism&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-199&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171953180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11153-017-9627-0&rft.aulast=Cyr&rft.aufirst=Taylor+W.&rft.au=Flummer%2C+Matthew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FCYRFWG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Emmanuel_Dauzat" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Emmanuel Dauzat">Dauzat, Pierre-Emmanuel</a> [in French] (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5765383">"Hirschman, Pascal et la rhétorique réactionnaire: Une analyse économique de la controverse pélagienne"</a> [Hirschman, Pascal and reactionary rhetoric: An economic analysis of the Pelagian controversy]. The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville (in French). 31 (2): 133–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftoc.2010.0009">10.1353/toc.2010.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1918-6649">1918-6649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145615057">145615057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tocqueville+Review%2FLa+revue+Tocqueville&rft.atitle=Hirschman%2C+Pascal+et+la+rh%C3%A9torique+r%C3%A9actionnaire%3A+Une+analyse+%C3%A9conomique+de+la+controverse+p%C3%A9lagienne&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-154&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145615057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1918-6649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftoc.2010.0009&rft.aulast=Dauzat&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5765383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Dodaro, Robert (2004). ""Ego miser homo": Augustine, The Pelagian Controversy, and the Paul of Romans 7:7-25". Augustinianum. 44 (1): 135–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fagstm20044416">10.5840/agstm20044416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustinianum&rft.atitle=%22Ego+miser+homo%22%3A+Augustine%2C+The+Pelagian+Controversy%2C+and+the+Paul+of+Romans+7%3A7-25&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-144&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fagstm20044416&rft.aulast=Dodaro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Evans" title="Robert F. Evans">Evans, Robert F.</a> (2010) [1968]. Pelagius: Inquiries and Reappraisals. Eugene: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-497-7"><bdi>978-1-60899-497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagius%3A+Inquiries+and+Reappraisals&rft.place=Eugene&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-497-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathijs_Lamberigts" class="extiw" title="nl:Mathijs Lamberigts">Lamberigts, Mathijs</a> [in Dutch] (2002). "Recent Research Into Pelagianism With Particular Emphasis on the Role of Julian of Aeclanum". Augustiniana. 52 (2/4): 175–198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8003">0004-8003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustiniana&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+Into+Pelagianism+With+Particular+Emphasis+on+the+Role+of+Julian+of+Aeclanum&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2%2F4&rft.pages=175-198&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0004-8003&rft.aulast=Lamberigts&rft.aufirst=Mathijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Markus, Gilbert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3310/1/Gilmarcus.pdf">"Pelagianism and the 'Common Celtic Church'"</a> (PDF). Innes Review. 56 (2): 165–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Finr.2005.56.2.165">10.3366/inr.2005.56.2.165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innes+Review&rft.atitle=Pelagianism+and+the+%27Common+Celtic+Church%27&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-213&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Finr.2005.56.2.165&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F3310%2F1%2FGilmarcus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nunan, Richard (2012). "Catholics and evangelical protestants on homoerotic desire: the intellectual legacy of Augustinian and Pelagian theories of human nature". Queer Philosophy. Brill | Rodopi. pp. 329–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789401208352_039">10.1163/9789401208352_039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0835-2"><bdi>978-94-012-0835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholics+and+evangelical+protestants+on+homoerotic+desire%3A+the+intellectual+legacy+of+Augustinian+and+Pelagian+theories+of+human+nature&rft.btitle=Queer+Philosophy&rft.pages=329-352&rft.pub=Brill+%7C+Rodopi&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789401208352_039&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0835-2&rft.aulast=Nunan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._R._Rees" title="B. R. Rees">Rees, Brinley Roderick</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pelagiusreluctan0000rees">Pelagius: A Reluctant Heretic</a>. Woodbridge: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-503-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-503-0"><bdi>0-85115-503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagius%3A+A+Reluctant+Heretic&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85115-503-0&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Brinley+Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpelagiusreluctan0000rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Scholl, Lindsey Anne (2011). <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_DePalma_Digeser" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth DePalma Digeser">Elizabeth DePalma Digeser</a> (ed.). The Pelagian Controversy: A Heresy in its Intellectual Context (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-249-89783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-249-89783-5"><bdi>978-1-249-89783-5</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/3482027">3482027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Pelagian+Controversy%3A+A+Heresy+in+its+Intellectual+Context&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-249-89783-5&rft.aulast=Scholl&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Squires, Stuart (2013). <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rousseau" title="Philip Rousseau">Philip Rousseau</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17580213">Reassessing Pelagianism: Augustine, Cassian, and Jerome on the Possibility of a Sinless Life</a> (PhD thesis). Catholic University of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Reassessing+Pelagianism%3A+Augustine%2C+Cassian%2C+and+Jerome+on+the+Possibility+of+a+Sinless+Life.&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Catholic+University+of+America&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17580213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Squires, Stuart (2019). The Pelagian Controversy: An Introduction to the Enemies of Grace and the Conspiracy of Lost Souls. Eugene: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-3781-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-3781-0"><bdi>978-1-5326-3781-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pelagian+Controversy%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Enemies+of+Grace+and+the+Conspiracy+of+Lost+Souls&rft.place=Eugene&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-3781-0&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermelinger1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wermelinger, Otto (1975). Rom und Pelagius: die theologische Position der römischen Bischöfe im pelagianischen Streit in den Jahren 411-432 [Rome and Pelagius: the theological position of the Roman bishops during the Pelagian controversy, 411–432] (in German). A. Hiersemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7772-7516-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7772-7516-1"><bdi>978-3-7772-7516-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom+und+Pelagius%3A+die+theologische+Position+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Bisch%C3%B6fe+im+pelagianischen+Streit+in+den+Jahren+411-432&rft.pub=A.+Hiersemann&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-3-7772-7516-1&rft.aulast=Wermelinger&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelagianism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pelagianism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122398#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00665139">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124024&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX541527">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531419005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&oldid=1260450139">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&oldid=1260450139</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pelagianism" title="Category:Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theological_movements" title="Category:Christian theological movements">Christian theological movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heresy_in_ancient_Christianity" title="Category:Heresy in ancient Christianity">Heresy in ancient Christianity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 20:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelagianism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6855777b7b-88dtw","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.636","walltime":"1.885","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18499,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":206079,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25252,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":250085,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1628.901 1 -total"," 38.89% 633.538 235 Template:Sfn"," 9.23% 150.276 28 Template:Cite_book"," 8.73% 142.167 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.27% 102.148 6 Template:Lang"," 6.15% 100.178 1 Template:Pelagianism_sidebar"," 5.94% 96.712 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.14% 83.724 251 Template:Main_other"," 5.09% 82.988 2 Template:Navbox"," 3.93% 64.021 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.038","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16375592,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeck2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChronister2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodaro2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeech2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeny2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirwan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevering2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLössl2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuchniak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRackett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigby2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquires2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStump2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeselle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisotzky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWermelinger1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetzel2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Heresies condemned by the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Catholic theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Numbered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Pelagianism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotebox\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 235,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","27.8"],["?","220","20.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","11.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","11.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.6"],["(for generator)","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","20","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","20","1.9"],["[others]","80","7.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-np92k","timestamp":"20241204014535","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pelagianism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelagianism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q122398","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q122398","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-29T07:09:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T20:53:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Pelagius.jpg","headline":"Early Christian theological doctrine"}</script> </body> </html>