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<div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Penamaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penamaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Penamaan </button> <ul id="toc-Penamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penggalakkan_nama_"Türkiye"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggalakkan_nama_"Türkiye""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Penggalakkan nama "Türkiye" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggalakkan_nama_"Türkiye"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sejarah_purba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_purba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sejarah purba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_purba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaum_Turk_dan_Empayar_Uthmaniyylah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaum_Turk_dan_Empayar_Uthmaniyylah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kaum Turk dan Empayar Uthmaniyylah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaum_Turk_dan_Empayar_Uthmaniyylah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Republik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Republik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Zaman Republik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Republik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Politik </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hubungan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hubungan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tentera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tentera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tentera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembahagian_pentadbiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembahagian_pentadbiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pembahagian pentadbiran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembahagian_pentadbiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Geografi </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Iklim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ekonomi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Demografi </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembandaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembandaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pembandaran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembandaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bahasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Agama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Kebudayaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Kebudayaan </button> <ul id="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Nota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Rujukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Pautan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Togol isi kandungan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Turki</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 330 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-330" aria-hidden="true" > 330 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Тыркуе – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуе" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Тыркуей – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Altai Selatan" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Altai Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ቱርክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcland" title="Tyrcland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tyrcland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҭырқәтәыла – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭырқәтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুৰস্ক – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰস্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyk%C3%ADa" title="Turykía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Turykía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99" title="Türkiyə – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-k%C3%AE" title="Thó͘-ní-kî – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-ní-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Төркиә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турэччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турэччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakei" title="Tiakei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tiakei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུར་ཀི། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུར་ཀི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Түрэг Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түрэг Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twrci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiet" title="Tyrkiet – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durka" title="Durka – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Durka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich%CA%BCah_%C5%81ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkojska" title="Turkojska – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi" title="Türgi – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%AE" title="Turchî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Turchî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Турция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkio" title="Turkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94k%C9%94" title="Dɔkɔ – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dɔkɔ" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ترکیه – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkaland" title="Turkaland – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkee" title="Yn Turkee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take" title="Take – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Take" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Туркий мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Туркий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%A9" title="Takĩ – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Takĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تۊرکيه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કસ્તાન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-ng%C3%AD-kh%C3%AC" title="Thú-ngí-khì – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-ngí-khì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88" title="튀르키예 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyya" title="Turkiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleke" title="Kuleke – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuleke" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkowska" title="Turkowska – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkowska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A9y" title="Turkéy – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Turkéy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%91%E1%95%90%E1%91%AD" title="ᑑᕐᑭ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑑᕐᑭ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITurkiya" title="ITurkiya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ITurkiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITheki" title="ITheki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITheki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="טורקיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuurkii" title="Tuurkii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tuurkii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Тюрк – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тюрк" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تُرکی – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تُرکی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABreck%C3%B4" title="Tëreckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tëreckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uturuki" title="Uturuki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uturuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka" title="Turka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Turka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tiki" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkiye" title="Tirkiye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turceja" title="Turceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Turceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toake" title="Toake – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Toake" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkei" title="Tierkei – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tierkei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%AD" title="Turkí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtsii" title="Turtsii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turtsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/turk" title="turk – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="turk" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturuki" title="Buturuki – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Buturuki" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrchia" title="Türchia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Türchia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g" title="Törökország – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Турција – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkia" title="Torkia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="തുർക്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kei" title="Tākei – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tākei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="توركيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-%C4%AB-g%C3%AC" title="Tū-ī-gì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-ī-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%90%E1%95%92%E1%91%AD" title="ᑐᕒᑭ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᑐᕒᑭ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3" title="トルコ – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%A3%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫ – N’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Туркойчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtchie" title="Turtchie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Turtchie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Турций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%80" title="ତୁର୍କୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତୁର୍କୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkii" title="Tarkii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="तुर्किये – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्किये" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تورکيه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکيه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerki" title="Toerki – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerki" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюркия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тюркия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8" title="តួកគី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកគី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rkie" title="Törkie – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Törkie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcja" title="Turcja – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkiya" title="Túrkiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiti" title="Turiti – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Turiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirchia" title="Tirchia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tirchia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Турція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Турція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Түүркүйэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түүркүйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuk%C3%AFi" title="Turukïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Turukïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A4i" title="Turkäi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Turkäi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqia" title="Turqia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turqia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="තුර්කිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුර්කිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A" title="ترڪي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThekhi" title="IThekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C4%8Dija" title="Turčija – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%B7%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тѷрци – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тѷрци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcyjo" title="Turcyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turcyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiga" title="Turkiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تورکیا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyakondre" title="Turkiyakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Turkiyakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Турска – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkya" title="Turkya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Turkya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="துருக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tturk" title="Tturk – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tturk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төркия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төркия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80" title="టర్కీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టర్కీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศตุรกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตุรกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA" title="ቱርኪ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቱርኪ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83" title="ᎬᏃ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkiýe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukya" title="Turukya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Turukya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Туреччина – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туреччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ترکیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujwjgiz" title="Dujwjgiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dujwjgiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkanma" title="Turkanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A4n" title="Türkän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Türkän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrg%C3%BC" title="Türgü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türgü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkeye" title="Tourkeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tourkeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeye" title="Turkeye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkeye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="טערקיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערקיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkiya" title="Tırkiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Torkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Ndebele Selatan" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="Ndebele Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkij%C9%99" title="Tyrkijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tyrkijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c">Rencana</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Turki" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Melayu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turki">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Peralatan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turki">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=history">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Turki" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pautan ke laman ini</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Turki" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan berkaitan</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u">Muat naik fail</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q">Laman khas</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&oldid=6205382" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini">Pautan kekal</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini">Maklumat laman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Turki&id=6205382&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini">Petik laman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurki">Dapatkan URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurki">Muat turun kod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Turki">Cipta buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turki&action=show-download-screen">Muat turun sebagai PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi boleh cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g">Butir Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country 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href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Turki"><img alt="Bendera Turki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/125px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/188px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/250px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata (Tidak rasmi) Turki"><img alt="Jata (Tidak rasmi) Turki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Turki" title="Bendera Turki">Bendera</a></td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">Jata (Tidak rasmi)</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cogan_kata" title="Cogan kata">Cogan kata</a>: "Yurtta Barış, Dünyada Barış" (Tidak rasmi) "Keamanan di negara, keamanan di dunia"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stikl%C3%A2l_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklâl Marşı">İstiklâl Marşı</a> (Turki) "Perarakan kemerdekaan"<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="77" data-mwtitle="Istiklâl_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Istikl%C3%A2l_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Istikl%C3%A2l_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg/Istikl%C3%A2l_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstikl%C3%A2l_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstikl%C3%A2l_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstikl%C3%A2l_Marsi_instrumetal.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Turkey_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Kedudukan di global</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Europe-Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Europe-Turkey.svg/250px-Europe-Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Europe-Turkey.svg/375px-Europe-Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Europe-Turkey.svg/500px-Europe-Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Kedudukan di Eropah</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_negara" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bandar terbesar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi">Bahasa rasmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Bahasa Turki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">Agama</a> <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2019)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>89.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li>4.5% <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">Deisme</a> (Tidak beragama)</li> <li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Agnostisisme" title="Agnostisisme">Agnostisisme</a> (Tidak beragama)</li> <li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">Ateisme</a> (Tidak beragama)</li> <li>0.5% Agama lain (<a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" title="Bahá'í">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme">Tengrisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a>)</li> <li>1.1% Tidak diketahui</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kerajaan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Turki" title="Presiden Turki">Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah#Sejarah#Pembubaran_(1908-1922)" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Peralihan</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">daripada <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Empayar Uthmaniyah</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Kemerdekaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Kemerdekaan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/19_Mei" title="19 Mei">19 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penubuhan_pergerakan_kebangsaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penubuhan pergerakan kebangsaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Penubuhan Parlimen</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/23_April" title="23 April">23 April</a> <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Deklarasi Republik </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/29_Oktober" title="29 Oktober">29 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasi</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Perkiraan Disember 2022</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 85,279,553<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anggaran_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anggaran penduduk (laman tidak wujud)">ke-17</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">111<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-1">[1]</a>/km2 (287.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Kepadatan_penduduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan penduduk">ke-83</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">▲ <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>3.613 trilion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP)">ke-11</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">▲ USD41,887<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)_per_kapita" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP) per kapita">ke-46</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•  Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">▲ USD1.154 trilion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(ukuran_dasar)" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (ukuran dasar)">ke-17</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">▲ USD13,383<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(nominal)_per_kapita" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (nominal) per kapita">ke-65</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pekali_Gini" title="Pekali Gini">Gini</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data">▬ 41.9<a href="#cite_note-Gini-3">[3]</a> sederhana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">▲ 0.838<a href="#cite_note-HDI-4">[4]</a> sangat tinggi · <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Senarai negara mengikut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">ke-</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_wang" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lira_Turki" title="Lira Turki">Lira Turki</a>4 (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TRY</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zon_waktu" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+2 (EET)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Musim panas (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+3 (EEST)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kod panggilan</th><td class="infobox-data">+90</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TR" title="ISO 3166-2:TR">TR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_peringkat_tinggi_kod_negara" title="Domain peringkat tinggi kod negara">DPT internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tr" title=".tr">.tr</a></td></tr><tr style="font-size:90%;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">1 "Yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh" (bahasa turki asal). 2 <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lausanne" title="Perjanjian Lausanne">Perjanjian Lausanne</a> (1923). 3 Kedudukan berdasarkan anggaran tahun 2005. 4 <a href="/wiki/Lira_Turki" title="Lira Turki">Lira Turki</a> menggantika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lira_baru_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lira baru Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Lira baru Turki</a> (Yeni Türk Lirası - YTL) pada <a href="/wiki/1_Januari" title="1 Januari">1 Januari</a> <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Turki (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: ‏<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5953951">توركي‎code: ms is deprecated ‎, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Turki</a>: Türkiyecode: tr is deprecated <a href="#cite_note-5">[nota 1]</a>) atau nama rasminya Republik Turki (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Turki</a>: Türkiye Cumhuriyeticode: tr is deprecated <a href="#cite_note-6">[nota 2]</a>) ialah sebuah negara <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a> yang terletak di antara benua <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Sebahagian besar Turki terletak di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenanjung Anatolia">Semenanjung Anatolia</a> di Asia dan bahagian kecil wilayahnya terletak dalam kawasan <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> barat laut benua Eropah. Turki bersempadan dengan 8 negara iaitu <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> di barat laut; <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> di barat; <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> di timur laut; <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> di timur; dan <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> di tenggara. Selain itu, ia menyempadani <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a> di utara, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Aegea" class="mw-redirect" title="Laut Aegea">Laut Aegea</a> di barat, dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean" title="Laut Mediterranean">Laut Mediterranean</a> di selatan. Turki juga menempatkan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Marmara" title="Laut Marmara">Laut Marmara</a> yang dipergunakan oleh para <a href="/wiki/Ahli_geografi" title="Ahli geografi">ahli geografi</a> untuk menandakan sempadan antara <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> lalu menjadikan Turki suatu <a href="/wiki/Negara_rentas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara rentas benua">negara rentas benua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Kawasan yang terdiri daripada Turki moden telah melihat kelahiran peradaban-peradaban utama, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Byzantium" title="Empayar Byzantium">Empayar Byzantium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Empayar Uthmaniyah</a> dua-duanya berpusat di kota <a href="/wiki/Kustantiniyah" title="Kustantiniyah">Kustantiniyah</a> mendului <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> moden. Disebabkan oleh lokasinya yang strategik menyaksikan persilangan dua buah benua, budaya Turki merupakan campuran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Timur (laman tidak wujud)">budaya Timur</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Barat (laman tidak wujud)">Barat</a> yang unik yang sering diperihalkan sebagai jambatan antara dua buah peradaban. Dengan kewujudan kawasan yang kuat dari Adriatik ke China di dalam jalur tanah di antara Rusia dan India, Turki telah memperoleh kepentingan strategik yang semakin bertumbuh.<a href="#cite_note-Ataturk-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-9">[7]</a> Turki ialah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> ber<a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan" title="Perlembagaan">perlembagaan</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokratik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negara_sekular" title="Negara sekular">sekular</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Negeri_satuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri satuan">satuan</a>. Sistem politiknya diasaskan pada tahun 1923 di bawah pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> selepas kejatuhan Empayar Uthmaniyah, akibat <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>. Sejak itu, Turki telah beransur-ansur bergabung dengan Barat sementara menjalin hubungan dengan dunia Timur. Negara ini ialah salah satu ahli pengasas <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_UN-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Persidangan_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam">Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam</a> (OIC),<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_Ekonomi_dan_Pembangunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (laman tidak wujud)">Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Keselamatan_dan_Kerjasama_di_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> serta negara ahli <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Eropah" title="Majlis Eropah">Majlis Eropah</a> sejak tahun 1949,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> sejak tahun 1952.<a href="#cite_note-TR_NATO-15">[13]</a> Sejak tahun 2005, Turki adalah satu-satunya negara Islam pertama yang berunding menyertai <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a>, setelah merupakan ahli bersekutu sejak tahun 1963.<a href="#cite_note-TR_EUChrono-16">[14]</a> Turki juga merupakan ahli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_perindustrian_G20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara perindustrian G20 (laman tidak wujud)">negara perindustrian G20</a> yang mempertemukan 20 buah ekonomi yang terbesar di dunia. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penamaan">Penamaan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Penamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penamaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Nama negara ini dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a> iaitu Türkiye hasil <a href="/wiki/Nisbat" title="Nisbat">penasaban</a> <a href="/wiki/Etnonim" title="Etnonim">etnonim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Turkik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Turkik (laman tidak wujud)">Türk</a> menggunakan akhiran abstrak –iye yang bermaksud "pemilik", "tanah" atau "perihal" (meminjam –iyya <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a> serupa dengan akhiran –ia dalam bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a>). Catatan terawal istilah "Türk" atau "Türük" sebagai <a href="/wiki/Eksonim_dan_endonim" title="Eksonim dan endonim">autonim</a> terkandung dalam catatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Orkhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan Orkhon (laman tidak wujud)">tulisan-tulisan Orkhon</a> oleh kaum <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk">Göktürk</a> (Turki Samawi) dari Asia Tengah (c. abad ke-8 M). Tu–kin dijadikan bukti seawal tahun 177 SM sebagai nama berian orang Cina kepada penduduk kawasan selatan <a href="/wiki/Pergunungan_Altai" title="Pergunungan Altai">Pergunungan Altai</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>. Nama Melayu "Turki" berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Latin_Pertengahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Latin Pertengahan (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa Latin Pertengahan</a> iaitu Turchia (s. 1369) melalui bahasa Inggeris.<a href="#cite_note-TurkEtymology-17">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan">tiada dalam ayat yang diberikan</a>] Nama ini ada <a href="/wiki/Kata_seasal" title="Kata seasal">kata seasal</a> dalam bahasa Yunani, iaitu Tourkia yang asalnya digunakan oleh bangsa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunani_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunani Byzantium (laman tidak wujud)">Byzantium</a> untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkota_Suci_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkota Suci Hungary (laman tidak wujud)">memperihalkan Hungary pada zaman pertengahan</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> (kerana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Hungary (laman tidak wujud)">orang Hungary</a> dan Turki mempunyai persamaan leluhur) tetapi kemudian, mereka mula menggunakan nama ini untuk memaksudkan kawasan taklukan Seljuk di Anatolia pada ratusan tahun selepas Pertempuran Manzikert pada tahun 1071. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggalakkan_nama_"Türkiye"">Penggalakkan nama "Türkiye"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Penggalakkan nama "Türkiye"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penggalakkan nama "Türkiye"">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada Disember 2021, Presiden <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> mengeluarkan suatu surat pekeliling mewajibkan semua barangan eksport dunia dilabelkan Made in Türkiye ("Buatan Türkiye") serta mendidik pengutamaan nama 'Türkiye' dalam perhubungan sesama badan-badan pemerintahnya;<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> pekeliling tersebut memberi alasan pemilihan nama Türkiye kerana nilainya "mewakili dan melambangkan budaya, ketamadunan dan nilai-nilai bangsa Turki sebaiknya". Saluran <a href="/wiki/TRT_World" title="TRT World">TRT World</a> memberitakan lanjut perubahan itu juga mengelakkan kekeliruan dengan ungkapan bermaksud <a href="/wiki/Ayam_belanda" title="Ayam belanda">ayam belanda</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a> juga disebut turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:5-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_purba">Sejarah purba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah purba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah purba">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Trakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trakia">Trakia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Semenanjung Anatolia</a> yang merangkumi sebahagian besar wilayah Turki moden, ialah salah sebuah kawasan yang paling lama diduduki manusia tanpa henti di dunia. Petempatan-petempatan <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a> yang terawal seperti <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> (Neolitik Tembikar), <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolitik_Pra-Tembikar_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neolitik Pra-Tembikar A (laman tidak wujud)">Neolitik Pra-Tembikar A</a> hingga Neolitik Tembikar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevalı Çori (laman tidak wujud)">Nevalı Çori</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolitik_Pra-Tembikar_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neolitik Pra-Tembikar B (laman tidak wujud)">Neolitik Pra-Tembikar B</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacilar (laman tidak wujud)">Hacılar</a> (Neolitik Tembikar), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> (Neolitik Pra-Tembikar A) dan <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> dianggap antara petempatan manusia yang terawal di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-AnatoliaNeolithic-23">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Troy1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Troy1.jpg/220px-Troy1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Troy1.jpg/330px-Troy1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Troy1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Sebahagian tembok legenda <a href="/wiki/Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy">Troy (VII)</a> yang dikenal pasti sebagai medan pertempuran <a href="/wiki/Perang_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Troy">Perang Troy</a> (sekitar 1200 SM).</figcaption></figure> Petempatan <a href="/wiki/Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy">Troy</a> bermula pada zaman Neolitik, dan berterusan hingga <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a>. Sepanjang sejarah tertulis, penduduk Anatolia pernah bertutur dalam bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Eropah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Indo-Eropah">Indo-Eropah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Semitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Semitik">Semitik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kartvelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kartvelia (laman tidak wujud)">Kartvelia</a>, antara lainnya. Sebenarnya, berdasarkan kepurbaan bahasa-bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Hitit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Hitit (laman tidak wujud)">Hitit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Luwia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Luwia (laman tidak wujud)">Luwia</a> yang tergolong sebagai Indo-Eropah, sesetengah ilmuwan mengusulkan bahawa Anatolia merupakan pusat hipotesis dari mana terpancarnya bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah.<a href="#cite_note-AnatoliaIndoEuropean-24">[22]</a> Kaum Hattia ialah sebuah bangsa kuno yang menduduki bahagian tenggara Anatolia seawal-awal tahun 2300 SM. Kaum <a href="/wiki/Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite">Hitit</a> Indo-Eropah tiba di Anatolia lalu menyerap kaum Hattia sekitar 2000-1700 SM. Empayar besar pertama di kawasan itu diasaskan oleh kaum Hitit dari abad ke-18 hingga ke-13 SM. Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> pula menjajah sebahagian Turki tenggara seawal tahun 1950 SM hingga tahun 612 SM, apabila Empayar Assyria ditakluki oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaldea (laman tidak wujud)">wangsa Chaldea</a> di <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Selepas kejatuhan Hitit, satu lagi kelompok Indo-Eropah, iaitu kaum <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> mengambil alih tampuk penguasaan sehingga kerajaan mereka dihancurkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kimeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Kimeria (laman tidak wujud)">orang Kimeria</a> pada abad ke-7 SM.<a href="#cite_note-TroyHittiteEmpirePhrygians-27">[25]</a> Antara negeri-negeri perwaris Phrygia yang paling berkuasa ialah <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karia (laman tidak wujud)">Karia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycia (laman tidak wujud)">Lycia</a>. Kaum Lydia dan Lycia bertutur dalam bahasa yang berumpun Indo-Eropah pada pangkalnya, tetapi kedua-dua bahasa itu telah dipengaruhi unsur bukan Indo_Eropah sebelum zaman Hitit dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamadun_Keyunanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamadun Keyunanian (laman tidak wujud)">Keyunanian</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg/220px-Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg/330px-Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg/440px-Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpustakaan_Celsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpustakaan Celsus (laman tidak wujud)">Perpustakaan Celsus</a> di <a href="/wiki/Efesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Efesus">Efesus</a>, dari seawal tahun 135 M.</figcaption></figure> Bermula sekitar 1200 SM, pantai <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> banyak diduduki oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Yunani" title="Orang Yunani">orang Yunani</a> <a href="/wiki/Orang_Aeolia" title="Orang Aeolia">Aeolia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Ionian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Ionian (laman tidak wujud)">Ionia</a>. Banyak sekali kota-kota terpenting yang diasaskan oleh kaum penjajah ini, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miletus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miletus (laman tidak wujud)">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smyrna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smyrna (laman tidak wujud)">Smyrna</a> (kini <a href="/wiki/Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir">Izmir</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (kemudian <a href="/wiki/Kustantiniyah" title="Kustantiniyah">Kustantiniyah</a>, kini <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>). Negara pertama yang ditubuhkan di Anatolia dan dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> oleh bangsa jiran (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hecataeus_dari_Miletus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hecataeus dari Miletus (laman tidak wujud)">Hecataeus dari Miletus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inskripsi_Behistun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inskripsi Behistun (laman tidak wujud)">Inskripsi Behistun</a>) merupakan negeri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangsa_Orontid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangsa Orontid (laman tidak wujud)">wangsa Orontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Orang_Armenia" title="Orang Armenia">Armenia</a>. Anatolia ditawan oleh <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Achaemenid">Empayar Achaemenid</a> Parsi ketika abad ke-6 dan ke-5 SM, kemudian jatuh di tangan <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Agung">Iskandar Agung</a> pada 334 SM.<a href="#cite_note-PersiansInAsiaMinor-28">[26]</a> Anatolia kemudian dipecahkan kepada beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamadun_Keyunanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamadun Keyunanian (laman tidak wujud)">kerajaan keyunanian kecil</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pontus" title="Pontus">Pontus</a>), tetapi kesemunya ditawan pula oleh <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rom" title="Republik Rom">Republik Rom</a> pada pertengahan abad pertama SM.<a href="#cite_note-AlexanderToRome-29">[27]</a> Armenia Arsakiah, negeri pertama yang memeluk agama Kristian selaku agama rasmi, mempunnyai wilayah di Anatolia. Pada tahun 324, maharaja Rom, <a href="/wiki/Constantinus_I" title="Constantinus I">Constantinus I</a> memilih <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> selaku ibu kota baru <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom">Empayar Rom</a>, lalu menukar namanya kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rom Baru (laman tidak wujud)">Rom Baru</a> (kemudian <a href="/wiki/Kustantiniyah" title="Kustantiniyah">Kustantiniyah</a>/<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>). Selepas kejatuhan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Barat" title="Empayar Rom Barat">Empayar Rom Barat</a>, ia menjadi ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Byzantium" title="Empayar Byzantium">Empayar Byzantium</a> (Empayar Rom Timur).<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaum_Turk_dan_Empayar_Uthmaniyylah">Kaum Turk dan Empayar Uthmaniyylah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Kaum Turk dan Empayar Uthmaniyylah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kaum Turk dan Empayar Uthmaniyylah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Empayar Uthmaniyah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/220px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/330px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/440px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Empayar Uthmaniyah</a> di kemuncak kekuasaannya (ca. 1680).</figcaption></figure> Wangsa Seljuk merupakan satu cabang kelompok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki_Oghuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turki Oghuz (laman tidak wujud)">Turki Oğuz</a> Kınık yang menetap di persisian <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Islam" title="Sejarah Islam">dunia Islam</a>, di utara <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Kaspia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Aral" title="Laut Aral">Laut Aral</a> di <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Kekhaganan</a> Yabghu di pergabungan Oğuz<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> pada abad ke-10. Pada abad ke-11, bangsa Seljuk mulai berhijrah dari tanah leluhur mereka ke arah kawasan timur Anatolia, yang kemudiannya menjadi tempat asal baru puak-puak Turkik Oğuz selepas <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Manzikert" title="Pertempuran Manzikert">Pertempuran Manzikert</a> pada tahun 1071. Kejayaan Seljuk ini membuka laluan kepada kebangkitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesultanan_Seljuk_Rum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesultanan Seljuk Rum (laman tidak wujud)">Kesultanan Seljuk Anatolia</a>; yang berkembang sebagai cabang berasingan dalam <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Seljuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Seljuk">Empayar Seljuk</a> besar yang meliputi sebahagian Asia Tengah, Iran, Anatolia dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat_Daya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Barat Daya">Asia Barat Daya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Pada tahun 1243, tentera Seljuk ditumpaskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Mongol" title="Empayar Mongol">Mongol</a>, sehingga menyebabkan kuasa empayar Seljuk beransur merosot. Ekoran daripada itu, salah satu kerajaan kecil Turki yang diperintah oleh <a href="/wiki/Uthman_I" title="Uthman I">Uthman I</a> akan berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Uthmaniyyah">Empayar Uthmaniyyah</a> dalam 200 tahun berikutnya, dan meluas di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, rantau <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Syam" title="Syam">Syam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottomans-33">[31]</a> Pada tahun 1453, pihak Uthmaniyah melengkapkan penaklukan Empayar Byzantium dengan menawan ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Kustantiniyah" title="Kustantiniyah">Kustantiniyah</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG/220px-Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG/330px-Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG/440px-Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Selimiye" title="Masjid Selimiye">Masjid Selimiye</a> di <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> ialah salah sebuah mahakarya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_bina_Uthmaniyyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni bina Uthmaniyyah (laman tidak wujud)">seni bina</a> Empayar Uthmaniyyah.</figcaption></figure> Kuasa dan prestij Empayar Uthmaniyah memuncak pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17, khususnya ketika pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Qanuni" title="Sulaiman al-Qanuni">Sulaiman al-Qanuni</a>. Empayar ini sering bertembung dengan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Suci" title="Empayar Rom Suci">Empayar Rom Suci</a> dalam kemaraannya tanpa putus-putus ke arah <a href="/wiki/Eropah_Tengah" title="Eropah Tengah">Eropah Tengah</a> melalui rantau Balkan dan bahagian selatan <a href="/wiki/Komanwel_Poland-Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Komanwel Poland-Lithuania">Komanwel Poland-Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-9">[7]</a> Di laut, empayar ini bersaing dengan Liga-Liga Suci yang terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Sepanyol_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepanyol Habsburg">Sepanyol Habsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Venice">Republik Venice</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatria_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatria Hospital (laman tidak wujud)">Kesatria Santo Yohanes</a> demi menguasai <a href="/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean" title="Laut Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Di <a href="/wiki/Lautan_Hindi" title="Lautan Hindi">Lautan Hindi</a>, tentera laut Uthmaniyah kerap bertembung dengan armada <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugis</a> demi mempertahankan monopoli turun-temurun ke atas laluan-laluan perdagangan maritim antara <a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eropah_Barat" title="Eropah Barat">Eropah Barat</a>; laluan-laluan ini berdepan dengan persaingan baru dengan penemuan <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Harapan" class="mw-disambig" title="Tanjung Harapan">Tanjung Harapan</a> oleh Portugis pada tahun 1488. Selain itu, Uthmaniyah adakalanya berperang dengan Parsi gara-gara pertikaian wilayah atau disebabkan oleh perbezaan agama pada abad ke-16 hingga ke-18.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Dalam hampir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejatuhan_Empayar_Uthmaniyyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejatuhan Empayar Uthmaniyyah (laman tidak wujud)">dua abad mengalami kejatuhan</a>, Empayar Uthmaniyah beransur-ansur mengecil dari segi keluasan tanah, kekuatan tentera dan kekayaan. Ia terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Pertama" title="Perang Dunia Pertama">Perang Dunia Pertama</a> di sisi <a href="/wiki/Kuasa_Tengah" title="Kuasa Tengah">Kuasa Tengah</a> dan akhirnya dikalahkan. Dalam perang ini, sekitar 1.5 juta <a href="/wiki/Orang_Armenia" title="Orang Armenia">orang Armenia</a> diarah berpindah lalu dihapuskan dalam peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Armenia" title="Genosid Armenia">Genosid Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Pembunuhan beramai-ramai secara besar-besaran turut dilakukan terhadap kelompok minoriti lain dalam empayar itu, seperti kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Yunani_Uthmaniyyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Yunani Uthmaniyyah (laman tidak wujud)">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Assyria" title="Orang Assyria">Assyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levene-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-39">[37]</a> Ekoran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gencatan_Senjata_Mudros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gencatan Senjata Mudros (laman tidak wujud)">Gencatan Senjata Mudros</a> pada 30 Oktober 1918, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pihak_Berikat_Perang_Dunia_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pihak Berikat Perang Dunia I (laman tidak wujud)">Pihak Berikat</a> selaku pemenang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemecahan_Empayar_Uthmaniyyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemecahan Empayar Uthmaniyyah (laman tidak wujud)">memecahkan negara Uthmaniyyah</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_S%C3%A8vres" title="Perjanjian Sèvres">Perjanjian Sèvres</a> 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Ottomans-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Republik">Zaman Republik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Zaman Republik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Zaman Republik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Pembaharuan_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Pembaharuan Atatürk">Pembaharuan Atatürk</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg/300px-Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg/450px-Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg/600px-Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> melawat Sekolah Menengah İzmir pada 1 Februari 1931</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendudukan_Kustantiniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendudukan Kustantiniyah (laman tidak wujud)">Pendudukan Kustantiniyah</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendudukan_%C4%B0zmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendudukan İzmir (laman tidak wujud)">Smyrna</a> oleh Pihak Berikat selepas Perang Dunia Pertama mencetuskan penubuhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Kebangsaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Kebangsaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Gerakan Kebangsaan Turki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-9">[7]</a> Di bawah kepimpinan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a>, seorang komander tentera yang tersohor ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Gallipoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Gallipoli (laman tidak wujud)">Pertempuran Gallipoli</a>, lancarnay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Kemerdekaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Kemerdekaan Turki</a> yang bertujuan menarik balik terma-terma Perjanjian Sèvres.<a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-40">[38]</a> Pada 18 September 1922, tentera-tentera pendudukan sudahpun diusir, dan tertubuhnya sebuah negara Turki baru. Pada 1 November, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Kebangsaan_Agung_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Kebangsaan Agung Turki (laman tidak wujud)">parlimen yang baru ditubuhkan</a> secara rasminya membubarkan Kesultanan, maka berakhirnya 623 tahun di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyah. <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lausanne" title="Perjanjian Lausanne">Perjanjian Lausanne</a> 24 Julai 1923 membawa kepada pengakuan antarabangsa akan "Republik Turki" yang baru dibentuk sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_pewaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara pewaris (laman tidak wujud)">negara pewaris</a> Empayar Uthmaniyah, dan republik tersebut diisytiharkan secara rasmi pada 29 Oktober 1923, di ibu negara baru iaitu <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-9">[7]</a> Mustafa Kemal menjadi <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Turki" title="Presiden Turki">Presiden Turki</a> yang pertama lalu memperkenalkan banyak pembaharuan radikal yang bertujuan menubuhkan sebuah republik sekular baru daripada tinggalan zaman silam Uthmaniyah.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-9">[7]</a> Mengikut Undang-Undang Nama Keluarga, parlimen Turki memberi Mustafa Kemal nama keluarga kehormat "Atatürk" (Bapa Turki) pada tahun 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-40">[38]</a> Turki kekal berkecuali sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> tetapi bersekutu dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pihak_Berikat_Perang_Dunua_Kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pihak Berikat Perang Dunua Kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Pihak Berikat</a> sebagai tanda sokongan istiada pada 23 Februari 1945, kemudian menjadi salah satu anggota piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada tahun yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_UN-10">[8]</a> Kesukaran yang dihadapi oleh <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> selepas perang dalam meredakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Saudara_Yunani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Saudara Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">pemberontakan komunis</a> di samping tuntuan <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a> untuk membina pangkalan tentera di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selat_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selat Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Selat Turki</a>, menyeru <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> untuk mengisytiharkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doktrin_Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doktrin Truman (laman tidak wujud)">Doktrin Truman</a> pada tahun 1947, yang mengemukakan niat AS untuk menjamin keselamatan Turki dan Yunani, sehingga kedua-dua negara itu menerima <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_Turki-Amerika_Syarikat" title="Hubungan Turki-Amerika Syarikat">sokongan tentera dan ekonomi AS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Truman_Doctrine-41">[39]</a> Selepas menyertai angkatan PBB dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Korea" title="Perang Korea">Perang Korea</a>, Turki menyertai <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> pada tahun 1952, untuk menjadi benteng terhadap peluasan Soviet ke dalam rantau <a href="/wiki/Lembangan_Mediterranean" title="Lembangan Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Selepas sedekad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Saudara_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Saudara Cyprus (laman tidak wujud)">keganasan antara kaum</a> di pulau <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=EOKA-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EOKA-B (laman tidak wujud)">rampasan kuasa tentera Yunani pada Julai 1974</a> yang menggulingkan Presiden <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios</a> lalu mengangkat <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Sampson" title="Nikos Sampson">Nikos Sampson</a> sebagai diktator, Turki <a href="/wiki/Serangan_Turki_terhadap_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan Turki terhadap Cyprus">menyerang Republik Cyprus</a> pada tahun 1974. Sembilan tahun kemudian, tertubuhnya <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Republik Turki Cyprus Utara</a> yang hanya diiktiraf oleh Turki.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_parti_tunggal_Republik_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman parti tunggal Republik Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman parti tunggal</a> berakhir pada tahun 1945, dan disusuli oleh zaman peralihan yang huru-hara ke arah demokrasi berbilang parti pada puluhan tahun berikutnya, tetapi ia disampuk oleh <a href="/wiki/Kudeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudeta">rampasan kuasa</a> tentera pada tahun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampasan_kuasa_Turki_1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampasan kuasa Turki 1960 (laman tidak wujud)">1960</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampasan_kuasa_Turki_1971&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampasan kuasa Turki 1971 (laman tidak wujud)">1971</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampasan_kuasa_Turki_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampasan kuasa Turki 1980 (laman tidak wujud)">1980</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorandum_tentera_1997_(Turki)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorandum tentera 1997 (Turki) (laman tidak wujud)">1997</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TRPoliticsandMilitary-43">[41]</a> Pada tahun 1984, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parti_Pekerja_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parti Pekerja Kurdistan (laman tidak wujud)">PKK</a> melancarkan pemberontakan terhadap kerajaan Turki. Konflik yang meragut lebih 40,000 nyawa ini masih berterusan hingga hari ini.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Semenjak peliberalan ekonomi Turki pada 1980-an, negara ini telah menikmati pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat dan kestabilan politik yang lebih kukuh.<a href="#cite_note-80sLiberalization-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Politik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Turki ialah <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_berpresiden" title="Sistem berpresiden">berpresiden</a> sejak 9 Julai 2018. Semenjak penubuhan republik pada tahun 1923, Turki telah mengembangkan tradisi <a href="/wiki/Negara_sekular" title="Negara sekular">sekular</a> yang utuh.<a href="#cite_note-TR_Secularism-46">[44]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Turki</a> mentadbir kerangka undang-undang negara, dan menggariskan rukun-rukun utama kerajaan serta menetapkan Turki sebagai negara unitari yang terpusat. <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Turki" title="Presiden Turki">Presiden Republik</a> ialah <a href="/wiki/Ketua_negara" title="Ketua negara">ketua negara</a> yang pokoknya berperanan istiadat. Presiden dipilih untuk penggal lima tahun oleh pilihan raya langsung. <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a> dipilih sebagai presiden oleh undian parlimen pada 28 Ogos 2007, mengganti <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eksekutif_(kerajaan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksekutif (kerajaan)">Kuasa eksekutif</a> dilaksanakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Turki" title="Perdana Menteri Turki">Perdana Menteri</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Menteri-Menteri_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis Menteri-Menteri Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Majlis Menteri-Menteri</a> yang membentuk pemerintahan, manakala kuasa <a href="/wiki/Perundangan" title="Perundangan">perundangan</a> pula terletak di tangan parlimen ekadewan, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Kebangsaan_Agung_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Kebangsaan Agung Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perhimpunan Kebangsaan Agung Turki</a>. Para menteri selalunya tetapi tidak semestinya ahli parlimen. Cabang <a href="/wiki/Kehakiman" title="Kehakiman">kehakiman</a> pula bebas daripada badan eksekutif dan perundangan, dan Mahkamah Perlembagaan ditugaskan untuk memastikan kepatuhan undang-undang dan dekri-dekri negara dengan perlembagaan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Negara_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis Negara Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Majlis Negara</a> ialah tribunal muktamad bagi kes-kes pentadbiran, sementara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Rayuan_Tinggi_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Rayuan Tinggi Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Mahkamah Rayuan Tinggi</a> pula sama untuk kes-kes lain.<a href="#cite_note-TR_Constit-48">[46]</a> Perdana menteri dipilih oleh parlimen secara undi percaya dalam kerajaan dan selalunya merupakan ketua parti politik yang paling banyak kerusinya di parlimen. Perdana menteri sekarang ialah bekas datuk bandar İstanbul, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, dari parti <a href="/wiki/Parti_Keadilan_dan_Pembangunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Keadilan dan Pembangunan">AKP</a> yang memenangi majoriti mutlak kerusi parlimen di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilihan_raya_umum_Turki_2002&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilihan raya umum Turki 2002 (laman tidak wujud)">pilihan raya umum 2002</a> yang diadakan ekoran krisis ekonomi tahun 2001, dengan 34% undian.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg/170px-Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg/255px-Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg/340px-Crop_of_Erdogan_in_Canakkale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> telah dua kali dipilih sebagai Perdana Menteri sejak 2002, dan partinya memenangi 47% undian pada pilihan raya umum 2007.</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 2007, selepas AKP mempertahankan majoriti di Parlimen pada <a href="/wiki/Pilihan_raya_umum_Turki_2007" title="Pilihan raya umum Turki 2007">pilihan raya umum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> timbulnya beberapa peristiwa yang menyentuh dasar sekular negara dan peranan kehakiman dalam cabang <a href="/wiki/Perundangan" title="Perundangan">perundangan</a>. Antaranya ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilihan_raya_presiden_Turki_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilihan raya presiden Turki 2007 (laman tidak wujud)">pemilihan</a> Abdullah Gül sebagai Presiden, yang pernah terlibat dengan parti-parti <a href="/wiki/Islamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamis">Islamis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> serta cadangan kerajaan untuk memansuhkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontroversi_tudung_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontroversi tudung di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">larangan bertudung</a> dalam universiti yang dibatalkan oleh Mahkamah Perlembagaan, menyebabkan parti pemerintah didenda dan hampir diharamkan.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hak_mengundi_sejagat" title="Hak mengundi sejagat">Hak mengundi sejagat</a> untuk kedua-dua jantina telah dilaksanakan di seluruh Turki sejak tahun 1933. Setiap warganegara Turki yang mencapai usia 18 tahun berhak untuk mengundi. Pada tahun 2004, terdapat 50 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_parti_politik_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai parti politik di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">parti politik yang berdaftar di negara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BYEGM_TrPolSys-53">[51]</a> Mahkamah Perlembagaan boleh menarik balik pembiayaan awam parti politik yang didapatinya anti-sekular atau <a href="/wiki/Separatisme" title="Separatisme">pemisah</a>, ataupun mengharamkan kewujudannya sama sekali.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Terdapat 550 orang ahli parlimen yang dipilih untuk penggal empat tahun oleh sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perwakilan_berkadar_senarai_parti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perwakilan berkadar senarai parti (laman tidak wujud)">perwakilan berkadar senarai parti</a> dari 85 daerah pemilihan yang mewakili 81 <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di Turki">wilayah pentadbiran di Turki</a> (İstanbul terbahagi kepada tiga daerah pilihan raya, manakala Ankara dan <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> masing-masing dibahagikan kepada dua kerana jumlah penduduknya yang ramai). Untuk mengelakkan <a href="/wiki/Parlimen_tergantung" title="Parlimen tergantung">parlimen tergantung</a> yang boleh mendatangkan perpecahan politik yang berlarutan, hanya parti-parti yang meraih sekurang-kurangnya 10% undian yang dibuang dalam pilihan raya parlimen negara yang mendapat hak pewakilan dalam parlimen.<a href="#cite_note-BYEGM_TrPolSys-53">[51]</a> Disebabkan had minimum ini, dalam pilihan raya 2007 hanya tiga parti yang memasuki parlimen secara rasmi (berbanding dua pada tahun 2002).<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_luar">Hubungan luar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg/220px-2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg/330px-2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg/440px-2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Turki ialah sebuah negara pengasas <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-20_ekonomi_utama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-20 ekonomi utama (laman tidak wujud)">G-20 ekonomi utama</a>.</figcaption></figure> Turki ialah sebuah negara pengasas <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> (1945), <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/OIC" class="mw-redirect" title="OIC">OIC</a> (1969), <a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE (laman tidak wujud)">OSCE</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_Ekonomi" title="Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi">ECO</a> (1985), <a href="/w/index.php?title=BSEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BSEC (laman tidak wujud)">BSEC</a> (1992) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-20_ekonomi_utama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-20 ekonomi utama (laman tidak wujud)">G-20 ekonomi utama</a> (1999). Pada 17 Oktober 2008, Turki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilihan_raya_Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilihan raya Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 2008 (laman tidak wujud)">dipilih untuk menjadi seorang ahli bukan tetap</a> <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hürriyet_UN_Security-58">[56]</a> Keanggotaan Turki dalam majlis tersebut bermula pada 1 Januari 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Hürriyet_UN_Security-58">[56]</a> Turki pernah menganggotai Majlis Keselamatan PBB pada tahun 1951–1952, 1954–1955 dan 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Hürriyet_UN_Security-58">[56]</a> Selaras dengan orientasi kebaratannya, hubungan dengan <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> sentiasa menjadi titik tengah dasar luar Turki. Turki pernah menjadi anggota pengasas <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Eropah" title="Majlis Eropah">Majlis Eropah</a> pada tahun 1949, memohon keahlian sekutu <a href="/wiki/Komuniti_Ekonomi_Eropah" title="Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah">Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah</a> (pendahulu <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a>) pad tahun 1959 lalu menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persetujuan_Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persetujuan Ankara (laman tidak wujud)">ahli sekutu</a> pada tahun 1963. Setelah berpuluh-puluh tahun berunding, Turki memohon keahlian penuh EEC pada tahun 1987, menjadi ahli sekutu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Eropah_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan Eropah Barat (laman tidak wujud)">Kesatuan Eropah Barat</a> pada tahun 1992, mencapai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Kastam_Kesatuan_Eropah_%E2%80%93_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan Kastam Kesatuan Eropah – Turki (laman tidak wujud)">persetujuan Kesatuan Kastam</a> dengan EU pada tahun 1995 dan pernah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyertaan_Turki_ke_dalam_Kesatuan_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyertaan Turki ke dalam Kesatuan Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">rundingan rasmi demi menyertai EU</a> sejak tahun 2005.<a href="#cite_note-TR_EUChrono-16">[14]</a> Sejak tahun 1974, Turki tidak memperakui Republik Cyprus (atau Cyprus Yunani) sebagai pemerintah tunggal pulau itu, sebaliknya menyokong masyarakat Cyprus Turki dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Republik Turki Cyprus Utara</a> de facto yang hanya diiktiraf oleh Turki.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Satu lagi aspek penting dalam hubungan luar Turki ialah hubungannya dengan Amerika Syarikat. Atas dasar ancaman bersama dari <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a>, Turki menyertai NATO pada tahun 1952 untuk mengeratkan hubungan dua hala dengan Washington sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>. Dalam suasana pasca–Perang Dingin, kepentingan geostrategik Turki beralih ke arah kehampirannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>. Sebagai balasan, Turki mendapat faedah daripada sokongan politik, ekonomi dan diplomasi Amerika Syarikat, termasuk isu-isu utama seperti bidaan Turki untuk menyertai EU. Kemerdekaan negara-negara Turkik dari Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1991, yang berkongsi warisan kebudayaan dan bahasa dengan Turki, membolehkan Turki meluaskan hubungan ekonomi dan politiknya ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> sekaligus membolehkan penyiapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_talian_paip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan talian paip (laman tidak wujud)">talian paip</a> petroleum dan gas asli yang bernilai berbilion dolar dari <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> ke pelabuan <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a> di Turki. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talian_paip_Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talian paip Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (laman tidak wujud)">Talian paip Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan</a> membentuk sebahagian strategi dasar luar Turki untuk menjadi pembuluh tenaga ke Barat. Bagaimanapun, sempadan Turki dengan <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, sebuah negara Kaukasus, masih ditutup berikutan pendudukan wilayah Azerinya ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Nagorno-Karabakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tentera">Tentera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Tentera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tentera">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Turki" title="Angkatan Tentera Turki">Angkatan Tentera Turki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:NATO-2002-Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NATO-2002-Summit.jpg/220px-NATO-2002-Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NATO-2002-Summit.jpg/330px-NATO-2002-Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/NATO-2002-Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Turki menganggotai <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> pada tahun 1952.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Turki" title="Angkatan Tentera Turki">Angkatan Tentera Turki</a> terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Darat_Turki" title="Tentera Darat Turki">Tentera Darat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Laut_Turki" title="Tentera Laut Turki">Tentera Laut</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Udara_Turki" title="Tentera Udara Turki">Tentera Udara</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gendarmerie Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Gendarmerie</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawal_Pantai_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawal Pantai Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Pengawal Pantai</a> beroperasi di bawah Kementerian Hal-Ehwal Dalam Negara pada zaman damai, tetapi masing-masing dibawa ke bawah perintah Tentera Darat dan Laut sewaktu berperang, barulah mereka mendapat penguatkuasaan undang-undang dalaman dan fungsi ketenteraan.<a href="#cite_note-TSK_Organisation-62">[60]</a> Tentera Turki merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_bersenjata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angkatan bersenjata (laman tidak wujud)">angkatan bersenjata</a> yang paling ramai anggota tetap dalam NATO, mengekori <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Amerika_Syarikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentera Amerika Syarikat">Tentera Amerika Syarikat</a>, dengan sejumlah lebih sejuta kakitangan beruniform yang berkhidmat di kelima-lima cabangnya.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-63">[61]</a> Turki dianggap sebagai kuasa tentera terbesar di Timur Tengah di samping Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Heptagon-64">[62]</a> Setiap warganegara lelaki Turki yang tegap diwajibkan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengerahan_tentera_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengerahan tentera di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">berkhidmat dalam tentera</a> (melainkan dilarang) dalam masa tiga minggu hingga 15 bulan, bergantung pada pendidikan dan tempat kerja.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Turki tidak menerima pengingkar turut hati nurani dan tidak menawarkan alternatif awam kepada khidmat tentera.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg/220px-Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg/330px-Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg/440px-Boeing_737_AEW%26C_MESA_Peace_Eagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_AEW%26C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing 737 AEW&C (laman tidak wujud)">Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA Peace Eagle</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Air Force (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Air Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> Turki adalah salah satu daripada lima buah negara anggota NATO yang membentuk dasar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian nuklear</a> dalam perikatan, bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Sejumlah 90 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bom_nuklear_B61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bom nuklear B61 (laman tidak wujud)">bom nuklear B61</a> ditempatkan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkalan_Udara_Incirlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkalan Udara Incirlik (laman tidak wujud)">Pangkalan Udara Incirlik</a>; 40 daripadanya diperuntukkan kepada <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Udara_Turki" title="Tentera Udara Turki">Tentera Udara Turki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Pada tahun 1998, Turki mengumumkan program pemodenan bernilai <a href="/wiki/Dolar_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Dolar Amerika Syarikat">AS$</a>160 bilion sepanjang tempoh 20 tahun dalam pelbagai projek termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kereta_kebal" title="Kereta kebal">kereta kebal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_pejuang" title="Pesawat pejuang">pesawat pejuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helikopter" title="Helikopter">helikopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_selam" title="Kapal selam">kapal selam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_perang" title="Kapal perang">kapal perang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Raifal_gempur" title="Raifal gempur">raifal gempur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Turki ialah sebuah penyumbang Tahap 3 kepada program <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" title="F-35 Lightning II">Joint Strike Fighter</a> (JSF).<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Turki telah menghantar tenteranya ke misi antarabangasa di bawah PBB dan NATO sejak 1950, termasuk misi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengamanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengamanan (laman tidak wujud)">pengamanan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> dan bekas <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, serta menyokong tentera campuran dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Teluk" title="Perang Teluk">Perang Teluk</a>. Turki menyimpan 36,000 orang askar di Cyprus utara; kehadiran mereka disokong dan dihalalkan oleh kerajaan tempatan <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>, tetapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Cyprus (laman tidak wujud)">Republik Cyprus</a> dan masyarakat antarabangsa menganggapnya sebagai tentera pendudukan haram, dan kehadirannya pernah dikecam dalam beberapa resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Turki pernah menghantar tentera ke <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> untuk menyertai <a href="/wiki/Perang_di_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93kini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang di Afghanistan (2001–kini)">angkatan penstabilan AS</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_Bantuan_Keselamatan_Antarabangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angkatan Bantuan Keselamatan Antarabangsa (laman tidak wujud)">Angkatan Bantuan Keselamatan Antarabangsa</a> (ISAF) perintahan NATO yang diluluskan oleh PBB sejak tahun 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketua_Turus_Am_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketua Turus Am Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Ketua Turus Am</a> dilantik oleh presiden dan bertanggungjawab kepada perdana menteri. Majlis Menteri-Menteri bertanggungjawab kepada parlimen atas hal-ehwal keselamatan negara serta kebersediaan tentera untuk mempertahankan negara. Bagaimanapun, kuasa untuk mengisytiharkan perang serta menghantar Tentera Turki ke negara luar atau membenarkan tentera negara asing berpangkalan di Turki hanya terletak dalam tangan parlimen.<a href="#cite_note-TSK_Organisation-62">[60]</a> Komander sebenar tentera ialah Ketua Turus Am <a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Işık Koşaner (laman tidak wujud)">General Işık Koşaner</a> sejak 30 Ogos 2010.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembahagian_pentadbiran">Pembahagian pentadbiran</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembahagian pentadbiran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembahagian pentadbiran">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di Turki">Wilayah di Turki</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daerah_di_Turki" title="Daerah di Turki">Daerah di Turki</a></div> <div class="nounderlines" style="width: 500px; float: right; margin: none; padding: none; border: none; clear: right; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"> <div style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png/500px-BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png/750px-BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png/1000px-BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:165px;top:86px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ankara" title="Wilayah Ankara">Ankara </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:44px;top:25px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_K%C4%B1rklareli" title="Wilayah Kırklareli">Kırklareli </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:3px;top:38px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Edirne" title="Wilayah Edirne">Edirne </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:32px;top:47px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Wilayah Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:6px;top:75px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C3%87anakkale" title="Wilayah Çanakkale">Çanakkale </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:46px;top:95px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Wilayah Balıkesir">Balıkesir </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:70px;top:78px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bursa" title="Wilayah Bursa">Bursa </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:73px;top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Yalova" title="Wilayah Yalova">Yalova </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:80px;top:39px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Istanbul" title="Wilayah Istanbul">Istanbul </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:93px;top:54px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kocaeli" title="Wilayah Kocaeli">Kocaeli </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:108px;top:64px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Sakarya" title="Wilayah Sakarya">Sakarya </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:127px;top:53px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_D%C3%BCzce" title="Wilayah Düzce">Düzce </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:133px;top:42px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Zonguldak" title="Wilayah Zonguldak">Zonguldak </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:147px;top:71px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bolu" title="Wilayah Bolu">Bolu </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:103px;top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bilecik" title="Wilayah Bilecik">Bilecik </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:121px;top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Wilayah Eskişehir">Eskişehir </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:85px;top:107px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_K%C3%BCtahya" title="Wilayah Kütahya">Kütahya </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:44px;top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Manisa" title="Wilayah Manisa">Manisa </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:26px;top:137px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C4%B0zmir" title="Wilayah İzmir">İzmir </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:43px;top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Wilayah Aydın">Aydın </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:50px;top:186px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Mu%C4%9Fla" title="Wilayah Muğla">Muğla </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:72px;top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Denizli" title="Wilayah Denizli">Denizli </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:98px;top:170px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Burdur" title="Wilayah Burdur">Burdur </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:79px;top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_U%C5%9Fak" title="Wilayah Uşak">Uşak </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:116px;top:129px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Afyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Afyon">Afyon </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:120px;top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Isparta" title="Wilayah Isparta">Isparta </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:112px;top:188px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Antalya" title="Wilayah Antalya">Antalya </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:159px;top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Konya" title="Wilayah Konya">Konya </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:201px;top:198px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Mersin" title="Wilayah Mersin">Mersin</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:175px;top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Karaman" title="Wilayah Karaman">Karaman </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:196px;top:146px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Aksaray" title="Wilayah Aksaray">Aksaray </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:200px;top:113px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir" title="Wilayah Kırşehir">Kırşehir </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:191px;top:98px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale" title="Wilayah Kırıkkale">Kırıkkale </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:185px;top:66px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Wilayah Çankırı">Çankırı </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:162px;top:51px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Karab%C3%BCk" title="Wilayah Karabük">Karabük </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:159px;top:30px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bart%C4%B1n" title="Wilayah Bartın">Bartın </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:186px;top:40px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kastamonu" title="Wilayah Kastamonu">Kastamonu </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:233px;top:31px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Sinop" title="Wilayah Sinop">Sinop </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:218px;top:75px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C3%87orum" title="Wilayah Çorum">Çorum </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:233px;top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Yozgat" title="Wilayah Yozgat">Yozgat </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:213px;top:130px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Nev%C5%9Fehir" title="Wilayah Nevşehir">Nevşehir </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:218px;top:161px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Wilayah Niğde">Niğde </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:236px;top:189px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Adana" title="Wilayah Adana">Adana </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:256px;top:209px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Hatay" title="Wilayah Hatay">Hatay </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:249px;top:174px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Osmaniye" title="Wilayah Osmaniye">Osmaniye </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:271px;top:154px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Wilayah Kahramanmaraş">K. Maraş </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:246px;top:139px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kayseri" title="Wilayah Kayseri">Kayseri </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:284px;top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Sivas" title="Wilayah Sivas">Sivas </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:265px;top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Tokat" title="Wilayah Tokat">Tokat </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:244px;top:64px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Amasya" title="Wilayah Amasya">Amasya </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:255px;top:50px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Samsun" title="Wilayah Samsun">Samsun </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:288px;top:60px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ordu" title="Wilayah Ordu">Ordu </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:309px;top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Giresun" title="Wilayah Giresun">Giresun </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:330px;top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Erzincan" title="Wilayah Erzincan">Erzincan </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:303px;top:140px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Malatya" title="Wilayah Malatya">Malatya </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:280px;top:186px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Gaziantep" title="Wilayah Gaziantep">Gaziantep </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:284px;top:199px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kilis" title="Wilayah Kilis">Kilis </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:327px;top:184px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Wilayah Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:300px;top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ad%C4%B1yaman" title="Wilayah Adıyaman">Adıyaman </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:329px;top:72px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Wilayah Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:343px;top:58px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Trabzon" title="Wilayah Trabzon">Trabzon </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:372px;top:50px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Rize" title="Wilayah Rize">Rize </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:359px;top:81px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bayburt" title="Wilayah Bayburt">Bayburt </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:389px;top:90px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Erzurum" title="Wilayah Erzurum">Erzurum </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:397px;top:44px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Artvin" title="Wilayah Artvin">Artvin </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:425px;top:49px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ardahan" title="Wilayah Ardahan">Ardahan </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:431px;top:70px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kars" title="Wilayah Kars">Kars </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:436px;top:95px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Wilayah Ağrı">Ağrı </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:457px;top:85px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Wilayah Iğdır">Iğdır </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:341px;top:116px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Tunceli" title="Wilayah Tunceli">Tunceli </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:329px;top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Wilayah Elâzığ">Elâzığ </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:354px;top:154px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Wilayah Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:377px;top:178px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Mardin" title="Wilayah Mardin">Mardin </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:383px;top:141px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Batman" title="Wilayah Batman">Batman </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:415px;top:156px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Siirt" title="Wilayah Siirt">Siirt </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:421px;top:174px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" title="Wilayah Şırnak">Şırnak </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:418px;top:139px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bitlis" title="Wilayah Bitlis">Bitlis </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:376px;top:119px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bing%C3%B6l" title="Wilayah Bingöl">Bingöl </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:405px;top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Mu%C5%9F" title="Wilayah Muş">Muş </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:458px;top:134px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Van" title="Wilayah Van">Van </a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:468px;top:166px"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Hakk%C3%A2ri" title="Wilayah Hakkâri">Hakkâri </a></div></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ibu_negara" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a> Turki ialah <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. Perwilayahan Turki terbahagi kepada 81 wilayah untuk tujuan pentadbiran. Wilayah-wilayah ini dikumpulkan kepada tujuh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">kawasan</a> untuk tujuan <a href="/wiki/Banci" title="Banci">banci</a>; tetapi pembahagian kawasan ini tiada tujuan pentadbiran. Setiap wilayah dibahagikan kepada daerah, iaitu sejumlah 923 daerah. Ibu wilayah (atau daerah pusat) biasanya sama nama dengan wilayahnya, kecuali wilayah-wilayah <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Hatay" title="Wilayah Hatay">Hatay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kocaeli" title="Wilayah Kocaeli">Kocaeli</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Sakarya" title="Wilayah Sakarya">Sakarya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a>). Wilayah-wilayah yang teramai penduduknya ialah <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (13 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ankara" title="Wilayah Ankara">Ankara</a> (5 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C4%B0zmir" title="Wilayah İzmir">İzmir</a> (4 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bursa" title="Wilayah Bursa">Bursa</a> (3 juta) dan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Adana" title="Wilayah Adana">Adana</a> (2 juta). <a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Bandaraya terbesar dan ibu negara pra-Republik, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, ialah pusat kewangan, ekonomi dan kebudayaan negara.<a href="#cite_note-USLC_TRGeo-75">[73]</a> Kira-kira 75.5% penduduk Turki tinggal di kawasan bandaraya utama.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Keseluruhannya, 19 wilayah masing-masing diduduki lebih sejuta penduduk, manakala 20 lagi wilayah diduduki antara 500 ribu hingga sejuta penduduk. Hanya dua wilayah yang penduduknya kurang daripada 100,000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Geografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Turki ialah sebuah negara <a href="/wiki/Negara_rentas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara rentas benua">rentas benua</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Eurasia. Turki Asia (yang sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada Anatolia) yang merangkumi 97% keluasan negara, terpisah dari Turki Eropah oleh <a href="/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selat Bosporus">Selat Bosporus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Marmara" title="Laut Marmara">Laut Marmara</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> (yang bersama-sama membentuk pautan air di antara <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean" title="Laut Mediterranean">Laut Mediterranean</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trakia_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trakia Timur (laman tidak wujud)">Turki Eropah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trakia">Trakia</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumelia (laman tidak wujud)">Rumelia</a> timur di semenanjung <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>) hanya mendapat 3% kawasan negara.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Perwilayahan Turki berbentuk seakan-akan segiempat tepat, panjangnya lebih 1,600 kilometer (1,000 batu) dan lebarnya 800 km (500 batu).<a href="#cite_note-USLC_TRGeo-75">[73]</a> Ia terletak di antara garis lintang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selarian_ke-35_utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selarian ke-35 utara (laman tidak wujud)">35°</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selarian_ke-43_utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selarian ke-43 utara (laman tidak wujud)">43° U</a>, dan garis bujur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridian_ke-25_timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridian ke-25 timur (laman tidak wujud)">25°</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridian_ke-45_timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridian ke-45 timur (laman tidak wujud)">45° E</a>. Kawasan Turki, termasuk tasik sekali, menduduki tanah seluas 783,562<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> kilometer persegi (300,948 batu persegi), yang mana 755,688 kilometer persegi (291,773 batu persegi) terletak di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat_Daya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Barat Daya">Asia Barat Daya</a> dan 23,764 kilometer persegi (9,174 batu persegi) yang selebihnya di <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USLC_TRGeo-75">[73]</a> Turki ialah negara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_negara_mengikut_jumlah_kawasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai negara mengikut jumlah kawasan (laman tidak wujud)">ke-37 terbesar</a> di dunia dari segi keluasan. Negara ini dikelilingi oleh laut dari tiga arah, iaitu: <a href="/wiki/Laut_Aegia" title="Laut Aegia">Laut Aegia</a> di barat, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a> di utara dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean" title="Laut Mediterranean">Laut Mediterranean</a> di selatan. Turki juga merangkumi <a href="/wiki/Laut_Marmara" title="Laut Marmara">Laut Marmara</a> di barat laut.<a href="#cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-80">[78]</a> Bahagian Turki dalam benua Eropah, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trakia_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trakia Timur (laman tidak wujud)">Trakia Timur</a>, membentuk sempadan Turki dengan Yunani dan Bulgaria. Bahagian Asia puka, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, terdiri daripada sebuah penara tinggi di tengah-tengah dengan dataran-dataran pantai yang sempit, di antara banjaran Köroğlu dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergunungan_Pontus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergunungan Pontus (laman tidak wujud)">Pontus</a> ke utara dan <a href="/wiki/Pergunungan_Taurus" title="Pergunungan Taurus">Pergunungan Taurus</a> di selatan. Turki Timur mempunyai landskap yang lebih bergunung-ganang, dan di situ terletaknya punca sungai-sungai seperti <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Furat" title="Sungai Furat">Furat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Aras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Aras (laman tidak wujud)">Aras</a>, dan merangkumi <a href="/wiki/Tasik_Van" title="Tasik Van">Tasik Van</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Ararat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Ararat">Gunung Ararat</a>, puncak tertinggi di Turki pada 5,165 meter (16,946 kaki).<a href="#cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Turki dibahagikan kepada tujuh kawasan banci: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Marmara,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Marmara, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Marmara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Aegia,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Aegia, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Aegia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Laut_Hitam,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Laut Hitam, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Laut Hitam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Anatolia_Tengah,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Anatolia Tengah, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Anatolia Tengah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Anatolia_Timur,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Anatolia Timur, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Anatolia Timur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Anatolia_Tenggara,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Anatolia Tenggara, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Anatolia Tenggara</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Laut_Mediterranean,_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Laut Mediterranean, Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Mediterranean</a>. Rupa bumi Anatolia utara yang tidak rata di sepanjang Laut Hitam menyerupai jaluran yang panjang dan sempit. Kawasan ini merangkumi kira-kira satu perenam jumlah keluasan Turki. Sebagai arah aliran am, penara pedalaman Anatolia makin ke arah timur berceranggah.<a href="#cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-80">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:NEO_ararat_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NEO_ararat_big.jpg/220px-NEO_ararat_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NEO_ararat_big.jpg/330px-NEO_ararat_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NEO_ararat_big.jpg/440px-NEO_ararat_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Ararat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Ararat">Gunung Ararat</a> (Ağrı Dağı) ialah puncak tertinggi di Turkei pada 5,165 m (16,946 kaki).</figcaption></figure> Kepelbagaian lanskap Turki merupakan hasil pergerakan bumi kompleks yang membentuk rantau itu selama ribuan tahun dengan kejadian <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a> yang agak kerap dan letusan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> yang kadang-kala. <a href="/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selat Bosporus">Selat Bosporus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> lahir daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesar (laman tidak wujud)">garis sesar</a> yang merentasi Turki hingga membentuk Laut Hitam. Terdapat garis sesar gempa bumi menyeberangi bahagian utara negara dari timur ke barat, yang menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_%C4%B0zmit_1999" title="Gempa bumi İzmit 1999">gempa bumi besar</a> pada tahun 1999.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Iklim">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kawasan pantai Turki dekat Laut Aegia dan Mediterranean mengalami <a href="/wiki/Iklim_Mediterranean" title="Iklim Mediterranean">iklim Mediterranean</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Iklim_sederhana" title="Iklim sederhana">sederhana</a>, dengan musim panas yang panas dan kering dan musim sejuk yang sederhana dingin dan lembap. Kawasan pantai Turki dekat Laut Hitam pula ber<a href="/wiki/Iklim_lautan" title="Iklim lautan">iklim lautan</a> dengan musim panas yang hangat dan lembap, dan musim sejuk yang sejuk dan juga lembap. Pantai Laut Hitam Turki menerima jumlah kerpasan tertinggi dan merupakan satu-satunya kawasan di Turki yang menerima kerpasan tinggi sepanjang tahun. Bahagian timur pantai itu mendapat purata 2,500 milimeter setahun, iaitu kerpasan tertinggi di negara. Kawasan pantai Turki dekat Laut Marmara (termasuk Istanbul), yang menghubungkan Laut Aegia dan Laut Hitam, mengalami iklim peralihan antara Mediterranean sederhana dan Lautan sederhana yang musim panasnya antara hangat dan panas, dan sederhana kering, dan musim sejuknya antara nyaman dan sejuk, dan lembap. Salji ada turun di kawasan pantai Laut Marmara dan Laut Hitam hampir setiap musim sejuk, tetapi tidak kekal lebih daripada beberapa hari sahaja. Selain itu, salji jarang turun di kawasan pantai Laut Aegia dan jarang sekali di kawasna pantai Mediterranean. Keadaan cuaca mungkin lebih melampau di pedalaman yang lebih gersang. Kawasan gunung yang dekat dengan pantai menghalang pengaruh Mediterranean daripada menjangkau ke pedalaman, maka penara Anatolia di tengah pedalaman Turki mendapat <a href="/wiki/Iklim_kebenuaan" title="Iklim kebenuaan">iklim kebenuaan</a> dengan perubahan <a href="/wiki/Musim" title="Musim">musim</a> yang ketara. Musim sejuk di penara pula agak melampau. Suhu serendah −30 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> hingga −40 °C (−22 °<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">F</a> hingga −40 °F) boleh berlaku di Anatolia timur. Salji boleh kekal atas tanah selama sekurang-kurangnya 120 hari dalam setahun. Di barat, suhu musim sejuk berpurata di bawah 1 °C (34 °F). Musim panasnya panas dan kering, dengan suhu pada amnya melebihi 30 °C (86 °F) pada waktu siang. <a href="/wiki/Kerpasan" title="Kerpasan">Kerpasan</a> tahunan berpurata sekitar 400 milimeter (15 <a href="/wiki/Inci" title="Inci">in</a>), yang mana jumlah kerpasan sebenar ditentukan oleh aras tinggi tanah. Kawasan paling kering adalah di dataran Konya dan dataran Malatya, di mana curahan hujan tahunan biasanya kurang daripada 300 milimeter (12 in). Umumnya, Mei adalah yang paling lembap, manakala Julai dan Ogos pula paling kering.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekonomi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Turki" title="Ekonomi Turki">Ekonomi Turki</a></div> Turki mencatatkan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP)">KDNK pariti kuasa beli ke-15 tertinggi</a><a href="#cite_note-WB-GDP-PPP-84">[82]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (nominal)">KNDK nominal ke-17 tertinggi</a> di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-WB-GDP-Nominal-85">[83]</a> Negara ini merupakan salah sebuah anggota pengasas <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-20_ekonomi_utama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-20 ekonomi utama (laman tidak wujud)">G-20 ekonomi utama</a>. Dalam 60 tahun pertama republik, iaitu tahun 1923 hingga 1983, Turki banyak berpegang kepada pendekatan separa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statisme (laman tidak wujud)">statis</a> dengan perancangan belanjawan kerajaan yang ketat serta batasan yang dikenakan oleh kerajaan ke atas penglibatan sektor swasta, perdagangan luar, aliran mata wang asing, dan <a href="/wiki/Pelaburan_langsung_asing" title="Pelaburan langsung asing">pelaburan langsung asing</a>. Pada tahun 1983, Perdana Menteri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turgut_%C3%96zal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turgut Özal (laman tidak wujud)">Turgut Özal</a> melaksanakan serantaian pembaharuan yang bertujuan menganjakkan ekonomi daripada sistem statis yang tertebat, kepada model yang lebih berasaskan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasaran" title="Ekonomi pasaran">pasaran</a> dan sektor swasta.<a href="#cite_note-80sLiberalization-45">[43]</a> Walaupun pembaharuan mendatangkan pertumbuhan pesat, namun pertumbuhan ini berselang-seli dengan <a href="/wiki/Kemelesetan" title="Kemelesetan">kemelesetan</a> mendadak dan krisis kewangan pada tahun 1994, 1999 (ekoran gempa bumi pada tahun itu),<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> dan 2001,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> menyebabkan purata pertumbuhan <a href="/wiki/KDNK" class="mw-redirect" title="KDNK">KDNK</a> tahunan pada 4% dari tahun 1981 hingga 2003.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Ketiadaan pembaharuan fiskal tambahan, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurangan (laman tidak wujud)">kurangan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor awam (laman tidak wujud)">sektor awam</a> yang berat dan menggelembung dan berleluasanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyelewengan_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyelewengan politik (laman tidak wujud)">amalan rasuah</a>, menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a> tinggi, sektor <a href="/wiki/Perbankan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbankan">perbankan</a> yang lemah dan <a href="/wiki/Makroekonomi" title="Makroekonomi">makroekonomi</a> yang makin tidak menentu.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Sejak krisis ekonomi 2001 serta pembaharuan yang dilancarkan oleh menteri kewangan ketika itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemal_Dervi%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemal Derviş (laman tidak wujud)">Kemal Derviş</a>, inflasi akhirnya jatuh kepada kadar satu angka, keyakinan pelabur dan pelaburan asing melonjak naik, dan pengangguran juga menyusut. Turki beransur-ansur membuka pasarannya menerusi pembaharuan ekonomi dengan mengutangkan kawalan kerajaan terhadap perdagangan luar negara serta <a href="/wiki/Penswastaan" title="Penswastaan">penswastaan</a> industri milik awam. Pembebasan pelbagai sektor kepada pelibatan swasta dan luar negara berterusan walaupun banyak diperbahaskan dalam politik.<a href="#cite_note-TR_Eco-90">[88]</a> Walaupun nisbah hutang awam kepada KDNK tetap di bawah tahap ketika kemelesetan 2001, namun ia mencapai 46% pada tahun 2010 Q3. Kadar pertumbuhan KDNK dari tahun 2002 hingga 2007 berpurata 7.4%,<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> sekaligus menjadikan Turki sebagai salah sebuah ekonomi yang paling pesat membangun di dunia ketika itu. Bagaimanapun, pertumbuhan KDNK susut kepada4.5% pada tahun 2008,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-Turkey-92">[90]</a> dan pada awal tahun 2009, ekonomi Turki terjejas oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_kewangan_akhir_2000-an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis kewangan akhir 2000-an (laman tidak wujud)">krisis kewangan sedunia</a>, yang mana IMF meramalkan kemelesetan keseluruhan 5.1% pada tahun itu, berbanding dengan anggaran kerajaan Turki sebanyak 3.6%.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Pada awal abad ke-21, inflasi tinggi yang berlarutan ini akhirnya terbendung dan ini membawa kepada pelancaran mata wang baru, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Lira_Turki" title="Lira Turki">lira baru Turki</a>, pada 1 Januari 2005, untuk mengukuhkan pemerolehan pembaharuan ekonomi serta menghapuskan tinggalan ekonomi yang tidak stabil.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Pada 1 Januari 2009, lira baru Turki dinamakan semula sebagai <a href="/wiki/Lira_Turki" title="Lira Turki">lira Turki</a>, pengenalan <a href="/wiki/Wang_kertas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang kertas">wang kertas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Syiling" title="Syiling">syiling</a> baru. Kesan pembaharuan ekonomi berterusan, inflasi susut kepada 8.2% pada tahun 2005, dan kadar pengangguran pula pada 10.3%.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_TRStat-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg/220px-Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg/330px-Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg/440px-Turkish_Airlines_B777-300ER_TC-JJB_at_LHR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>Salah sebuah syarikat penerbangan yang paling pesat berkembang di dunia, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> dipilih selaku pengangkut rasmi kelab-kelab bola sepak terulung di <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">Eropah</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Syarikat ini juga merupakan penaja utama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleague_Basketball" class="extiw" title="en:Euroleague Basketball">Euroleague Basketball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelancongan_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelancongan di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Sektor pelancongan</a> telah mengalami pertumbuhan pesat sejak awal 1990-an, dan membentuk sebahagian penting dalam ekonomi negara. Pada tahun 2008, terdapat 31 juta orang pelancong yang melawati negara ini dan menyumbangkan $22 bilion kepada pendapatan Turki.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Sektor-sektor utama ekonomi Turki yang lain ialah perbankan, pembinaan, pembuatan kelengkapan rumah, elektronik, tekstil, penapisan petroleum, keluaran petrokimia, makanan, perlombongan, besi dan keluli, industri mesin dan automotif. Turki mempunyai industri automotif yang besar dan berkembang, dan menghasilkan 1,147,110 buah kenderaan bermotor pada tahun 2008, menjadikannya sebagai pengeluar ke-6 terbesar di Eropah dan ke-15 terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Turki juga salah sebuah negara <a href="/wiki/Pembinaan_kapal" title="Pembinaan kapal">pembina kapal</a> utama di dunia; pada tahun 2007, negara ini menduduki tangga keempat di dunia (mengekori China, Korea Selatan dan Jepun) dari segi bilangan penerimaan tempahan <a href="/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal">kapal</a>, dan tangga ke-4 juga di dunia (mengekori Itali, Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada) dari segi bilangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal_layar_mewah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapal layar mewah (laman tidak wujud)">kapal layar mewah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Esenboga_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Esenboga_terminal.jpg/280px-Esenboga_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Esenboga_terminal.jpg/420px-Esenboga_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Esenboga_terminal.jpg/560px-Esenboga_terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapangan_Terbang_Antarabangsa_Esenbo%C4%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Esenboğa (laman tidak wujud)">Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Esenboğa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> Ekonomi Turki semakin bergantung pada perindustrian di kota-kota utama, terutamanya di wilayah barat negara, dan makin kurang bergantung pada pertanian. Namun begitu, pertanian tradisional tetap sebuah tunggak utama ekonomi Turki. Pada tahun 2007, sektor pertanian menyumbangkan 9% KDNK, sementara sektor perindustrian pula menyumbangkan 31% dan sektor perkhidmatan pula 59%.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-Turkey-92">[90]</a> Bagaimanapun, sektor pertanian masih menyumbangkan 27% pekerjaan di negara.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Pada tahun 2004, dianggarkan bahawa 46% jumlah pendapatan boleh guna diterima oleh 20% penerima teratas, manakala 20% yang terbawah menerima 6%.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Menurut data <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurostat (laman tidak wujud)">Eurostat</a>, KDNK PPS per kapita Turki berada pada 45% purata EU pada tahun 2008.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Turki memanfaatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Kastam_Kesatuan_Eropah_%E2%80%93_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan Kastam Kesatuan Eropah – Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Kesatuan Kastam Kesatuan Eropah – Turki</a> yang dimeterai pada tahun 1995, untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran industri yang bertujuan eksport, pada masa yang sama menikmati pelaburan asing dari EU di negara. Kini, Turki juga mendapat peluang perjanjian perdagangan bebas bersama Kesatuan Eropah (EU) - tanpa keanggotaan penuh - yang membolehkannya mengilangkan barangan jualan bebas tarif di seluruh pasaran EU.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Pada tahun 2008, jumlah eksport mencecah $142 bilion<a href="#cite_note-CIA-Turkey-92">[90]</a> (rakan eksport utama: Jerman 11%, UK 8%, Itali 7%, Perancis 6%, Sepanyol 4%, AS 4%; jumlah eksport ke EU 57%.) Bagaimanapun, jumlah import yang lebih besar pada $205 bilion pada tahun yang sama,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-Turkey-92">[90]</a> menggugat imbangan perdagangan (rakan import utama: Rusia 14%, Jerman 10%, China 8%, Itali 6%, AS 5%, Perancis 5%, Iran 4%, UK 3%; jumlah import EU 40%; jumlah import dari Asia 27%).<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Setelah bertahun-tahun mengalami kekurangan <a href="/wiki/Pelaburan_langsung_asing" title="Pelaburan langsung asing">pelaburan langsung asing</a> (FDI), Turki berjaya menarik FDI berjumlah $22 bilion pada tahun 2007, dan dijangka menarik perangkaan yang lebih tinggi pada masa akan datang.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Langkah penswastaan besar-besaran, kestabilan yang dirangsang oleh permulaan rundingan penyertaan Turki ke dalam EU, pertumbuhan yang kukuh dan stabil, serta perubahan struktur sektor perbankan, peruncitan dan telekomunikasi, semuanya menyumbang kepada peningkatan pelaburan asing.<a href="#cite_note-TR_Eco-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Demografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Orang_Turki" title="Orang Turki">Orang Turki</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Kelompok etnik di Turki<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Kelompok etnik</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Peratus</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Turki" title="Orang Turki">Turki</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:80%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">80%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kurdi" title="Orang Kurdi">Kurdi</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:15%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Lain-lain</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:5%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_on_3_June_2007.jpg" class="new" title="Fail:Istiklal Avenue in Istanbul on 3 June 2007.jpg">Fail:Istiklal Avenue in Istanbul on 3 June 2007.jpg</a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebuh_%C4%B0stiklal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebuh İstiklal (laman tidak wujud)">Lebuh İstiklal</a> yang bersejarah di daerah kosmopolitan <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a> di <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jangka_hayat" title="Jangka hayat">Jangka hayat</a> Turki berada pada 71.1 tahun untuk lelaki dan 75.3 tahun untuk wanita, atau purata 73.2 tahun untuk seluruh umat.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</a> adalah wajib dan percuma untuk anak-anak berumur 6 hingga 15 tahun. Kadar celik huruf ialah 96% untuk lelaki dan 80.4% untuk wanita, dengan purata keseluruhan 88.1%.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Peratusan yang agak rendah untuk wanita terutamanya disebabkan oleh adat resam kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Arab</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kurdi_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Kurdi di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Kurdi</a> yang tertumpu di kawasan tenggara negara.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Perkara 66 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Turki</a> menakrifkan "orang Turki" sebagai "seseorang yang terikat dengan negara Turki secara ikatan kewarganegaraan"; maka, kegunaan istilah "orang Turki" di sisi undang-undang yang memaksudkan warganegara Turki adalah berbeza dengan takrifan etnik. Bagaimanapun, majoriti penduduk Turki adalah <a href="/wiki/Orang_Turki" title="Orang Turki">Etnik Turki</a>. Kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kurdi_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Kurdi di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Kurdi</a>, sebuah kelompok etnik yang berlainan dan tertumpu di kawasan tenggara negara, iaitu etnik bukan Turki yang terbesar dengan mengisi kira-kira 18% penduduk, mengikut <a href="/wiki/Agensi_Perisikan_Pusat" title="Agensi Perisikan Pusat">CIA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-Appendix-115">[113]</a> Kelompok-kelompok minoriti tidak mendapat keistimewaan kecuali tiga yang diiktiraf secara ramsi, sementara istilah "<a href="/wiki/Kelompok_minoriti" title="Kelompok minoriti">minoriti</a>" itu juga masih menjadi isu sensitif di Turki. Data yang boleh dipercayai tentang campuran etnik penduduk sukar dicari, kerana perangkaan banci Turki tidak merangkumi statistik keetnikan.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_Ethnic_groups-116">[114]</a> Antara kelompok-kelompok etnik utama yang lain (kebanyakkan banyak 'diturkikan' sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Rûm">Seljuk</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Uthmaniyah</a>) termasuk kaum-kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Abkhazia (laman tidak wujud)">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Albania (laman tidak wujud)">Albania</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Assyria" title="Orang Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniak" title="Bosniak">Bosniak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Adyghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Adyghe (laman tidak wujud)">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Georgia" title="Orang Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamsheni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamsheni (laman tidak wujud)">Hamsheni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Laz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Laz (laman tidak wujud)">Laz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomak (laman tidak wujud)">Pomak</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Bulgaria (laman tidak wujud)">Bulgaria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orang_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Romani">Roma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Zaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Zaza (laman tidak wujud)">Zaza</a> dan tiga kelompok minoriti yang diiktiraf rasmi (mengikut <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lausanne" title="Perjanjian Lausanne">Perjanjian Lausanne</a>), iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Armenia_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Armenia di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Armenian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Yunani_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Yunani di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahudi_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahudi di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Yahudi</a>. Ditandatangani pada 20 Januari 1923, sebuah perjanjian dua hala tentang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertukaran_penduduk_antara_Greece_dan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertukaran penduduk antara Greece dan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">pertukaran penduduk antara Greece dan Turki</a> berkuatkuasa pada 1920-an, dengan hampir 1.5 juta orang Yunani berpindah dari Turki dan kira-kira 500,000 orang Turki yang datang dari Yunani.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Terdapat juga kelompok minoriti yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Eropah_Barat" title="Eropah Barat">Eropah Barat</a> termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank-Levantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank-Levantin (laman tidak wujud)">Levantin</a> (atau <a href="/wiki/Syam" title="Syam">Levanter</a>, kebanyakkannya berketurunan <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Genoa" title="Republik Genoa">Genoa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Venice">Venice</a>) yang sekian lama menetap di negara ini (khususnya di <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a>) sejak <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Zaman Pertengahan">Zaman Pertengahan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembandaran">Pembandaran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembandaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembandaran">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Turki didiami lebih 73.7 juta orang, yang mana hampir tiga perempat mereka tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_bandar" title="Kawasan bandar">kawasan bandar</a>. Jumlah penduduknya makin meningkat 1.5% setahun, menurut <a href="/wiki/Banci" title="Banci">banci</a> 2009. Pada tahun 1927, ketika banci pertama diambil di Turki, jumlah penduduknya ialah 13.6 juta.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Purata <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan_penduduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan penduduk">kepadatan penduduknya</a> ialah 92 orang se-km². 67% jumlah penduduk berada dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_usia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok usia (laman tidak wujud)">kelompok usia</a> 15–64 tahun 67%, 26% berumur 0–14 tahun dan 7% lagi berusia 65 tahun ke atas.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di Turki">Wilayah-wilayah</a> yang paling ramai penduduk di Turki ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstanbul (laman tidak wujud)">İstanbul</a> (+12 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ankara" title="Wilayah Ankara">Ankara</a> (+4.4 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C4%B0zmir" title="Wilayah İzmir">İzmir</a> (+3.7 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bursa" title="Wilayah Bursa">Bursa</a> (+2.4 juta), <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Adana" title="Wilayah Adana">Adana</a> (+2.0 juta) dan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Konya" title="Wilayah Konya">Konya</a> (+1.9 juta).<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Sekitat 70.5% penduduk tinggal di kawasan bandar utama.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Keseluruhannya, 19 wilayah masing-masing diduduki lebih sejuta penduduk, manakala 20 lagi wilayah diduduki antara 500 ribu hingga sejuta penduduk. Hanya dua wilayah yang penduduknya kurang daripada 100,000. <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bandaraya_terbesar_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Bandaraya terbesar di Turki (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Bandaraya_terbesar_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Bandaraya terbesar di Turki (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bandaraya_terbesar_di_Turki&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Bandar terbesar di Turki Banci 2007<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Ked. </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di Turki">Wilayah</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Ked. </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayahs_of_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayahs of Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Wilayah</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Lev_Ist_Tur_1.jpg" class="new" title="Fail:Lev Ist Tur 1.jpg">Istanbul</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Kizilay_Square.jpg" class="new" title="Fail:Kizilay Square.jpg">Ankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Istanbul" title="Wilayah Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,861,463</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Wilayah Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">613,332 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Izmir_from_Konak_Pier.jpg" class="new" title="Fail:Izmir from Konak Pier.jpg">İzmir</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=BUTTIM_Bursa_Turkey.jpg" class="new" title="Fail:BUTTIM Bursa Turkey.jpg">Bursa</a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Ankara" title="Wilayah Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,842,737</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Wilayah Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">581,408 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Izmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,644,531</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Wilayah Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">472,238 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Bursa" title="Wilayah Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,537,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Adana" title="Wilayah Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,506,272</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Samsun" title="Wilayah Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">459,781 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Gaziantep" title="Wilayah Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,192,023</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Malatya" title="Wilayah Malatya">Malatya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">419,212 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Konya" title="Wilayah Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">973,791</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Sakarya" title="Wilayah Sakarya">Sakarya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">382,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Antalya" title="Wilayah Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">877,945</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Kahramanmaraş</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Wilayah Kahramanmaraş">Kahramanmaraş</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">380,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kayseri" title="Wilayah Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">775,594</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Erzurum" title="Wilayah Erzurum">Erzurum</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">361,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Mersin" title="Wilayah Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">692,300</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turki" title="Van, Turki">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Van" title="Wilayah Van">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">331,986 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Bahasa Turki</a> ialah satu-satunya <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi">bahasa rasmi</a> di seluruh Turki. Sukar juga untuk mencari data yang boleh dipercayai tentang penghuraian bahasa penduduk atas sebab-sebab yang dinyatakan di atas.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_Ethnic_groups-116">[114]</a> Menurut CIA, bahasa Turki dituturkan oleh 70-75% orang dan bahasa Kurdi pula oleh kira-kira 18% orang.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-125">[123]</a> Penyiar awam, <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan_Televisyen_dan_Radio_Turki" title="Perbadanan Televisyen dan Radio Turki">TRT</a> menyiarkan rancangan dalam bahasa setempat dan loghat daerah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bosnia" title="Bahasa Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Adyghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Adyghe (laman tidak wujud)">Adyghe</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kurdi" title="Bahasa Kurdi">Kurdi</a> selama beberapa jam seminggu.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Sebuah saluran televisyen awam, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRT_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRT 6 (laman tidak wujud)">TRT 6</a> yang menyiarkan tayangan berbahasa Kurdi sepanjang masa, dibuka pada awal tahun 2009.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Agama">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg/220px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg/330px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg/440px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Sultan_Ahmed" title="Masjid Sultan Ahmed">Masjid Sultan Ahmed</a> di Istanbul.</figcaption></figure> Turki ialah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Negara_sekular" title="Negara sekular">negara sekular</a> tanpa sebarang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_rasmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama rasmi (laman tidak wujud)">agama rasmi</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Turki</a> menjamin <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_beragama" title="Kebebasan beragama">kebebasan beragama</a> dan berfikir.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> merupakan agama yang dominan di Turki kerana dianuti oleh sekitar 97% penduduknya,<a href="#cite_note-religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu-130">[128]</a> tetapi melebihi 99% juga diambil kira sekali golongan sekular yang berlatar belakang Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-world-factbook-tr-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Firma-firma penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa perangkaan Muslim sebenar adalah sekitar 97<a href="#cite_note-KONDA-134">[132]</a>–98%.<a href="#cite_note-PewForum-135">[133]</a> Majoriti besar orang Turki hari ini beragama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> dan mazhab yang paling ramai penganutnya ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_Sunnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam Sunnah (laman tidak wujud)">Islam Sunnah</a> fahaman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanafi (laman tidak wujud)">Hanafi</a> yang didukung secara rasmi oleh <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Empayar Uthmaniyah</a>. Walaupun tiada perangkaan tepat mengenai mazhab-mazhab <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, namun mengikut pantauan 2006, 82% mengaku sebagai Sunni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanafi (laman tidak wujud)">Hanafi</a>, 9.1% Sunni <a href="/wiki/Syafii" class="mw-redirect" title="Syafii">Syafii</a>, dan 5.7% Syiah <a href="/wiki/Alawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawi">Alawi</a>; namun para ilmuwan berpendapat bahawa jumlah umat Alevi mungkin sekitar 15 hingga 20 juta.<a href="#cite_note-usstate-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Masyarakat Alevi adakalanya digolongkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Islam_Syiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Syiah">Islam Syiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamiyyah" title="Imamiyyah">Imamiyyah</a>. Menurut majalah tempatan Aksiyon, bilangan orang Imamiyyag Syiah (kecuali Alevi) ialah 3 juta (4.2%), dan mereka tertumpu di Istanbul, Iğdır, Kars, Ankara, İzmir, Manisa, Çorum, Muğla, Ağrı dan Aydın.<a href="#cite_note-caferi-138">[136]</a> Juga terdapat sebilangan pengamal <a href="/wiki/Kesufian" title="Kesufian">kesufian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Lembaga agama Islam yang tertinggi di Turki ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepresidenan_Hal-Ehwal_Agama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepresidenan Hal-Ehwal Agama (laman tidak wujud)">Kepresidenan Hal-Ehwal Agama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Turki</a>: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığıcode: tr is deprecated ) yang mentafsir fahaman undang-undang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanafi (laman tidak wujud)">Hanafi</a>, dan bertanggungjawab atas memantau operasi 80,000 masjid yang berdaftar di negara serta mengambil kerja imam setempat dan sewilayah.<a href="#cite_note-religiousfreedomreport-140">[138]</a> Peranan agama sentiasa kuat dipertikaikan sejak terbentuknya parti-parti Islamis.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Republik Turki diasaskan berlandaskan perlembagaan sekular yang tegas melarang pengaruh sebarang agama dalam pemerintahan, termasuk Islam. Juga terdapat isu-isu sensitif seperti hakikat bahawa <a href="/wiki/Tudung" title="Tudung">tudung</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontroversi_tudung_di_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontroversi tudung di Turki (laman tidak wujud)">tidak boleh dipakai</a> di universiti dan bangunan kerajaan kerana dilihat sebagai lambang agama Islam; namun wujudnya usaha untuk menggesa supaya larangan itu ditarik balik.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Terdapat seramai 120,000 orang penganut agama <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a>, termasuk kira-kira 60,000 ahli mazhab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Hawariun_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Hawariun Armenia (laman tidak wujud)">Gereja Hawariun Armenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zaman-146">[144]</a> 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Katolik_Rom" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolik Rom">Katolik Rom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Syria" title="Gereja Ortodoks Syria">Ortodoks Syria</a>, 8,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Katolik_Kaldea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Katolik Kaldea (laman tidak wujud)">Katolik Kaldea</a>, 3,000-4,000 <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Yunani" title="Gereja Ortodoks Yunani">Ortodoks Yunani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zaman-146">[144]</a> dan sebilangan kecil ahli <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Bulgaria" title="Gereja Ortodoks Bulgaria">Ortodoks Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Ortodoks_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Ortodoks Georgia (laman tidak wujud)">Ortodoks Georgia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Protestan" title="Protestan">Protestan</a>. Kini terdapat 236 buah gereja yang dibuka untuk ibadah di Turki.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks" class="mw-disambig" title="Gereja Ortodoks">Gereja Ortodoks</a> berpusat di Istanbul sejak abad ke-4 M. <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a> mewakili kurang daripada 0.2% penduduk Turki, menurut <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> serta pertubuhan-pertubuhan Kristian seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Project (laman tidak wujud)">Joshua Project</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> dan Persecution.org.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Di Turki terdapat 26,000 orang <a href="/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" title="Agama Yahudi">Yahudi</a>, majoritinya dari cabang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sefardi (laman tidak wujud)">Sefardi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahai">Agama Bahá'í</a> di Turki berakar umbi pada peristiwa pembuangan negeri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahá'u'lláh (laman tidak wujud)">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, pengasas agama tersebut, ke <a href="/wiki/Kustantiniyah" title="Kustantiniyah">Kustantiniyah</a> (kini <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) oleh <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">kerajaan Uthmaniyah</a>. Penganut Bahá'í tidak boleh berdaftar dengan kerajaan secara rasmi<a href="#cite_note-regulation-153">[151]</a> tetapi mungkin terdapat 10<a href="#cite_note-10k-154">[152]</a>–20<a href="#cite_note-20k-155">[153]</a> ribu penganut Bahá'í, dan sekitar seratus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Rohaniah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Rohaniah (laman tidak wujud)">Perhimpunan Rohaniah Setempat</a> Bahá'í di Turki.<a href="#cite_note-Walbridge-156">[154]</a> Menurut pantauan Penyelidikan dan Perundingan KONDA yang dijalankan di seluruh Turki pada tahun 2007:<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy-157">[155]</a> 40.8% mengaku diri sebagai "orang beriman yang berusaha menunaikan kewajipan agama" (beragama); 42.3% "penganut yang tidak menunaikan kewajipan agama" (tak beragama); 4.0% "orang yang warak sepenuhnya, menunaikan segala kewajipan agama" (warak sepenuhnya); 10.3% "orang yang tidak percaya akan kewajipan agama" (bukan penganut); dan 4.09% lagi "orang yang tiada kepercayaan agama" (ateis). Yang bukan penganut dan ateis membentuk 15.2% jumlah penduduk, menurut pantauan KONDA itu.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Kebudayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kebudayaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Orhan_Pamuk3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Orhan_Pamuk3.jpg/220px-Orhan_Pamuk3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Orhan_Pamuk3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> ialah salah seorang novelis Turki kontemporari terunggul dan pemenang <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kesusasteraan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan">Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan</a> 2006.</figcaption></figure> Turki kaya dengan kepelbagaian budaya yang berupa campuran pelbagai unsur tradisi dan budaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Turkik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Turkik (laman tidak wujud)">Turkik Oğuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Uthmaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Uthmaniyah (laman tidak wujud)">Uthmaniyah</a> (yang berupa kesinambungan budaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunanu-Rom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunanu-Rom (laman tidak wujud)">Yunanu-Rom</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan_Barat" title="Kebudayaan Barat">Barat</a>, bermula dengan <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Pembaratan Empayar Uthmaniyah</a> dan masih berterusan hingga kini. Campuran ini berpunca daripada hasil pertemuan kaum dan budaya Turki dengan kaum-kaum yang tinggal di laluan mereka sewaktu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghijrahan_Turkik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghijrahan Turkik (laman tidak wujud)">berhijrah</a> dari Asia Tengah ke Barat.<a href="#cite_note-TR_culture-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Setelah Turki berjaya dalam transformasi daripada bekas Empayar Uthmaniyah yang berasaskan agama kepada negara moden yang amat menekankan pemisahan agama dan kerajaan, maka munculnya banyak lagi gaya kesenian di negara ini. Pada zaman awal republik, kerajaan melaburkan banyak sumber kepada bidang seni halus, dengan membuka muzium, teater, dewan opera dan sebagainya. Pelbagai faktor sejarah memainkan peranan-peranan penting dalam membentuk jati diri Turki moden. Kebudayaan Turki merupakah hasil usaha membina negara Barat yang "moden" sambil memelihara nilai-nilai tradisional dan sejarah.<a href="#cite_note-TR_culture-158">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/220px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/330px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/440px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Salah satu pintu masuk utama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istana_Dolmabah%C3%A7e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istana Dolmabahçe (laman tidak wujud)">Istana Dolmabahçe</a> di Istanbul.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muzik_Turki" title="Muzik Turki">Muzik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesusasteraan_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesusasteraan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">sastera</a> merupakan contoh terbaik campuran pengaruh budaya yang terhasil daripada interaksi antara Empayar Uthmaniyah dan dunia Islam dengan Eropah, maka menyumbang kepada adunan tradisi Turkik, Islam dan Eropah in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Kesusasteraan Turki banyak dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Kesusasteraan_Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesusasteraan Parsi">kesusasteraan Parsi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kesusasteraan_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesusasteraan Arab">Arab</a> sepanjang zaman Uthmaniyah, tetapi menjelang akhir zaman itu, khususnya selepas zaman <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>, kesan tradisi rakyat Turki dan sastera Eropah makin terasa. Campuran pengaruh budaya didramakan, sebagai contoh, dalam bentuk "lambang baru pertembungan dan perselangan budaya" yang dilaksanakan dalam karya-karya <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>, pemenang <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kesusasteraan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan">Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan</a> 2006.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Menurut hasil tinjauan awam Konda, 70% rakyat Turki tidak pernah membaca buku.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Unsur-unsur seni bina yang terdapat di Turki juga bukti kepada campuran unik tradisi-tradisi yang mempengaruhi negara ini selama berabad-abad lamanya. Selain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_bina_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni bina Byzantium (laman tidak wujud)">unsur-unsur Byzantium</a>, juga terdapat banyak tinggalan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_bina_Uthmaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni bina Uthmaniyah (laman tidak wujud)">seni bina Uthmaniyah</a> dengan campuran tradisi setempat dan Islam yang tersergam indah di merata negara, di samping juga beberapa bekas wilayah Uthmaniyah. <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> disanjungi sebagai jurubina terunggul pada zaman klasik seni bina Uthmaniyah. Sejak abad ke-18, seni bina Turki semakin dipengaruhi oleh gaya Barat, terutamanya di Istanbul di mana letaknya bangunan-bangunan lama seperti Istana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istana_Dolmabah%C3%A7e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istana Dolmabahçe (laman tidak wujud)">Dolmabahçe</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istana_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istana Çırağan (laman tidak wujud)">Çırağan</a> terletak seiring dengan pencakar langit moden, semuanya melambangkan tradisi berbeza.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukan">Sukan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Sukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sukan yang paling diminati ramai di Turki ialah <a href="/wiki/Bola_sepak" title="Bola sepak">bola sepak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Antara pasukan-pasukan terunggul dari Turki ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galatasaray_S.K.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galatasaray S.K. (laman tidak wujud)">Galatasaray</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenerbahçe S.K. (laman tidak wujud)">Fenerbahçe</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besiktas_J.K.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besiktas J.K. (laman tidak wujud)">Beşiktaş</a>. Pada tahun 2000, Galatasaray memantapkan kedudukannya sebagai sebuah kelab Eropah utama dengan memenangi <a href="/wiki/Piala_UEFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Piala UEFA">Piala UEFA</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Piala_Super_UEFA" title="Piala Super UEFA">Piala Super UEFA</a>. Pada tahun 2002, pasukan kebangsaan Turki menduduki tempat ketiga dalam temasya <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_2002" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 2002">Piala Dunia FIFA 2002</a> di Jepun dan Korea Selatan, dan juga layak ke separuh akhir kejohanan <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008" title="UEFA Euro 2008">UEFA Euro 2008</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_Olimpik_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium Olimpik Atatürk (laman tidak wujud)">Stadium Olimpik Atatürk</a> di Istanbul menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlawanan_Akhir_Liga_Juara_UEFA_2005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlawanan Akhir Liga Juara UEFA 2005 (laman tidak wujud)">Perlawanan Akhir Liga Juara UEFA 2005</a>, sementara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium Şükrü Saracoğlu (laman tidak wujud)">Stadium Şükrü Saracoğlu</a> di Istanbul mengadakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlawanan_Akhir_Piala_UEFA_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlawanan Akhir Piala UEFA 2009 (laman tidak wujud)">Perlawanan Akhir Piala UEFA 2009</a>. Sukan-sukan arus perdana lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Bola_keranjang" title="Bola keranjang">bola keranjang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bola_tampar" title="Bola tampar">bola tampar</a> juga tidak kurang hebatnya. Turki menjadi tuan rumah perlawanan akhir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_2001" class="extiw" title="en:EuroBasket 2001">EuroBasket 2001</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIBA_World_Championships" class="extiw" title="en:2010 FIBA World Championships">Kejohanan Dunia FIBA 2010</a>, yang mana pasukan kebangsaanya menjadi naib juara untuk kedua-duanya; sementara kelab <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes_Pilsen_S.K." class="extiw" title="en:Efes Pilsen S.K.">Efes Pilsen S.K.</a> memenangi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piala_Korac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piala Korac (laman tidak wujud)">Piala Korac</a> pada tahun 1996, menjadi naib juara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piala_Saporta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piala Saporta (laman tidak wujud)">Piala Saporta</a> 1993, dan layak ke Empat Terakhir <a href="/wiki/Euroleague" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">Euroleague</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suproleague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suproleague (laman tidak wujud)">Suproleague</a> pada tahun 2000 dan 2001.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Jaguh bola keranjang Turki seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Okur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Okur (laman tidak wujud)">Mehmet Okur</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidayet_T%C3%BCrko%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidayet Türkoğlu (laman tidak wujud)">Hidayet Türkoğlu</a> turut berjaya dalam <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a>. Pasukan bola tampar wanita, khususnya <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1ba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Istanbul" class="extiw" title="en:Eczacıbaşı Istanbul">Eczacıbaşı</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom" class="extiw" title="en:VakıfBank Güneş Sigorta Türk Telekom">Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Ac%C4%B1badem" class="extiw" title="en:Fenerbahçe Acıbadem">Fenerbahçe Acıbadem</a> turut meraih banyak kejuaraan dan pingat kejohanan Eropah. Sukan kebangsaan tradisional Turki ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1_g%C3%BCre%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yağlı güreş (laman tidak wujud)">yağlı güreş</a> (gusti berminyak) sejak zaman Uthmaniyah.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> menganjurkan kejohanan gusti berminyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kırkpınar (laman tidak wujud)">Kırkpınar</a> tahunan sejak tahun 1361.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> International wrestling styles governed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persekutuan_Gaya_Gusti_Bersekutu_Antarabangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persekutuan Gaya Gusti Bersekutu Antarabangsa (laman tidak wujud)">FILA</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gusti_gaya_bebas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gusti gaya bebas (laman tidak wujud)">gusti gaya bebas</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gusti_Yunani-Rom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gusti Yunani-Rom (laman tidak wujud)">gusti Yunani-Rom</a> juga diminati ramai, dengan ramai jaguh gusti Turki yang menggondol kejuaraan Eropah, Sedunia dan Olimpik secara individu ataupun berpasukan.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Turki juga cemerlang dalam sukan <a href="/wiki/Angkat_berat" title="Angkat berat">angkat berat</a>, yang mana para pengangkat beratnya, baik lelaki mahupun wanita, telah memecahkan banyak rekod dunia dan memenangi beberapa kejohanan Eropah,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Sedunia dan Olimpik<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naim_S%C3%BCleymano%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naim Süleymanoğlu (laman tidak wujud)">Naim Süleymanoğlu</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halil_Mutlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halil Mutlu (laman tidak wujud)">Halil Mutlu</a> mencapai status legenda sebagai antara sebilangan kecil pengangkat berat yang meraih tiga butir pingat emas dalam temasya Sukan Olimpik. Turki juga bangsa penggemar <a href="/wiki/Sukan_bermotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukan bermotor">sukan bermotor</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rali_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rali Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Rali Turki</a> disertakan dalam kalendar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejohanan_Rali_Sedunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejohanan Rali Sedunia (laman tidak wujud)">Kejohanan Rali Sedunia</a> <a href="/wiki/FIA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIA">FIA</a> pada tahun 2003,<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> sementara <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Turki" title="Grand Prix Turki">Grand Prix Turki</a> (yang diadakan di litar lumba <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Istanbul (laman tidak wujud)">Taman Istanbul</a>) pula menyertai jadual perlumbaan <a href="/wiki/Formula_Satu" title="Formula Satu">Formula Satu</a> sejak tahun 2005.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Antara acara-acara sukan motor tahunan penting lain yang diadakan di Taman Istanbul ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumba_motosikal_Grand_Prix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumba motosikal Grand Prix (laman tidak wujud)">Grand Prix MotoGP Turki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejohanan_Kereta_Jelajah_Sedunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejohanan Kereta Jelajah Sedunia (laman tidak wujud)">Kejohanan Kereta Jelajah Sedunia</a> <a href="/wiki/FIA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIA">FIA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siri_GP2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siri GP2 (laman tidak wujud)">Siri GP2</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siri_Le_Mans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siri Le Mans (laman tidak wujud)">Siri Le Mans</a>. Dari masa ke semasa, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> juga mengadakan pusingan Turki kejohanan <a href="/w/index.php?title=F1_Powerboat_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F1 Powerboat Racing (laman tidak wujud)">F1 Powerboat Racing</a>; manakala pusingan Turki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Bull Air Race World Series (laman tidak wujud)">Red Bull Air Race World Series</a>, sebuah pertandingan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumba_udara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumba udara (laman tidak wujud)">lumba udara</a>, diadakan di atas <a href="/wiki/Tanduk_Emas" title="Tanduk Emas">Tanduk Emas</a> di Istanbul. Sukan <a href="/wiki/Luncur_air" title="Luncur air">luncur air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luncur_salji" class="mw-redirect" title="Luncur salji">luncur salji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papan_luncur" class="mw-redirect" title="Papan luncur">papan luncur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragliding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragliding (laman tidak wujud)">paragliding</a> dan banyak lagi sukan lasak semakin diminati ramai tahun demi tahun. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota">Nota</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Lihat mengenai <a href="#Penggalakkan_nama_"Türkiye"">penggalakkannya</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> juga: Republik Türkiye </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2022-49685">"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2022"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a>. 31 December 2022. 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Dicapai pada 13 Disember 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geografi+Turki&rft.pub=Universiti+Sabanc%C4%B1&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Universiti+Sabanc%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabanciuniv.edu%2Fsocrates%2Fects%2Fgo.php%3Fpage%3Dturkey_geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ataturk-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Ataturk_8-0">^</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Ataturk</code></li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Shaw1977" class="citation book cs1">Jay Shaw, Stanford (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-5212-9163-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-5212-9163-1"><bdi>0-5212-9163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-5212-9163-1&rft.aulast=Jay+Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey_UN-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_UN_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_UN_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> (3 Julai 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm">"Pertumbuhan keahlian Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (1945-2005)"</a>. Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pertumbuhan+keahlian+Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu+%281945-2005%29&rft.pub=Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.au=Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FOverview%2Fgrowth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah, nama "Turkey_UN" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPertubuhan_Persidangan_Islam2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Persidangan_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam">Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010221113320/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/main/member-States.htm">"Keahlian OIC"</a>. OIC. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oic-oci.org/english/main/member-States.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2001-02-21. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keahlian+OIC&rft.pub=OIC&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Pertubuhan+Persidangan+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oic-oci.org%2Fenglish%2Fmain%2Fmember-States.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1876912_1_1_1_1,00.html">"Keahlian OECD"</a>. OECD. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keahlian+OECD&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2006&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdocument%2F48%2F0%2C2340%2Cen_2649_201185_1876912_1_1_1_1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPertubuhan_Keselamatan_dan_Kerjasama_di_Eropah2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Keselamatan_dan_Kerjasama_di_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/about/13131.html#T">"Negara-negara peserta OSCE"</a>. OSCE. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negara-negara+peserta+OSCE&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pertubuhan+Keselamatan+dan+Kerjasama+di+Eropah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fabout%2F13131.html%23T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMajlis_Eropah2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Majlis_Eropah" title="Majlis Eropah">Majlis Eropah</a> (27 Oktober 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Member_states/e_tu.asp#TopOfPage">"Turki dan Majlis Eropah"</a>. Majlis Eropah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040223193431/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Member_states/e_tu.asp#TopOfPage">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2004-02-23. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turki+dan+Majlis+Eropah&rft.pub=Majlis+Eropah&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft.au=Majlis+Eropah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2FT%2FE%2FCom%2FAbout_Coe%2FMember_states%2Fe_tu.asp%23TopOfPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TR_NATO-15"><a href="#cite_ref-TR_NATO_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNATO" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/multi/photos/1952/m520218a.htm">"Yunani dan Turki menyertai Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara"</a>. NATO. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yunani+dan+Turki+menyertai+Pertubuhan+Perjanjian+Atlantik+Utara&rft.pub=NATO&rft.au=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fmulti%2Fphotos%2F1952%2Fm520218a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TR_EUChrono-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TR_EUChrono_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TR_EUChrono_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Sekretariat_Turki_untuk_Hal-ehwal_Kesatuan_Eropah" class="citation web cs1">Turkish Sekretariat Turki untuk Hal-ehwal Kesatuan Eropah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm">"Kronologi hubungan Turki-Kesatuan Eropah"</a>. Sekretariat Turki untuk Hal-ehwal Kesatuan Eropah. Dicapai pada 30 Oktober 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kronologi+hubungan+Turki-Kesatuan+Eropah&rft.pub=Sekretariat+Turki+untuk+Hal-ehwal+Kesatuan+Eropah&rft.au=Turkish+Sekretariat+Turki+untuk+Hal-ehwal+Kesatuan+Eropah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abgs.gov.tr%2Fen%2Ftur-eu_relations_dosyalar%2Fchronology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah, nama "TR_EUChrono" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza </li> <li id="cite_note-TurkEtymology-17"><a href="#cite_ref-TurkEtymology_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2001" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Turk">"Turk"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Dicapai pada 2011-5-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turk&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DTurk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Di sisi kanan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkota_Suci_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkota Suci Hungary (laman tidak wujud)">Corona Græca</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkota_Suci_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkota Suci Hungary (laman tidak wujud)">Mahkota Suci Hungary</a>, terdapat gambar Raja Hungary <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Géza I (laman tidak wujud)">Géza I</a> (1074–1077), dengan tulisan dalam bahasa Yunani Byzantium: "ΓΕΩΒΙΤZΑC ΠΙΣΤΟC ΚΡΑΛΗC ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑC" (Geōvitzas pistós králēs Tourkías, yang bermaksud "<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Géza I (laman tidak wujud)">Géza I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kralj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kralj (laman tidak wujud)">raja</a> setia <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">bumi Turki</a>"). Nama Byzantium yang sezaman untuk bangsa Hungary ialah "Turki". </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1967" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Administrando_Imperio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Administrando Imperio (laman tidak wujud)">De Administrando Imperio</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinus_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantinus VII (laman tidak wujud)">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a>. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (ed. New, revised). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0884020215" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0884020215"><bdi>0884020215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Administrando+Imperio+by+Constantine+VII+Porphyrogenitus&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Corpus+fontium+historiae+Byzantinae&rft.edition=New%2C+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0884020215&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+James+Heald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Menurut Constantine Porphyrogenitus yang menulis dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Administrando_Imperio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Administrando Imperio (laman tidak wujud)">De Administrando Imperio</a> (ca. 950 M) "Patzinakia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecheneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecheneg (laman tidak wujud)">alam Pecheneg</a>, terbentang ke barat sejauh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Siret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Siret (laman tidak wujud)">Sungai Siret</a> (ataupun kiga <a href="/wiki/Pergunungan_Karpatos" title="Pergunungan Karpatos">Pergunungan Karpatos Timur</a>), dan jaraknya empat hari dari Tourkias (iaitu <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>)." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/exports-to-be-labeled-made-in-turkiye-169885">"Exports to be labeled 'Made in Türkiye'"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 6 December 2021. Dicapai pada 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Exports+to+be+labeled+%27Made+in+T%C3%BCrkiye%27&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fexports-to-be-labeled-made-in-turkiye-169885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211204-5.pdf">"Genelge 2021/24 Marka Olarak Türkiye İbaresinin Kullanımı"</a> [Surat Pekeliling Presiden No. 2021/24 mengenai Penggunaan Jenama "Türkiye"] (PDF). Resmî Gazete (dalam bahasa Turki). 4 December 2021. Dicapai pada 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resm%C3%AE+Gazete&rft.atitle=Genelge+2021%2F24+Marka+Olarak+T%C3%BCrkiye+%C4%B0baresinin+Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1&rft.date=2021-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resmigazete.gov.tr%2Feskiler%2F2021%2F12%2F20211204-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602">"Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters"</a>. TRT World. 13 December 2021. Dicapai pada 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Turkey+is+now+%27Turkiye%27%2C+and+why+that+matters&rft.pub=TRT+World&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Fwhy-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnatoliaNeolithic-23"><a href="#cite_ref-AnatoliaNeolithic_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThissen,_Laurens2001" class="citation journal cs1">Thissen, Laurens (2001-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canew.org/files/Thissen%20lecture.pdf">"Time trajectories for the Neolithic of Central Anatolia"</a> (PDF). CANeW – Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605005726/http://www.canew.org/files/Thissen%20lecture.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2007-06-05. Dicapai pada 2006-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Time+trajectories+for+the+Neolithic+of+Central+Anatolia&rft.date=2001-11-23&rft.au=Thissen%2C+Laurens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canew.org%2Ffiles%2FThissen%2520lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AnatoliaIndoEuropean-24"><a href="#cite_ref-AnatoliaIndoEuropean_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2004" class="citation journal cs1">Balter, Michael (2004-02-27). "Search for the Indo-Europeans: Were Kurgan horsemen or Anatolian farmers responsible for creating and spreading the world's most far-flung language family?". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 303 (5662): 1323. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.303.5662.1323">10.1126/science.303.5662.1323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988549">14988549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Search+for+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Were+Kurgan+horsemen+or+Anatolian+farmers+responsible+for+creating+and+spreading+the+world%27s+most+far-flung+language+family%3F&rft.volume=303&rft.issue=5662&rft.pages=1323&rft.date=2004-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.303.5662.1323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14988549&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.uakron.edu/ziyaret/timeline_3period.html">"Ziyaret Tepe - Turkey Archaeological Dig Site"</a>. .uakron.edu. Dicapai pada 2010-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ziyaret+Tepe+-+Turkey+Archaeological+Dig+Site&rft.pub=.uakron.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.uakron.edu%2Fziyaret%2Ftimeline_3period.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/articles/assyrianidentity.pdf">"Assyrian Identity In Ancient Times And Today'"</a> (PDF). Dicapai pada 2010-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Identity+In+Ancient+Times+And+Today%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Farticles%2Fassyrianidentity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TroyHittiteEmpirePhrygians-27"><a href="#cite_ref-TroyHittiteEmpirePhrygians_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/waa/ht03waa.htm">"Anatolia and the Caucasus, 2000–1000 B.C. in Timeline of Art History."</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Dicapai pada 2006-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolia+and+the+Caucasus%2C+2000%E2%80%931000+B.C.+in+Timeline+of+Art+History.&rft.pub=New+York%3A+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.au=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F03%2Fwaa%2Fht03waa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PersiansInAsiaMinor-28"><a href="#cite_ref-PersiansInAsiaMinor_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHooker,_Richard1999" class="citation web cs1">Hooker, Richard (1999-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM">"Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars"</a>. Washington State University, WA, United States. Dicapai pada 2006-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+The+Persian+Wars&rft.pub=Washington+State+University%2C+WA%2C+United+States&rft.date=1999-06-06&rft.au=Hooker%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FGREECE%2FPERSIAN.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexanderToRome-29"><a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderToRome_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm">"Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in Timeline of Art History."</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Dicapai pada 2006-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolia+and+the+Caucasus+%28Asia+Minor%29%2C+1000+B.C.+%E2%80%93+1+A.D.+in+Timeline+of+Art+History.&rft.pub=New+York%3A+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.au=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F04%2Fwaa%2Fht04waa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_C._Waugh2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniel C. Waugh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html">"Constantinople/Istanbul"</a>. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Dicapai pada 2006-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constantinople%2FIstanbul&rft.pub=University+of+Washington%2C+Seattle%2C+WA&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Waugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Fcities%2Fturkey%2Fistanbul%2Fistanbul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWink1990" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Andre (1990). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/90-04-09249-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/90-04-09249-8"><bdi>90-04-09249-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Hind%3A+The+Making+of+the+Indo+Islamic+World%2C+Vol.+1%2C+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam%2C+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-04-09249-8&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMango2002" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-19-814098-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-19-814098-3"><bdi>0-19-814098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-814098-3&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottomans-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottomans_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottomans_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKinross1977" class="citation book cs1">Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-6880-3093-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-6880-3093-9"><bdi>0-6880-3093-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Centuries%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Turkish+Empire&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-6880-3093-9&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2008" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, George E. (2008). A Short History of the Middle East. Brill Academic Publishers. m/s. 58. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1443725684" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1443725684"><bdi>1443725684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1443725684&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html">"FACT SHEET: ARMENIAN GENOCIDE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Dicapai pada 2010-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FACT+SHEET%3A+ARMENIAN+GENOCIDE&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umd.umich.edu%2Fdept%2Farmenian%2Ffacts%2Fgenocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0313346429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-313-34642-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Bloxham, D. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford University Press, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSRkGNoEPFwC&pg=PA150&sig=ACfU3U09_Sjo0a0T4KpiS6QfG-94noUmdg">p. 150</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levene-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Levene_38-0">^</a> Levene, Mark (1998). Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 12, Number 3 Winter 1998, pp. 393–433. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/3/393">abstract</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_39-0">^</a> Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-century Conflict And the Descent of the West, Penguin Press, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-Atatürk-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_40-1">b</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Atatürk</code></li> <li id="cite_note-Truman_Doctrine-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Truman_Doctrine_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHuston1988" class="citation book cs1">Huston, James A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=turkey+cold+war">Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953</a>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-9416-6484-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-9416-6484-8"><bdi>0-9416-6484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outposts+and+Allies%3A+U.S.+Army+Logistics+in+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-9416-6484-8&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DID4E3Lm8TsgC%26pg%3DPA198%26lpg%3DPA198%26dq%3Dturkey%2Bcold%2Bwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm">"Timeline: Cyprus"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-12-12. Dicapai pada 2006-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Cyprus&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1021835.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRPoliticsandMilitary-43"><a href="#cite_ref-TRPoliticsandMilitary_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHale1994" class="citation book cs1">Hale, William Mathew (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge, UK. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-4150-2455-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-4150-2455-2"><bdi>0-4150-2455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Politics+and+the+Military&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+UK&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-4150-2455-2&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William+Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8352934.stm">"Turkey's PKK peace plan delayed"</a>. BBC. 2009-11-10. Dicapai pada 2010-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+PKK+peace+plan+delayed&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8352934.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80sLiberalization-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80sLiberalization_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-80sLiberalization_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNas1992" class="citation book cs1">Nas, Tevfik F. (1992). Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-9342-2319-X" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-9342-2319-X"><bdi>0-9342-2319-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+Politics+of+Turkish+Liberalization&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-9342-2319-X&rft.aulast=Nas&rft.aufirst=Tevfik+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TR_Secularism-46"><a href="#cite_ref-TR_Secularism_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFÇarkoğlu2004" class="citation book cs1">Çarkoğlu, Ali (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Religion+in+Turkey">Religion and Politics in Turkey</a>. Routledge, UK. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-4153-4831-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-4153-4831-5"><bdi>0-4153-4831-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+UK&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-4153-4831-5&rft.aulast=%C3%87arko%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dt5G_zw9exMQC%26pg%3DPP1%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DReligion%2Bin%2BTurkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6966216.stm">"Turks elect ex-Islamist president"</a>. BBC. 2007-11-02. Dicapai pada 2007-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turks+elect+ex-Islamist+president&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6966216.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TR_Constit-48"><a href="#cite_ref-TR_Constit_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Directorate_General_of_Press_and_Information2001" class="citation web cs1">Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (2001-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm">"Turkish Constitution"</a>. Turkish Prime Minister's Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203170110/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2007-02-03. Dicapai pada 2006-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Constitution&rft.pub=Turkish+Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft.date=2001-10-17&rft.au=Turkish+Directorate+General+of+Press+and+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byegm.gov.tr%2Fmevzuat%2Fanayasa%2Fanayasa-ing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2392717.stm">"Turkey's old guard routed in elections"</a>. BBC. 2002-11-04. Dicapai pada 2006-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+old+guard+routed+in+elections&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2392717.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6910444.stm">"Turkey re-elects governing party"</a>. BBC. 2007-07-22. Dicapai pada 2007-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey+re-elects+governing+party&rft.date=2007-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6910444.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6966216.stm">Turks elect ex-Islamist president</a> BBC. (2007-08-28). Retrieved on 2009-09-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7438348.stm">Court annuls Turkish scarf reform</a> BBC. (2007-06-05). Diambil pada 2009-09-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-BYEGM_TrPolSys-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BYEGM_TrPolSys_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BYEGM_TrPolSys_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Directorate_General_of_Press_and_Information2004" class="citation web cs1">Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (2004-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm">"Political Structure of Turkey"</a>. Turkish Prime Minister's Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203025134/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2007-02-03. Dicapai pada 2006-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Structure+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Turkish+Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft.au=Turkish+Directorate+General+of+Press+and+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byegm.gov.tr%2FREFERENCES%2FStructure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1466160.stm">"Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban"</a>. BBC. 2001-07-31. Dicapai pada 2006-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Euro+court+backs+Turkey+Islamist+ban&rft.date=2001-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1466160.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2850601.stm">"Turkey's Kurd party ban criticised"</a>. BBC. 2003-03-14. Dicapai pada 2006-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Kurd+party+ban+criticised&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2850601.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2002" class="citation news cs1">Hardy, Roger (2002-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2399665.stm">"Turkey leaps into the unknown"</a>. BBC. Dicapai pada 2006-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey+leaps+into+the+unknown&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2399665.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRainsford2007" class="citation news cs1">Rainsford, Sarah (2007-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6912052.stm">"Turkey awaits AKP's next step"</a>. BBC. Dicapai pada 2007-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey+awaits+AKP%27s+next+step&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft.aulast=Rainsford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6912052.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hürriyet_UN_Security-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hürriyet_UN_Security_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hürriyet_UN_Security_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hürriyet_UN_Security_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428191529/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=10149253&tarih=2008-10-17">"Hürriyet: Türkiye'nin üyeliği kabul edildi (2008-10-17)"</a>. Hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr. 2008-10-17. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=10149253&tarih=2008-10-17">yang asal</a> pada 2011-04-28. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%BCrriyet%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+%C3%BCyeli%C4%9Fi+kabul+edildi+%282008-10-17%29&rft.pub=Hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgoster%2Fhaber.aspx%3Fid%3D10149253%26tarih%3D2008-10-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMardell2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Mardell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Mardell (laman tidak wujud)">Mardell, Mark</a> (2006-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6170749.stm">"Turkey's EU membership bid stalls"</a>. BBC. Dicapai pada 2006-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+EU+membership+bid+stalls&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Mardell&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6170749.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBal2004" class="citation book cs1">Bal, Idris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=turkey+cold+war">Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era</a>. Universal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1-5811-2423-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1-5811-2423-6"><bdi>1-5811-2423-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy+In+Post+Cold+War+Era&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-5811-2423-6&rft.aulast=Bal&rft.aufirst=Idris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DvDzjkrTDKjYC%26pg%3DPP1%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3Dturkey%2Bcold%2Bwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78799.htm">"U.S. Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Armenia: Respect for Human Rights. Section 1, a"</a>. State.gov. 2007-03-06. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State%3A+Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+in+Armenia%3A+Respect+for+Human+Rights.+Section+1%2C+a&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2006%2F78799.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSK_Organisation-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TSK_Organisation_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSK_Organisation_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_General_Staff2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Armed_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Armed Forces (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish General Staff</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/genel_konular/savunmaorganizasyonu.htm">"Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization"</a>. Turkish Armed Forces. Dicapai pada 2006-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Armed+Forces+Defense+Organization&rft.pub=Turkish+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Turkish+General+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsk.mil.tr%2Feng%2Fgenel_konular%2Fsavunmaorganizasyonu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_63-1">b</a> Economist Intelligence Unit:Turkey, p.23 (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-Heptagon-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Heptagon_64-0">^</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Heptagon</code></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees_(UNHCR),_Directorate_for_Movements_of_Persons,_Migration_and_Consular_Affairs_–_Asylum_and_Migration_Division2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (laman tidak wujud)">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf">"Turkey/Military service"</a> (PDF). UNHCR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061122042609/http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2006-11-22. 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Dicapai pada 2009-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+per+capita+in+PPS&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fcache%2FITY_PUBLIC%2F2-25062009-BP%2FEN%2F2-25062009-BP-EN.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMorning2010" class="citation web cs1">Morning, Money (2010-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanbusiness.gr/page.asp?pid=829">"The CIVETS: Windfall Wealth From the ′New′ BRIC Economies"</a>. Europeanbusiness.gr. 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Dicapai pada 2006-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+evolving+trade+integration+into+Pan-European+markets&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.au=Bartolomiej+Kaminski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2006%2F05%2F03%2F000016406_20060503112446%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fwps3908.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGümrükler_Genel_Müdürlüğü" class="citation web cs1">Gümrükler Genel Müdürlüğü. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208212356/http://www.gumrukler.gov.tr/ww3/?cid=400000">"2006–2007 Seçilmiş Ülkeler İstatistikleri"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gumrukler.gov.tr/ww3/?cid=400000">yang asal</a> pada 2008-02-08. Dicapai pada 2008-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006%E2%80%932007+Se%C3%A7ilmi%C5%9F+%C3%9Clkeler+%C4%B0statistikleri&rft.au=G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCkler+Genel+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gumrukler.gov.tr%2Fww3%2F%3Fcid%3D400000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90858/90863/6331298.html">"Turkey puts 2008 export target at 125 bln dollars"</a>. Xinhua. 2008-01-02. Dicapai pada 2008-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+puts+2008+export+target+at+125+bln+dollars&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90778%2F90858%2F90863%2F6331298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/8280578.asp?gid=196&sz=40655">"Yabancı sermayede rekor"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCrriyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hürriyet (laman tidak wujud)">Hürriyet</a>. 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.atitle=Yabanc%C4%B1+sermayede+rekor&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fekonomi%2F8280578.asp%3Fgid%3D196%26sz%3D40655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030012326/http://konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf">"salinan arkib"</a> (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2010-10-30. Dicapai pada 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=salinan+arkib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Fhtml%2Fdosyalar%2Fttya_tr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Statistical_Institute2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> (2004-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=1">"Population and Development Indicators – Population and Demography"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Dicapai pada 2010-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Development+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Population+and+Demography&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnkg.die.gov.tr%2Fen%2Fgoster.asp%3Faile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Statistical_Institute2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> (2004-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508012948/http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=3">"Population and Development Indicators – Population and Education"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=3">yang asal</a> pada 2008-05-08. Dicapai pada 2010-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Development+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Population+and+Education&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnkg.die.gov.tr%2Fen%2Fgoster.asp%3Faile%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJonny_Dymond2004" class="citation news cs1">Jonny Dymond (2004-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3753582.stm">"Turkish girls in literacy battle"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation. Dicapai pada 2006-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Turkish+girls+in+literacy+battle&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft.au=Jonny+Dymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3753582.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-Appendix-115"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-Appendix_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html">"CIA - The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. Dicapai pada 2011-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fappendix%2Fappendix-b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey_Ethnic_groups-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_Ethnic_groups_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_Ethnic_groups_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFExtra2001" class="citation book cs1">Extra, Guus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=RA1-PA422&lpg=RA1-PA422&dq=%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22">The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives</a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1-8535-9509-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1-8535-9509-8"><bdi>1-8535-9509-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+languages+of+Europe%3A+Demographic%2C+Sociolinguistic+and+Educational+Perspectives&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-8535-9509-8&rft.aulast=Extra&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dhvmy_skUPNYC%26pg%3DRA1-PA422%26lpg%3DRA1-PA422%26dq%3D%2522ethnic%2Bgroups%2Bin%2Bturkey%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html">The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope</a>. Spiegel Online. 28 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/458504.asp">"NTV-MSNBC: "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema üzerine""</a>. Arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTV-MSNBC%3A+%22Giovanni+Scognamillo+ile+sinema+%C3%BCzerine%22&rft.pub=Arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farsiv.ntvmsnbc.com%2Fnews%2F458504.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/04/cp/gnc118-20051002-102.html">"Sabah daily newspaper: "Onlar İzmirli Hristiyan Türkler""</a>. Arsiv.sabah.com.tr. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabah+daily+newspaper%3A+%22Onlar+%C4%B0zmirli+Hristiyan+T%C3%BCrkler%22&rft.pub=Arsiv.sabah.com.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farsiv.sabah.com.tr%2F2005%2F10%2F04%2Fcp%2Fgnc118-20051002-102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/turkey/24.htm">Turkey</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress Country Studies (laman tidak wujud)">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Statistical_Institute2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178">"2009 Census, population statistics in 2009"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Dicapai pada 2010-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Census%2C+population+statistics+in+2009&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkstat.gov.tr%2FPreHaberBultenleri.do%3Fid%3D6178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Statistical_Institute2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnks=&report=turkiye_il_koy_sehir.RDF&p_kod=1&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksEnv">"2007 Census, population by provinces"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Dicapai pada 2008-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Census%2C+population+by+provinces&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freport.tuik.gov.tr%2Freports%2Frwservlet%3Fadnks%3D%26report%3Dturkiye_il_koy_sehir.RDF%26p_kod%3D1%26desformat%3Dhtml%26ENVID%3DadnksEnv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Statistical_Institute2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=3894">"2007 Census,population living in cities"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Dicapai pada 2008-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Census%2Cpopulation+living+in+cities&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkstat.gov.tr%2FPreHaberBultenleri.do%3Fid%3D3894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://report.tuik.gov.tr/">http://report.tuik.gov.tr/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-125"><a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html">"CIA - The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. Dicapai pada 2011-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ftu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Directorate_General_of_Press_and_Information2003" class="citation web cs1">Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm">"Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey"</a>. Turkish Prime Minister's Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830170539/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2006-08-30. Dicapai pada 2006-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+background+of+radio+and+television+broadcasting+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Turkish+Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Turkish+Directorate+General+of+Press+and+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byegm.gov.tr%2FREFERENCES%2Fradyo-tv2002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNasuhi_Güngör2009" class="citation web cs1">Nasuhi Güngör (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093901/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=162643">"Kurdish TRT"</a>. Zaman. 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Dicapai pada 2011-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Christians+in+Danger+%C2%AB+Persecution+News&rft.pub=Persecution.org&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persecution.org%2F2010%2F07%2F12%2Fturkey-christians-in-danger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americansephardifederation.org/PDF/exhibitions/Jewish_Costumes_Early_History_Jews_in_Turkey.pdf">"An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey"</a> (PDF). American Sephardi Federation. 2006. 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Dicapai pada 2008-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2008+-+Turkey&rft.pub=The+Office+of+Electronic+Information%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affair&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2008%2F108476.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10k-154"><a href="#cite_ref-10k_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahairights.org/2008/11/13/for-the-first-time-turkish-bahai-appointed-as-dean/">"For the first time, Turkish Baha'i appointed as dean"</a>. The Muslim Network for Baha’i Rights. 2008-12-13. Dicapai pada 2008-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+the+first+time%2C+Turkish+Baha%E2%80%99i+appointed+as+dean&rft.pub=The+Muslim+Network+for+Baha%E2%80%99i+Rights&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahairights.org%2F2008%2F11%2F13%2Ffor-the-first-time-turkish-bahai-appointed-as-dean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20k-155"><a href="#cite_ref-20k_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024256/http://www.looklex.com/e.o/turkey_4.htm">"Turkey /Religions & Peoples"</a>. LookLex Encyclopedia. LookLex Ltd. 2008. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.looklex.com/e.o/turkey_4.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2008-12-11. Dicapai pada 2008-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey+%2FReligions+%26+Peoples&rft.btitle=LookLex+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=LookLex+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.looklex.com%2Fe.o%2Fturkey_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walbridge-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Walbridge_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWalbridge" class="citation journal cs1">Walbridge, John (March, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/vol6/waless/chap4.htm">"Chapter Four - The Baha'i Faith in Turkey"</a>. Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies. 06 (01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+in+Shaykhi%2C+Babi+and+Baha%27i+Studies&rft.atitle=Chapter+Four+-+The+Baha%E2%80%99i+Faith+in+Turkey&rft.chron=March%2C+2002&rft.volume=06&rft.issue=01&rft.aulast=Walbridge&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2F~bahai%2Fbhpapers%2Fvol6%2Fwaless%2Fchap4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy_157-1">b</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>KONDA Research and Consultancy</code></li> <li id="cite_note-TR_culture-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TR_culture_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TR_culture_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKaya2003" class="citation book cs1">Kaya, İbrahim (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Turkish+culture">Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience</a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-8532-3898-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-8532-3898-7"><bdi>0-8532-3898-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Theory+and+Later+Modernities%3A+The+Turkish+Experience&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8532-3898-7&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0brahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0Iy7pJBRgjYC%26pg%3DPA58%26lpg%3DPA58%26dq%3DTurkish%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Academy_of_Arts2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Academy of Arts (laman tidak wujud)">Royal Academy of Arts</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8">"Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600"</a>. Royal Academy of Arts. Dicapai pada 2006-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turks+%E2%80%93+A+Journey+of+a+Thousand+Years%3A+600%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turks.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCinuçen_Tanrıkorur" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinu%C3%A7en_Tanr%C4%B1korur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuçen Tanrıkorur (laman tidak wujud)">Cinuçen Tanrıkorur</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm">"The Ottoman music"</a>. www.turkmusikisi.com. Dicapai pada 2006-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+music&rft.pub=www.turkmusikisi.com&rft.au=Cinu%C3%A7en+Tanr%C4%B1korur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmusikisi.com%2Fosmanli_musikisi%2Fthe_ottoman_music.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6044192.stm">"Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-10-12. Dicapai pada 2006-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Pamuk+wins+Nobel+Literature+prize&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F6044192.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAzeri-Press_Agency_(APA)2009" class="citation web cs1">Azeri-Press Agency (APA) (23 Feb 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810100025/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=97615">"70 percent of Turkish citizens never read book"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=97615">yang asal</a> pada 2010-08-10. Dicapai pada 31 Julai 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=70+percent+of+Turkish+citizens+never+read+book&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.au=Azeri-Press+Agency+%28APA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.apa.az%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D97615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2003" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-5002-7429-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-5002-7429-0"><bdi>0-5002-7429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-5002-7429-0&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBurak_Sansal2006" class="citation web cs1">Burak Sansal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/sports.htm">"Sports in Turkey"</a>. allaboutturkey.com. Dicapai pada 2006-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+in+Turkey&rft.pub=allaboutturkey.com&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Burak+Sansal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutturkey.com%2Fsports.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503203721/http://en.efesbasket.org/the_clup/icerik.aspx?SectionId=103">"Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.efesbasket.org/the_clup/icerik.aspx?SectionId=103">yang asal</a> pada 2008-05-03. Dicapai pada 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+achievements+of+the+Efes+Pilsen+Basketball+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.efesbasket.org%2Fthe_clup%2Ficerik.aspx%3FSectionId%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBurak_Sansal2006" class="citation web cs1">Burak Sansal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/yagligures.htm">"Oiled Wrestling"</a>. allaboutturkey.com. Dicapai pada 2006-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oiled+Wrestling&rft.pub=allaboutturkey.com&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Burak+Sansal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutturkey.com%2Fyagligures.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801224941/http://www.kirkpinar.com/home.php?link=history&dil=en">"Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History"</a>. Kirkpinar.com. 2007-04-21. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirkpinar.com/home.php?link=history&dil=en">yang asal</a> pada 2008-08-01. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar+Oiled+Wrestling+Tournament%3A+History&rft.pub=Kirkpinar.com&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkpinar.com%2Fhome.php%3Flink%3Dhistory%26dil%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Gegner" class="citation web cs1">Christiane Gegner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313024550/http://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrest/start.php">"FILA Wrestling Database"</a>. Iat.uni-leipzig.de. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrest/start.php">yang asal</a> pada 2009-03-13. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FILA+Wrestling+Database&rft.pub=Iat.uni-leipzig.de&rft.au=Christiane+Gegner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iat.uni-leipzig.de%2Fdatenbanken%2Fdbwrest%2Fstart.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325053145/http://www.halter.gov.tr/AVRUPA%20REKORLARI.XLS">"Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halter.gov.tr/AVRUPA%20REKORLARI.XLS">yang asal</a> pada 2020-03-25. Dicapai pada 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Weightlifting+Federation%3A+List+of+European+%28Avrupa%29+records+by+male+and+female+weightlifters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halter.gov.tr%2FAVRUPA%2520REKORLARI.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325053152/http://www.halter.gov.tr/D%C3%9CNYA-OL%C4%B0MP%C4%B0YAT%20REKORLARI.XLS">"Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dünya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halter.gov.tr/D%C3%9CNYA-OL%C4%B0MP%C4%B0YAT%20REKORLARI.XLS">yang asal</a> pada 2020-03-25. Dicapai pada 2021-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Weightlifting+Federation%3A+List+of+World+%28D%C3%BCnya%29+and+Olympic+%28Olimpiyat%29+records+by+male+and+female+weightlifters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halter.gov.tr%2FD%25C3%259CNYA-OL%25C4%25B0MP%25C4%25B0YAT%2520REKORLARI.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531003804/http://www.wrcturkey.com/v08/e_historyevent.asp">"WRC Rally of Turkey: Brief event history"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrcturkey.com/v08/e_historyevent.asp">yang asal</a> pada 2008-05-31. Dicapai pada 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WRC+Rally+of+Turkey%3A+Brief+event+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrcturkey.com%2Fv08%2Fe_historyevent.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/circuit_guide/4252173.stm">"BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey"</a>. BBC News. 2006-02-22. Dicapai pada 2010-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Sport%3A+Formula+1+circuit+guide%3A+Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Fmotorsport%2Fformula_one%2Fcircuit_guide%2F4252173.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurki" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:6em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Benua Amerika</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Angkatan Tentera Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:6em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Benua Eropah</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" 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title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Czech" title="Republik Czech">Republik Czech</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> · <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turki</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_British" title="Angkatan Tentera British">United Kingdom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/60px-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/90px-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_berdaulat_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Eropah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_di_Eropah" title="Templat:Negara di Eropah"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Negara_di_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Negara di Eropah (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_di_Eropah&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_berdaulat_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Eropah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Negara berdaulat dan wilayah tanggungan di <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_berdaulat" title="Senarai negara berdaulat">Negara berdaulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> · <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ireland" title="Republik Ireland">Ireland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kota_Vatikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Vatikan">Kota Vatikan</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Utara" title="Macedonia Utara">Macedonia Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Czech" title="Republik Czech">Republik Cekh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> · <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a> · <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> · <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turki</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> · <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Cyprus Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_tanggungan" title="Wilayah tanggungan">Tanggungan</a> dan wilayah lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Denmark</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Faroe" title="Kepulauan Faroe">Kepulauan Faroe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Finland</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Aland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Aland">Kepulauan Aland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Norway</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">United Kingdom</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_benua_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Asia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Asia" title="Perbincangan templat:Asia"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_benua_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Asia" title="Senarai negara dan wilayah tanggungan di Asia">Senarai negara dan wilayah tanggungan</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><table class="wikitable" style="margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Southeast_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> · <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat" title="Asia Barat">Asia Barat</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="683" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emiriah_Arab_Bersatu" title="Emiriah Arab Bersatu">Emiriah Arab Bersatu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> · <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan">Lubnan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Negara_Palestin" title="Negara Palestin">Palestin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turki</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Utara" title="Asia Utara">Utara</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Central_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:North_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:East_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macau</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/50px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/75px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/100px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> · <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td width="15%" align="center">Wilayah tanggungan dan negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad </td> <td width="35%" align="center">Wilayah tanggungan : <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Lautan_Hindi_British" title="Wilayah Lautan Hindi British">Wilayah Lautan Hindi British</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos_(Keeling)" title="Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)">Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Krismas" title="Pulau Krismas">Pulau Krismas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>) Negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad : <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Cyprus Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_China_di_Taiwan" title="Republik China di Taiwan">Republik China (Taiwan)</a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_merentasi_melebihi_satu_benua" title="Senarai negara yang merentasi melebihi satu benua">Sebahagiannya</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (negeri <a href="/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat">Papua Barat</a>).  2 <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_merentasi_melebihi_satu_benua" title="Senarai negara yang merentasi melebihi satu benua">Sebahagiannya</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>.  3 Merupakan <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Khas_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas Republik Rakyat China">Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas</a> di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kawasan_bahasa_Turkik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kawasan_berbahasa_Turk" title="Templat:Kawasan berbahasa Turk"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Kawasan_berbahasa_Turk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Kawasan berbahasa Turk (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a 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<a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turki</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Republik Turki Cyprus Utara</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakistan" title="Karakalpakistan">Karakalpakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turk Timur</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Altai" title="Republik Altai">Republik Altai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Sakha">Republik Sakha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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