CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War","20150302230416","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1425337456"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.25wmf18"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"World_War_II","wgTitle":"World War II","wgCurRevisionId":649138205,"wgRevisionId":649138205,"wgArticleId":32927,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","EngvarB from July 2014","Use dmy dates from May 2013","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014","Good articles","World War II","Conflicts in 1939","Conflicts in 1940","Conflicts in 1941","Conflicts in 1942","Conflicts in 1943","Conflicts in 1944","Conflicts in 1945","Contemporary French history","Contemporary German history","Contemporary Italian history","Global conflicts","History of Montenegro","History of the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia","History of the United States (1918–45)","Modern Europe","Modern history","Nuclear warfare","War","Wars involving Albania","Wars involving Australia","Wars involving Austria","Wars involving Belgium","Wars involving Bolivia","Wars involving Brazil","Wars involving British India","Wars involving Bulgaria","Wars involving Burma","Wars involving Cambodia","Wars involving Canada","Wars involving Chile","Wars involving Colombia","Wars involving Costa Rica","Wars involving Croatia","Wars involving Cuba","Wars involving Czechoslovakia","Wars involving Denmark","Wars involving Ecuador","Wars involving Egypt","Wars involving El Salvador","Wars involving Estonia","Wars involving Ethiopia","Wars involving Finland","Wars involving France","Wars involving Germany","Wars involving Greece","Wars involving Guatemala","Wars involving Haiti","Wars involving Honduras","Wars involving Hungary","Wars involving Iceland","Wars involving Indonesia","Wars involving Italy","Wars involving Iran","Wars involving Iraq","Wars involving Japan","Wars involving Laos","Wars involving Latvia","Wars involving Lebanon","Wars involving Liberia","Wars involving Lithuania","Wars involving Luxembourg","Wars involving Mexico","Wars involving Mongolia","Wars involving Montenegro","Wars involving Nepal","Wars involving Norway","Wars involving Nicaragua","Wars involving Panama","Wars involving Paraguay","Wars involving Peru","Wars involving Poland","Wars involving Rhodesia","Wars involving Romania","Wars involving Saudi Arabia","Wars involving Serbia","Wars involving Slovakia","Wars involving Slovenia","Wars involving South Africa","Wars involving Sri Lanka","Wars involving Syria","Wars involving Thailand","Wars involving the Dominican Republic","Wars involving the Netherlands","Wars involving the Philippines","Wars involving the Republic of China","Wars involving the Soviet Union","Wars involving the United Kingdom","Wars involving the United States","Wars involving Uruguay","Wars involving Venezuela","Wars involving Vietnam","Wars involving Yugoslavia"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"World_War_II","wgRelevantArticleId":32927,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Second_World_War","wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr"},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":["en-gb","en-us","en"],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/World_War_II","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q362"}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});},{},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});},{},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:94007ea073e20ad4a3cdce36b2f2e369 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); }</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-World_War_II skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">World War II</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_World_War&redirect=no" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"The Second World War" and "WWII" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(disambiguation)" title="The Second World War (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">The Second World War (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWII_(disambiguation)" title="WWII (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">WWII (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <table style="float:right;clear:right;background:transparent;margin:0;padding:0"> <tr> <td> <table class="infobox vevent" style="float:right;clear:right;border-spacing:2px;font-size:90%;width:315px"> <tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%">World War II</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG" class="image"><img alt="Infobox collage for WWII.PNG" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG/300px-Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG" width="300" height="358" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG/450px-Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="600"/></a> Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanjialing" title="Battle of Wanjialing">Battle of Wanjialing</a>, Australian <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-pounder" title="25-pounder" class="mw-redirect">25-pounder</a> guns during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a>, German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Stuka</a> dive bombers on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> in December 1943, a US naval force in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> signing the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a>, Soviet troops in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th> <td>1 September 1939 (1939-09-01) – 2 September 1945 (1945-09-02) (70006000000000000006 years, 70001000000000000001 day)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th> <td><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Horn of Africa</a>, briefly <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" title="American Theater (World War II)">North</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">South America</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th> <td><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory <ul> <li>Collapse of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a></li> <li>Fall of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empires</a></li> <li>Creation of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </li> <li>Emergence of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> </li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II#Aftermath" title="World War II">more...</a>).</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II" title="Participants in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Participants</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%">Commanders and leaders</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied leaders</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg/22px-US_flag_48_stars.svg.png" width="22" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg/33px-US_flag_48_stars.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg/44px-US_flag_48_stars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1000"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" title="Republic of China (1912–49)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–49)" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis leaders</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%281870%29.svg/22px-Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%281870%29.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%281870%29.svg/33px-Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%281870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%281870%29.svg/44px-Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%281870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"/></a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%">Casualties and losses</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa">Military dead: Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 45,000,000 Total dead: Over 61,000,000 (1937–45) <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">...further details</a></td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">Military dead: Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 4,000,000 Total dead: Over 12,000,000 (1937–45) <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">...further details</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:315px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Campaigns of World War II</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl> <dt><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></dt> </dl> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" title="Norwegian Campaign">Denmark & Norway</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France & Benelux</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkan Campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (1944–45)</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia and the Pacific</a></dt> </dl> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War_(1945)" title="Soviet–Japanese War (1945)">Manchuria (1945)</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></dt> </dl> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Horn of Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic Campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Dodecanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Other campaigns</dt> </dl> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" title="American Theater (World War II)">America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Contemporaneous wars</dt> </dl> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese Border</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">French–Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></dd> </dl> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em">World War II</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em">Alphabetical indices</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(A)" title="Index of World War II articles (A)">A</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(B)" title="Index of World War II articles (B)">B</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(C)" title="Index of World War II articles (C)">C</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(D)" title="Index of World War II articles (D)">D</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(E)" title="Index of World War II articles (E)">E</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(F)" title="Index of World War II articles (F)">F</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(G)" title="Index of World War II articles (G)">G</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(H)" title="Index of World War II articles (H)">H</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(I)" title="Index of World War II articles (I)">I</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(J)" title="Index of World War II articles (J)">J</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(K)" title="Index of World War II articles (K)">K</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(L)" title="Index of World War II articles (L)">L</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(M)" title="Index of World War II articles (M)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(N)" title="Index of World War II articles (N)">N</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(O)" title="Index of World War II articles (O)">O</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(P)" title="Index of World War II articles (P)">P</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(Q)" title="Index of World War II articles (Q)">Q</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(R)" title="Index of World War II articles (R)">R</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(S)" title="Index of World War II articles (S)">S</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(T)" title="Index of World War II articles (T)">T</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(U)" title="Index of World War II articles (U)">U</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(V)" title="Index of World War II articles (V)">V</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(W)" title="Index of World War II articles (W)">W</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(X%E2%80%93Z)#X" title="Index of World War II articles (X–Z)">X</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(X%E2%80%93Z)#Y" title="Index of World War II articles (X–Z)">Y</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(X%E2%80%93Z)#Z" title="Index of World War II articles (X–Z)">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(0%E2%80%939)" title="Index of World War II articles (0–9)">0-9</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em">Navigation</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="Campaigns of World War II">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II" title="Participants in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="List of World War II military equipment">Equipment</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of World War II">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World_War_II" title="Portal:World War II">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template:TopicTOC-World War II">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-World War II">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War (after the recent <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_War" title="Great War" class="mw-redirect">Great War</a>), was a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war" title="World war">global war</a> that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II" title="Participants in World War II" class="mw-redirect">the vast majority of the world's nations</a>—including all of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>—eventually forming two opposing <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance" class="mw-redirect">military alliances</a>: the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>. It was the most widespread <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a>, erasing the distinction between <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust" class="mw-redirect">Holocaust</a> (during which approximately 11 million people were killed)<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing of industrial and population centres</a> (during which approximately one million people were killed, including the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">use of two nuclear weapons in combat</a>),<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> it resulted in an estimated <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">50 million to 85 million fatalities</a>. These made World War II the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_and_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of wars and disasters by death toll" class="mw-redirect">deadliest conflict</a> in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world" title="History of the world">human history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sommerville_2008_5-5">[4]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> aimed to dominate <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific" title="Pacific" class="mw-redirect">Pacific</a> and was already <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">at war</a> with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)" class="mw-redirect">Republic of China</a> in 1937,<a href="#cite_note-Bar.26Shyu_2001_6-6">[5]</a> but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion</a> of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">treaties</a>, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. Following the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Non-Aggression_between_Germany_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union" class="mw-redirect">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">including Poland</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Finland</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. The United Kingdom and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> were the only Allied forces continuing the fight against the Axis, with campaigns in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Horn of Africa</a> as well as the long-running <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. In June 1941, the European Axis powers launched <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">an invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, opening the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">largest land theatre of war in history</a>, which trapped the major part of the Axis' military forces into a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a>. In December 1941, Japan <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked the United States</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">European territories</a> in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, near <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and Germany was defeated in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">North Africa</a> and then, decisively, at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> in the Soviet Union. In 1943, with a series of German defeats on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion</a> of Italy which brought about Italian surrender, and Allied victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">invaded France</a>, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Guangxi_Campaign" title="Second Guangxi Campaign">South</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Central China</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a>, while the Allies crippled the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese Navy</a> and captured key Western Pacific islands. The war in Europe ended with an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">invasion of Germany</a> by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">capture of Berlin</a> by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German unconditional surrender</a> on <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">8 May 1945</a>. Following the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> by the Allies on 26 July 1945, the United States <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped atomic bombs</a> on the Japanese cities of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of the Japanese archipelago</a> imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Japanese_War_(1945)" title="Soviet-Japanese War (1945)" class="mw-redirect">Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a> on 15 August 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, and the final destruction of the Axis bloc. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and France—became the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members</a> of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_UN_Security_Council-8">[7]</a> The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, setting the stage for the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">decolonisation of Asia</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa" class="mw-redirect">Africa</a> began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post-World War II economic expansion" class="mw-redirect">economic recovery</a>. Political integration, especially <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">in Europe</a>, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Chronology">1 Chronology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">2 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pre-war_events">3 Pre-war events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_.281935.29">3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Spanish_Civil_War_.281936.E2.80.9339.29">3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–39)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Japanese_invasion_of_China_.281937.29">3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Japanese_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_Mongolia_.281938.29">3.4 Japanese invasion of the Soviet Union and Mongolia (1938)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#European_occupations_and_agreements">3.5 European occupations and agreements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Course_of_the_war">4 Course of the war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#War_breaks_out_in_Europe_.281939.E2.80.9340.29">4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Western_Europe_.281940.E2.80.9341.29">4.2 Western Europe (1940–41)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Mediterranean_.281940.E2.80.9341.29">4.3 Mediterranean (1940–41)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Axis_attack_on_the_USSR_.281941.29">4.4 Axis attack on the USSR (1941)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#War_breaks_out_in_the_Pacific_.281941.29">4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Axis_advance_stalls_.281942.E2.80.9343.29">4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–43)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Pacific_.281942.E2.80.9343.29">4.6.1 Pacific (1942–43)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Eastern_Front_.281942.E2.80.9343.29">4.6.2 Eastern Front (1942–43)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Western_Europe.2FAtlantic_.26_Mediterranean_.281942.E2.80.9343.29">4.6.3 Western Europe/Atlantic & Mediterranean (1942–43)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Allies_gain_momentum_.281943.E2.80.9344.29">4.7 Allies gain momentum (1943–44)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Allies_close_in_.281944.29">4.8 Allies close in (1944)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Axis_collapse.2C_Allied_victory_.281944.E2.80.9345.29">4.9 Axis collapse, Allied victory (1944–45)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Aftermath">5 Aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Impact">6 Impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Casualties_and_war_crimes">6.1 Casualties and war crimes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Concentration_camps.2C_slave_labour.2C_and_genocide">6.2 Concentration camps, slave labour, and genocide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Occupation">6.3 Occupation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Home_fronts_and_production">6.4 Home fronts and production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Advances_in_technology_and_warfare">6.5 Advances in technology and warfare</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Citations">9 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2>Chronology</h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of World War II">Timeline of World War II</a></div> The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> beginning with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a>; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> on 7 July 1937,<a href="#cite_note-F.C3.B6r.26Ges_2005_64-12">[11]</a> or even the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> on 19 September 1931.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Others follow the British historian <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941. This article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War" class="mw-redirect">Italian invasion of Abyssinia</a> on 3 October 1935.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The British historian <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> views the beginning of the Second World War as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> fought between Japan and the forces of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_10-16">[15]</a> The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> of 14 August 1945 (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">V-J Day</a>), rather than the formal surrender of Japan (2 September 1945); it is even claimed in some European histories that it ended on <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">V-E Day</a> (8 May 1945).[<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">peace treaty with Japan</a> was signed in 1951 to formally tie up any loose ends such as compensation to be paid to Allied prisoners of war who had been victims of atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-Masaya_1990_4-17">[16]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">A treaty regarding Germany's future</a> allowed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_reunification" title="Germany reunification" class="mw-redirect">reunification of East and West Germany</a> to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <h2>Background</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had radically altered the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">political</a> European map, with the defeat of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>—including <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>—and the 1917 <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">seizure of power</a> in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russia</a>. Meanwhile, existing victorious Allies such as France, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Romania gained territories, and new <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_states" title="Nation states" class="mw-redirect">Nation states</a> were created out of the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empires</a>. To prevent a future world war, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was created during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a>. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a>, military and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">naval disarmament</a>, and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. Despite <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">strong pacifist sentiment</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">after World War I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ingram_2006_76_78-19">[18]</a> its aftermath still caused <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentist" title="Irredentist" class="mw-redirect">irredentist</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchist" title="Revanchist" class="mw-redirect">revanchist</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in several European states.These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses incurred by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">its overseas colonies</a>, while German annexation of other states was prohibited, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">armed forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In addition, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> had led to the creation of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The German Empire was dissolved in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919" class="mw-redirect">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, and a democratic government, later known as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains, however Italian nationalists were angered that the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">promises made</a> by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled with the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> movement led by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> seized power in Italy with a nationalist, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">class collaborationist</a> agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at forging Italy as a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_power" title="World power" class="mw-redirect">world power</a>, promising the creation of a "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Roman_Empire" title="New Roman Empire" class="mw-redirect">New Roman Empire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042,_Genf,_V%C3%B6lkerbund,_Sitzungssaal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="528"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042,_Genf,_V%C3%B6lkerbund,_Sitzungssaal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> assembly, held in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, 1930</div> </div> </div> In Germany, the Weimar Republic was attacked by right-wing elements such as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party" title="Nazi party" class="mw-redirect">Nazi party</a>, resulting in events such as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>. With the onset of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 1929, domestic support for <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and its leader <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> rose and, in 1933, he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. In the aftermath of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>, Hitler created a totalitarian single-party state led by the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock_1990_265-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party in China launched a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">unification campaign</a> against <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">regional warlords</a> and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a> against its former <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party" class="mw-redirect">Chinese communist</a> allies.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In 1931, an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism-Socialism_in_Showa_Japan" title="Militarism-Socialism in Showa Japan" class="mw-redirect">increasingly militaristic</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Empire" title="Japanese Empire" class="mw-redirect">Japanese Empire</a>, which had long sought influence in China<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> as the first step of what its government saw as the country's <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakko_ichiu" title="Hakko ichiu" class="mw-redirect">right to rule Asia</a>, used the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> as a pretext to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">launch an invasion of Manchuria</a> and establish the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mukden-26">[25]</a> Too weak to resist Japan, China appealed to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> for help. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Report" title="Lytton Report">condemned</a> for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_January_Incident" title="28 January Incident" class="mw-redirect">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Rehe</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Hebei</a>, until the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchuria</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)" class="mw-redirect">Chahar and Suiyuan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coogan_1993-27">[26]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541,_Weimar,_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541,_Weimar,_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at a German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist" title="National Socialist" class="mw-redirect">National Socialist</a> political rally in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, October 1930</div> </div> </div> Adolf Hitler, after an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government</a> in 1923, eventually became the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Chancellor of Germany in 1933</a>. He abolished democracy, espousing a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">radical, racially motivated revision of the world order</a>, and soon began a massive <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_re-armament" title="German re-armament">rearmament campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> It was at this time that multiple political scientists began to predict that a second Great War might take place.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Italian_Agreement" title="Franco-Italian Agreement" class="mw-redirect">allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia</a>, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)" title="Saar (League of Nations)">Territory of the Saar Basin</a> was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme and introduced <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Hoping to contain Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a>; however, in June 1935, the United Kingdom made an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">independent naval agreement</a> with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned due to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of eastern Europe</a>, wrote a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect though, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Soviet_pact" title="Franco-Soviet pact" class="mw-redirect">Franco-Soviet pact</a> was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">Neutrality Act</a> in August of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Schmitz_2000_124-32">[31]</a> Two months later, Italy invaded Ethiopia through <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>;<a href="#cite_note-fhdh-33">[32]</a> Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion. Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Hitler defied the Versailles and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_treaties" title="Locarno treaties" class="mw-redirect">Locarno treaties</a> by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarising</a> the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> in March 1936. He received little response from other European powers.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> When the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> broke out in July, Hitler and Mussolini supported the fascist and authoritarian <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Spain" title="Nationalist Spain" class="mw-redirect">Nationalist forces</a> in their civil war against the Soviet-supported <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>. Both sides used the conflict to test new weapons and methods of warfare,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> with the Nationalists winning the war in early 1939. In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Berlin_Axis" title="Rome–Berlin Axis" class="mw-redirect">Rome–Berlin Axis</a>. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, which Italy would join in the following year. In China, after the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a>, the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">united front</a> to oppose Japan.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <h2>Pre-war events</h2> <h3>Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War" class="mw-redirect">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldatietiopia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Soldatietiopia.jpg/220px-Soldatietiopia.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Soldatietiopia.jpg/330px-Soldatietiopia.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Soldatietiopia.jpg/440px-Soldatietiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1261"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldatietiopia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War" class="mw-redirect">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a></div> </div> </div> The Second Italo–Abyssinian War was a brief <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">colonial war</a> that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (also known as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#Names" title="Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a>) by the armed forces of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (Regno d'Italia), which was launched from <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fhdh-33">[32]</a> The war resulted in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> of Ethiopia and its <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> into the newly created colony of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI); in addition, it exposed the weakness of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League's own <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_X_of_the_Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations">Article X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barker_1971_131_132-38">[37]</a> <h3>Spanish Civil War (1936–39)</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="593"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> in 1937, sparked Europe-wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties</div> </div> </div> During the Spanish Civil War, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist rebels</a>, led by General <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. The Soviet Union supported the existing government, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>. Over 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the USSR used this <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> by the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a> in April 1937 heightened widespread concerns that the next major war would include extensive terror bombing attacks on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2006_258_260-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budiansky_2004_209_211-40">[39]</a> The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, bargained with both sides during the Second World War, but never concluded any major agreements. He did send <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul" title="División Azul" class="mw-redirect">volunteers</a> to fight on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> under German command but Spain remained neutral and did not allow either side to use its territory.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <h3>Japanese invasion of China (1937)</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/220px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/330px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/440px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="315"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Army" title="Japanese Imperial Army" class="mw-redirect">Japanese Imperial Army</a> soldiers during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a>, 1937</div> </div> </div> In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Beijing after instigating the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China.<a href="#cite_note-Eastman_1986_547_551-42">[41]</a> The Soviets quickly signed a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact">non-aggression pact with China</a> to lend <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> support, effectively ending China's prior <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1911%E2%80%931941)" title="Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)" class="mw-redirect">co-operation with Germany</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> deployed his <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-trained_divisions_in_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" title="German-trained divisions in the National Revolutionary Army" class="mw-redirect">best army</a> to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">defend Shanghai</a>, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">capturing the capital Nanking</a> in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" title="Nanking Massacre">murdered by the Japanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-tot-44">[43]</a> In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces got their <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">first major victory at Taierzhuang</a> but then the city of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou" title="Battle of Xuzhou">was taken by Japanese</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-Hsu_.26_Chang_1971_221-45">[44]</a> In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">flooding the Yellow River</a>; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, but the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">city was taken</a> by October.<a href="#cite_note-Eastman_1986_566-46">[45]</a> Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and continued the war.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2009_150_152-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sella_1983_651_687-48">[47]</a> <h3>Japanese invasion of the Soviet Union and Mongolia (1938)</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">Nanshin-ron</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></div> Japanese forces in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union, culminating in the Japanese defeat at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkin Gol</a>. After this, Japan and the Soviet Union signed a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact" class="mw-redirect">Neutrality Pact</a> in April 1941, and Japan turned its focus to the South Pacific. <h3>European occupations and agreements</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler" title="Hitler" class="mw-redirect">Hitler</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a> pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938</div> </div> </div> In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more bold. In March 1938, Germany <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed Austria</a>, again provoking <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeasement_of_Hitler" title="Appeasement of Hitler" class="mw-redirect">little response</a> from other European powers.<a href="#cite_note-Col_.26_Ped_2000_144-49">[48]</a> Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, an area of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> with a predominantly <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_German" title="Ethnic German" class="mw-redirect">ethnic German</a> population; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of prime minister <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> and conceded this territory to Germany in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">cede additional territory</a> to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy</a> to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia</a> and subsequently split it into the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> and a pro-German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)" class="mw-redirect">Slovak Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Hitler also delivered <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">an ultimatum</a> to Lithuania, forcing the concession of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a>. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480,_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480%2C_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480%2C_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480%2C_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480%2C_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480%2C_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480%2C_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S52480,_Dtsch.-Sowjet._Grenz-_u._Freundschaftsvertrag.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German Foreign Minister <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbentrop" title="Ribbentrop" class="mw-redirect">Ribbentrop</a> signing the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact. Standing behind him are <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> and the Soviet leader <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, 1939</div> </div> </div> Alarmed, and with Hitler making further demands on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, France and Britain <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance#British_Guarantee_to_Poland" title="Anglo-Polish military alliance">guaranteed their support for Polish independence</a>; when <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy conquered Albania</a> in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to Romania and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lowe_.26_Marz_2002_330-53">[52]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Polish_Military_Alliance" title="Franco-Polish Military Alliance" class="mw-redirect">Franco</a>-British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a>. In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shore_2003_108-55">[54]</a> a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol. The parties gave each other rights to "spheres of influence" (western <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> for Germany; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">eastern Poland</a>, Finland, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, Latvia and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> for the USSR). It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I, after it defeated Poland. The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Ciano" title="Count Ciano" class="mw-redirect">Count Ciano</a>, Hitler asserted that Poland was a "doubtful neutral" that needed to either yield to his demands or be "liquidated" to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future "unavoidable" war with the Western democracies. He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In response to British pleas for direct negotiations, Germany demanded on 29 August that a Polish <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig" title="Danzig" class="mw-redirect">Danzig</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> to Germany as well as to agree to safeguard the German minority in Poland. The Poles refused to comply with this request and on the evening of 31 August Germany declared that it considered its proposals rejected.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1939-59">[58]</a> <h2>Course of the war</h2> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></div> <h3>War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–45)">Occupation of Poland (1939–45)</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%9346)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–46)">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–46)</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg/220px-Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg" width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg/330px-Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg/440px-Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="300"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Granica-zrywanie_god%C5%82a.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Soldiers of the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> tearing down the border crossing between <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, 1 September 1939</div> </div> </div> On 1 September 1939, Germany <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleiwitz_incident" title="Gleiwitz incident">sabotage operations</a> against German targets.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2008_1_2-60">[59]</a> Two days later, on 3 September, France and the United Kingdom, followed by the fully independent <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2006_58-61">[60]</a> of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_64_65-62">[61]</a>—<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (3 September), <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (10 September), <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (3 September), and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (6 September)—declared war on Germany. However, initially the alliance provided <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_war" title="Phoney war" class="mw-redirect">limited direct military support</a> to Poland, consisting of a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">small French attack into the Saarland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan_1997_35-63">[62]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allies" title="Western Allies" class="mw-redirect">Western Allies</a> also began a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)" class="mw-redirect">naval blockade of Germany</a>, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Germany responded by ordering <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_warfare#World_War_II" title="Submarine warfare">U-boat warfare</a> against Allied merchant and war ships, which was to later escalate in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36,_Polen,_an_der_Brahe,_deutsche_Panzer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36%2C_Polen%2C_an_der_Brahe%2C_deutsche_Panzer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36%2C_Polen%2C_an_der_Brahe%2C_deutsche_Panzer.jpg" width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36%2C_Polen%2C_an_der_Brahe%2C_deutsche_Panzer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36%2C_Polen%2C_an_der_Brahe%2C_deutsche_Panzer.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36%2C_Polen%2C_an_der_Brahe%2C_deutsche_Panzer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36%2C_Polen%2C_an_der_Brahe%2C_deutsche_Panzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="540"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-071-36,_Polen,_an_der_Brahe,_deutsche_Panzer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a> tanks near the city of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>, September 1939</div> </div> </div> On 17 September 1939, after signing a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">cease-fire with Japan</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviets invaded Poland</a> from the east.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga_2002_80.2C83-65">[64]</a> The Polish army was defeated and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1939)" class="mw-redirect">Warsaw surrendered</a> to the Germans on 27 September, with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October. Poland's territory was divided between <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union" class="mw-redirect">Soviet Union</a>, with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland#World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland" class="mw-redirect">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" title="Slovak invasion of Poland (1939)">Slovakia</a> also receiving small shares. After the surrender of Poland's armed forces, the Polish resistance established an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Underground State</a> and a partisan <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" title="Polish Home Army" class="mw-redirect">Home Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hempel_2005_24-66">[65]</a> About 100,000 Polish military personnel were <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">evacuated to Romania</a> and the Baltic countries; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga_2002_88_89-67">[66]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w" title="Biuro Szyfrów">Poland's Enigma codebreakers</a> were also evacuated to France.<a href="#cite_note-Budiansky_2001_120_121-68">[67]</a> On 6 October Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France, but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October, saying "Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government."<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1939-59">[58]</a> After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> After signing the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Demarcation" title="German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation">German–Soviet treaty governing Lithuania</a>, the Soviet Union forced the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic countries</a> to allow it <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Baltic_states#Ultimatums_to_Estonia.2C_Latvia.2C_Lithuania" title="Occupation of Baltic states" class="mw-redirect">to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of "mutual assistance"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002_24-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-blinsky9-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-murray55-75">[74]</a> Finland rejected territorial demands, prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Spring_1986-76">[75]</a> The resulting <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> ended in March 1940 with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Finnish concessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hanhim.C3.A4ki_1997_12-77">[76]</a> The United Kingdom and France treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans, responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR's expulsion from the League of Nations.<a href="#cite_note-murray55-75">[74]</a> <h3>Western Europe (1940–41)</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG/330px-Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG" width="330" height="234" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG/495px-Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG/660px-Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2365"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maginot_Line_ln-en.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map of the French <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a></div> </div> </div> In April 1940, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Germany invaded Denmark and Norway</a> to protect shipments of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_iron_ore_(WWII)" title="Swedish iron ore (WWII)" class="mw-redirect">iron ore from Sweden</a>, which the Allies were <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wilfred" title="Operation Wilfred">attempting to cut off</a> by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> capitulated after a few hours, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" title="Norwegian Campaign">despite Allied support</a>, during which the important harbour of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narvik" title="Narvik">Narvik</a> temporarily was recaptured by the British, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> was conquered within two months.<a href="#cite_note-Commager_2004_9-79">[78]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">British discontent over the Norwegian campaign</a> led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on 10 May 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2006_76-80">[79]</a> Germany <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">launched an offensive against France</a> and, for reasons of military strategy, also attacked the neutral nations of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" title="Battle of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="German invasion of Luxembourg in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Luxembourg</a> on 10 May 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2008_122_123-81">[80]</a> That same day <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">the United Kingdom occupied the Danish possessions of Iceland</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Faroes</a> to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> were overrun using <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> tactics in a few days and weeks, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-shirer721-3-83">[82]</a> The French-fortified <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> and the main body the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-Keegan_1997_59_60-84">[83]</a> mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Regan_2004_152-85">[84]</a> As a result, the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten. The majority were taken prisoner, whilst over 300,000, mostly British and French, were <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk</a> by early June, although abandoning almost all of their equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan_1997_66_67-86">[85]</a> On 10 June, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Italy invaded France</a>, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Ove.26Whe_1999_207-87">[86]</a> Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)" class="mw-redirect">France surrendered</a> and was soon divided into <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of France during World War II" class="mw-redirect">German</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-occupied_France" title="Italian-occupied France" class="mw-redirect">Italian occupation zones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Umbreit_1991_311-88">[87]</a> and an unoccupied <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> under the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Regime" title="Vichy Regime" class="mw-redirect">Vichy Regime</a>, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it, so on 3 July, the British <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">attacked it</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2004_xxx-89">[88]</a> In June 1940, the Soviet Union <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_and_annexation_of_the_Baltic_states_by_the_Soviet_Union_(1940)" title="Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1940)" class="mw-redirect">forcibly annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-blinsky9-74">[73]</a> and then annexed the disputed Romanian region of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia</a>. Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Demarcation" title="German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation">political rapprochement and economic co-operation</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2010_118ff-91">[90]</a> gradually stalled,<a href="#cite_note-Koch_1983-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars56-93">[92]</a> and both states began preparations for war.<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars59-94">[93]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg/220px-View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg/330px-View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg/440px-View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="514"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> View of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> after the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">"Blitz"</a>, 29 December 1940</div> </div> </div> On 19 July, Hitler again publicly offered to end the war, saying he had no desire to destroy the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The United Kingdom rejected this, with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a> responding "there was in his speech no suggestion that peace must be based on justice, no word of recognition that the other nations of Europe had any right to self‑determination ..."<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-95">[94]</a> Following this, Germany began an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority" title="Air superiority" class="mw-redirect">air superiority</a> campaign over the United Kingdom (the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>) to prepare for <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealion" title="Operation Sealion" class="mw-redirect">an invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated38-96">[95]</a> The campaign failed, and the invasion plans were cancelled by September.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated38-96">[95]</a> Frustrated, and in part in response to repeated British air raids against Berlin, Germany began a strategic bombing offensive against British cities known as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> However, the air attacks largely failed to disrupt the British war effort. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/220px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" width="220" height="186" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/330px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/440px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="676"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> bombers during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></div> </div> </div> Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#.27Happy_Time.27_.28June_1940_.E2.80.93_February_1941.29" title="Battle of the Atlantic">enjoyed success</a> against an over-extended <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, using <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> against British shipping in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck" title="Last battle of the battleship Bismarck">sinking the German battleship Bismarck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Perhaps most importantly, during the Battle of Britain the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe's assault, and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Throughout this period, the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies. In November 1939, the American <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">Neutrality Act</a> was amended to allow <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">"cash and carry"</a> purchases by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-Ove.26Whe_1999_328_330-101">[100]</a> In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> was <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Ocean_Navy_Act" title="Two-Ocean Navy Act">significantly increased</a>. In September, the United States further agreed to a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">trade of American destroyers for British bases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maingot_1994_52-102">[101]</a> Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Cantril_1940_390-103">[102]</a> Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war, he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war. In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless, calling for the US to become an "arsenal for democracy" and promoted the passage of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> aid to support the British war effort.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-95">[94]</a> In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war. They decided on a number of offensive policies, including an air offensive, the "early elimination" of Italy, raids, support of resistance groups, and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> At the end of September 1940, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> united Japan, Italy and Germany to formalise the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powers" title="Axis Powers" class="mw-redirect">Axis Powers</a>. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three.<a href="#cite_note-Bil.26Ell_2007_179-105">[104]</a> The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary, Slovakia and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> joined the Tripartite Pact.<a href="#cite_note-Tripartite_Pact-106">[105]</a> Romania would make a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II" title="Romania during World War II" class="mw-redirect">major contribution</a> (as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">did Hungary</a>) to the Axis war against the USSR, partially to recapture <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">territory ceded to the USSR</a>, partially to pursue its leader <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>'s desire to combat communism.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <h3>Mediterranean (1940–41)</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg/220px-AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg" width="220" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg/330px-AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg/440px-AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Australian Army during World War II">Australian</a> troops of the British Commonwealth Forces man a front-line trench during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a>, August 1941</div> </div> </div> Italy began operations in the Mediterranean, initiating a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">siege of Malta</a> in June, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">conquering British Somaliland</a> in August, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">making an incursion into British-held Egypt</a> in September 1940. In October 1940, Italy started the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a> due to Mussolini's jealousy of Hitler's success but within days was repulsed and pushed back into Albania, where a stalemate soon occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg_2002_118-108">[107]</a> The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece. Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans, to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean, and to secure his hold on Romanian oil.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In December 1940, British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Italian forces in Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)#Allied_counter-offensive" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Italian East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jowett_2001_9_10-110">[109]</a> The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian Navy</a> also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">carrier attack at Taranto</a>, and neutralising several more warships at the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2006_106-111">[110]</a> The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy. Hitler <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sunflower" title="Operation Sunflower" class="mw-redirect">sent German forces to Libya</a> in February, and by the end of March they had <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_desert_offensive_(1941)" title="Axis desert offensive (1941)" class="mw-redirect">launched an offensive</a> which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Laurier_2001_7_8-112">[111]</a> In under a month, Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">besieged port of Tobruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The Commonwealth <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe">again in June</a>, but failed on both occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Macksey_1997_61_63-114">[113]</a> By late March 1941, following <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>'s signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece. Plans were changed, however, due to developments in neighbouring <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The Yugoslav government had signed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> on 25 March, only to be overthrown two days later by a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">British-encouraged coup</a>. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it. On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a>, making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month. The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">conquered the Greek island of Crete</a> by the end of May.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_229-115">[114]</a> Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Axis occupation of Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect">Axis occupation of Yugoslavia</a>, which continued until the end of the war. The Allies did have some successes during this time. In the Middle East, Commonwealth forces first <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">quashed an uprising in Iraq</a> which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="French Mandate of Syria" class="mw-redirect">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Watson_2003_80-116">[115]</a> then, with the assistance of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French" title="Free French" class="mw-redirect">Free French</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_Campaign" title="Syria-Lebanon Campaign" class="mw-redirect">invaded Syria and Lebanon</a> to prevent further such occurrences.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2006_154-117">[116]</a> <h3>Axis attack on the USSR (1941)</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">World War II casualties of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs" class="mw-redirect">Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:249px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif" width="247" height="257" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="257"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Animation of the WWII European Theatre</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" width="220" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="366"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Soviet civilians in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad" title="Leningrad" class="mw-redirect">Leningrad</a> leaving destroyed houses, after a German bombardment of the city; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leningrad" title="Battle of Leningrad" class="mw-redirect">Battle of Leningrad</a>, 10 December 1942</div> </div> </div> With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the two powers signed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> in April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Garver_1988_114-118">[117]</a> By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_195-119">[118]</a> Hitler believed that Britain's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany's relations with the Soviets, or failing that, to attack and eliminate them as a factor. In November 1940, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German-Soviet Axis talks" class="mw-redirect">negotiations took place</a> to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact. The Soviets showed some interest, but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them. They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Events1941-121">[120]</a> The primary targets of this surprise offensive<a href="#cite_note-Sella_1978-122">[121]</a> were the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, Moscow and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">ultimate goal</a> of ending the 1941 campaign near the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-A_line" title="A-A line">Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line</a>, from the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_sea" title="Caspian sea" class="mw-redirect">Caspian</a> to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Seas</a>. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate Communism, generate <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space")<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2007_66_69-123">[122]</a> by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">dispossessing the native population</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg_1995-124">[123]</a> and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Hauner_1978-125">[124]</a> Although the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was preparing for strategic <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-offensive" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensives</a> before the war,<a href="#cite_note-CRoberts_1995-126">[125]</a> Barbarossa forced the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Soviet supreme command</a> to adopt a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">strategic defence</a>. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By the middle of August, however, the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Army High Command</a> decided to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">suspend the offensive</a> of a considerably depleted <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>, and to divert the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Group" title="2nd Panzer Group" class="mw-redirect">2nd Panzer Group</a> to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-Wilt_1981-127">[126]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev offensive</a> was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made further <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Campaign" title="Crimean Campaign">advance into Crimea</a> and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine (the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">First Battle of Kharkov</a>) possible.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson_2003_114_137-128">[127]</a> The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a><a href="#cite_note-D._Glantz._Soviet-German_War-129">[128]</a> prompted Britain to reconsider its <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farrell_1993-130">[129]</a> In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">military alliance against Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Keeble_1990_29-131">[130]</a> The British and Soviets <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invaded Iran</a> to secure the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a> and Iran's <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_220-133">[132]</a> By October Axis <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_objective" title="Operational objective">operational objectives</a> in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved, with only the sieges of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a><a href="#cite_note-Kleinfeld_1983-134">[133]</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)" class="mw-redirect">Sevastopol</a> continuing.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes_2001_113-135">[134]</a> A major <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">offensive against Moscow</a> was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> were forced to suspend their offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_1992_227-137">[136]</a> Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_capability" title="Military capability">capability to resist</a> was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(combat)" title="Phase (combat)">phase</a> of the war in Europe had ended.<a href="#cite_note-Milward_1964-138">[137]</a> By early December, freshly mobilised <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserves</a><a href="#cite_note-Rotundo_1986-139">[138]</a> allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> This, as well as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sorge#Wartime_intelligence_supplied_by_the_Sorge_Ring" title="Richard Sorge">intelligence data</a> which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Garthoff_1969-141">[140]</a> allowed the Soviets to begin a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Offensive_(1941-1942)" title="Soviet Offensive (1941-1942)" class="mw-redirect">massive counter-offensive</a> that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <h3>War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carrier_shokaku.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/220px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/330px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/440px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="551"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carrier_shokaku.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M2" title="Mitsubishi A6M2" class="mw-redirect">Mitsubishi A6M2</a>, "Zero" fighters on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> aircraft carrier <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a>, just before the attack on <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Base" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Base" class="mw-redirect">Pearl Harbor</a></div> </div> </div> In 1939 the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan and beginning with an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_gasoline" title="Aviation gasoline" class="mw-redirect">aviation gasoline</a> ban in July 1940 Japan had become subject to increasing economic pressure.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-95">[94]</a> During this time, Japan launched its <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">first attack against Changsha</a>, a strategically important Chinese city, but was repulsed by late September.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Despite <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–40 Winter Offensive">several offensives</a> by both sides, the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan had <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Invasion of French Indochina" class="mw-redirect">occupied northern Indochina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ove.26Whe_1999_289-144">[143]</a> Afterwards, the United States <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargo" title="Embargo">embargoed</a> iron, steel and mechanical parts against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Morison_2002_60-145">[144]</a> Other sanctions soon followed. In August of that year, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese communists</a> launched an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">offensive in Central China</a>; in retaliation, Japan instituted <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" title="Three Alls Policy">harsh measures</a> in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists.<a href="#cite_note-Joes_2004_224-146">[145]</a> Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">culminated in armed clashes in January 1941</a>, effectively ending their co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-Fai.26Gol_1994_320-147">[146]</a> In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In September, Japan attempted to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">take the city of Changsha</a> again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1975_201-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eva.26Pea_2012_456-152">[151]</a> Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio1-153">[152]</a> At the same time the US, Britain, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio1941-154">[153]</a> Roosevelt reinforced <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">the Philippines (an American possession since 1898)</a> and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries".<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio1941-154">[153]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/330px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/440px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)">USS Arizona</a> during the Japanese surprise air attack on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">American pacific fleet</a>, 7 December 1941</div> </div> </div> Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American-British-Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. On 20 November it presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange they promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw their forces from their threatening positions in southern Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio1-153">[152]</a> The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force;<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-Lightbody_2004_125-157">[156]</a> Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_2007_11_12-159">[158]</a> On 7 December (8 December in Asian time zones), 1941, Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_expansion_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Japanese expansion (1941–1942)" class="mw-redirect">offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wohlstetter_1962_341_343-160">[159]</a> These included an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" title="Battle of Malaya" class="mw-redirect">landings in Thailand and Malaya</a><a href="#cite_note-Wohlstetter_1962_341_343-160">[159]</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">battle of Hong Kong</a>. These attacks led the United States, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan_(1941)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan (1941)" class="mw-redirect">Britain</a>, China, Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, preferred to maintain its neutrality agreement with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German submarines and merchant ships that had been ordered by Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-Events1941-121">[120]</a> <h3>Axis advance stalls (1942–43)</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casablanca-Conference.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casablanca-Conference.jpg/220px-Casablanca-Conference.jpg" width="220" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casablanca-Conference.jpg/330px-Casablanca-Conference.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casablanca-Conference.jpg/440px-Casablanca-Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="578"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casablanca-Conference.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Seated at the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a>; US President <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and British PM <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, January 1943</div> </div> </div> In January 1942, the United States, Britain, Soviet Union, China, and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>, thereby affirming the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MinKar_2007_22-162">[161]</a> and agreeing to not to sign <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">separate peace</a> with the Axis powers. During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a> to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer" title="Operation Sledgehammer">large-scale attack</a> on Germany through France. The Soviets were also demanding a second front. The British, on the other hand, argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to throw a "ring" around Germany which would wear out German strength, lead to increasing demoralisation, and bolster resistance forces. Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large-scale armies.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> At the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> in early 1943, the Allies issued a declaration declaring that they would not negotiate with their enemies and demanded their <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a>. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <h4>Pacific (1942–43)</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/350px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" width="350" height="269" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/525px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/700px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="998"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map of Japanese military advances, until mid-1942</div> </div> </div> By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_capture_of_Burma" title="Japanese capture of Burma" class="mw-redirect">Burma</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" title="Battle of Malaya" class="mw-redirect">Malaya</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign" class="mw-redirect">the Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Despite stubborn resistance at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Corregidor</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth" title="Philippine Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect">US possession of the Philippines</a> was <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Battle of the Philippines (1941–42)" class="mw-redirect">eventually captured</a> in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Battle of Yenangyaung</a> and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">South China Sea</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1942)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1942)" class="mw-redirect">Indian Ocean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">bombed the Allied naval base</a> at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Australia. The only real Allied success against Japan was a Chinese <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1942)">victory at Changsha</a> in early January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaBitter158-171">[170]</a> These easy victories over unprepared opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.<a href="#cite_note-Perez_1998_145-172">[171]</a> In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mo" title="Operation Mo">capture Port Moresby</a> by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault" title="Amphibious assault" class="mw-redirect">amphibious assault</a> and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The Allies, however, prevented the invasion by intercepting and defeating the Japanese naval forces in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a>, was to seize <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_Campaign" title="Aleutian Islands Campaign">occupy the Aleutian Islands</a> in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In early June, Japan put its operations into action but the Americans, having broken <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes" title="Japanese naval codes">Japanese naval codes</a> in late May, were fully aware of the plans and force dispositions and used this knowledge to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">achieve a decisive victory at Midway</a> over the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/220px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/330px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/440px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marines</a> during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific theatre</a>, 1942</div> </div> </div> With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> by an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">overland campaign</a> in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, primarily <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>, as a first step towards capturing <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">the Battle for Guadalcanal</a> took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">northern part of the island</a>, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buna-Gona" title="Battle of Buna-Gona" class="mw-redirect">Battle of Buna-Gona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ke" title="Operation Ke">withdrew their troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Arakan_Offensive" title="First Arakan Offensive" class="mw-redirect">an offensive into the Arakan region</a> in late 1942, went disastrously, forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Marston_2005_111-180">[179]</a> The second was the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Longcloth" title="Operation Longcloth" class="mw-redirect">insertion of irregular forces</a> behind Japanese front-lines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.<a href="#cite_note-Brayley_2002_9-181">[180]</a> <h4>Eastern Front (1942–43)</h4> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/300px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" width="300" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/450px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="287"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers on the counterattack, during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, February 1943</div> </div> </div> Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a> and at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Kharkiv</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> and then launched their main <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">summer offensive</a> against southern Russia in June 1942, to seize the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Oil_Fields" title="Baku Oil Fields" class="mw-redirect">oil fields of the Caucasus</a> and occupy <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> into two groups: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a> advanced to the lower <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a> headed towards the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_100-184">[183]</a> By mid-November, the Germans had <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">nearly taken Stalingrad</a> in bitter <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">street fighting</a> when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> and an assault on the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Rzhev salient near Moscow</a>, though the latter failed disastrously.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender,<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998_383_391-187">[186]</a> and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">attack on Kharkiv</a>, creating a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> in their front line around the Russian city of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson_2001_142-188">[187]</a> <h4>Western Europe/Atlantic & Mediterranean (1942–43)</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/220px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG" width="220" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/330px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/440px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2187"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> An American <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17" title="B-17" class="mw-redirect">B-17</a> bombing raid, by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Force" title="8th Air Force" class="mw-redirect">8th Air Force</a>, on the Focke Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943</div> </div> </div> Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">German navy</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">ravaged Allied shipping</a> off the American Atlantic coast.<a href="#cite_note-Milner_1990_52-189">[188]</a> By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a>, in North Africa, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_224_228-190">[189]</a> In North Africa, the Germans launched an offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazala_Line" title="Gazala Line" class="mw-redirect">Gazala Line</a> by early February,<a href="#cite_note-Molinari_2007_91-191">[190]</a> followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> caused the British to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">invade the island</a> in early May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_380_381-193">[192]</a> An Axis <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">offensive in Libya</a> forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">stopped at El Alamein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> On the Continent, raids of Allied <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> on strategic targets, culminating in the disastrous <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gordon_2004_129-195">[194]</a> demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">second attack against El Alamein</a><a href="#cite_note-Keegan_1997_277-197">[196]</a> and, at a high cost, managed to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> A few months later, the Allies <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">commenced an attack of their own</a> in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> This attack was followed up shortly after by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Anglo-American landings in French North Africa</a>, which resulted in the region joining the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-AWP38-200">[199]</a> Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">occupation of Vichy France</a>;<a href="#cite_note-AWP38-200">[199]</a> although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_in_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon">scuttle their fleet</a> to prevent its capture by German forces.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, which was <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" title="Tunisia Campaign">conquered by the Allies</a> in May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> In early 1943 the British and Americans began the "Combined Bomber Offensive", <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_the_Reich" title="Defense of the Reich" class="mw-redirect">a strategic bombing campaign against Germany</a>. The goals were to disrupt the German war economy, reduce German morale, and "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-housing" title="De-housing" class="mw-redirect">de-house</a>" the German civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <h3>Allies gain momentum (1943–44)</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/220px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/330px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/440px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1658"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> US Navy <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">Douglas SBD Dauntless</a> flies patrol over the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)" title="USS Washington (BB-56)">USS Washington</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS Lexington</a> during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, 1943</div> </div> </div> Following the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Allied forces were sent to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_Campaign#Allied_response" title="Aleutian Islands Campaign">eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> and soon after began major operations to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands</a>, and to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1999_610-205">[204]</a> By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives, and additionally <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hailstone" title="Operation Hailstone">neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk</a> in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>. In April, the Allies then launched an operation to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_campaign" title="Western New Guinea campaign">retake Western New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 making preparations for large offensives in central Russia. On 4 July 1943, Germany <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge</a>. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' deeply echeloned and well-constructed defences<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> and, for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2001_592-208">[207]</a> This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> launched on 9 July which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month.<a href="#cite_note-O.27Reilly_2001_32-209">[208]</a> Also, in July 1943 the British <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg" title="Bombing of Hamburg" class="mw-redirect">firebombed Hamburg</a> killing over 40,000 people. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orel43.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orel43.jpg/220px-Orel43.jpg" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orel43.jpg/330px-Orel43.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orel43.jpg/440px-Orel43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="758"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orel43.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops following <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tanks, in a counter-offensive on German positions, at the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, August 1943</div> </div> </div> On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kutuzov" title="Operation Kutuzov">counter-offensives</a>, thereby dispelling any hopes of the German Army for victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-O.27Reilly_2001_35-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Healy_1992_90-212">[211]</a> The Germans attempted to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther-Wotan_line" title="Panther-Wotan line" class="mw-redirect">Panther-Wotan line</a>, however, the Soviets broke through it at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1943)">Smolensk</a> and by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Dnieper_Offensive" title="Lower Dnieper Offensive" class="mw-redirect">Lower Dnieper Offensives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">invaded the Italian mainland</a>, following an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_between_Italy_and_Allied_armed_forces" title="Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces" class="mw-redirect">Italian armistice with the Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolko_1990_45-214">[213]</a> Germany responded by disarming Italian forces, seizing military control of Italian areas,<a href="#cite_note-Mazower_2008_362-215">[214]</a> and creating a series of defensive lines.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> German special forces then <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">rescued Mussolini</a>, who then soon established a new client state in German occupied Italy named the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> causing an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_civil_war" title="Italian civil war" class="mw-redirect">Italian civil war</a>. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Line" title="Winter Line">main German defensive line</a> in mid-November.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective</a>, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> In November 1943, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Winston Churchill met with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" title="Cairo Conference (1943)" class="mw-redirect">in Cairo</a> and then with Joseph Stalin <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">in Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolko_1990_211.2C235.2C267_268-220">[219]</a> The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory,<a href="#cite_note-Iriye_1981_154-221">[220]</a> while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-polley148-222">[221]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Cassino,_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="508"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Cassino,_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ruins of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Benedictine</a> monastery, during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>, May 1944</div> </div> </div> From November 1943, during the seven-week <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Battle of Changde</a>, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition, while awaiting Allied relief.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_268_274-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-H161-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hsu_Chang_412-416-225">[224]</a> In January 1944, the Allies launched a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino</a> and attempted to outflank it with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shingle" title="Operation Shingle" class="mw-redirect">landings at Anzio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> By the end of January, a major <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Soviet</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Soviet_relief_of_the_siege" title="Siege of Leningrad">offensive expelled German forces</a> from the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad region</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2002_327_366-227">[226]</a> ending the longest and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties#Sieges_and_urban_combat" title="List of battles by casualties">most lethal siege in history</a>. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad-Novgorod_Offensive" title="Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive" class="mw-redirect">following Soviet offensive</a> was <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">halted on the pre-war Estonian border</a> by the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> aided by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Estonia_by_Nazi_Germany#Estonians_in_German_Military_Units_in_1941.E2.80.931944" title="Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany" class="mw-redirect">Estonians</a> hoping to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Government_in_Exile#Failure_to_reestablish_independence" title="Estonian Government in Exile" class="mw-redirect">re-establish national independence</a>. This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2002_367_414-228">[227]</a> By late May 1944, the Soviets had <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Offensive" title="Crimean Offensive">liberated Crimea</a>, largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine, and made <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jassy-Kishinev_Offensive" title="First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive" class="mw-redirect">incursions into Romania</a>, which were repulsed by the Axis troops.<a href="#cite_note-Chubarov_2001_122-229">[228]</a> The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, on 4 June, Rome was captured.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> The Allies experienced mixed fortunes in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">an operation against British positions in Assam, India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lightbody_2004_224-231">[230]</a> and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeiler-232">[231]</a> In May 1944, British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma,<a href="#cite_note-Zeiler-232">[231]</a> and Chinese forces that had <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">invaded northern Burma</a> in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">second Japanese invasion</a> of China attempted to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and begun a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)" title="Battle of Changsha (1944)">renewed attack against Changsha</a> in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <h3>Allies close in (1944)</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/220px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/330px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/440px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> American troops approaching <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>, during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> on <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day" title="D-Day" class="mw-redirect">D-Day</a>, 6 June 1944</div> </div> </div> On 6 June 1944 (known as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a>), after three years of Soviet pressure,<a href="#cite_note-rees406-236">[235]</a> the Western Allies <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" title="Invasion of Normandy">invaded northern France</a>. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">southern France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_695-237">[236]</a> These landings were successful, and led to the defeat of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">German Army units</a> in France. Paris was <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberated</a> by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">local resistance</a> assisted by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces" title="Free French Forces" class="mw-redirect">Free French Forces</a>, both led by General <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, on 25 August<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> and the Western Allies continued to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">push back German forces</a> in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">a major airborne operation</a> in the Netherlands ended with a failure.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, unsuccessfully <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">trying to cross the Rur river</a> in a large offensive. In Italy the Allied advance also slowed down, when they ran into the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">last major German defensive line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus (known as "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>") that resulted in the almost complete destruction of the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga_1996_7-241">[240]</a> Soon after that, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive" class="mw-redirect">another Soviet strategic offensive</a> forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The successful advance of Soviet troops prompted <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa" class="mw-redirect">resistance forces in Poland</a> to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">initiate several uprisings</a>. Though, the largest of these <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">in Warsaw</a>, where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians, as well as a national <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak Uprising</a> in the south did not receive Soviet support, and were put down by German forces.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> The Red Army's <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" title="Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">strategic offensive in eastern Romania</a> cut off and destroyed the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">considerable German troops there</a> and triggered <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" title="King Michael's Coup">a successful coup d'état in Romania</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1944" title="Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944">in Bulgaria</a>, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-243">[242]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906,_Warschauer_Aufstand,_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906,_Warschauer_Aufstand,_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS" title="SS" class="mw-redirect">SS</a> soldiers from the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade" title="Dirlewanger Brigade" class="mw-redirect">Dirlewanger Brigade</a>, tasked with suppressing <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> uprisings against Nazi occupation, August 1944</div> </div> </div> In September 1944, Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops advanced into <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect">Yugoslavia</a> and forced the rapid withdrawal of the German Army Groups <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_E" title="Army Group E">E</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_F" title="Army Group F">F</a> in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_under_Nazi_Germany" title="Albania under Nazi Germany" class="mw-redirect">Albania</a> and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2008_653-244">[243]</a> By this point, the Communist-led <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a> under Marshal <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, who had led an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">increasingly successful guerrilla campaign</a> against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and were engaged in delaying efforts against the German forces further south. In northern <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Serbia (1941–1944)" class="mw-redirect">Serbia</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" title="Belgrade Offensive">liberation of the capital city of Belgrade</a> on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Offensive" title="Budapest Offensive">massive assault</a> against <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">German-occupied</a> Hungary that lasted until <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Budapest" title="Battle of Budapest" class="mw-redirect">the fall of Budapest</a> in February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> In contrast with impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">bitter Finnish resistance</a> to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">Soviet offensive</a> in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to the signing of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Soviet-Finnish armistice</a> on relatively mild conditions,<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> with a subsequent <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">shift to the Allied side</a> by Finland. By the start of July, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam, pushing the Japanese back to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a><a href="#cite_note-Marston_2005_120-248">[247]</a> while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In China, the Japanese were having greater successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Hengyang" title="Defense of Hengyang">Hengyang</a> by early August.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> Soon after, they further invaded the province of Guangxi, winning major engagements against Chinese forces at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guilin-Liuzhou" title="Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou" class="mw-redirect">Guilin and Liuzhou</a> by the end of November<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by the middle of December.<a href="#cite_note-Drea_2003_54-251">[250]</a> In the Pacific, American forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944 they began their <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands</a>, and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">invaded the Filipino island of Leyte</a>; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, one of the largest naval battles in history.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> <h3>Axis collapse, Allied victory (1944–45)</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" width="220" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> held in February 1945, with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div> </div> </div> On 16 December 1944, Germany attempted its last desperate measure for success on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes</a> to attempt to split the Western Allies, encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> to prompt a political settlement.<a href="#cite_note-parkerxiii-253">[252]</a> By January, the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-parkerxiii-253">[252]</a> In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula-Oder_Offensive" title="Vistula-Oder Offensive" class="mw-redirect">pushing from the Vistula to the Oder</a> river in Germany, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive" title="East Prussian Offensive">overran East Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> On 4 February, US, British, and Soviet leaders met for the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In February, the Soviets <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Offensives" title="Silesian Offensives">entered Silesia</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive" title="East Pomeranian Offensive">Pomerania</a>, while <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allies entered western Germany</a> and closed to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">north</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">south</a> of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Ruhr</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" title="Ruhr Pocket">encircling the German Army Group B</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> while the Soviets advanced to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. In early April, the Western Allies finally <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">pushed forward in Italy</a> and swept across western Germany, while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Day" title="Elbe Day">The American and Soviet forces linked up on Elbe river</a> on 25 April. On 30 April 1945, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a> was captured, signalling the military defeat of the Third Reich.<a href="#cite_note-Shepardson_1998-257">[256]</a> Several changes in leadership occurred during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman" class="mw-redirect">Harry Truman</a>. Benito Mussolini was killed by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian partisans</a> on 28 April.<a href="#cite_note-O.27Reilly_2001_244-258">[257]</a> Two days later, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler committed suicide</a>, and was succeeded by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Admiral" title="Grand Admiral" class="mw-redirect">Grand Admiral</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg/220px-Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg" width="220" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg/330px-Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg/440px-Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichstag_after_the_allied_bombing_of_Berlin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a> after its capture by the Allies, 3 June 1945</div> </div> </div> German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_instrument_of_surrender" title="German instrument of surrender" class="mw-redirect">Total and unconditional surrender</a> was signed <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">on 7 May</a>, to be effective by the end of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(Eastern_Front)" title="Victory Day (Eastern Front)" class="mw-redirect">8 May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2008_737-260">[259]</a> German Army Group Centre <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive" title="Prague Offensive">resisted in Prague</a> until 11 May.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_1998_34-261">[260]</a> In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth" title="Philippine Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect">Philippine Commonwealth</a> advanced <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–45)" class="mw-redirect">in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">clearing Leyte</a> by the end of April 1945. They <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">landed on Luzon</a> in January 1945 and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">captured Manila</a> in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins. Fighting continued on Luzon, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, and other islands of the Philippines until the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of the war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> On the night of 9–10 March, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29" title="B-29" class="mw-redirect">B-29</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombers" title="Bombers" class="mw-redirect">bombers</a> of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Air_Forces" title="US Army Air Forces" class="mw-redirect">US Army Air Forces</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">struck Tokyo</a> with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_bombs" title="Incendiary bombs" class="mw-redirect">incendiary bombs</a>, which killed 100,000 people within a few hours. Over the next five months, American bombers <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">firebombed 66 other Japanese cities</a>, causing the destruction of untold numbers of buildings and the deaths of between 350,000–500,000 Japanese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg/220px-Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg/330px-Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg/440px-Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="593"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Japanese foreign affairs minister <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Mamoru Shigemitsu</a> signs the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a> on board the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a>, 2 September 1945</div> </div> </div> In May 1945, Australian troops <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">landed in Borneo</a>, over-running the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a> in March, and the British pushed on to reach <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon" title="Rangoon" class="mw-redirect">Rangoon</a> by 3 May.<a href="#cite_note-Drea_2003_57-264">[263]</a> Chinese forces started to counterattack in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Battle of West Hunan</a> that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American forces also moved towards Japan, taking <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> by March, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> by the end of June.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> At the same time American bombers were destroying Japanese cities, American submarines <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">cut off</a> Japanese imports, drastically reducing Japan's ability to supply its overseas forces.<a href="#cite_note-results_of_german_and_american_submarines-266">[265]</a> On 11 July, Allied leaders <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">met in Potsdam, Germany</a>. They <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">confirmed earlier agreements</a> about Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2006_90-267">[266]</a> and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan, specifically stating that "the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction".<a href="#cite_note-Miscamble_2007_201-268">[267]</a> During this conference, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1945" title="United Kingdom general election, 1945">United Kingdom held its general election</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> replaced Churchill as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-Miscamble_2007_203_204-269">[268]</a> As Japan continued to ignore the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam terms</a> issued to them on 27 July, the United States <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped atomic bombs</a> on the Japanese cities of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> in early August. Like the Japanese cities previously bombed by American airmen, the US and its allies justified the atomic bombings as military necessity to avoid <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invading the Japanese home islands</a> which would cost the lives of between 250,000–500,000 Allied troops and millions of Japanese troops and civilians.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Japanese-held Manchuria</a>, and quickly defeated the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>, which was the largest Japanese fighting force.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pape_1993-272">[271]</a> The Red Army also captured <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>. On 15 August 1945, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a>, with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">surrender documents</a> finally signed aboard the deck of the American battleship <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> on 2 September 1945, ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_776-273">[272]</a> <h2>Aftermath</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath of World War II</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_Warsaw,_capital_of_Poland,_January_1945.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/220px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg" width="220" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/330px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/440px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="824"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_Warsaw,_capital_of_Poland,_January_1945.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ruins of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in January 1945, after the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Planned destruction of Warsaw">deliberate destruction of the city</a> by the occupying German forces</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/180px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png" width="180" height="292" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/270px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/360px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="643"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Post-war Soviet territorial expansion; resulted in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> border changes, the creation of a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Communist Bloc</a>, and start of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> </div> </div> The Allies established occupation administrations in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-administered_Austria" title="Allied-administered Austria" class="mw-redirect">Austria</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany" class="mw-redirect">Germany</a>. The former became a neutral state, non-aligned with any political bloc. The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR, accordingly. A <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> program in Germany led to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" title="Nuremberg Trials" class="mw-redirect">prosecution of Nazi war criminals</a> and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.<a href="#cite_note-Frei_2002_41_66-274">[273]</a> Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a> and most of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> were taken over by Poland, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> was divided between Poland and the USSR, followed by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II" class="mw-redirect">expulsion of the 9 million Germans</a> from these provinces, as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in Czechoslovakia to Germany. By the 1950s, every fifth West German was a refugee from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzon_line" title="Curzon line" class="mw-redirect">Curzon line</a>, from which <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%9346)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–46)">2 million Poles were expelled</a>;<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars43-275">[274]</a> north-east Romania,<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars55-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer794-277">[276]</a> parts of eastern Finland,<a href="#cite_note-ckpipe-278">[277]</a> and the three <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> were also incorporated into the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-Wettig_2008_20_21-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Senn_2007_.3F-280">[279]</a> In an effort to maintain peace,<a href="#cite_note-Yoder_1997_39-281">[280]</a> the Allies formed the United Nations, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945,<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> and adopted the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948, as a common standard for all member nations.<a href="#cite_note-Waltz_2002-283">[282]</a> The great powers that were the victors of the war—the United States, Soviet Union, China, Britain, and France—formed the permanent members of the UN's <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council" title="Security Council" class="mw-redirect">Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_UN_Security_Council-8">[7]</a> The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">between</a> the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">People's Republic of China</a> in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_state" title="Successor state" class="mw-redirect">successor state</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation" title="Russian Federation" class="mw-redirect">Russian Federation</a>, following the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.<a href="#cite_note-Kantowicz_2000_6-284">[283]</a> Germany had been de facto divided, and two independent states, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" title="German Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">German Democratic Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-Wettig_2008_96_100-285">[284]</a> were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones, accordingly. The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" title="Spheres of influence" class="mw-redirect">spheres of influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trachtenberg_1999_33-286">[285]</a> Most eastern and central European countries fell into <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_bloc" title="Soviet bloc" class="mw-redirect">the Soviet sphere</a>, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="People's Republic of Poland" class="mw-redirect">Poland</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" title="People's Republic of Hungary" class="mw-redirect">Hungary</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Applebaum_2012-287">[286]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Romania" title="People's Republic of Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Republic of Albania" class="mw-redirect">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-Naimark_2010-288">[287]</a> became Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a>. Communist <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> conducted a fully independent policy, causing tension with the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-Swain_1992-289">[288]</a> Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the Soviet-led <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann_2005_318-290">[289]</a> the long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, would be accompanied by an unprecedented <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> In Asia, the United States led the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">administrated Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific</a>, while the Soviets annexed <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_911-292">[291]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, formerly <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">under Japanese rule</a>, was <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided and occupied by</a> the US in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South</a> and the Soviet Union in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North</a> between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> In China, nationalist and communist forces <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">resumed the civil war</a> in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_2010_12_13-294">[293]</a> In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_Israel" title="Creation of Israel" class="mw-redirect">creation of Israel</a> marked the escalation of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Israeli_conflict" title="Arab-Israeli conflict" class="mw-redirect">Arab-Israeli conflict</a>. While European colonial powers attempted to retain some or all of their <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JMRoberts_1996_589-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The US emerged much richer than any other nation; it had a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-World_War_II_baby_boom" title="Post-World War II baby boom" class="mw-redirect">baby boom</a> and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> The UK and US pursued a policy of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_plans_for_Germany" title="Industrial plans for Germany" class="mw-redirect">industrial disarmament in Western Germany</a> in the years 1945–1948.<a href="#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_207-298">[297]</a> Due to international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_208.2C209-300">[299]</a> Recovery began with the mid-1948 <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">currency reform in Western Germany</a>, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_212-302">[301]</a> The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_economic_miracle" title="German economic miracle" class="mw-redirect">German economic miracle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Italy also experienced an <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">economic boom</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">French economy rebounded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin,<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country,<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> continued relative economic decline for decades.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1993_32-309">[308]</a> Japan experienced <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_post-war_economic_miracle" title="Japanese post-war economic miracle">incredibly rapid</a> economic growth, becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> <h2>Impact</h2> <h3>Casualties and war crimes</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="War crimes during World War II" class="mw-redirect">War crimes during World War II</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes during World War II</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:427px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties2.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/425px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png" width="425" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/638px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/850px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="540"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties2.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> World War II deaths</div> </div> </div> Estimates for the total casualties of the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 75 million people died in the war, including about <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_casualties_of_World_War_II" title="Battle casualties of World War II">20 million military personnel</a> and 40 million civilians.<a href="#cite_note-WWII:_C.26C-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> Many of the civilians died because of deliberate <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres" title="List of massacres" class="mw-redirect">massacres</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">mass-bombing</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease" title="Infectious disease" class="mw-redirect">disease</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war,<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, followed by 1.3 million ethnic <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ell.26Mak_1994-316">[315]</a> A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Herf_2003-318">[317]</a> Of the total deaths in World War II, approximately 85 percent—mostly Soviet and Chinese—were on the Allied side and 15 percent on the Axis side. Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">committed by German</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese forces</a> in occupied territories. An estimated 11<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> to 17 million<a href="#cite_note-Niewyk45-320">[319]</a> civilians died as a direct or indirect result of Nazi ideological policies, including the systematic genocide of around 6 million <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust" class="mw-redirect">Holocaust</a>, along with a further 5 to 6 million ethnic <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles" title="Poles">Poles</a> and other <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (including <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>)<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a>—<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust" title="History of gay men in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust" class="mw-redirect">homosexuals</a>, and other ethnic and minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-Niewyk45-320">[319]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg/220px-Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg" width="220" height="191" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg/330px-Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg/440px-Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="391"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a>, December 1937</div> </div> </div> Roughly 7.5 million civilians died in China under Japanese occupation.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> Hundreds of thousands (varying estimates) of ethnic <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, along with gypsies and Jews, were murdered by the Axis-aligned Croatian <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> with <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleiburg_tragedy" title="Bleiburg tragedy" class="mw-redirect">retribution-related killings of Croatian civilians</a> just after the war ended. The best-known Japanese atrocity was the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a>, in which several hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Between 3 million to more than 10 million civilians, mostly Chinese, were killed by the Japanese occupation forces.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported 2.7 million casualties occurred during the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" title="Three Alls Policy">Sankō Sakusen</a>. General <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura" title="Yasuji Okamura">Yasuji Okamura</a> implemented the policy in Heipei and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantung" title="Shantung" class="mw-redirect">Shantung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> Axis forces employed <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a>. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> used a variety of such weapons during their <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" title="Second Sino-Japanese war" class="mw-redirect">invasion and occupation of China</a> (see <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>)<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> and in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol" class="mw-redirect">early conflicts against the Soviets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> Both the Germans and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_human_experimentation_on_the_Chinese" title="Japanese human experimentation on the Chinese" class="mw-redirect">Japanese tested</a> such weapons against civilians<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> and, sometimes on <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> The Soviet Union was responsible for the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> of 22,000 Polish officers,<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>,<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">eastern Poland</a> annexed by the Red Army. The mass-bombing of civilian areas, notably the cities of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a>; including the aerial targeting of hospitals and fleeing refugees<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">German Luftwaffe</a>, along with the bombing of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and German cities of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden" class="mw-redirect">Dresden</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a> by the Western Allies may be considered as war crimes. The latter resulted in the destruction of more than 160 cities and the deaths of more than 600,000 German civilians.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> However, no <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_international_law" title="Positive international law" class="mw-redirect">positive</a> or specific <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> with respect to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a> existed before or during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> <h3>Concentration camps, slave labour, and genocide</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp,_April_1945_BU4031.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg" width="220" height="217" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/330px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/440px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="789"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp,_April_1945_BU4031.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Female <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS" title="SS" class="mw-redirect">SS</a> camp guards remove bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave, inside the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>, 1945</div> </div> </div> The German Government led by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> was responsible for the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust" class="mw-redirect">Holocaust</a>, the killing of approximately 6 million Jews (overwhelmingly <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a>), as well as 2.7 million ethnic <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles" title="Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles" class="mw-redirect">Poles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> and 4 million others who were deemed "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life">unworthy of life</a>" (including the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mentally ill</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs" class="mw-redirect">Soviet prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuals" title="Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons" title="Freemasons" class="mw-redirect">Freemasons</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination. About 12 million, most of whom were <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST-Arbeiter" title="OST-Arbeiter" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Europeans</a>, were employed in the German war economy as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Germany_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labor in Germany during World War II" class="mw-redirect">forced labourers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-compensation-338">[337]</a> In addition to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" title="Nazi concentration camp" class="mw-redirect">Nazi concentration camps</a>, the Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a> (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labour camps</a>) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> Sixty percent of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs" class="mw-redirect">Soviet POWs of the Germans</a> died during the war.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs. Of those, 57 percent died or were killed, a total of 3.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_2004_568_569-341">[340]</a> Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators, and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg/220px-Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg" width="220" height="101" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg/330px-Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg/440px-Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="567"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czeslawa-Kwoka.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS" title="SS" class="mw-redirect">SS</a> of a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82awa_Kwoka" title="Czesława Kwoka">fourteen year old Polish girl</a>, sent as forced labour to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz" title="Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect">Auschwitz</a>, December 1942</div> </div> </div> Japanese <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a>, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent),<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from United States were released after the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, the number for the Chinese was only 56.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> According to historian Zhifen Ju, at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board</a>, or Kōain, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-zhifen2002-346">[345]</a> The US Library of Congress estimates that in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, between 4 and 10 million <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romusha" title="Romusha">romusha</a> (Japanese: "manual laborers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.<a href="#cite_note-indonesiaww2-347">[346]</a> On 19 February 1942, Roosevelt signed <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a>, interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast. Canada had a similar program.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> In addition, 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_2001_749_750-350">[349]</a> In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> millions of POWs and civilians were used as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign forced labor in the Soviet Union">forced labour by the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> In Hungary's case, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Hungarians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union">Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union</a> until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> <h3>Occupation</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II">Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmiry_before_execution.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/220px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/330px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/440px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="307"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmiry_before_execution.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Blindfolded Polish citizens just before execution by German soldiers in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiry" title="Palmiry">Palmiry</a>, 1940</div> </div> </div> In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">annexed portions of Czechoslovakia</a>) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reichsmark" title="German Reichsmark" class="mw-redirect">reichmarks</a> (27.8 billion US Dollars) by the end of the war, this figure does not include the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">sizeable plunder</a> of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.<a href="#cite_note-Milward_1979_138-354">[353]</a> In the East, the much hoped for bounties of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policies denied resources to the German invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Milward_1992_148-355">[354]</a> Unlike in the West, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a> encouraged excessive brutality against what it considered to be the "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">inferior people</a>" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">mass executions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> Although <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance groups</a> did form in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> or the West<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, essentially a Japanese <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories, their excessive brutality turned local public opinions against them within weeks.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW6_266-360">[359]</a> During Japan's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m3) of oil (~5.5×105 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces, and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (~6.8×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 t), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW6_266-360">[359]</a> <h3>Home fronts and production</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg/330px-WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg.png" width="330" height="241" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg/495px-WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg/660px-WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldWarII-GDP-Relations-Allies-Axis-simple.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Allied to Axis GDP ratio</div> </div> </div> In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis (Germany and Italy); if colonies are included, it then gives the Allies more than a 5:1 advantage in population and nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ3-361">[360]</a> In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan, but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ3-361">[360]</a> Though the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into one of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ2-362">[361]</a> While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_force" title="Labour force" class="mw-redirect">labour force</a>,<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> Allied <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> and Germany's late shift to a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economy</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and were not equipped to do so.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_labour" title="Slave labour" class="mw-redirect">slave labourers</a>;<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Germany_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labor in Germany during World War II" class="mw-redirect">Germany used</a> about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-compensation-338">[337]</a> while <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan used</a> more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-zhifen2002-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-indonesiaww2-347">[346]</a> <h3>Advances in technology and warfare</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology during World War II</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_device_readied.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/225px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg" width="225" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/338px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/450px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="526"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_device_readied.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Nuclear "gadget" being raised to the top of the detonation tower, at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo_Bombing_and_Gunnery_Range" title="Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range" class="mw-redirect">Alamogordo Bombing Range</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a>, July 1945</div> </div> </div> Aircraft were used for <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance</a>, as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">ground-support</a>, and each role was advanced considerably. Innovation included <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel);<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_76-368">[367]</a> and of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war).<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft weaponry</a> also advanced, including defences such as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and surface-to-air artillery, such as the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88_mm_gun" title="88 mm gun" class="mw-redirect">88 mm gun</a>. The use of the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> was pioneered and, though late introduction meant it had little impact, it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> Advances were made in nearly every aspect of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines. Although <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">actions at Taranto</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, and the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_163-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg" width="200" height="261" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="784"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> launched from a fixed site in <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, 1943</div> </div> </div> In the Atlantic, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_gap" title="Mid-Atlantic gap">Mid-Atlantic gap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured.<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War,<a href="#cite_note-Bur.26Ryd_1995_15-377">[376]</a> were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second. The British focused development on <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">weaponry</a> and tactics, such as <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine" title="German Type VII submarine">Type VII submarine</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpack</a> tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Bur.26Ryd_1995_16-378">[377]</a> Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_light" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">hedgehog</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(weapon)" title="Squid (weapon)">squid</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_24_FIDO_Torpedo" title="Mark 24 FIDO Torpedo" class="mw-redirect">homing torpedoes</a> proved victorious. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare" class="mw-redirect">Land warfare</a> changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a>. The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_125-379">[378]</a> In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I,<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">advances continued throughout the war</a> with increases in speed, armour and firepower. At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_108-381">[380]</a> This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_125-379">[378]</a> Many means of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">destroying tanks</a>, including <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect artillery</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a> (both towed and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" title="Self-propelled gun">self-propelled</a>), <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine">mines</a>, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were utilised.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_108-381">[380]</a> Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces,<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_734-382">[381]</a> and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Comp_221-383">[382]</a> The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG34" title="MG34" class="mw-redirect">MG34</a>, and various <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> which were suited to <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_combat" title="Close combat">close combat</a> in urban and jungle settings.<a href="#cite_note-Comp_221-383">[382]</a> The <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a>, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebook" title="Codebook">codebooks</a> for <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> by designing <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphering</a> machines, the most well known being the German <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> Development of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT" title="SIGINT" class="mw-redirect">SIGINT</a> (signals intelligence) and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a> enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes" title="Japanese naval codes">Japanese naval codes</a><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-387">[386]</a> and British <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)" class="mw-redirect">Ultra</a>, a <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe#The_British_bombe" title="Bombe">pioneering method</a> for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau#Gift_to_allies" title="Polish Cipher Bureau" class="mw-redirect">Polish Cipher Bureau</a>, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war.<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> Another aspect of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> was the use of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a>, which the Allies used to great effect, such as in operations <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Mincemeat</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Z3</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>), <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">guided missiles</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">modern rockets</a>, the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s development of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> and the development of <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" title="Mulberry harbour">artificial harbours</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">oil pipelines under the English Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> <h2>See also</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">List of World War II battles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of World War II conferences">List of World War II conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">List of World War II military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture" title="World War II in popular culture">World War II in popular culture</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Documentaries</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Wars_(miniseries)" title="The World Wars (miniseries)">The World Wars (miniseries)</a> The World Wars is a three-part, six hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday, May 26, 2014, (Memorial Day) airing for three consecutive nights. An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on June 22, 2014</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse:_The_Second_World_War" title="Apocalypse: The Second World War">Apocalypse: The Second World War</a> (2009), a six-part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_(TV_series)" title="Battlefield (TV series)">Battlefield</a>, a documentary television series initially issued in 1994–5, that explores many important World War II battles</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_History_of_World_War_II" title="BBC History of World War II">BBC History of World War II</a>, a television series, initially issued from 1989 to 2005.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_at_War" title="The World at War">The World at War</a> (1974), a 26-part <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a> series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view. It includes interviews with many key figures including <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>, <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>.</li> </ul> <h2>Notes</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II#Chronology" title="World War II">Various other dates</a> have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended.</li> </ol> </div> <h2>Citations</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 21em; -webkit-column-width: 21em; column-width: 21em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2011">Fitzgerald 2011</a>, p. 4</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedgepethSaidel2010">Hedgepeth & Saidel 2010</a>, p. 16</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> James A. Tyner (March 3, 2009). War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count. The Guilford Press; 1 edition. p. 49. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-6062-3038-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-6062-3038-7">1-6062-3038-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=James+A.+Tyner&rft.aulast=James+A.+Tyner&rft.btitle=War%2C+Violence%2C+and+Population%3A+Making+the+Body+Count&rft.date=March+3%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-6062-3038-7&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press%3B+1+edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommerville_2008_5-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville_2008_5_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommerville2011">Sommerville 2011</a>, p. 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-Bar.26Shyu_2001_6-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Bar.26Shyu_2001_6_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrettShyu2001">Barrett & Shyu 2001</a>, p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Axelrod, Alan (2007) Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. pp. 659.</li> <li id="cite_note-The_UN_Security_Council-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_UN_Security_Council_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_UN_Security_Council_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html">The UN Security Council</a>, retrieved 15 May 2012<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=The+UN+Security+Council&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfoundation.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fissues%2Funited-nations%2Fthe-un-security-council.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council; José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission (10 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-lecture_en.html">"From War to Peace: A European Tale"</a>. Nobel Lecture by the European Union. Retrieved 4 January 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Herman+Van+Rompuy%2C+President+of+the+European+Council&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel+Dur%C3%A3o+Barroso%2C+President+of+the+European+Commission&rft.aulast=Herman+Van+Rompuy%2C+President+of+the+European+Council&rft.btitle=From+War+to+Peace%3A+A+European+Tale&rft.date=10+December+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2012%2Feu-lecture_en.html&rft.pub=Nobel+Lecture+by+the+European+Union&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005) A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing. pp. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-F.C3.B6r.26Ges_2005_64-12"><a href="#cite_ref-F.C3.B6r.26Ges_2005_64_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF.C3.B6rsterGessler2005">Förster & Gessler 2005</a>, p. 64.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Ghuhl, Wernar (2007) Imperial Japan's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7, pg. 30</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991) World War II: America at war, 1941-1945 <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394585307" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0394585307</a></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Horin1943">Ben-Horin 1943</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1979">Taylor 1979</a>, p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965). Asian and African Studies, p. 191. For 1941 see <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1961">Taylor 1961</a>, p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003). American History the Easy Way. Barron's Educational Series. p. 236 <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764119737" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7641-1973-7</a>. There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a>" or "<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years_War" title="Second Thirty Years War" class="mw-redirect">Second Thirty Years War</a>": <a href="#CITEREFCanfora2006">Canfora 2006</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFPrins2002">Prins 2002</a>, p. 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2012_10-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_10_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 10.</li> <li id="cite_note-Masaya_1990_4-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Masaya_1990_4_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasaya1990">Masaya 1990</a>, p. 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm">"History of German-American Relations » 1989–1994 – Reunification » "Two-plus-Four-Treaty": Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, September 12, 1990"</a>. usa.usembassy.de. Retrieved 6 May 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=History+of+German-American+Relations+%C2%BB+1989%E2%80%931994+%E2%80%93+Reunification+%C2%BB+%22Two-plus-Four-Treaty%22%3A+Treaty+on+the+Final+Settlement+with+Respect+to+Germany%2C+September+12%2C+1990&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.usembassy.de%2Fetexts%2F2plusfour8994e.htm&rft.pub=usa.usembassy.de&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingram_2006_76_78-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Ingram_2006_76_78_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngram2006">Ingram 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&pg=PA76">76–8</a></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKantowicz1999">Kantowicz 1999</a>, p. 149.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, pp. 134–140.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2000">Shaw 2000</a>, p. 35.</li> <li id="cite_note-Bullock_1990_265-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bullock_1990_265_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullock1990">Bullock 1990</a>, p. 265.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1998">Preston 1998</a>, p. 104.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersPeattie1987">Myers & Peattie 1987</a>, p. 458.</li> <li id="cite_note-Mukden-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Mukden_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithSteadman2004">Smith & Steadman 2004</a>, p. 28.</li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan_1993-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Coogan_1993_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan1993">Coogan 1993</a>: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrody1999">Brody 1999</a>, p. 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawoodMitra2012">Dawood & Mitra 2012</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZalampas1989">Zalampas 1989</a>, p. 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandelbaum1988">Mandelbaum 1988</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFRecord2005">Record 2005</a>, p. 50.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitz_2000_124-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_2000_124_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2000">Schmitz 2000</a>, p. 124.</li> <li id="cite_note-fhdh-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fhdh_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fhdh_33-1">b</a> Andrea L. Stanton, Edward Ramsamy, Peter J. Seybolt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</a>. p. 308. Retrieved 2014-04-06.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Andrea+L.+Stanton%2C+Edward+Ramsamy%2C+Peter+J.+Seybolt&rft.aulast=Andrea+L.+Stanton%2C+Edward+Ramsamy%2C+Peter+J.+Seybolt&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtCL2OYsH6wC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.pages=308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitson2001">Kitson 2001</a>, p. 231.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamthwaite1992">Adamthwaite 1992</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, p. 110.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusky2002">Busky 2002</a>, p. 10.</li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_1971_131_132-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_1971_131_132_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1971">Barker 1971</a>, pp. 131–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2006_258_260-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2006_258_260_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 258–60. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a> said that the "communist strategy in Spain turns out to have been a dry run for the seizure of power in Eastern Europe after 1945." See <a href="#CITEREFJudtSnyder2012">Judt & Snyder 2012</a>, p. 190.</li> <li id="cite_note-Budiansky_2004_209_211-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Budiansky_2004_209_211_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudiansky2004">Budiansky 2004</a>, pp. 209–11.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2008">Payne 2008</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Eastman_1986_547_551-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Eastman_1986_547_551_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEastman1986">Eastman 1986</a>, pp. 547–51.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. The Massacre in History. 1999, page 223-4</li> <li id="cite_note-tot-44"><a href="#cite_ref-tot_44-0">^</a> Totten, Samuel. Dictionary of Genocide. 2008, 298–9.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu_.26_Chang_1971_221-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_.26_Chang_1971_221_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, pp. 221–230.</li> <li id="cite_note-Eastman_1986_566-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Eastman_1986_566_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEastman1986">Eastman 1986</a>, p. 566.</li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2009_150_152-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2009_150_152_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2009">Taylor 2009</a>, pp. 150–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-Sella_1983_651_687-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Sella_1983_651_687_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSella1983">Sella 1983</a>, pp. 651–87.</li> <li id="cite_note-Col_.26_Ped_2000_144-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Col_.26_Ped_2000_144_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollierPedley2000">Collier & Pedley 2000</a>, p. 144.</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, pp. 121–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, p. 157.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, pp. 143–4.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe_.26_Marz_2002_330-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_.26_Marz_2002_330_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoweMarzari2002">Lowe & Marzari 2002</a>, p. 330.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 234.</li> <li id="cite_note-Shore_2003_108-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Shore_2003_108_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShore2003">Shore 2003</a>, p. 108.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 608.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/1871-ps.asp">Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Count Ciano, in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939</a> in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871-PS</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5">"The German Campaign In Poland (1939)"</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=The+German+Campaign+In+Poland+%281939%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FDAP-Poland%2FCampaign-II.html%23chapter5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibiblio_1939-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio_1939_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio_1939_59-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html">"Major international events of 1939, with explanation"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiblio" title="Ibiblio">ibiblio.org</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Major+international+events+of+1939%2C+with+explanation&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fevents%2F1939.html&rft.pub=ibiblio.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2008_1_2-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2008_1_2_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 1–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2006_58-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2006_58_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 58.</li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_2005_64_65-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_64_65_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, pp. 64–5.</li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan_1997_35-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_1997_35_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1997">Keegan 1997</a>, p. 35. <a href="#CITEREFCienciala2010">Cienciala 2010</a>, p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "[f]ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen. The French, who committed to attack Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, pp. 248–9; <a href="#CITEREFRoskill1954">Roskill 1954</a>, p. 64.</li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga_2002_80.2C83-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga_2002_80.2C83_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2002">Zaloga 2002</a>, pp. 80, 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hempel_2005_24-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Hempel_2005_24_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHempel2005">Hempel 2005</a>, p. 24.</li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga_2002_88_89-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga_2002_88_89_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2002">Zaloga 2002</a>, pp. 88–9.</li> <li id="cite_note-Budiansky_2001_120_121-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Budiansky_2001_120_121_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudiansky2001">Budiansky 2001</a>, pp. 120–1.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack [on France] is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> History of the Second World War, B H Liddell Hart, Pan, 1977 p39-40</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Hitler: a Study in Tyranny, A Bullock, Penguin, 1983, p563-4, 566, 568–9, 574–5</li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, p186-7. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place".</li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2002_24-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2002_24_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithPabriksPursLane2002">Smith et al. 2002</a>, p. 24</li> <li id="cite_note-blinsky9-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blinsky9_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blinsky9_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilinsky1999">Bilinsky 1999</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-murray55-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murray55_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray55_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, pp. 55–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-Spring_1986-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Spring_1986_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpring1986">Spring 1986</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hanhim.C3.A4ki_1997_12-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanhim.C3.A4ki_1997_12_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanhim.C3.A4ki1997">Hanhimäki 1997</a>, p. 12.</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, pp. 57–63.</li> <li id="cite_note-Commager_2004_9-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Commager_2004_9_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommager2004">Commager 2004</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2006_76-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2006_76_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2006">Reynolds 2006</a>, p. 76.</li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2008_122_123-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2008_122_123_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 122–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 436. The Americans later relieved the British, with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 (<a href="#CITEREFSchofield1981">Schofield 1981</a>, p. 122).</li> <li id="cite_note-shirer721-3-83"><a href="#cite_ref-shirer721-3_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 721–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan_1997_59_60-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_1997_59_60_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1997">Keegan 1997</a>, pp. 59–60.</li> <li id="cite_note-Regan_2004_152-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Regan_2004_152_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRegan2004">Regan 2004</a>, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan_1997_66_67-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_1997_66_67_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1997">Keegan 1997</a>, pp. 66–7.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ove.26Whe_1999_207-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Ove.26Whe_1999_207_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999">Overy & Wheatcroft 1999</a>, p. 207.</li> <li id="cite_note-Umbreit_1991_311-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Umbreit_1991_311_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUmbreit1991">Umbreit 1991</a>, p. 311.</li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2004_xxx-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2004_xxx_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. xxx.</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2006">Ferguson 2006</a>, pp. 367, 376, 379, 417</li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder_2010_118ff-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2010_118ff_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2010">Snyder 2010</a>, p. 118ff.</li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_1983-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_1983_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch1983">Koch 1983</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars56-93"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars56_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 56.</li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars59-94"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars59_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 59.</li> <li id="cite_note-ibiblio_1940-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio_1940_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio_1940_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio_1940_95-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html">"Major international events of 1940, with explanation"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiblio" title="Ibiblio">ibiblio.org</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Major+international+events+of+1940%2C+with+explanation&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fevents%2F1940.html&rft.pub=ibiblio.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated38-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated38_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated38_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellyReesShuter1998">Kelly, Rees & Shuter 1998</a>, p. 38.</li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-15.html">The Battle of Britain: The Last Phase</a> THE DEFENSE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 1957</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2004">Goldstein 2004</a>, p. 35. Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats (<a href="#CITEREFSchofield1981">Schofield 1981</a>, p. 122).</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteury1987">Steury 1987</a>, p. 209; <a href="#CITEREFZetterlingTamelander2009">Zetterling & Tamelander 2009</a>, p. 282.</li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, pp. 108–9.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ove.26Whe_1999_328_330-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Ove.26Whe_1999_328_330_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999">Overy & Wheatcroft 1999</a>, pp. 328–30.</li> <li id="cite_note-Maingot_1994_52-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Maingot_1994_52_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaingot1994">Maingot 1994</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-Cantril_1940_390-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Cantril_1940_390_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantril1940">Cantril 1940</a>, p. 390.</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Plans/USA-WD-Plans-12.html">Coordination With Britain</a> Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations</li> <li id="cite_note-Bil.26Ell_2007_179-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Bil.26Ell_2007_179_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilhartzElliott2007">Bilhartz & Elliott 2007</a>, p. 179.</li> <li id="cite_note-Tripartite_Pact-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Tripartite_Pact_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 877.</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, pp. 745–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg_2002_118-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_2002_118_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a>, p. 118.</li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 146, 152; <a href="#CITEREFUS_Army1986">US Army 1986</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm">4–6</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Jowett_2001_9_10-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Jowett_2001_9_10_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowett2001">Jowett 2001</a>, pp. 9–10.</li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2006_106-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2006_106_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 106.</li> <li id="cite_note-Laurier_2001_7_8-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Laurier_2001_7_8_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaurier2001">Laurier 2001</a>, pp. 7–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, pp. 263–7.</li> <li id="cite_note-Macksey_1997_61_63-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Macksey_1997_61_63_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacksey1997">Macksey 1997</a>, pp. 61–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_2005_229-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_229_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 229.</li> <li id="cite_note-Watson_2003_80-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_2003_80_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2003">Watson 2003</a>, p. 80.</li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2006_154-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2006_154_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 154.</li> <li id="cite_note-Garver_1988_114-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Garver_1988_114_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarver1988">Garver 1988</a>, p. 114.</li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_2005_195-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_195_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 195</li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html">69</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Events1941-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Events1941_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events1941_121-1">b</a> Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html">"1941"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/">Events leading up to World War II: Chronological history of certain major international events leading up to and during World War II with the ostensible reasons advanced for their occurrence — 1931–1944</a>, 78th Congress, 2d Session, Humphrey, Richard A, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, House Document No. 541<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=1941&rft.aufirst=Marle&rft.au=Klooz%2C+Marle&rft.aulast=Klooz&rft.au=Wiley%2C+Evelyn&rft.btitle=Events+leading+up+to+World+War+II%3A+Chronological+history+of+certain+major+international+events+leading+up+to+and+during+World+War+II+with+the+ostensible+reasons+advanced+for+their+occurrence+%E2%80%94+1931%E2%80%931944&rft.date=1944&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fevents%2F&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.series=78th+Congress%2C+2d+Session&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sella_1978-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Sella_1978_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSella1978">Sella 1978</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw_2007_66_69-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2007_66_69_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2007">Kershaw 2007</a>, pp. 66–9.</li> <li id="cite_note-Steinberg_1995-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg_1995_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hauner_1978-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Hauner_1978_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauner1978">Hauner 1978</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-CRoberts_1995-126"><a href="#cite_ref-CRoberts_1995_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1995">Roberts 1995</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Wilt_1981-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilt_1981_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilt1981">Wilt 1981</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson_2003_114_137-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2003_114_137_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, pp. 114–37.</li> <li id="cite_note-D._Glantz._Soviet-German_War-129"><a href="#cite_ref-D._Glantz._Soviet-German_War_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-Farrell_1993-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Farrell_1993_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell1993">Farrell 1993</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Keeble_1990_29-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Keeble_1990_29_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble1990">Keeble 1990</a>, p. 29.</li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003">Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003</a>, p. 425</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2012_220-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_220_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 220.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kleinfeld_1983-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Kleinfeld_1983_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinfeld1983">Kleinfeld 1983</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Jukes_2001_113-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Jukes_2001_113_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2001">Jukes 2001</a>, p. 113.</li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 26: "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½-million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."</li> <li id="cite_note-Reinhardt_1992_227-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Reinhardt_1992_227_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReinhardt1992">Reinhardt 1992</a>, p. 227.</li> <li id="cite_note-Milward_1964-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Milward_1964_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilward1964">Milward 1964</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rotundo_1986-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Rotundo_1986_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRotundo1986">Rotundo 1986</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 26.</li> <li id="cite_note-Garthoff_1969-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Garthoff_1969_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarthoff1969">Garthoff 1969</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 41–2. <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 213–4, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back to the point from which they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of pushing home the advantage by concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating Germany Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."</li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002">Jowett & Andrew 2002</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ove.26Whe_1999_289-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Ove.26Whe_1999_289_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999">Overy & Wheatcroft 1999</a>, p. 289</li> <li id="cite_note-Morison_2002_60-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Morison_2002_60_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison2002">Morison 2002</a>, p. 60.</li> <li id="cite_note-Joes_2004_224-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Joes_2004_224_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoes2004">Joes 2004</a>, p. 224.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fai.26Gol_1994_320-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Fai.26Gol_1994_320_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman 2006</a>, p. 320.</li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, p. 30.</li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, p. 33.</li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-2.html">Japanese Policy and Strategy, 1931 – July 1941</a> Strategy and Command: The First Two Years</li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1975_201-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1975_201_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1975">Anderson 1975</a>, p. 201.</li> <li id="cite_note-Eva.26Pea_2012_456-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Eva.26Pea_2012_456_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie2012">Evans & Peattie 2012</a>, p. 456.</li> <li id="cite_note-ibiblio1-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio1_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio1_153-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html">The Decision for War</a> Strategy and Command: The First Two Years</li> <li id="cite_note-ibiblio1941-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio1941_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio1941_154-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html">The Showdown With Japan August–December 1941</a> Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942</li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#363">THE UNITED STATES REPLIES</a> Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack</li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPainter2012">Painter 2012</a>, p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure." <a href="#CITEREFWood2007">Wood 2007</a>, p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic."</li> <li id="cite_note-Lightbody_2004_125-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Lightbody_2004_125_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightbody2004">Lightbody 2004</a>, p. 125.</li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 310. <a href="#CITEREFDower1986">Dower 1986</a>, p. 5, calls attention to the fact that "the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure. Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia. It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations, taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects." Dower goes on to note that, before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt, many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces.</li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_2007_11_12-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_2007_11_12_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2007">Wood 2007</a>, pp. 11–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-Wohlstetter_1962_341_343-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wohlstetter_1962_341_343_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohlstetter_1962_341_343_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWohlstetter1962">Wohlstetter 1962</a>, pp. 341–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1998">Dunn 1998</a>, p. 157. According to <a href="#CITEREFMay1955">May 1955</a>, p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front".</li> <li id="cite_note-MinKar_2007_22-162"><a href="#cite_ref-MinKar_2007_22_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMingstKarns2007">Mingst & Karns 2007</a>, p. 22.</li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html">The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment December 1941 – January 1942</a> Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942</li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html">The Elimination of the Alternatives July–August 1942</a> Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942</li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-1.html">Casablanca—Beginning of an Era: January 1943</a> Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944</li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-6.html">The TRIDENT Conference—New Patterns: May 1943</a> Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944</li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 247–267, 345.</li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1953">Lewis 1953</a>, p. 529 (Table 11).</li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlim1956">Slim 1956</a>, pp. 71–74.</li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrove1995">Grove 1995</a>, p. 362.</li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaBitter158-171"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaBitter158_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCh.27i1992">Ch'i 1992</a>, p. 158.</li> <li id="cite_note-Perez_1998_145-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Perez_1998_145_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerez1998">Perez 1998</a>, p. 145.</li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1992">Maddox 1992</a>, pp. 111–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalecker2001">Salecker 2001</a>, p. 186.</li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRopp2000">Ropp 2000</a>, p. 368.</li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 339.</li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Gilbert, Adrian (2003). The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day. Globe Pequot. p. 259. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59228-027-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59228-027-7">1-59228-027-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Adrian&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Warfare%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59228-027-7&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2001">Swain 2001</a>, p. 197.</li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHane2001">Hane 2001</a>, p. 340.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marston_2005_111-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Marston_2005_111_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarston2005">Marston 2005</a>, p. 111.</li> <li id="cite_note-Brayley_2002_9-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_2002_9_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrayley2002">Brayley 2002</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRead2004">Read 2004</a>, p. 764.</li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2008_100-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_100_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, p. 100.</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 239–65.</li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2003">Black 2003</a>, p. 119.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_1998_383_391-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_1998_383_391_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 383–91.</li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson_2001_142-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2001_142_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, p. 142.</li> <li id="cite_note-Milner_1990_52-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Milner_1990_52_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilner1990">Milner 1990</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2012_224_228-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_224_228_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 224–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-Molinari_2007_91-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Molinari_2007_91_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolinari2007">Molinari 2007</a>, p. 91.</li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitcham2007">Mitcham 2007</a>, p. 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2012_380_381-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_380_381_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 380–1.</li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRich1992">Rich 1992</a>, p. 178.</li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_2004_129-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_2004_129_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2004">Gordon 2004</a>, p. 129.</li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeillands2005">Neillands 2005</a>, p. ??.</li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan_1997_277-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_1997_277_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1997">Keegan 1997</a>, p. 277.</li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasAndrew1998">Thomas & Andrew 1998</a>, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-AWP38-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AWP38_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWP38_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1997">Ross 1997</a>, p. 38.</li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonnerBonner2001">Bonner & Bonner 2001</a>, p. 24.</li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollier2003">Collier 2003</a>, p. 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc">" The Civilians</a> United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)</li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompsonRandall2008">Thompson & Randall 2008</a>, p. 164.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_1999_610-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_1999_610_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, p. 610.</li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRottman2002">Rottman 2002</a>, p. 228.</li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz1986">Glantz 1986</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGlantz1989">Glantz 1989</a>, pp. 149–59.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw_2001_592-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2001_592_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, p. 592.</li> <li id="cite_note-O.27Reilly_2001_32-209"><a href="#cite_ref-O.27Reilly_2001_32_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO.27Reilly2001">O'Reilly 2001</a>, p. 32.</li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellamy2007">Bellamy 2007</a>, p. 595.</li> <li id="cite_note-O.27Reilly_2001_35-211"><a href="#cite_ref-O.27Reilly_2001_35_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO.27Reilly2001">O'Reilly 2001</a>, p. 35.</li> <li id="cite_note-Healy_1992_90-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Healy_1992_90_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealy1992">Healy 1992</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, pp. 50–55.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kolko_1990_45-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolko_1990_45_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKolko1990">Kolko 1990</a>, p. 45: "On September 3, as Allied forces landed in Italy, Badoglio agreed to a secret armistice in the hope the Allies would land a major force north of Rome and save his government and the king. When he learned such a rescue would not occur he desperately attempted to call off his bargain with Eisenhower, who cut short the matter on September 8 by announcing news of its existence. The next day the hero of Abyssinia, his king, and a small retinue deserted Rome for the southeast tip of Italy, leaving most of Italy to the Nazis."</li> <li id="cite_note-Mazower_2008_362-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Mazower_2008_362_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazower2008">Mazower 2008</a>, p. 362.</li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartHartHughes2000">Hart, Hart & Hughes 2000</a>, p. 151.</li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlinkhorn2006">Blinkhorn 2006</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReadFisher2002">Read & Fisher 2002</a>, p. 129.</li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadfield1998">Padfield 1998</a>, pp. 335–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kolko_1990_211.2C235.2C267_268-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolko_1990_211.2C235.2C267_268_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKolko1990">Kolko 1990</a>, pp. 211, 235, 267–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-Iriye_1981_154-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Iriye_1981_154_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIriye1981">Iriye 1981</a>, p. 154.</li> <li id="cite_note-polley148-222"><a href="#cite_ref-polley148_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolley2000">Polley 2000</a>, p. 148.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2012_268_274-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_268_274_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 268–74.</li> <li id="cite_note-H161-224"><a href="#cite_ref-H161_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCh.27i1992">Ch'i 1992</a>, p. 161.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu_Chang_412-416-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_Chang_412-416_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, pp. 412–416, Map 38</li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, pp. 660–1.</li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_2002_327_366-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_2002_327_366_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2002">Glantz 2002</a>, pp. 327–66.</li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_2002_367_414-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_2002_367_414_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2002">Glantz 2002</a>, pp. 367–414.</li> <li id="cite_note-Chubarov_2001_122-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Chubarov_2001_122_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChubarov2001">Chubarov 2001</a>, p. 122.</li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2008">Holland 2008</a>, pp. 169–84; <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 568–73. The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (<a href="#CITEREFMazower2008">Mazower 2008</a>, pp. 500–2). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitella_in_Val_di_Chiana" title="Civitella in Val di Chiana">Civitella</a> (<a href="#CITEREFde_GraziaPaggi1991">de Grazia & Paggi 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBelco2010">Belco 2010</a>), <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Fosse Ardeatine</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPortelli2003">Portelli 2003</a>), and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Anna_di_Stazzema_massacre" title="Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre">Sant'Anna di Stazzema</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGordon2012">Gordon 2012</a>, pp. 10–1), and is capped with the <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzabotto_massacre" title="Marzabotto massacre">Marzabotto massacre</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lightbody_2004_224-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Lightbody_2004_224_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightbody2004">Lightbody 2004</a>, p. 224.</li> <li id="cite_note-Zeiler-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeiler_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeiler_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeiler2004">Zeiler 2004</a>, p. 60.</li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 555–60.</li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCh.27i1992">Ch'i 1992</a>, p. 163.</li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoble2003">Coble 2003</a>, p. 85.</li> <li id="cite_note-rees406-236"><a href="#cite_ref-rees406_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees2008">Rees 2008</a>, pp. 406–7: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war".</li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_2005_695-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_695_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 695.</li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadsey1990">Badsey 1990</a>, p. 91.</li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 562.</li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForrestEvansGibbons2012">Forrest, Evans & Gibbons 2012</a>, p. 191</li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga_1996_7-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga_1996_7_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga1996">Zaloga 1996</a>, p. 7: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II".</li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerend1996">Berend 1996</a>, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies.us-243"><a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies.us_243-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm">"Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation"</a>. US Library of Congress. Retrieved 14 November 2009. <q>The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Armistice+Negotiations+and+Soviet+Occupation&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fromania%2F23.htm&rft.pub=US+Library+of+Congress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2008_653-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2008_653_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 653.</li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiestBarbier2002">Wiest & Barbier 2002</a>, pp. 65–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Wiktor, Christian L (1998). Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995. Kluwer Law International. p. 426. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-0584-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-0584-0">90-411-0584-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Christian+L&rft.aulast=Wiktor&rft.au=Wiktor%2C+Christian+L&rft.btitle=Multilateral+Treaty+Calendar+%E2%80%93+1648%E2%80%931995&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-411-0584-0&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewton2004">Newton 2004</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marston_2005_120-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Marston_2005_120_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarston2005">Marston 2005</a>, p. 120.</li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002">Jowett & Andrew 2002</a>, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2004">Howard 2004</a>, p. 140.</li> <li id="cite_note-Drea_2003_54-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Drea_2003_54_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrea2003">Drea 2003</a>, p. 54.</li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCookBewes1997">Cook & Bewes 1997</a>, p. 305.</li> <li id="cite_note-parkerxiii-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parkerxiii_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parkerxiii_253-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2004">Parker 2004</a>, pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330</li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 85.</li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 709–22.</li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2006">Buchanan 2006</a>, p. 21.</li> <li id="cite_note-Shepardson_1998-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Shepardson_1998_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepardson1998">Shepardson 1998</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-O.27Reilly_2001_244-258"><a href="#cite_ref-O.27Reilly_2001_244_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO.27Reilly2001">O'Reilly 2001</a>, p. 244.</li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, p. 823.</li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2008_737-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2008_737_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 737.</li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_1998_34-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_1998_34_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>, p. 24.</li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-0718-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-0718-2">0-7102-0718-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Chant%2C+Christopher&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Chant&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Codenames+of+World+War+II&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7102-0718-2&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> John Dower (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm">"Lessons from Iwo Jima"</a>. Perspectives 45 (6): 54–56.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Iwo+Jima&rft.au=John+Dower&rft.aulast=John+Dower&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fperspectives%2Fissues%2F2007%2F0709%2Findex.cfm&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Perspectives&rft.pages=54-56&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=45" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drea_2003_57-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Drea_2003_57_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrea2003">Drea 2003</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002">Jowett & Andrew 2002</a>, p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-results_of_german_and_american_submarines-266"><a href="#cite_ref-results_of_german_and_american_submarines_266-0">^</a> Poirier, Michel Thomas (20 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/wwii-campaigns.html">"Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II"</a>. U.S. Navy. Retrieved 13 April 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Michel+Thomas&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.au=Poirier%2C+Michel+Thomas&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+German+and+American+Submarine+Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.date=20+October+1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fnavydata%2Fcno%2Fn87%2Fhistory%2Fwwii-campaigns.html&rft.pub=U.S.+Navy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2006_90-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2006_90_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2006">Williams 2006</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-Miscamble_2007_201-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Miscamble_2007_201_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiscamble2007">Miscamble 2007</a>, p. 201.</li> <li id="cite_note-Miscamble_2007_203_204-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Miscamble_2007_203_204_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiscamble2007">Miscamble 2007</a>, pp. 203–4.</li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Charles F. Brower (October 16, 2012). Defeating Japan: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War, 1943–1945. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 133–144.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Charles+F.+Brower&rft.aulast=Charles+F.+Brower&rft.btitle=Defeating+Japan%3A+The+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+and+Strategy+in+the+Pacific+War%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.date=October+16%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=133-144&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Pape_1993-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Pape_1993_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPape1993">Pape 1993</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_2012_776-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_776_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 776.</li> <li id="cite_note-Frei_2002_41_66-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Frei_2002_41_66_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrei2002">Frei 2002</a>, pp. 41–66.</li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars43-275"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars43_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars55-276"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars55_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 55.</li> <li id="cite_note-shirer794-277"><a href="#cite_ref-shirer794_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 794.</li> <li id="cite_note-ckpipe-278"><a href="#cite_ref-ckpipe_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995">Kennedy-Pipe 1995</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Wettig_2008_20_21-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Wettig_2008_20_21_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, pp. 20–1.</li> <li id="cite_note-Senn_2007_.3F-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Senn_2007_.3F_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenn2007">Senn 2007</a>, p. ?.</li> <li id="cite_note-Yoder_1997_39-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Yoder_1997_39_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoder1997">Yoder 1997</a>, p. 39.</li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm">"History of the UN"</a>. United Nations. Retrieved 25 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=History+of+the+UN&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Faboutun%2Fhistory.htm&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waltz_2002-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Waltz_2002_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaltz2002">Waltz 2002</a>. The UDHR is viewable here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/">[1]</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kantowicz_2000_6-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Kantowicz_2000_6_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKantowicz2000">Kantowicz 2000</a>, p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-Wettig_2008_96_100-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Wettig_2008_96_100_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, pp. 96–100.</li> <li id="cite_note-Trachtenberg_1999_33-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Trachtenberg_1999_33_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrachtenberg1999">Trachtenberg 1999</a>, p. 33.</li> <li id="cite_note-Applebaum_2012-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Applebaum_2012_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApplebaum2012">Applebaum 2012</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Naimark_2010-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Naimark_2010_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark2010">Naimark 2010</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Swain_1992-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Swain_1992_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain1992">Swain 1992</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Borstelmann_2005_318-290"><a href="#cite_ref-Borstelmann_2005_318_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorstelmann2005">Borstelmann 2005</a>, p. 318.</li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLefflerWestad2010">Leffler & Westad 2010</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_2005_911-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_911_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 911.</li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStueck2010">Stueck 2010</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch_2010_12_13-294"><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_2010_12_13_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2010">Lynch 2010</a>, pp. 12–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-JMRoberts_1996_589-295"><a href="#cite_ref-JMRoberts_1996_589_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1997">Roberts 1997</a>, p. 589.</li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin2007">Darwin 2007</a>, pp. 441–3, 464–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 1006; <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1998">Harrison 1998</a>, pp. 34–5.</li> <li id="cite_note-Balabkins_1964_207-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Balabkins_1964_207_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalabkins1964">Balabkins 1964</a>, p. 207.</li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrov1967">Petrov 1967</a>, p. 263.</li> <li id="cite_note-Balabkins_1964_208.2C209-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Balabkins_1964_208.2C209_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalabkins1964">Balabkins 1964</a>, pp. 208, 209.</li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLongEichengreen1993">DeLong & Eichengreen 1993</a>, pp. 190, 191</li> <li id="cite_note-Balabkins_1964_212-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Balabkins_1964_212_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalabkins1964">Balabkins 1964</a>, p. 212.</li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf1993">Wolf 1993</a>, pp. 29, 30, 32</li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullNewell2005">Bull & Newell 2005</a>, pp. 20, 21</li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitchie1992">Ritchie 1992</a>, p. 23.</li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinford1993">Minford 1993</a>, p. 117.</li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchain2001">Schain 2001</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002">Emadi-Coffin 2002</a>, p. 64.</li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1993_32-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1993_32_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1993">Smith 1993</a>, p. 32.</li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeary1992">Neary 1992</a>, p. 49.</li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Genzberger, Christine (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://books.google.com/?id=YSCunEaqnI8C&pg=PA4">China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China</a>. Petaluma, California: World Trade Press. p. 4. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9631864-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9631864-3-4">0-9631864-3-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Genzberger%2C+Christine&rft.aulast=Genzberger&rft.btitle=China+Business%3A+The+Portable+Encyclopedia+for+Doing+Business+with+China&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYSCunEaqnI8C%26pg%3DPA4&rft.isbn=0-9631864-3-4&rft.pages=4&rft.place=Petaluma%2C+California&rft.pub=World+Trade+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWII:_C.26C-312"><a href="#cite_ref-WWII:_C.26C_312-0">^</a> O'Brien, Prof. Joseph V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html">"World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945)"</a>. Obee's History Page. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=World+War+II%3A+Combatants+and+Casualties+%281937%E2%80%931945%29&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Joseph+V&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Prof.+Joseph+V&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.jjay.cuny.edu%2F~jobrien%2Freference%2Fob62.html&rft.jtitle=Obee%27s+History+Page&rft.pub=John+Jay+College+of+Criminal+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> White, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second">"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm"</a>. Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century. Matthew White's Homepage. Retrieved 20 April 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Source+List+and+Detailed+Death+Tolls+for+the+Twentieth+Century+Hemoclysm&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=White&rft.au=White%2C+Matthew&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c5m.htm%23Second&rft.jtitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Matthew+White%27s+Homepage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities">"World War II Fatalities"</a>. secondworldwar.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Fatalities&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecondworldwar.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Ffatalities&rft.pub=secondworldwar.co.uk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHosking2006">Hosking 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242">242</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Ell.26Mak_1994-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Ell.26Mak_1994_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmanMaksudov1994">Ellman & Maksudov 1994</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1994">Smith 1994</a>, p. 204.</li> <li id="cite_note-Herf_2003-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Herf_2003_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerf2003">Herf 2003</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm">"Victims"</a>. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Victims&rft.au=Florida+Center+for+Instructional+Technology&rft.aulast=Florida+Center+for+Instructional+Technology&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2FHolocaust%2Fpeople%2Fvictims.htm&rft.jtitle=A+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=University+of+South+Florida&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niewyk45-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niewyk45_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niewyk45_320-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000">Niewyk & Nicosia 2000</a>, pp. 45–52.</li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2005/01/20/holocaust_memorial_other_victims_feature.shtml">"Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. April 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Non-Jewish+Holocaust+Victims+%3A+The+5%2C000%2C000+others&rft.date=April+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ftyne%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F01%2F20%2Fholocaust_memorial_other_victims_feature.shtml&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 290.</li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 158–60, 234–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChang1997">Chang 1997</a>, p. 102.</li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Rummell, R. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM">"Statistics"</a>. Freedom, Democide, War. The University of Hawaii System. Retrieved 25 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft.aufirst=R.+J&rft.aulast=Rummell&rft.au=Rummell%2C+R.+J&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP3.HTM&rft.jtitle=Freedom%2C+Democide%2C+War&rft.pub=The+University+of+Hawaii+System&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2000">Bix 2000</a>, p. ?.</li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Gold, Hal (1996). Unit 731 testimony. Tuttle. pp. 75–7. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3565-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3565-9">0-8048-3565-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft.au=Gold%2C+Hal&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.btitle=Unit+731+testimony&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8048-3565-9&rft.pages=75-7&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 320.</li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2002">Harris 2002</a>, p. 74.</li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee 2002</a>, p. 69.</li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/nn20040727a9.html">"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times_Online" title="The Japan Times Online" class="mw-redirect">The Japan Times Online</a>. 27 July 2004. Retrieved 25 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Japan+tested+chemical+weapons+on+Aussie+POW%3A+new+evidence&rft.date=27+July+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fmember%2Fnn20040727a9.html&rft.pub=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400040051" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4000-4005-1</a> p. 391</li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Hempel, Andrew. (2000). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781807586" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7818-0758-6</a> p 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Harding, Luke (22 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/oct/22/worlddispatch.germany">"Germany's forgotten victims"</a>. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 21 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+forgotten+victims&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Harding%2C+Luke&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.date=22+October+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2003%2Foct%2F22%2Fworlddispatch.germany&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. 2010. p. 167. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84545-844-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84545-844-3">1-84545-844-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Terror+from+the+Sky%3A+The+Bombing+of+German+Cities+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84545-844-3&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. page 9 "Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000".</li> <li id="cite_note-compensation-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compensation_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compensation_338-1">b</a> Marek, Michael (27 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.webcitation.org/5mtTTntBR">"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"</a>. dw-world.de. Deutsche Welle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Final+Compensation+Pending+for+Former+Nazi+Forced+Laborers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.au=Marek%2C+Michael&rft.date=27+October+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1757323%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=dw-world.de&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApplebaum2003">Applebaum 2003</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbert1994">Herbert 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M7Y9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA222">222</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Overy_2004_568_569-341"><a href="#cite_ref-Overy_2004_568_569_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>, pp. 568–9.</li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No.4, (in Russian). See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://scepsis.ru/library/id_1234.html">[2]</a> (online version), and <a href="#CITEREFBacon1992">Bacon 1992</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllman2002">Ellman 2002</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.webcitation.org/5mtVNGYHW">"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"</a>. American Experience: the Bataan Rescue. PBS Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Japanese+Atrocities+in+the+Philippines&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fbataan%2Fpeopleevents%2Fe_atrocities.html&rft.jtitle=American+Experience%3A+the+Bataan+Rescue&rft.pub=PBS+Online&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanaka1996">Tanaka 1996</a>, pp. 2–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2000">Bix 2000</a>, p. 360.</li> <li id="cite_note-zhifen2002-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhifen2002_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhifen2002_346-1">b</a> Ju, Zhifen (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm">"Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war"</a>. Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+atrocities+of+conscripting+and+abusing+north+China+draughtees+after+the+outbreak+of+the+Pacific+war&rft.aufirst=Zhifen&rft.au=Ju%2C+Zhifen&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.date=June+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~asiactr%2Fsino-japanese%2Fsession6.htm&rft.jtitle=Joint+Study+of+the+Sino-Japanese+War%3AMinutes+of+the+June+2002+Conference&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Faculty+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indonesiaww2-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_347-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)">"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"</a>. Library of Congress. 1992. Retrieved 9 February 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Struggle+For+Independence%2C+1942%E2%80%9350%3B+The+Japanese+Occupation%2C+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bid0029%29&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.nps.gov/manz/index.htm">"Manzanar National Historic Site"</a>. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 21 February 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Manzanar+National+Historic+Site&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmanz%2Findex.htm&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Department of Labour of Canada (24 January 1947). Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada, 1944–1946. Department of Labour (Office of the Prime Minister). p. 23. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-11266-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-11266-1">0-405-11266-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Re-establishment+of+Japanese+in+Canada%2C+1944%E2%80%931946&rft.au=Department+of+Labour+of+Canada&rft.aulast=Department+of+Labour+of+Canada&rft.date=24+January+1947&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=0-405-11266-1&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Labour&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Prime+Minister&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2001_749_750-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2001_749_750_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, pp. 749–50.</li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1999">Davidson 1999</a>, p. 121.</li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Stark, Tamás. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf">""Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)"</a> (PDF). Minorities Research. Retrieved 22 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=%22Malenki+Robot%22%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Hungarian+Forced+Labourers+in+the+Soviet+Union+%281944%E2%80%931955%29&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.au=Stark%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.hu%2F00400%2F00463%2F00007%2Fpdf%2F155_stark.pdf&rft.jtitle=Minorities+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiberman1996">Liberman 1996</a>, p. 42.</li> <li id="cite_note-Milward_1979_138-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Milward_1979_138_354-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilward1992">Milward 1992</a>, p. 138.</li> <li id="cite_note-Milward_1992_148-355"><a href="#cite_ref-Milward_1992_148_355-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilward1992">Milward 1992</a>, p. 148.</li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarberHarrison2006">Barber & Harrison 2006</a>, p. 232.</li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2005">Hill 2005</a>, p. 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristoffersonChristofferson2006">Christofferson & Christofferson 2006</a>, p. 156</li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadtke1997">Radtke 1997</a>, p. 107.</li> <li id="cite_note-GSWW6_266-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_360-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahn2001">Rahn 2001</a>, p. 266.</li> <li id="cite_note-6Econ3-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6Econ3_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6Econ3_361-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1998">Harrison 1998</a>, p. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-6Econ2-362"><a href="#cite_ref-6Econ2_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1998">Harrison 1998</a>, p. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1991">Bernstein 1991</a>, p. 267.</li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II. DIANE Publishing. p. 203. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58566-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58566-069-8">1-58566-069-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Charles&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.btitle=The+Quest%3A+Haywood+Hansell+and+American+Strategic+Bombing+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-58566-069-8&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1994">Overy 1994</a>, p. 26.</li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBSU1998">BBSU 1998</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFLindbergTodd2001">Lindberg & Todd 2001</a>, p. 126..</li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Unidas, Naciones (2005). World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration. United Nations Pubns. p. 23. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-109147-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-109147-0">92-1-109147-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Naciones&rft.aulast=Unidas&rft.au=Unidas%2C+Naciones&rft.btitle=World+Economic+And+Social+Survey+2004%3A+International+Migration&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-1-109147-0&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+Nations+Pubns&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_76-368"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_76_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 76.</li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1992">Levine 1992</a>, p. 227.</li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlavansDi_BenedettoPrudom1997">Klavans, Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWard2010">Ward 2010</a>, pp. 247–51.</li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_163-371"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_163_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 163.</li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft. Wigston, Leics: Silverdale Books. p. 7. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84509-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84509-079-9">1-84509-079-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Chris&rft.au=Chant%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers%3A+The+World%27s+Greatest+Naval+Vessels+and+Their+Aircraft&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84509-079-9&rft.pages=7&rft.place=Wigston%2C+Leics&rft.pub=Silverdale+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. New York: Main Street. p. 180. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-3099-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-3099-3">1-4027-3099-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Chenoweth%2C+H.+Avery&rft.aufirst=H.+Avery&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.au=Nihart%2C+Brooke&rft.btitle=Semper+Fi%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+History+of+the+U.S.+Marines&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4027-3099-3&rft.pages=180&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Main+Street&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumnerBaker2001">Sumner & Baker 2001</a>, p. 25.</li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHearn2007">Hearn 2007</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardinerBrown2004">Gardiner & Brown 2004</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-Bur.26Ryd_1995_15-377"><a href="#cite_ref-Bur.26Ryd_1995_15_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurcherRydill1995">Burcher & Rydill 1995</a>, p. 15.</li> <li id="cite_note-Bur.26Ryd_1995_16-378"><a href="#cite_ref-Bur.26Ryd_1995_16_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurcherRydill1995">Burcher & Rydill 1995</a>, p. 16.</li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_125-379">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_125_379-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_125_379-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 125.</li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1982). The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. p. 231. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0123-9">0-7106-0123-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Trevor+Nevitt&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Nevitt&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Weapons+and+Warfare&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7106-0123-9&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_108-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_108_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_108_381-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 108.</li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_734-382"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_734_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 734.</li> <li id="cite_note-Comp_221-383">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comp_221_383-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comp_221_383-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCowleyParker2001">Cowley & Parker 2001</a>, p. 221.</li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://greyfalcon.us/Infantry%20Weapons%20Of%20World%20War%202.htm">"Infantry Weapons Of World War 2"</a>. Grey Falcon (Black Sun). Retrieved 14 November 2009. <q>These all-purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle's long range is much longer than needed, since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range. The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun, having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle, combined with the rapid-rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun. Thanks to these combined advantages, assault rifles such as the American M-16 and the Russian AK-47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Infantry+Weapons+Of+World+War+2&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreyfalcon.us%2FInfantry%2520Weapons%2520Of%2520World%2520War%25202.htm&rft.pub=Grey+Falcon+%28Black+Sun%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf">"The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine"</a> (PDF). controlarms.org. p. 1. Retrieved 14 November 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Hugh&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.au=Sprague%2C+Oliver&rft.btitle=The+AK-47%3A+the+worlds+favourite+killing+machine&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fasset%2FACT30%2F011%2F2006%2Fen%2F11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7%2Fact300112006en.pdf&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=controlarms.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRatcliff2006">Ratcliff 2006</a>, p. 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenherr-387">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schoenherr_387-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schoenherr_387-1">b</a> Schoenherr, Steven (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.archive.org/web/20080509054959/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/espionage.html">"Code Breaking in World War II"</a>. History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/espionage.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.au=Schoenherr%2C+Steven&rft.btitle=Code+Breaking+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2FWW2Timeline%2Fespionage.html&rft.pub=History+Department+at+the+University+of+San+Diego&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory". The Times (London). p. 27.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Bravery+of+thousands+of+Poles+was+vital+in+securing+victory&rft.aulast=Macintyre%2C+Ben&rft.au=Macintyre%2C+Ben&rft.date=10+December+2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.pages=27&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Rowe, Neil C.; Rothstein, Hy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nps/mildec.htm">"Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare"</a>. Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Air University. Retrieved 15 November 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Deception+for+Defense+of+Information+Systems%3A+Analogies+from+Conventional+Warfare&rft.aufirst=Neil+C.&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.au=Rothstein%2C+Hy&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Neil+C.&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fnps%2Fmildec.htm&rft.jtitle=Departments+of+Computer+Science+and+Defense+Analysis+U.S.+Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.pub=Air+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/zuse.html">"Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)"</a>. Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale. Retrieved 14 November 2009. <q>Konrad Zuse builds Z1, world's first programme-controlled computer. Despite mechanical engineering problems it had all the basic ingredients of modern machines, using the binary system and today's standard separation of storage and control. Zuse's 1936 patent application (Z23139/GMD Nr. 005/021) also suggests a von Neumann architecture (re-invented in 1945) with programme and data modifiable in storage</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Konrad+Zuse+%281910%E2%80%931995%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsia.ch%2F~juergen%2Fzuse.html&rft.pub=Istituto+Dalle+Molle+di+Studi+sull%27Intelligenza+Artificiale&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>References</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"></div> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <dl style="text-indent: -3.2em;"> <dd> <dl> <dd>Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992). The Making of the Second World War. New York: Routledge. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90716-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90716-0">0-415-90716-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Adamthwaite%2C+Anthony+P.&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft.aulast=Adamthwaite&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-90716-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Aksar, Yusuf (2004). Implementing Intnl Humanitaria: From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court. London and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5584-0">978-0-7146-5584-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Aksar%2C+Yusuf&rft.aufirst=Yusuf&rft.aulast=Aksar&rft.btitle=Implementing+Intnl+Humanitaria%3A+From+the+AD+Hoc+Tribunals+to+a+Permanent+International+Criminal+Court&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5584-0&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Anderson, Irvine H., Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex". The Pacific Historical Review 44 (2). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638003">3638003</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+1941+De+Facto+Embargo+on+Oil+to+Japan%3A+A+Bureaucratic+Reflex&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Irvine+H.%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Irvine+H.%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=3638003&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Historical+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=44" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2003). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag:_A_History" title="Gulag: A History">Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps</a>. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9322-6">978-0-7139-9322-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Applebaum%2C+Anne&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.btitle=Gulag%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Camps&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2012). Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9868-9">978-0-7139-9868-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=Iron+Curtain%3A+The+Crushing+of+Eastern+Europe+1944%E2%80%9356&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Bacon, Edwin (1992). "Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Studies" title="Soviet Studies" class="mw-redirect">Soviet Studies</a> 44 (6): 1069–1086. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139208412066">10.1080/09668139208412066</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/152330">152330</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Glasnost%27+and+the+Gulag%3A+New+Information+on+Soviet+Forced+Labour+around+World+War+II&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Edwin&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139208412066&rft.issue=6&rft.jstor=152330&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.pages=1069-1086&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=44" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0">978-0-85045-921-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Badsey%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Badsey&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%3A+Allied+Landings+and+Breakout&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-921-0&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Balabkins, Nicholas (1964). Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0449-0">978-0-8135-0449-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Balabkins%2C+Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Balabkins&rft.btitle=Germany+Under+Direct+Controls%3A+Economic+Aspects+of+Industrial+Disarmament+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-0449-0&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Barber, John; Harrison, Mark (2006). "Patriotic War, 1941–1945". In Ronald Grigor Suny, ed.,' The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century (pp. 217–242). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81144-6">978-0-521-81144-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Patriotic+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Barber%2C+John&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Mark&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.btitle=In+Ronald+Grigor+Suny%2C+ed.%2C+The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+Twentieth+Century+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B217%E2%80%93242%29&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81144-6&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Barker, A. J. (1971). The Rape of Ethiopia 1936. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6">978-0-345-02462-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Barker%2C+A.+J.&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Ethiopia+1936&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-345-02462-6&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Barrett, David P.; Shyu, Lawrence N. (2001). China in the Anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: Politics, Culture and Society. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-4556-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-4556-4">978-0-8204-4556-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Barrett%2C+David+P.&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.au=Shyu%2C+Lawrence+N.&rft.btitle=China+in+the+Anti-Japanese+War%2C+1937%E2%80%931945%3A+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-4556-4&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (1998). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_(book)" title="Stalingrad (book)">Stalingrad</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87095-0">978-0-670-87095-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Beevor%2C+Antony&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-670-87095-0&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Viking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5">978-0-297-84832-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84832-5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2012). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book)" title="The Second World War (book)">The Second World War</a>. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84497-6">978-0-297-84497-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84497-6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Belco, Victoria (2010). War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948. Toronto: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9314-1">978-0-8020-9314-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Belco%2C+Victoria&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.aulast=Belco&rft.btitle=War%2C+Massacre%2C+and+Recovery+in+Central+Italy%3A+1943%E2%80%931948&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9314-1&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Bellamy, Chris T. (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4">978-0-375-41086-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Chris+T.&rft.aufirst=Chris+T.&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.btitle=Absolute+War%3A+Soviet+Russia+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41086-4&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ben-Horin, Eliahu (1943). The Middle East: Crossroads of History. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Ben-Horin%2C+Eliahu&rft.aufirst=Eliahu&rft.aulast=Ben-Horin&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Crossroads+of+History&rft.date=1943&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_T._Berend" title="Iván T. Berend">Berend, Ivan T.</a> (1996). Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6">978-0-521-55066-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Berend%2C+Ivan+T.&rft.aufirst=Ivan+T.&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.btitle=Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931993%3A+Detour+from+the+Periphery+to+the+Periphery&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55066-6&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Lee_Bernstein" title="Gail Lee Bernstein">Bernstein, Gail Lee</a> (1991). Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2">978-0-520-07017-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Gail+Lee&rft.aufirst=Gail+Lee&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.btitle=Recreating+Japanese+Women%2C+1600%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07017-2&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007). Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States. Armonk, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1821-4">978-0-7656-1821-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bilhartz%2C+Terry+D.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Alan+C.&rft.aufirst=Terry+D.&rft.aulast=Bilhartz&rft.btitle=Currents+in+American+History%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1821-4&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine. Westport, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96363-7">978-0-275-96363-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bilinsky%2C+Yaroslav&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rft.aulast=Bilinsky&rft.btitle=Endgame+in+NATO%27s+Enlargement%3A+The+Baltic+States+and+Ukraine&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96363-7&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Bix, Herbert P.</a> (2000). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0">978-0-06-019314-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bix%2C+Herbert+P.&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019314-0&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2003). World War Two: A Military History. Abingdon and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30534-1">978-0-415-30534-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Black%2C+Jeremy&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.aulast=Black&rft.btitle=World+War+Two%3A+A+Military+History&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30534-1&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Blinkhorn, Martin (2006) [1984]. Mussolini and Fascist Italy (3rd ed.). Abingdon and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26206-4">978-0-415-26206-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Blinkhorn%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Blinkhorn&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+Fascist+Italy&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26206-4&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Bonner, Kit; Bonner, Carolyn (2001). Warship Boneyards. Osceola, WI: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" title="MBI Publishing Company" class="mw-redirect">MBI Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0870-7">978-0-7603-0870-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bonner%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Bonner%2C+Kit&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.btitle=Warship+Boneyards&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0870-7&rft.place=Osceola%2C+WI&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Borstelmann, Thomas (2005). "The United States, the Cold War, and the color line". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a>, eds., Origins of the Cold War: An International History (pp. 317–332) (2nd ed.). Abingdon & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7">978-0-415-34109-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+United+States%2C+the+Cold+War%2C+and+the+color+line&rft.au=Borstelmann%2C+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Borstelmann&rft.btitle=In+Melvyn+P.+Leffler+and+David+S.+Painter%2C%26nbsp%3Beds.%2C+Origins+of+the+Cold+War%3A+An+International+History+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B317%E2%80%93332%29&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34109-7&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Brayley, Martin J. (2002). The British Army 1939–45, Volume 3: The Far East. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-238-8">978-1-84176-238-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Brayley%2C+Martin+J.&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.aulast=Brayley&rft.btitle=The+British+Army+1939%E2%80%9345%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Far+East&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-238-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>British Bombing Survey Unit (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945. London and Portland, OR: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cass_Publishers" title="Frank Cass Publishers" class="mw-redirect">Frank Cass Publishers</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7">978-0-7146-4722-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=British+Bombing+Survey+Unit&rft.aulast=British+Bombing+Survey+Unit&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+War+Against+Germany%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4722-7&rft.place=London+and+Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Brody, J. Kenneth (1999). The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2">978-0-7658-0622-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Brody%2C+J.%26nbsp%3BKenneth&rft.aufirst=J.%26nbsp%3BKenneth&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.btitle=The+Avoidable+War%3A+Pierre+Laval+and+the+Politics+of+Reality%2C+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0622-2&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C%26nbsp%3BNJ&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Brown, David (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. London & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass" class="mw-redirect">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5461-4">978-0-7146-5461-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Brown%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Oran%3A+Anglo-French+Naval+Relations%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+July+1940&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5461-4&rft.place=London+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Buchanan, Tom (2006). Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000. Oxford & Malden, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" title="Blackwell Publishing" class="mw-redirect">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22162-3">978-0-631-22162-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+Tom&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Troubled+Peace%2C+1945%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22162-3&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Budiansky" title="Stephen Budiansky">Budiansky, Stephen</a> (2001). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028105-7">978-0-14-028105-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Budiansky%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Wits%3A+The+Complete+Story+of+Codebreaking+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028105-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2004). Air Power: The Men, Machines, and Ideas that Revolutionized War, from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03285-3">978-0-670-03285-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=Air+Power%3A+The+Men%2C+Machines%2C+and+Ideas+that+Revolutionized+War%2C+from+Kitty+Hawk+to+Gulf+War+II&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03285-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce</a>; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Morrow" title="James D. Morrow">Morrow, James D.</a> (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02546-1">978-0-262-02546-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bueno+de+Mesquita%2C+Bruce&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Bueno+de+Mesquita&rft.au=Morrow%2C+James+D.&rft.au=Siverson%2C+Randolph+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Political+Survival&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02546-1&rft.place=Cambridge%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1298-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1298-0">978-0-7456-1298-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bull%2C+Martin+J.&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.au=Newell%2C+James+L.&rft.btitle=Italian+Politics%3A+Adjustment+Under+Duress&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1298-0&rft.pub=Polity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock, Alan</a> (1990). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0">978-0-14-013564-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bullock%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013564-0&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3">978-0-521-55926-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Burcher%2C+Roy&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.aulast=Burcher&rft.au=Rydill%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+Submarine+Design&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55926-3&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97733-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97733-1">0-275-97733-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Busky%2C+Donald+F.&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.btitle=Communism+in+History+and+Theory%3A+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-275-97733-1&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Canfora" title="Luciano Canfora">Canfora, Luciano</a> (2006) [2004]. Democracy in Europe: A History. Oxford & Malden MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" title="Blackwell Publishing" class="mw-redirect">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1131-7">978-1-4051-1131-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Canfora%2C+Luciano&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.aulast=Canfora&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Europe%3A+A+History&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1131-7&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Malden%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Opinion_Quarterly" title="Public Opinion Quarterly">Public Opinion Quarterly</a> 4 (3): 387–407. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F265420">10.1086/265420</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745078">2745078</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=America+Faces+the+War%3A+A+Study+in+Public+Opinion&rft.au=Cantril%2C+Hadley&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rft.aulast=Cantril&rft.date=1940&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F265420&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=2745078&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.pages=387-407&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Chaney, Otto Preston (1996). Zhukov (Revised ed.). Norman, OK: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2807-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2807-8">978-0-8061-2807-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Chaney%2C+Otto+Preston&rft.aufirst=Otto+Preston&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.btitle=Zhukov&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=Revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2807-8&rft.place=Norman%2C%26nbsp%3BOK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Chang" title="Iris Chang">Chang, Iris</a> (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06835-7">978-0-465-06835-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Chang%2C+Iris&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Nanking%3A+The+Forgotten+Holocaust+of+World+War+II&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06835-7&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006). France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0">978-0-8232-2562-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Christofferson%2C+Michael+S.&rft.au=Christofferson%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.aulast=Christofferson&rft.btitle=France+During+World+War+II%3A+From+Defeat+to+Liberation&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2562-0&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Chubarov, Alexander (2001). Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras. London & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1350-5">978-0-8264-1350-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Chubarov%2C+Alexander&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Chubarov&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Bitter+Path+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Eras&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1350-5&rft.place=London+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Continuum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine, eds., China's Bitter Victory: War with Japan, 1937–45 (pp. 157–184). Armonk, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-246-5">978-1-56324-246-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Military+Dimension%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Ch%27i%2C+Hsi-Sheng&rft.aufirst=Hsi-Sheng&rft.aulast=Ch%27i&rft.btitle=In+James%26nbsp%3BC.+Hsiung+and+Steven%26nbsp%3BI.+Levine%2C+eds.%2C+China%27s+Bitter+Victory%3A+War+with+Japan%2C+1937%E2%80%9345+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B157%E2%80%93184%29&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-246-5&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Cienciala, Anna M. (2010). "Another look at the Poles and Poland during World War II". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polish_Review" title="The Polish Review">The Polish Review</a> 55 (1): 123–143. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25779864">25779864</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Another+look+at+the+Poles+and+Poland+during+World+War+II&rft.au=Cienciala%2C+Anna+M.&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rft.aulast=Cienciala&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=25779864&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.pages=123-143&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=55" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Clogg" title="Richard Clogg">Clogg, Richard</a> (2002). A Concise History of Greece (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9">978-0-521-80872-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Clogg%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80872-9&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Coble, Parks M. (2003). Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23268-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23268-6">978-0-520-23268-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Coble%2C+Parks+M.&rft.aufirst=Parks+M.&rft.aulast=Coble&rft.btitle=Chinese+Capitalists+in+Japan%27s+New+Order%3A+The+Occupied+Lower+Yangzi%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23268-6&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-539-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-539-6">978-1-84176-539-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Collier%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+%284%29%3A+The+Mediterranean+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-539-6&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000). Germany 1919–45. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32721-7">978-0-435-32721-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Collier%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.au=Pedley%2C+Philip&rft.btitle=Germany+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-435-32721-7&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Commager, Henry Steele (2004). The Story of the Second World War. Brassey's. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-741-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-741-9">978-1-57488-741-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Commager%2C+Henry+Steele&rft.aufirst=Henry+Steele&rft.aulast=Commager&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-741-9&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Coogan, Anthony (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000186948">"The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a> 43. Retrieved 6 May 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Volunteer+Armies+of+Northeast+China&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3FdocId%3D5000186948&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=43" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Cook, Chris; Bewes, Diccon (1997). What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Press" title="UCL Press" class="mw-redirect">UCL Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-532-1">978-1-85728-532-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Bewes%2C+Diccon&rft.au=Cook%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.btitle=What+Happened+Where%3A+A+Guide+to+Places+and+Events+in+Twentieth-Century+History&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-532-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Coox, Alvin D. (1990). Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939. Palo Alto, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1160-9">978-0-8047-1160-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Coox%2C+Alvin+D.&rft.aufirst=Alvin+D.&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%3A+Japan+Against+Russia%2C+1939&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1160-9&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C%26nbsp%3BCA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cowley" title="Robert Cowley">Cowley, Robert</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker, Geoffrey</a>, eds. (2001). Readers Companion Military History. Boston, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" title="Houghton Mifflin Company" class="mw-redirect">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9">978-0-618-12742-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=Readers+Companion+Military+History&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12742-9&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Darwin, John (2007). After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101022-9">978-0-14-101022-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Darwin%2C+John&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.btitle=After+Tamerlane%3A+The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+Global+Empires+1400%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101022-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Davidson, Eugene (1999). The Death and Life of Germany: An Account of the American Occupation. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1249-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1249-2">0-8262-1249-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Eugene&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Life+of+Germany%3A+An+Account+of+the+American+Occupation&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8262-1249-2&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311409-3">978-0-14-311409-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Davies%2C+Norman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.btitle=No+Simple+Victory%3A+World+War+II+in+Europe%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311409-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Dawood, Mary; Mitra, Anu (2012). "Hidden agendas and hidden illness". Diversity and Equality in Health and Care 9 (4): 297–298.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Hidden+agendas+and+hidden+illness&rft.au=Dawood%2C+Mary&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.aulast=Dawood&rft.au=Mitra%2C+Anu&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Diversity+and+Equality+in+Health+and+Care&rft.pages=297-298&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=9" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._C._B._Dear" title="I. C. B. Dear">Dear, I. C. B.</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M. R. D.</a>, eds. (2001) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4">978-0-19-860446-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860446-4&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" title="J. Bradford DeLong">DeLong, J. Bradford</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Eichengreen, Barry</a> (1993). "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Rudiger Dornbusch</a>, Wilhelm Nölling and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Layard,_Baron_Layard" title="Richard Layard, Baron Layard">Richard Layard</a>, eds., Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today (pp. 189–230). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2">978-0-262-04136-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Plan%3A+History%27s+Most+Successful+Structural+Adjustment+Program&rft.au=DeLong%2C+J.+Bradford&rft.au=Eichengreen%2C+Barry&rft.aufirst=J.+Bradford&rft.aulast=DeLong&rft.btitle=In+Rudiger+Dornbusch%2C+Wilhelm+N%C3%B6lling+and+Richard+Layard%2C+eds.%2C+Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B189%E2%80%93230%29&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Douglas, R. M. (2012). Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War. New Haven, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16660-6">978-0-300-16660-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Douglas%2C+R.+M.&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.btitle=Orderly+and+Humane%3A+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+After+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16660-6&rft.place=New+Haven%2C%26nbsp%3BCT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1986). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50030-0">978-0-394-50030-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Dower%2C+John+W.&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.btitle=War+Without+Mercy%3A+Race+and+Power+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50030-0&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Drea, Edward J. (2003). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Lincoln, NE: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4">978-0-8032-6638-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Drea%2C+Edward+J.&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6638-4&rft.place=Lincoln%2C%26nbsp%3BNE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944". Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Autumn, 1991): 153–169. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/743479">743479</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Story+of+an+Ordinary+Massacre%3A+Civitella+della+Chiana%2C+29+June%2C+1944&rft.au=de+Grazia%2C+Victoria&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.aulast=de+Grazia&rft.au=Paggi%2C+Leonardo&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jstor=743479&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Studies+in+Law+and+Literature%2C+Vol.+3%2C+No.+2+%28Autumn%2C+1991%29&rft.pages=153-169&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Dunn, Dennis J. (1998). Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow. Lexington, KY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2">978-0-8131-2023-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Dennis+J.&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J.&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.btitle=Caught+Between+Roosevelt+%26+Stalin%3A+America%27s+Ambassadors+to+Moscow&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2023-2&rft.place=Lexington%2C%26nbsp%3BKY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" title="John K. Fairbank">John K. Fairbank</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_C._Twitchett" title="Denis C. Twitchett">Denis Twitchett</a>, eds., <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_China" title="The Cambridge History of China">The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4">978-0-521-24338-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Nationalist+China+during+the+Sino-Japanese+War+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Eastman%2C+Lloyd+E.&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+E.&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.btitle=In+John%26nbsp%3BK.+Fairbank+and+Denis+Twitchett%2C%26nbsp%3Beds.%2C+The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+13%3A+Republican+China+1912%E2%80%931949%2C+Part+2&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24338-4&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Ellman, Michael</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://artukraine.com/old/famineart/SovietCrimes.pdf">"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a> 54 (7): 1151–1172. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0966813022000017177">10.1080/0966813022000017177</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/826310">826310</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Soviet+Repression+Statistics%3A+Some+Comments&rft.au=Ellman%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartukraine.com%2Fold%2Ffamineart%2FSovietCrimes.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0966813022000017177&rft.issue=7&rft.jstor=826310&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.pages=1151-1172&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=54" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/81203576/Soviet-Repression-Statistics-Some-Comments">Copy</a></dd> <dd>———; Maksudov, S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf">"Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a> 46 (4): 671–680. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139408412190">10.1080/09668139408412190</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/152934">152934</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Soviet+Deaths+in+the+Great+Patriotic+War%3A+A+Note&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.au=Maksudov%2C+S.&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FELM-War_Deaths.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139408412190&rft.issue=4&rft.jstor=152934&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.pages=671-680&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=46" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance. London and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9">978-0-415-19540-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Emadi-Coffin%2C+Barbara&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.aulast=Emadi-Coffin&rft.btitle=Rethinking+International+Organization%3A+Deregulation+and+Global+Governance&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19540-9&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (2001). "Moskalenko". In <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Шукман, Гарольд">Harold Shukman</a>, ed., Stalin's Generals (pp. 137–154). London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Phoenix Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7">978-1-84212-513-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Moskalenko&rft.au=Erickson%2C+John&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.btitle=In+Harold+Shukman%2C%26nbsp%3Bed.%2C+Stalin%27s+Generals+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B137%E2%80%93154%29&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-513-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassell_Military_Paperbacks" title="Cassell Military Paperbacks" class="mw-redirect">Cassell Military</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36541-8">978-0-304-36541-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Stalingrad&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36541-8&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (2012) [1997]. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" title="Naval Institute Press" class="mw-redirect">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-244-7">978-1-59114-244-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Evans%2C+David+C.&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark+R.&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-244-7&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War" title="The Third Reich at War" class="mw-redirect">The Third Reich at War</a>. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2">978-0-7139-9742-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Evans%2C+Richard+J.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9742-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" title="John K. Fairbank">Fairbank, John King</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Goldman" title="Merle Goldman" class="mw-redirect">Goldman, Merle</a> (2006) [1994]. China: A New History (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01828-0">978-0-674-01828-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Fairbank%2C+John+King&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Merle&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+History&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01828-0&rft.place=Cambridge%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Farrell, Brian P. (1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" title="Journal of Military History" class="mw-redirect">Journal of Military History</a> 57 (4): 599–625. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2944096">10.2307/2944096</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2944096">2944096</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Prime+Minister%3A+Barbarossa%2C+Whipcord%2C+and+the+Basis+of+British+Grand+Strategy%2C+Autumn+1941&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Brian+P.&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2944096&rft.issue=4&rft.jstor=2944096&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.pages=599-625&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=57" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. Penguin. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6">978-0-14-311239-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Niall&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-Century+Conflict+and+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311239-6&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ferraro, Kathleen J. (2008). "Reviews: Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sociology" title="Contemporary Sociology">Contemporary Sociology</a> 37 (6): 585–586. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F009430610803700640">10.1177/009430610803700640</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20444365">20444365</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+Taken+by+Force%3A+Rape+and+American+GIs+in+Europe+during+WWII+by+J.%26nbsp%3BRobert+Lilly&rft.au=Ferraro%2C+Kathleen+J.&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+J.&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009430610803700640&rft.issue=6&rft.jstor=20444365&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.pages=585-586&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=37" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Fitzgerald, Stephanie (2011). Children of the Holocaust. Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756543907" title="Special:BookSources/9780756543907">9780756543907</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Stephanie&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780756543907&rft.place=Mankato%2C+MN&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Forrest, Glen; Evans, Anthony; Gibbons, David (2012). The Illustrated Timeline of Military History. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448847945" title="Special:BookSources/9781448847945">9781448847945</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Evans%2C+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Forrest%2C+Glen&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+David&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Timeline+of+Military+History&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781448847945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide". In Roger Chickering, Stig Förster and Bernd Greiner, eds., A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (pp. 53–68). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2">978-0-521-83432-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Ultimate+Horror%3A+Reflections+on+Total+War+and+Genocide&rft.au=F%C3%B6rster%2C+Stig&rft.aufirst=Stig&rft.au=Gessler%2C+Myriam&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.btitle=In+Roger+Chickering%2C+Stig+F%C3%B6rster+and+Bernd+Greiner%2C%26nbsp%3Beds.%2C+A+World+at+Total+War%3A+Global+Conflict+and+the+Politics+of+Destruction%2C+1937%E2%80%931945+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B53%E2%80%9368%29&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83432-2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Frei, Norbert (2002). Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11882-8">978-0-231-11882-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft.au=Frei%2C+Norbert&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.btitle=Adenauer%27s+Germany+and+the+Nazi+Past%3A+The+Politics+of+Amnesty+and+Integration&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11882-8&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K., eds. (2004). The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Maritime_Press" title="Conway Maritime Press" class="mw-redirect">Conway Maritime Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-953-9">978-0-85177-953-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=The+Eclipse+of+the+Big+Gun%3A+The+Warship+1906%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-953-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_L._Garthoff" title="Raymond L. Garthoff">Garthoff, Raymond L.</a> (1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945". Military Affairs 33 (2): 312–336. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1983926">10.2307/1983926</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1983926">1983926</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Manchurian+Campaign%2C+August+1945&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rft.au=Garthoff%2C+Raymond+L.&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1983926&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=1983926&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.pages=312-336&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=33" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Garver, John W. (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3">978-0-19-505432-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Garver%2C+John+W.&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.btitle=Chinese-Soviet+Relations%2C+1937%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505432-3&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Glantz" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp">"Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943"</a>. CSI Report No. 11. Combined Arms Research Library. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/278029256">278029256</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Glantz%2C+David+M.&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.btitle=Soviet+Defensive+Tactics+at+Kursk%2C+July+1943&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft_id=%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080306082607%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fglantz2%2Fglantz2.asp&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278029256&rft.pub=Combined+Arms+Research+Library&rft.series=CSI+Report+No.+11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (1989). Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War. Abingdon and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass" class="mw-redirect">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3">978-0-7146-3347-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3347-3&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (1998). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7">978-0-7006-0899-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0899-7&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.archive.org/web/20110617094931/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">the original</a> on 17 June 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Soviet-German+War+1941%E2%80%9345+Myths+and+Realities%3A+A+Survey+Essay&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strom.clemson.edu%2Fpublications%2Fsg-war41-45.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2002). The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6">978-0-7006-1208-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Leningrad%3A+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1208-6&rft.place=Lawrence%2C%26nbsp%3BKS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"</a>. Leavenworth Papers. Combined Arms Research Library. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78918907">78918907</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=August+Storm%3A+The+Soviet+Strategic+Offensive+in+Manchuria&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080302130751%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fglantz3%2Fglantz3.asp&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F78918907&rft.pub=Combined+Arms+Research+Library&rft.series=Leavenworth+Papers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004). World War II: Europe. Minneapolis: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerner_Publishing_Group" title="Lerner Publishing Group">Lerner Publications</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8">978-0-8225-0139-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Margaret+J.&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+Europe&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-0139-8&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(naval_historian)" title="Andrew Gordon (naval historian)">Gordon, Andrew</a> (2004). "The greatest military armada ever launched". In Jane Penrose, ed., The D-Day Companion (pp. 127–144). Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-779-6">978-1-84176-779-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+greatest+military+armada+ever+launched&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Andrew&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.btitle=In+Jane+Penrose%2C+ed.%2C+The+D-Day+Companion+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B127%E2%80%93144%29&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-779-6&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Gordon, Robert S. C. (2012). The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010. Stanford, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6346-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6346-2">978-0-8047-6346-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+C.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Robert+S.+C.&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Italian+Culture%2C+1944%E2%80%932010&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6346-2&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280377-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280377-8">0-19-280377-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Graham%2C+Helen&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-280377-8&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J. R. Hill, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy (pp. 348–380). Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211675-8">978-0-19-211675-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=A+Service+Vindicated%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft.au=Grove%2C+Eric+J.&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.btitle=In+J.+R.+Hill%2C+ed.%2C+The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Royal+Navy+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B348%E2%80%93380%29&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211675-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hane, Mikiso (2001). Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2">978-0-8133-3756-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Mikiso&rft.au=Hane%2C+Mikiso&rft.aulast=Hane&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3756-2&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (1997). Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution". Kent, OH: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" title="Kent State University Press" class="mw-redirect">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9">978-0-87338-558-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Jussi+M.&rft.au=Hanhim%C3%A4ki%2C+Jussi+M.&rft.aulast=Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft.btitle=Containing+Coexistence%3A+America%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+%22Finnish+Solution%22&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-558-9&rft.place=Kent%2C%26nbsp%3BOH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_H._Harris" title="Sheldon H. Harris">Harris, Sheldon H.</a> (2002). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up (2nd ed.). London and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93214-1">978-0-415-93214-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+H.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Sheldon+H.&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.btitle=Factories+of+Death%3A+Japanese+Biological+Warfare%2C+1932%E2%80%931945%2C+and+the+American+Cover-up&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93214-1&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (pp. 1–42). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8">978-0-521-62046-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+World+War+II%3A+an+overview&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Mark&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.btitle=In+Mark+Harrison%2C+ed.%2C+The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+Great+Powers+in+International+Comparison+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%9342%29&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62046-8&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000). The German Soldier in World War II. Osceola, WI: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" title="MBI Publishing Company" class="mw-redirect">MBI Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-073-2">978-1-86227-073-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hart%2C+Russell&rft.au=Hart%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Matthew&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.btitle=The+German+Soldier+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-073-2&rft.place=Osceola%2C+WI&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hatfield, Kenneth K. (2003). Heartland Heroes: Remembering World War II. Columbia, MO: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1460-7">978-0-8262-1460-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+K.&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+Kenneth+K.&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.btitle=Heartland+Heroes%3A+Remembering+World+War+II&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1460-7&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a> 13 (1): 15–32. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947801300102">10.1177/002200947801300102</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260090">260090</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Did+Hitler+Want+a+World+Dominion%3F&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft.au=Hauner%2C+Milan&rft.aulast=Hauner&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947801300102&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=260090&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=15-32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=13" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Healy, Mark (1992). Kursk 1943: The Tide Turns in the East. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0">978-1-85532-211-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Healy%2C+Mark&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+The+Tide+Turns+in+the+East&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-211-0&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea. Mechanicsburg, PA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4">978-0-8117-3398-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Chester+G.&rft.au=Hearn%2C+Chester+G.&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.btitle=Carriers+in+Combat%3A+The+Air+War+at+Sea&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3398-4&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hedgepeth, Sonja; Saidel, Rochelle (2010). Sexual Violence against Jewish Women During the Holocaust. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584659044" title="Special:BookSources/9781584659044">9781584659044</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft.au=Hedgepeth%2C+Sonja&rft.aulast=Hedgepeth&rft.au=Saidel%2C+Rochelle&rft.btitle=Sexual+Violence+against+Jewish+Women+During+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781584659044&rft.place=Lebanon%2C+NH&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hempel, Andrew (2005). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books" title="Hippocrene Books">Hippocrene Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1004-3">978-0-7818-1004-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hempel%2C+Andrew&rft.aulast=Hempel&rft.btitle=Poland+in+World+War+II%3A+An+Illustrated+Military+History&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1004-3&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Herbert" title="Ulrich Herbert">Herbert, Ulrich</a> (1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew, ed., Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945 (pp. 219–273). London and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08239-6">978-0-415-08239-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Labor+as+spoils+of+conquest%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Herbert%2C+Ulrich&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.btitle=In+David+F.+Crew%2C+ed.%2C+Nazism+and+German+Society%2C+1933%E2%80%931945+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B219%E2%80%93273%29&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08239-6&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey</a> (2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_(journal)" title="Kritika (journal)">Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</a> 4 (4): 913–930. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2003.0059">10.1353/kri.2003.0059</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Extermination+Camps+and+the+Ally+to+the+East.+Could+the+Red+Army+and+Air+Force+Have+Stopped+or+Slowed+the+Final+Solution%3F&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Herf%2C+Jeffrey&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2003.0059&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.pages=913-930&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944. London & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass" class="mw-redirect">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0">978-0-7146-5711-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hill%2C+Alexander&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.btitle=The+War+Behind+The+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Soviet+Partisan+Movement+In+North-West+Russia+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5711-0&rft.place=London+%26+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Holland, James (2008). Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperPress" title="HarperPress" class="mw-redirect">HarperPress</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717645-8">978-0-00-717645-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Holland%2C+James&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+Sorrow%3A+A+Year+of+War+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-00-717645-8&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006). Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5">978-0-674-02178-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft.au=Hosking%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.btitle=Rulers+and+Victims%3A+The+Russians+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02178-5&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Howard, Joshua H. (2004). Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953. Stanford, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4896-4">978-0-8047-4896-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Joshua+H.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Joshua+H.&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.btitle=Workers+at+War%3A+Labor+in+China%27s+Arsenals%2C+1937%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4896-4&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971). History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed. Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Chang%2C+Ming-kai&rft.aufirst=Long-hsuen&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Long-hsuen&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Sino-Japanese+War+%281937%E2%80%931945%29+2nd+Ed.&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Chung+Wu+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ingram, Norman (2006). "Pacifism". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kritzman" title="Lawrence Kritzman">Lawrence D. Kritzman</a> and Brian J. Reilly, eds., The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought (pp. 76–78). New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10791-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10791-4">978-0-231-10791-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Ingram%2C+Norman&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.btitle=In+Lawrence%26nbsp%3BD.+Kritzman+and+Brian%26nbsp%3BJ.+Reilly%2C%26nbsp%3Beds.%2C+The+Columbia+History+Of+Twentieth-Century+French+Thought+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B76%E2%80%9378%29&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10791-4&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Iriye, Akira</a> (1981). Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69580-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69580-1">978-0-674-69580-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft.au=Iriye%2C+Akira&rft.aulast=Iriye&rft.btitle=Power+and+Culture%3A+The+Japanese-American+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-69580-1&rft.place=Cambridge%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Ashley</a> (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambledon_Continuum" title="Hambledon Continuum" class="mw-redirect">Hambledon Continuum</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1">978-1-85285-417-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Ashley&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-417-1&rft.place=London+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Joes, Anthony James (2004). Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency. Lexington, KE: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2339-4">978-0-8131-2339-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rft.au=Joes%2C+Anthony+James&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.btitle=Resisting+Rebellion%3A+The+History+And+Politics+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2339-4&rft.place=Lexington%2C%26nbsp%3BKE&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Jowett, Philip S. (2001). The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume 2: Africa 1940–43. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-865-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-865-5">978-1-85532-865-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft.au=Jowett%2C+Philip+S.&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%9345%2C+Volume%26nbsp%3B2%3A+Africa+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-865-5&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>———; Andrew, Stephen (2002). The Japanese Army, 1931–45. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8">978-1-84176-353-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Stephen&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Army%2C+1931%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-353-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt, Tony</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2012). Thinking the Twentieth Century: Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heinemann" title="William Heinemann">William Heinemann</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-01742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-01742-3">978-0-434-01742-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Judt%2C+Tony&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Timothy&rft.btitle=Thinking+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Intellectuals+and+Politics+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-434-01742-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Jukes, Geoffrey (2001). "Kuznetzov". In <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Шукман, Гарольд">Harold Shukman</a>, ed., Stalin's Generals (pp. 109–116). London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Phoenix Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7">978-1-84212-513-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Kuznetzov&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Jukes%2C+Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.btitle=In+Harold+Shukman%2C%26nbsp%3Bed.%2C+Stalin%27s+Generals+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B109%E2%80%93116%29&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-513-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999). The Rage of Nations. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2">978-0-8028-4455-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft.au=Kantowicz%2C+Edward+R.&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.btitle=The+Rage+of+Nations&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4455-2&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C%26nbsp%3BMI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2000). Coming Apart, Coming Together. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9">978-0-8028-4456-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=Coming+Apart%2C+Coming+Together&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4456-9&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C%26nbsp%3BMI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Keeble" title="Curtis Keeble">Keeble, Curtis</a> (1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda and Peter J. Duncan, eds., Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s. Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1">978-0-521-37494-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+historical+perspective&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft.au=Keeble%2C+Curtis&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.btitle=In+Alex+Pravda+and+Peter+J.+Duncan%2C%26nbsp%3Beds.%2C+Soviet-British+Relations+Since+the+1970s&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37494-1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1997). The Second World War. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Pimlico</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7348-8">978-0-7126-7348-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Keegan%2C+John&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7348-8&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Kelly, Nigel; Rees, Rosemary; Shuter, Jane (1998). Twentieth Century World. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30983-1">978-0-435-30983-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Nigel&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.au=Rees%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Shuter%2C+Jane&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+World&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-435-30983-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, David M.</a> (2001). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Fear:_The_American_People_in_Depression_and_War,_1929%E2%80%931945" title="Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945" class="mw-redirect">Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514403-1">978-0-19-514403-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+David+M.&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514403-1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943–56. Manchester: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0">978-0-7190-4201-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Kennedy-Pipe%2C+Caroline&rft.aulast=Kennedy-Pipe&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Cold+War%3A+Soviet+Strategies+in+Europe%2C+1943%E2%80%9356&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4201-0&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2001). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7">978-0-393-04994-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04994-7&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2007). Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9712-5">978-0-7139-9712-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=Fateful+Choices%3A+Ten+Decisions+That+Changed+the+World%2C+1940%E2%80%931941&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9712-5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Kitson, Alison (2001). Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913417-5">978-0-19-913417-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Kitson%2C+Alison&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.btitle=Germany+1858%E2%80%931990%3A+Hope%2C+Terror%2C+and+Revival&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-913417-5&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market". Journal of Managerial Issues 9 (1): 13–361. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604127">40604127</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Understanding+Competitive+Interactions%3A+The+U.S.+Commercial+Aircraft+Market&rft.au=Di+Benedetto%2C+C.+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Klavans%2C+Richard+A.&rft.aulast=Klavans&rft.au=Prudom%2C+Melanie+J.&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=40604127&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Managerial+Issues&rft.pages=13-361&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=9" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin". Military Affairs 47 (3): 122–128. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1988082">10.2307/1988082</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1988082">1988082</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Strike+for+Tikhvin&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft.au=Kleinfeld%2C+Gerald+R.&rft.aulast=Kleinfeld&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1988082&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=1988082&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.pages=122-128&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=47" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Koch, H. W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a> 26 (4): 891–920. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639289">2639289</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+%27Programme%27+and+the+Genesis+of+Operation+%27Barbarossa%27&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Koch%2C+H.+W.&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jstor=2639289&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.pages=891-920&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=26" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Kolko, Gabriel</a> (1990) [1968]. The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72757-6">978-0-679-72757-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Kolko%2C+Gabriel&rft.aulast=Kolko&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+War%3A+The+World+and+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72757-6&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Laurier, Jim (2001). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-092-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-092-6">978-1-84176-092-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Laurier&rft.au=Laurier%2C+Jim&rft.btitle=Tobruk+1941%3A+Rommel%27s+Opening+Move&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-092-6&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lee, En-han (2002). "The Nanking Massacre Reassessed: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Controversy over the Factual Number of Massacred Victims". In Robert Sabella, Fei Fei Li and David Liu, eds., Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing (pp. 47–74). Armonk, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0816-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0816-1">978-0-7656-0816-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Nanking+Massacre+Reassessed%3A+A+Study+of+the+Sino-Japanese+Controversy+over+the+Factual+Number+of+Massacred+Victims&rft.aufirst=En-han&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.au=Lee%2C+En-han&rft.btitle=In+Robert+Sabella%2C+Fei+Fei+Li+and+David+Liu%2C+eds.%2C+Nanking+1937%3A+Memory+and+Healing+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B47%E2%80%9374%29&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0816-1&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Leffler, Melvyn P.</a>; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Westad, Odd Arne</a>, eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Cold War (3 volumes). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83938-9">978-0-521-83938-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War+%283+volumes%29&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83938-9&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Levine, Alan J. (1992). The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945. Westport, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger" title="Praeger" class="mw-redirect">Praeger</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6">978-0-275-94319-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.au=Levine%2C+Alan+J.&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Bombing+of+Germany%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94319-6&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lewis, Morton (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm">"Japanese Plans and American Defenses"</a>. In Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">The Fall of the Philippines</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Government_Printing_Office" title="US Government Printing Office" class="mw-redirect">US Government Printing Office</a>. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 53-63678.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Japanese+Plans+and+American+Defenses&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Morton&rft.btitle=In+Kent+Roberts+Greenfield%2C+ed.%2C+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm+The+Fall+of+the+Philippines%5D&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_29.htm&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Liberman, Peter (1996). Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Pressisbn</a>=978-0-691-02986-3.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.au=Liberman%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Does+Conquest+Pay%3F%3A+The+Exploitation+of+Occupied+Industrial+Societies&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Pressisbn%3D978-0-691-02986-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lightbody, Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. London & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22404-8">978-0-415-22404-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft.aulast=Lightbody&rft.au=Lightbody%2C+Bradley&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Ambitions+to+Nemesis&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22404-8&rft.place=London+%26+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lilly, J. Robert (2007). Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50647-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50647-3">978-0-230-50647-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft.aulast=Lilly&rft.au=Lilly%2C+J.+Robert&rft.btitle=Taken+by+Force%3A+Rape+and+American+GIs+in+Europe+during+World+War+II&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-230-50647-3&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lindberg, Michael; Todd, Daniel (2001). Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present. Westport, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger" title="Praeger" class="mw-redirect">Praeger</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96486-3">978-0-275-96486-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Michael&rft.au=Todd%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=Brown-%2C+Green-+and+Blue-Water+Fleets%3A+the+Influence+of+Geography+on+Naval+Warfare%2C+1861+to+the+Present&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96486-3&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lowe, C. J.; Marzari, F. (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26681-9">978-0-415-26681-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=C.%26nbsp%3BJ.&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.au=Lowe%2C+C.%26nbsp%3BJ.&rft.au=Marzari%2C+F.&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26681-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-671-3">978-1-84176-671-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Civil+War+1945%E2%80%9349&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-671-3&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Macksey" title="Kenneth Macksey">Macksey, Kenneth</a> (1997) [1979]. Rommel: Battles and Campaigns. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80786-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80786-2">978-0-306-80786-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.au=Macksey%2C+Kenneth&rft.btitle=Rommel%3A+Battles+and+Campaigns&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80786-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Maddox, Robert James (1992). The United States and World War II. Boulder, CO: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0437-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0437-3">978-0-8133-0437-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.au=Maddox%2C+Robert+James&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+World+War+II&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0437-3&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Maingot, Anthony P. (1994). The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship. Boulder, CO: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2241-4">978-0-8133-2241-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft.aulast=Maingot&rft.au=Maingot%2C+Anthony+P.&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Caribbean%3A+Challenges+of+an+Asymmetrical+Relationship&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2241-4&rft.place=Boulder%2C%26nbsp%3BCO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Mandelbaum, Michael (1988). The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 96. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35790-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35790-X">0-521-35790-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Mandelbaum&rft.au=Mandelbaum%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Nations%3A+The+Search+for+National+Security+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-35790-X&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-882-3">978-1-84176-882-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.au=Marston%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War+Companion%3A+From+Pearl+Harbor+to+Hiroshima&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-882-3&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Masaya, Shiraishi (1990). Japanese Relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program" title="Cornell Southeast Asia Program">SEAP Publications</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-122-2">978-0-87727-122-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Shiraishi&rft.aulast=Masaya&rft.au=Masaya%2C+Shiraishi&rft.btitle=Japanese+Relations+with+Vietnam%2C+1951%E2%80%931987&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-122-2&rft.place=Ithaca%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_May_(historian)" title="Ernest May (historian)">May, Ernest R.</a> (1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a> 24 (2): 153–174. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3634575">10.2307/3634575</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3634575">3634575</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+United+States%2C+the+Soviet+Union%2C+and+the+Far+Eastern+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rft.aulast=May&rft.au=May%2C+Ernest+R.&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3634575&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=3634575&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.pages=153-174&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=24" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (2008). Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2">978-1-59420-188-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.au=Mazower%2C+Mark&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Empire%3A+Nazi+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-188-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Milner" title="Marc Milner">Milner, Marc</a> (1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In John Gooch, ed., Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War (pp. 45–66). Abingdon: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass" class="mw-redirect">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3369-5">978-0-7146-3369-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.au=Milner%2C+Marc&rft.btitle=In+John+Gooch%2C+ed.%2C+Decisive+Campaigns+of+the+Second+World+War+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B45%E2%80%9366%29&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3369-5&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Milward, A. S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a> 16 (3): 499–518. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2592851">10.2307/2592851</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2592851">2592851</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Blitzkrieg&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.au=Milward%2C+A.+S.&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2592851&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=2592851&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.pages=499-518&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (1992) [1977]. War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> Press. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1">978-0-520-03942-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=War%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03942-1&rft.place=Berkeley%2C%26nbsp%3BCA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Minford" title="Patrick Minford">Minford, Patrick</a> (1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Rudiger Dornbusch</a>, Wilhelm Nölling and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Layard,_Baron_Layard" title="Richard Layard, Baron Layard">Richard Layard</a>, eds., Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today (pp. 115–138). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2">978-0-262-04136-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+and+the+UK+Postwar+Welfare+State%3A+False+Start+and+New+Beginning&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.aulast=Minford&rft.au=Minford%2C+Patrick&rft.btitle=In+Rudiger+Dornbusch%2C+Wilhelm+N%C3%B6lling+and+Richard+Layard%2C+eds.%2C+Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B115%E2%80%93138%29&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P. (2007). United Nations in the Twenty-First Century (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4346-4">978-0-8133-4346-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Karen+A.&rft.au=Karns%2C+Margaret+P.&rft.aulast=Mingst&rft.au=Mingst%2C+Karen+A.&rft.btitle=United+Nations+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4346-4&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007). From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86244-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86244-8">978-0-521-86244-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Wilson+D.&rft.aulast=Miscamble&rft.au=Miscamble%2C+Wilson+D.&rft.btitle=From+Roosevelt+to+Truman%3A+Potsdam%2C+Hiroshima%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86244-8&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007) [1982]. Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps. Mechanicsburg, PA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3413-4">978-0-8117-3413-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.au=Mitcham%2C+Samuel+W.&rft.btitle=Rommel%27s+Desert+War%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Afrika+Korps&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3413-4&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-006-2">978-1-84603-006-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.aulast=Molinari&rft.au=Molinari%2C+Andrea&rft.btitle=Desert+Raiders%3A+Axis+and+Allied+Special+Forces+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-006-2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (2002). <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>, Volume 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1945. Champaign, IL: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07065-5">978-0-252-07065-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.au=Morison%2C+Samuel+Eliot&rft.btitle=History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II%2C+Volume%26nbsp%3B14%3A+Victory+in+the+Pacific%2C+1945&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07065-5&rft.place=Champaign%2C%26nbsp%3BIL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_Murray" title="Williamson Murray">Murray, Williamson</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/">Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base" title="Maxwell Air Force Base">Maxwell Air Force Base</a>, AL: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_University_Press" title="Air University Press">Air University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-9235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-9235-5">978-1-4294-9235-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&rft.btitle=Strategy+for+Defeat%3A+The+Luftwaffe%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FAAF-Luftwaffe%2F&rft.isbn=978-1-4294-9235-5&rft.place=Maxwell+Air+Force+Base%2C+AL&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>———; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5">978-0-674-00680-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.au=Millett%2C+Allan+Reed&rft.btitle=A+War+to+Be+Won%3A+Fighting+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00680-5&rft.place=Cambridge%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987). The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10222-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10222-1">978-0-691-10222-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.au=Myers%2C+Ramon&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Colonial+Empire%2C+1895%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10222-1&rft.place=Princeton%2C%26nbsp%3BNJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a> (2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a>, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume I: Origins (pp. 175–197). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4">978-0-521-83719-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Sovietization+of+Eastern+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931953&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.au=Naimark%2C+Norman&rft.btitle=In+Melvyn%26nbsp%3BP.+Leffler+and+Odd+Arne+Westad%2C%26nbsp%3Beds.%2C+The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+Volume%26nbsp%3BI%3A+Origins+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B175%E2%80%93197%29&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83719-4&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Neary, Ian (1992). "Japan". In Martin Harrop, ed., Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies (pp. 49–70). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8">978-0-521-34579-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Neary&rft.au=Neary%2C+Ian&rft.btitle=In+Martin+Harrop%2C+ed.%2C+Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B49%E2%80%9370%29&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34579-8&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, Robin</a> (2005). The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition. Bloomington, IN: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34781-7">978-0-253-34781-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.au=Neillands%2C+Robin&rft.btitle=The+Dieppe+Raid%3A+The+Story+of+the+Disastrous+1942+Expedition&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34781-7&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Newton, Steven H. (2004). Retreat from Leningrad: Army Group North, 1944/1945. Atglen, PA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing" title="Schiffer Publishing">Schiffer Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-806-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-806-9">978-0-88740-806-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.au=Newton%2C+Steven+H.&rft.btitle=Retreat+from+Leningrad%3A+Army+Group+North%2C+1944%2F1945&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-88740-806-9&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA&rft.pub=Schiffer+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0">978-0-231-11200-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis&rft.au=Niewyk%2C+Donald+L.&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11200-0&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>O'Hara, Vincent (2004). The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591146513" title="Special:BookSources/9781591146513">9781591146513</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Vincent&rft.btitle=The+German+Fleet+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781591146513&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press" title="Clarendon Press" class="mw-redirect">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5">978-0-19-820290-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=War+and+Economy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820290-5&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4">978-0-393-02030-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02030-4&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>———; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999). The Road to War (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7">978-0-14-028530-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Andrew&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028530-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lanham, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Books" title="Lexington Books" class="mw-redirect">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7">978-0-7391-0195-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+Charles+T.&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Battles%3A+Italy%27s+War+of+Liberation%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0195-7&rft.place=Lanham%2C%26nbsp%3BMD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">Painter, David S.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/24.full.pdf">"Oil and the American Century"</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a> 99 (1): 24–39. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas073">10.1093/jahist/jas073</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Oil+and+the+American+Century&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.au=Painter%2C+David+S.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjah.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F99%2F1%2F24.full.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas073&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.pages=24-39&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=99" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Padfield, Peter (1998). War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24945-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24945-0">978-0-471-24945-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.au=Padfield%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=War+Beneath+the+Sea%3A+Submarine+Conflict+During+World+War+II&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24945-0&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Pape, Robert A.</a> (1993). "Why Japan Surrendered". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security" title="International Security">International Security</a> 18 (2): 154–201. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2539100">10.2307/2539100</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539100">2539100</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Why+Japan+Surrendered&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.au=Pape%2C+Robert+A.&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539100&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=2539100&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.pages=154-201&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Parker, Danny S. (2004). Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 (New ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7">978-0-306-81391-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.au=Parker%2C+Danny+S.&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Ardennes+Offensive%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=New&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81391-7&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. New Haven, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4">978-0-300-12282-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.au=Payne%2C+Stanley+G.&rft.btitle=Franco+and+Hitler%3A+Spain%2C+Germany%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12282-4&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Perez, Louis G. (1998). The History of Japan. Westport, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30296-1">978-0-313-30296-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Louis+G.&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.au=Perez%2C+Louis+G.&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Japan&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30296-1&rft.place=Westport%2C%26nbsp%3BCT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Petrov, Vladimir (1967). Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1">978-0-8018-0530-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.au=Petrov%2C+Vladimir&rft.btitle=Money+and+Conquest%3A+Allied+Occupation+Currencies+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-0530-1&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Polley, Martin (2000). An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789. London and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18597-4">978-0-415-18597-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Polley&rft.au=Polley%2C+Martin&rft.btitle=An+A%E2%80%93Z+of+Modern+Europe+Since+1789&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18597-4&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Portelli" title="Alessandro Portelli">Portelli, Alessandro</a> (2003). The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome. Basingstoke & New York, NY<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>978-1403980083.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.aulast=Portelli&rft.au=Portelli%2C+Alessandro&rft.btitle=The+Order+Has+Been+Carried+Out%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Meaning+of+a+Nazi+Massacre+in+Rome&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Basingstoke+%26+New+York%2C+NYPalgrave+Macmillan978-1403980083&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Preston, P. W. (1998). Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction. Oxford & Malden, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishers</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7">978-0-631-20238-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=P.%26nbsp%3BW.&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.au=Preston%2C+P.%26nbsp%3BW.&rft.btitle=Pacific+Asia+in+the+Global+System%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20238-7&rft.place=Oxford%26nbsp%3B%26+Malden%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Prins, Gwyn (2002). The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century. London & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36960-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36960-2">978-0-415-36960-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft.aulast=Prins&rft.au=Prins%2C+Gwyn&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+War%3A+On+Power%2C+Conflict+and+Obligation+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36960-2&rft.place=London+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Radtke, K. W. (1997). "'Strategic' concepts underlying the so-called Hirota foreign policy, 1933–7". In Aiko Ikeo, ed., Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context (pp. 100–120). London and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14900-6">978-0-415-14900-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=%27Strategic%27+concepts+underlying+the+so-called+Hirota+foreign+policy%2C+1933%E2%80%937&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft.aulast=Radtke&rft.au=Radtke%2C+K.+W.&rft.btitle=In+Aiko+Ikeo%2C+ed.%2C+Economic+Development+in+Twentieth+Century+East+Asia%3A+The+International+Context+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B100%E2%80%93120%29&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14900-6&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Rahn" title="Werner Rahn">Rahn, Werner</a> (2001). "The War in the Pacific". In Horst Boog, Werner Rahn, Reinhard Stumpf and Bernd Wegner, eds., Germany and the Second World War, Volume VI: The Global War (pp. 191–298). Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press" title="Clarendon Press" class="mw-redirect">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822888-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822888-2">978-0-19-822888-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.aulast=Rahn&rft.au=Rahn%2C+Werner&rft.btitle=In+Horst+Boog%2C+Werner+Rahn%2C+Reinhard+Stumpf+and+Bernd+Wegner%2C+eds.%2C+Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Global+War+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B191%E2%80%93298%29&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822888-2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ratcliff, R. A. (2006). Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85522-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85522-8">978-0-521-85522-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.aulast=Ratcliff&rft.au=Ratcliff%2C+R.+A.&rft.btitle=Delusions+of+Intelligence%3A+Enigma%2C+Ultra%2C+and+the+End+of+Secure+Ciphers&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85522-8&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04800-1">978-0-393-04800-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Read&rft.au=Read%2C+Anthony&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Disciples%3A+Hitler%27s+Inner+Circle&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04800-1&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (2002) [1992]. The Fall Of Berlin. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico_(publishing_imprint)" title="Pimlico (publishing imprint)" class="mw-redirect">Pimlico</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0695-0">978-0-7126-0695-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Fisher%2C+David&rft.aulast=Read&rft.au=Read%2C+Anthony&rft.btitle=The+Fall+Of+Berlin&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-0695-0&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Record, Jeffery (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB622.pdf">Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s</a> (PDF). DIANE Publishing. p. 50. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58487-216-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58487-216-0">1-58487-216-0</a>. Retrieved 15 November 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rft.aulast=Record&rft.au=Record%2C+Jeffery&rft.btitle=Appeasement+Reconsidered%3A+Investigating+the+Mythology+of+the+1930s&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpdffiles%2FPUB622.pdf&rft.isbn=1-58487-216-0&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Rees, Laurence</a> (2008). World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Books" title="BBC Books">BBC Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49335-8">978-0-563-49335-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.au=Rees%2C+Laurence&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Behind+Closed+Doors%3A+Stalin%2C+the+Nazis+and+the+West&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-563-49335-8&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Regan, Geoffrey (2004). The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders. Brassey's. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-252-0">978-1-57488-252-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.au=Regan%2C+Geoffrey&rft.btitle=The+Brassey%27s+Book+of+Military+Blunders&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-252-0&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Reinhardt" title="Klaus Reinhardt">Reinhardt, Klaus</a> (1992). Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_Publishers" title="Berg Publishers">Berg</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-695-0">978-0-85496-695-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.au=Reinhardt%2C+Klaus&rft.btitle=Moscow+%E2%80%93+The+Turning+Point%3A+The+Failure+of+Hitler%27s+Strategy+in+the+Winter+of+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85496-695-0&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reynolds_(English_historian)" title="David Reynolds (English historian)">Reynolds, David</a> (2006). From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928411-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928411-5">978-0-19-928411-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+David&rft.btitle=From+World+War+to+Cold+War%3A+Churchill%2C+Roosevelt%2C+and+the+International+History+of+the+1940s&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928411-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Rich, Norman (1992) [1973]. Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9">978-0-393-00802-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.au=Rich%2C+Norman&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War+Aims%2C+Volume+I%3A+Ideology%2C+the+Nazi+State%2C+and+the+Course+of+Expansion&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00802-9&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ritchie, Ella (1992). "France". In Martin Harrop, ed., Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies (pp. 23–48). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8">978-0-521-34579-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=France&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Ella&rft.btitle=In+Martin+Harrop%2C+ed.%2C+Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B23%E2%80%9348%29&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34579-8&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Roberts, Cynthia A. (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a> 47 (8): 1293–1326. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139508412322">10.1080/09668139508412322</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/153299">153299</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Planning+for+War%3A+The+Red+Army+and+the+Catastrophe+of+1941&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+A.&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Cynthia+A.&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139508412322&rft.issue=8&rft.jstor=153299&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.pages=1293-1326&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=47" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7">978-0-300-11204-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Geoffrey&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.place=New+Haven%2C%26nbsp%3BCT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" title="John Roberts (historian)">Roberts, J. M.</a> (1997). The Penguin History of Europe. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026561-3">978-0-14-026561-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.+M.&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Europe&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026561-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ropp" title="Theodore Ropp">Ropp, Theodore</a> (2000). War in the Modern World (Revised ed.). Baltimore, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6445-2">978-0-8018-6445-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.au=Ropp%2C+Theodore&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Modern+World&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=Revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6445-2&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Roskill, S. W. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html">The War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive</a>. History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO" title="HMSO" class="mw-redirect">HMSO</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.aulast=Roskill&rft.au=Roskill%2C+S.+W.&rft.btitle=The+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Defensive&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RN-I%2Findex.html&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War.+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ross, Steven T. (1997). American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle. Abingdon and New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3">978-0-7146-4634-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.au=Ross%2C+Steven+T.&rft.btitle=American+War+Plans%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Test+of+Battle&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4634-3&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study. Westport, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press" title="Greenwood Press" class="mw-redirect">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0">978-0-313-31395-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.au=Rottman%2C+Gordon+L.&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-Military+Study&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Rotundo, Louis (1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign". Military Affairs 50 (1): 21–8. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1988530">10.2307/1988530</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1988530">1988530</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Soviet+Reserves+and+the+1941+Campaign&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.aulast=Rotundo&rft.au=Rotundo%2C+Louis&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1988530&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=1988530&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.pages=21-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=50" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-049-5">978-1-58097-049-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Gene+Eric&rft.aulast=Salecker&rft.au=Salecker%2C+Gene+Eric&rft.btitle=Fortress+Against+the+Sun%3A+The+B-17+Flying+Fortress+in+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58097-049-5&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Combined+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Schain, Martin A., ed. (2001). The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92983-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92983-4">978-0-333-92983-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.btitle=The+Marshall+Plan+Fifty+Years+Later&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-333-92983-4&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Schmitz, David F. (2000). Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man. Lanham, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2632-1">978-0-8420-2632-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+David+F.&rft.btitle=Henry+L.+Stimson%3A+The+First+Wise+Man&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2632-1&rft.place=Lanham%2C%26nbsp%3BMD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Schofield, B. B. (1981). "The Defeat of the U-Boats during World War II". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a> 16 (1): 119–129. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948101600107">10.1177/002200948101600107</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260619">260619</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Defeat+of+the+U-Boats+during+World+War+II&rft.aufirst=B.+B.&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.au=Schofield%2C+B.+B.&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948101600107&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=260619&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=119-129&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnon_Sella" title="Amnon Sella">Sella, Amnon</a> (1978). ""Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a> 13 (3): 555–583. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947801300308">10.1177/002200947801300308</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260209">260209</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=%22Barbarossa%22%3A+Surprise+Attack+and+Communication&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft.aulast=Sella&rft.au=Sella%2C+Amnon&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947801300308&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=260209&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=555-583&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=13" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a> 18 (4): 651–687. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260307">260307</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Khalkhin-Gol%3A+The+Forgotten+War&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jstor=260307&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=651-687&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Senn" title="Alfred E. Senn">Senn, Alfred Erich</a> (2007). Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above. Amsterdam & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6">978-90-420-2225-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Erich&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.au=Senn%2C+Alfred+Erich&rft.btitle=Lithuania+1940%3A+Revolution+from+Above&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2225-6&rft.place=Amsterdam+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Shaw, Anthony (2000). World War II: Day by Day. Osceola, WI: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" title="MBI Publishing Company" class="mw-redirect">MBI Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1">978-0-7603-0939-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Anthony&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+Day+by+Day&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0939-1&rft.place=Osceola%2C%26nbsp%3BWI&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" title="Journal of Military History" class="mw-redirect">Journal of Military History</a> 62 (1): 135–154. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F120398">10.2307/120398</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/120398">120398</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Berlin+and+the+Rise+of+a+Myth&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.aulast=Shepardson&rft.au=Shepardson%2C+Donald+E.&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F120398&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=120398&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.pages=135-154&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=62" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990) [1960]. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7">0-671-72868-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.au=Shirer%2C+William+L.&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-671-72868-7&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Shore, Zachary (2003). What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy. New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518261-3">978-0-19-518261-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft.aulast=Shore&rft.au=Shore%2C+Zachary&rft.btitle=What+Hitler+Knew%3A+The+Battle+for+Information+in+Nazi+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518261-3&rft.place=New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Slim, William (1956). Defeat into Victory. London: Cassell. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29114-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-29114-5">0-304-29114-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Slim&rft.au=Slim%2C+William&rft.btitle=Defeat+into+Victory&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-304-29114-5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Smith, Alan (1993). Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08924-1">978-0-415-08924-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alan&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+World+Economy%3A+Problems+of+Integration&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08924-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._W._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. W. Smith (page does not exist)">Smith, J.W.</a> (1994). The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment. Institute for Economic Democracy. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9624423-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9624423-2-1">0-9624423-2-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.W.&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Wasted+Wealth+2%3A+Save+Our+Wealth%2C+Save+Our+Environment&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-9624423-2-1&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economic+Democracy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Smith, Peter C. (2002) [1970]. Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta (5th ed.). Manchester: Goodall. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907579-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907579-19-9">978-0-907579-19-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+Peter+C.&rft.btitle=Pedestal%3A+The+Convoy+That+Saved+Malta&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-907579-19-9&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Goodall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Smith, David J.; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28580-3">978-0-415-28580-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=David%26nbsp%3BJ.&rft.au=Lane%2C+Thomas&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Pabriks%2C+Artis&rft.au=Purs%2C+Aldis&rft.au=Smith%2C+David%26nbsp%3BJ.&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia+and+Lithuania&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28580-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004). All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3. Last Gasp. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86719-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86719-616-0">978-0-86719-616-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+Winston&rft.au=Steadman%2C+Ralph&rft.btitle=All+Riot+on+the+Western+Front%2C+Volume+3&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86719-616-0&rft.pub=Last+Gasp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08141-2">978-0-224-08141-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Timothy&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-224-08141-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Sommerville, Donald (2008). The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements. Leicester: Lorenz Books. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-1898-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-1898-4">978-0-7548-1898-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.au=Sommerville%2C+Donald&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+History+of+World+War+Two%3A+An+Authoritative+Account+of+the+Deadliest+Conflict+in+Human+History+with+Analysis+of+Decisive+Encounters+and+Landmark+Engagements&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7548-1898-4&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Spring, D. W. (1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Studies" title="Soviet Studies" class="mw-redirect">Soviet Studies</a> 38 (2): 207–226. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138608411636">10.1080/09668138608411636</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/151203">151203</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Decision+for+War+against+Finland%2C+30+November+1939&rft.aufirst=D.%26nbsp%3BW.&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.au=Spring%2C+D.%26nbsp%3BW.&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138608411636&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=151203&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.pages=207-226&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=38" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Steinberg" title="Jonathan Steinberg">Steinberg, Jonathan</a> (1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a> 110 (437): 620–651. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcx.437.620">10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/578338">578338</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Third+Reich+Reflected%3A+German+Civil+Administration+in+the+Occupied+Soviet+Union%2C+1941%E2%80%934&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Jonathan&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcx.437.620&rft.issue=437&rft.jstor=578338&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.pages=620-651&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=110" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Steury, Donald P. (1987). "Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a> 22 (2): 209–233. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948702200202">10.1177/002200948702200202</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260931">260931</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Naval+Intelligence%2C+the+Atlantic+Campaign+and+the+Sinking+of+the+Bismarck%3A+A+Study+in+the+Integration+of+Intelligence+into+the+Conduct+of+Naval+Warfare&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rft.aulast=Steury&rft.au=Steury%2C+Donald+P.&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948702200202&rft.issue=2&rft.jstor=260931&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=209-233&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=22" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Stueck, William (2010). "The Korean War". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a> and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a>, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume I: Origins (pp. 266–287). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4">978-0-521-83719-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Stueck&rft.au=Stueck%2C+William&rft.btitle=In+Melvyn+P.+Leffler+and+Odd+Arne+Westad%2C+eds.%2C+The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+Volume%26nbsp%3BI%3A+Origins+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B266%E2%80%93287%29&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83719-4&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Sumner, Ian; Baker, Alix (2001). The Royal Navy 1939–45. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-195-4">978-1-84176-195-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Baker%2C+Alix&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.au=Sumner%2C+Ian&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-195-4&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Swain, Bruce (2001). A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45. Crows Nest: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-352-0">978-1-86508-352-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.au=Swain%2C+Bruce&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+Australian+Armed+Forces+at+War+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-86508-352-0&rft.place=Crows+Nest&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Swain, Geoffrey (1992). "The Cominform: Tito's International?". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a> 35 (3): 641–663. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00026017">10.1017/S0018246X00026017</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Cominform%3A+Tito%27s+International%3F&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.au=Swain%2C+Geoffrey&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00026017&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.pages=641-663&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=35" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Tanaka, Yuki (1996). Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. Boulder, CO: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2717-4">978-0-8133-2717-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Yuki&rft.btitle=Hidden+Horrors%3A+Japanese+War+Crimes+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (1979). How Wars Begin. London: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10017-2">978-0-241-10017-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=How+Wars+Begin&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-241-10017-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2">978-0-674-03338-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Jay&rft.btitle=The+Generalissimo%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+the+Struggle+for+Modern+China&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03338-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C%26nbsp%3BMA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8">978-1-85532-640-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Nigel&rft.btitle=German+Army+1939%E2%80%931945+%282%29%3A+North+Africa+%26+Balkans&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-640-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Thompson, John Herd; <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Randall_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Randall (political scientist)">Randall, Stephen J.</a> (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies (4th ed.). Athens, GA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3113-3">978-0-8203-3113-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=John+Herd&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.au=Randall%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+John+Herd&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+Ambivalent+Allies&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg" title="Marc Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Marc</a> (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6">978-0-691-00273-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.au=Trachtenberg%2C+Marc&rft.btitle=A+Constructed+Peace%3A+The+Making+of+the+European+Settlement%2C+1945%E2%80%931963&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00273-6&rft.place=Princeton%2C%26nbsp%3BNJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-999-6">1-57607-999-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer+C.&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57607-999-6&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla, ed., Germany and the Second World War, Volume 2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe (pp. 227–326). Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822885-1">978-0-19-822885-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Hegemony+in+Western+Europe&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Umbreit&rft.au=Umbreit%2C+Hans&rft.btitle=In+P.%26nbsp%3BS.+Falla%2C%26nbsp%3Bed.%2C+Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume%26nbsp%3B2%3A+Germany%27s+Initial+Conquests+in+Europe+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B227%E2%80%93326%29&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822885-1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (1986) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm">The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Army" title="Department of the Army" class="mw-redirect">Department of the Army</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aulast=United+States+Army&rft.au=United+States+Army&rft.btitle=The+German+Campaigns+in+the+Balkans+%28Spring+1941%29&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2Fbalkan%2Fintro.htm&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Waltz" title="Susan Waltz">Waltz, Susan</a> (2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a> 23 (3): 437–448. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590220138378">10.1080/01436590220138378</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993535">3993535</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+and+Rebuilding+the+History+of+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.au=Waltz%2C+Susan&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436590220138378&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=3993535&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.pages=437-448&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=23" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Ward, Thomas A. (2010). Aerospace Propulsion Systems. Singapore: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82497-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82497-9">978-0-470-82497-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.au=Ward%2C+Thomas+A.&rft.btitle=Aerospace+Propulsion+Systems&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-82497-9&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Watson" title="William E. Watson">Watson, William E.</a> (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World. Westport, CT: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger" title="Praeger" class="mw-redirect">Praeger</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97470-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97470-7">0-275-97470-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.au=Watson%2C+William+E.&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent%3A+France+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-275-97470-7&rft.place=Westport%2C%26nbsp%3BCT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3">978-0-521-85316-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Gerhard+L.&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85316-3&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy</dd> <dd>Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953. Lanham, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6">978-0-7425-5542-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.au=Wettig%2C+Gerhard&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe%3A+The+Emergence+and+Development+of+East-West+Conflict%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.place=Lanham%2C%26nbsp%3BMD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare. St Paul, MN: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" title="MBI Publishing Company" class="mw-redirect">MBI Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1401-2">978-0-7603-1401-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=Barbier%2C+M.+K.&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Wiest&rft.au=Wiest%2C+Andrew&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Tactics%3A+Infantry+Warfare&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished. Abingdon & New York, NY: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35980-1">978-0-415-35980-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.au=Williams%2C+Andrew&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+War%3A+The+Victors+and+the+Vanquished&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35980-1&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York%2C%26nbsp%3BNY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_F._Wilt" title="Alan F. Wilt">Wilt, Alan F.</a> (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs 45 (4): 187–91. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1987464">10.2307/1987464</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1987464">1987464</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Late+Summer+Pause+in+1941&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rft.aulast=Wilt&rft.au=Wilt%2C+Alan+F.&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1987464&rft.issue=4&rft.jstor=1987464&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.pages=187-91&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=45" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Wohlstetter" title="Roberta Wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta</a> (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Palo Alto, CA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4">978-0-8047-0597-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.aulast=Wohlstetter&rft.au=Wohlstetter%2C+Roberta&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Warning+and+Decision&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C%26nbsp%3BCA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Rudiger Dornbusch</a>, Wilhelm Nölling and <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Layard,_Baron_Layard" title="Richard Layard, Baron Layard">Richard Layard</a>, eds., Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today (pp. 29–56). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2">978-0-262-04136-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.atitle=The+Lucky+Miracle%3A+Germany+1945%E2%80%931951&rft.aufirst=Holger+C.&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Holger+C.&rft.btitle=In+Rudiger+Dornbusch%2C+Wilhelm+N%C3%B6lling+and+Richard+Layard%2C+eds.%2C+Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today+%28pp.%26nbsp%3B29%E2%80%9356%29&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?. Lanham, MD: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5339-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5339-2">978-0-7425-5339-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=James%26nbsp%3BB.&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.au=Wood%2C+James%26nbsp%3BB.&rft.btitle=Japanese+Military+Strategy+in+the+Pacific+War%3A+Was+Defeat+Inevitable%3F&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System (3rd ed.). London & Washington, DC: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56032-546-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56032-546-1">1-56032-546-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.au=Yoder%2C+Amos&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+United+Nations+System&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56032-546-1&rft.place=London+%26+Washington%2C%26nbsp%3BDC&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939. Bowling Green University Popular Press. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-462-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-462-5">0-87972-462-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Zalampas&rft.au=Zalampas%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler+and+the+Third+Reich+in+American+magazines%2C+1923%E2%80%931939&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87972-462-5&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+University+Popular+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J.</a> (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7">978-1-85532-478-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Steven%26nbsp%3BJ.&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.au=Zaloga%2C+Steven%26nbsp%3BJ.&rft.btitle=Bagration+1944%3A+The+Destruction+of+Army+Group+Centre&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-478-7&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>——— (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5">978-1-84176-408-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.au=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.aulast=%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94&rft.btitle=Poland+1939%3A+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-408-5&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. A Companion to World War II (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars</dd> <dd>Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2991-9">978-0-8420-2991-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft.aulast=Zeiler&rft.au=Zeiler%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.btitle=Unconditional+Defeat%3A+Japan%2C+America%2C+and+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> <dd>Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck: The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship. Drexel Hill, PA: <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers" title="Casemate Publishers">Casemate</a>. <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-04-0">978-1-935149-04-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.au=Tamelander%2C+Michael&rft.au=Zetterling%2C+Niklas&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+Final+Days+of+Germany%27s+Greatest+Battleship&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-935149-04-0&rft.place=Drexel+Hill%2C%26nbsp%3BPA&rft.pub=Casemate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> </div> <h2>External links</h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/WWII%20European%20Theater.aspx">West Point Maps of the European War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/WWII%20Asian%20Pacific%20Theater.aspx">West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World_Battle_Fronts_in_Semimonthly_Phases_to_August_15,_1945" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts in Semimonthly Phases to August 15, 1945">Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 to August 1945)</a></li> </ul> <table class="noprint navbox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em"> <tr> <td style="width:175px"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Books</a> View or order collections of articles</td> <td> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Office-book.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:World_War_II" title="Book:World War II">World War II</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:175px"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Portals</a> Access related topics</td> <td> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Heinkel He 111 during the Battle of Britain.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/30px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg" width="30" height="25" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/45px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/60px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="676"/></a></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World_War_II" title="Portal:World War II">World War II portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:175px">Find out more on Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Sister projects</a></td> <td> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Commons-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="22" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/World War II">Media</a> from Commons</td> </tr> </table> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Wikinews-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/30px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/45px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/World War II">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td> </tr> </table> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/28px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="28" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/World War II">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td> </tr> </table> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Wikibooks-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/30px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/45px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/World War II">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td> </tr> </table> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Wikiquote-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/25px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/38px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/World War II">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> </tr> </table> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/29px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="29" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/43px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/World War II">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td> </tr> </table> <table style="float:left;padding:0px 5px"> <tr> <td><img alt="Wikiversity-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/30px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="24" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/45px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"/></td> <td style="width:125px;text-align:left"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/World War II">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_War_II&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">World War II</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia and the Pacific</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">South America</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II" title="List of military engagements of World War II">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II" title="Participants in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Participants</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">leaders</a>)</div> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil#World_War_II" title="Military history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_during_the_Second_World_War" title="France during the Second World War" class="mw-redirect">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> (from June 1940)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army" class="mw-redirect">Italy</a> (from September 1943) <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Campaign</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#The_Resistance" title="German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II" title="Military history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a> (Commonwealth)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="History of Poland (1939–45)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II" title="Yugoslavia in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Yugoslavia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis and Axis-aligned</a> (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">leaders</a>)</div> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" title="Reorganized National Government of China" class="mw-redirect">Reorganized National Government of China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Free India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#Late_Sh.C5.8Dwa_.281937.E2.80.931947.29_.E2.80.93_Expansionism" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> (Second Republic)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_neutrality" title="Armed neutrality">armed neutrality</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance" class="mw-redirect">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation" title="Czech resistance to Nazi occupation">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9344" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)#Ethiopian_irregular_forces" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" title="German Resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Resistance" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_resistance_under_Nazi_rule" title="Jewish resistance under Nazi rule">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Anti-communist</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of World War II">Timeline</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–40 Winter Offensive">China</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Weserübung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compiegne" title="Second Armistice at Compiegne" class="mw-redirect">Second Armistice at Compiegne</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet Union (Barbarossa)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria and Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Philippines Campaign (1941–42)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" title="Malayan Campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–42)">Borneo (1941–42)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1942)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1943)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Lower Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Italy</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shingle" title="Operation Shingle" class="mw-redirect">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket" title="Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" title="Invasion of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" title="Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_Offensive" title="Tallinn Offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Offensive" title="Budapest Offensive">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–45)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Burma Campaign 1944–1945" class="mw-redirect">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945)">1945</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive" title="Prague Offensive">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Aspects</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">General</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_awards_of_World_War_II" title="Military awards of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="List of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Category:Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942-43" title="Chinese famine of 1942-43" class="mw-redirect">Chinese famine of 1942-43</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="People's Republic of Poland" class="mw-redirect">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture" title="World War II in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German</a> (<a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour</a>) / <a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" title="Nuremberg Trials" class="mw-redirect">Prosecution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Croatian war crimes <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs#Usta.C5.A1e_persecution_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="World War II persecution of Serbs">against the Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">against the Jews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks#Terror_tactics_and_cleansing_actions" title="Chetniks">Serbian war crimes</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_rape" title="War rape" class="mw-redirect">War rape</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" title="Nanking Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the liberation of Poland">Rape during the liberation of Poland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">German prisoners of war in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners of war in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World_War_II" title="Portal:World War II">Portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><img alt="Wiktionary page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" title="Wiktionary page" width="16" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/World War II">definition</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikibooks page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" title="Wikibooks page" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/World War II">textbooks</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/World War II">quotes</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikisource page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" title="Wikisource page" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/World War II">source texts</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/World War II">media</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikinews page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" title="Wikinews page" width="16" height="9" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/World War II">news stories</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WWII_history_by_nation&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II" title="Participants in World War II" class="mw-redirect">History of World War II by region and country</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Europe</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Resistance_of_World_War_II" title="Albanian Resistance of World War II" class="mw-redirect">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_during_the_Second_World_War" title="France during the Second World War" class="mw-redirect">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries_in_World_War_II" title="Nordic countries in World War II">Nordic states</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany" class="mw-redirect">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="History of Poland (1939–45)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_World_War_II" title="Portugal in World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#World_War_II" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Lands_in_World_War_II" title="Slovene Lands in World War II">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Belarus_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany" class="mw-redirect">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" title="Spain in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_before_World_War_II" title="Single-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" title="Vatican City in World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Africa</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Egypt_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Egypt during World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Colony_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya Colony in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">North America</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_during_World_War_II" title="El Salvador during World War II" class="mw-redirect">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II" title="Military history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland#Second_World_War" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_during_World_War_II" title="Panama during World War II">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">South America</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_Era#World_War_II" title="Vargas Era">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana_during_World_War_II" title="British Guiana during World War II">British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Asia</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan#Showa_Period_and_World_War_II" title="Military history of Japan">Japan</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic#World_War_II_.281939-1945.29" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Oceania</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="good-star"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/30px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></div>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&oldid=649138205">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&oldid=649138205</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1939" title="Category:Conflicts in 1939">Conflicts in 1939</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1940" title="Category:Conflicts in 1940">Conflicts in 1940</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1941" title="Category:Conflicts in 1941">Conflicts in 1941</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1942" title="Category:Conflicts in 1942">Conflicts in 1942</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1943" title="Category:Conflicts in 1943">Conflicts in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1944" title="Category:Conflicts in 1944">Conflicts in 1944</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1945" title="Category:Conflicts in 1945">Conflicts in 1945</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Contemporary_French_history" title="Category:Contemporary French history">Contemporary French history</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Contemporary_German_history" title="Category:Contemporary German history">Contemporary German history</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Contemporary_Italian_history" title="Category:Contemporary Italian history">Contemporary Italian history</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Global_conflicts" title="Category:Global conflicts">Global conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Montenegro" title="Category:History of Montenegro">History of Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_Soviet_Russia" title="Category:History of the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia">History of the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States_(1918%E2%80%9345)" title="Category:History of the United States (1918–45)">History of the United States (1918–45)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Modern_Europe" title="Category:Modern Europe">Modern Europe</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Modern_history" title="Category:Modern history">Modern history</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_warfare" title="Category:Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">War</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Albania" title="Category:Wars involving Albania">Wars involving Albania</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Australia" title="Category:Wars involving Australia">Wars involving Australia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Austria" title="Category:Wars involving Austria">Wars involving Austria</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Belgium" title="Category:Wars involving Belgium">Wars involving Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Bolivia" title="Category:Wars involving Bolivia">Wars involving Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Brazil" title="Category:Wars involving Brazil">Wars involving Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_British_India" title="Category:Wars involving British India">Wars involving British India</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Bulgaria" title="Category:Wars involving Bulgaria">Wars involving Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Burma" title="Category:Wars involving Burma">Wars involving Burma</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Cambodia" title="Category:Wars involving Cambodia">Wars involving Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Canada" title="Category:Wars involving Canada">Wars involving Canada</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Chile" title="Category:Wars involving Chile">Wars involving Chile</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Colombia" title="Category:Wars involving Colombia">Wars involving Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Wars involving Costa Rica">Wars involving Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Croatia" title="Category:Wars involving Croatia">Wars involving Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Cuba" title="Category:Wars involving Cuba">Wars involving Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Wars involving Czechoslovakia">Wars involving Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Denmark" title="Category:Wars involving Denmark">Wars involving Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Ecuador" title="Category:Wars involving Ecuador">Wars involving Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Egypt" title="Category:Wars involving Egypt">Wars involving Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_El_Salvador" title="Category:Wars involving El Salvador">Wars involving El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Estonia" title="Category:Wars involving Estonia">Wars involving Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Ethiopia" title="Category:Wars involving Ethiopia">Wars involving Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Finland" title="Category:Wars involving Finland">Wars involving Finland</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_France" title="Category:Wars involving France">Wars involving France</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Germany" title="Category:Wars involving Germany">Wars involving Germany</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Greece" title="Category:Wars involving Greece">Wars involving Greece</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Guatemala" title="Category:Wars involving Guatemala">Wars involving Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Haiti" title="Category:Wars involving Haiti">Wars involving Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Honduras" title="Category:Wars involving Honduras">Wars involving Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Hungary" title="Category:Wars involving Hungary">Wars involving Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Iceland" title="Category:Wars involving Iceland">Wars involving Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Indonesia" title="Category:Wars involving Indonesia">Wars involving Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Italy" title="Category:Wars involving Italy">Wars involving Italy</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Iran" title="Category:Wars involving Iran">Wars involving Iran</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Iraq" title="Category:Wars involving Iraq">Wars involving Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Japan" title="Category:Wars involving Japan">Wars involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Laos" title="Category:Wars involving Laos">Wars involving Laos</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Latvia" title="Category:Wars involving Latvia">Wars involving Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Lebanon" title="Category:Wars involving Lebanon">Wars involving Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Liberia" title="Category:Wars involving Liberia">Wars involving Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Lithuania" title="Category:Wars involving Lithuania">Wars involving Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Luxembourg" title="Category:Wars involving Luxembourg">Wars involving Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Mexico" title="Category:Wars involving Mexico">Wars involving Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Mongolia" title="Category:Wars involving Mongolia">Wars involving Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Montenegro" title="Category:Wars involving Montenegro">Wars involving Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Nepal" title="Category:Wars involving Nepal">Wars involving Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Norway" title="Category:Wars involving Norway">Wars involving Norway</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Nicaragua" title="Category:Wars involving Nicaragua">Wars involving Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Panama" title="Category:Wars involving Panama">Wars involving Panama</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Paraguay" title="Category:Wars involving Paraguay">Wars involving Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Peru" title="Category:Wars involving Peru">Wars involving Peru</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Poland" title="Category:Wars involving Poland">Wars involving Poland</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Rhodesia" title="Category:Wars involving Rhodesia">Wars involving Rhodesia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Romania" title="Category:Wars involving Romania">Wars involving Romania</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Wars involving Saudi Arabia">Wars involving Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Serbia" title="Category:Wars involving Serbia">Wars involving Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Slovakia" title="Category:Wars involving Slovakia">Wars involving Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Slovenia" title="Category:Wars involving Slovenia">Wars involving Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_South_Africa" title="Category:Wars involving South Africa">Wars involving South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Wars involving Sri Lanka">Wars involving Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Syria" title="Category:Wars involving Syria">Wars involving Syria</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Thailand" title="Category:Wars involving Thailand">Wars involving Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Wars involving the Dominican Republic">Wars involving the Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Wars involving the Netherlands">Wars involving the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Philippines" title="Category:Wars involving the Philippines">Wars involving the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Wars involving the Republic of China">Wars involving the Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union">Wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom">Wars involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_States" title="Category:Wars involving the United States">Wars involving the United States</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Uruguay" title="Category:Wars involving Uruguay">Wars involving Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Venezuela" title="Category:Wars involving Venezuela">Wars involving Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Vietnam" title="Category:Wars involving Vietnam">Wars involving Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Wars involving Yugoslavia">Wars involving Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from July 2014">EngvarB from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2013">Use dmy dates from May 2013</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+War+II&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:World_War_II" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label">Variants<a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">Read</a></li> <li id="ca-viewsource"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit" title="This page is protected. You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h" rel="archives">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label">More<a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikimedia Shop</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/World_War_II" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/World_War_II" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&oldid=649138205" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=World_War_II&id=649138205" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=World+War+II">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=World+War+II&oldid=649138205&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ЕтӀуанэ дунейпсо зауэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="2ኛው ዓለማዊ ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C%C3%B0ru_Woruldg%C5%AB%C3%BE" title="Ōðru Woruldgūþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mok%C3%B5iha_%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Guasu" title="Mokõiha Ñorairõ Guasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_d%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci dünya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-j%C4%AB-chh%C3%B9_S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_T%C4%81i-chi%C3%A0n" title="Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II" title="Perang Donya II – Basa Banyumasan" lang="map-bms" hreflang="map-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Икенсе бөтә донъя һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Другая сусветная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Другая сусьветная вайна – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduwang_Gerang_Pankinaban" title="Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban – Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Wo_Tu" title="Wol Wo Tu – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwoata_W%C3%B6dkriag" title="Zwoata Wödkriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་གཉིས་པ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Brezel-bed" title="Eil Brezel-bed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхэйн хоёрдугаар дайн – буряад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduhang_Gubat_Kalibotanon" title="Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá světová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Chavacano de Zamboanga" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_yePasirose_yeChipiri" title="Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Guerra_Mundiale" title="Seconda Guerra Mundiale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ail_Ryfel_Byd" title="Yr Ail Ryfel Byd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._verdenskrig" title="2. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaki_g%C3%B3ne%CA%BC_y%C3%A9igo_da%CA%BCahijoog%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Druga swětowa wójna – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Teine maailmasõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec%C3%A5nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mundi%C3%A8l" title="Secånda guèra mundièl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_mondmilito" title="Dua mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Guerra_Mundial" title="II Guerra Mundial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsbardagi" title="Seinni heimsbardagi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twadde_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Twadde Wrâldkriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_vuere_mondi%C3%A2l" title="Seconde vuere mondiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Dara_Cogadh_Domhanda" title="An Dara Cogadh Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Nah_Chaggey_Dowanagh" title="Yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_D%C3%A0rna_Cogadh" title="An Dàrna Cogadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-ngi-chh%E1%B9%B3_S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Thai-chan" title="Thi-ngi-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="제2차 세계 대전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Druha swětowa wójna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_mondomilito" title="Duesma mondomilito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikadua_a_Sangalubongan_a_Gubat" title="Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunde_Guerra_Mundial" title="Secunde Guerra Mundial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дыккаг дунеон хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Seinni heimsstyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II" title="Perang Donya II – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Экинчи дуния къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეორე მსოფლიო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessa_Bresel_an_Bys" title="Nessa Bresel an Bys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Kuu_ya_Pili_ya_Dunia" title="Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_c%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_duyem" title="Şerê cîhanî yê duyem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Экинчи дүйнөлүк согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigunda_Gerra_Mondiala" title="Sigunda Gerra Mondiala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີສອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundum_bellum_mundanum" title="Secundum bellum mundanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Otrais pasaules karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweete_Weltkrich" title="Zweete Weltkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_pasaulinis_karas" title="Antrasis pasaulinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A6ra_Mondi%C3%A2" title="Segonda Guæra Mondiâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiede_Wereldoorlog" title="Twiede Wereldoorlog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remoi_ke_terdi_nunjamna" title="remoi ke terdi nunjamna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">Lojban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%B3nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondi%C3%A0l" title="Segónda guèra mondiàl – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második világháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора светска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Lehibe_Faharoa" title="Ady Lehibe Faharoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-Tieni_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरे महायुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მაჟირა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب العالميه التانيه – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جهونی جنگ دوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2%CC%A4-n%C3%AA-ch%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3_Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i_D%C3%A2i-ci%C3%A9ng" title="Dâ̤-nê-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဒုတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAy%C4%81%C5%8Dyo_in_Cem%C4%81n%C4%81huac_Inic_%C5%8Cme" title="Īyāōyo in Cemānāhuac Inic Ōme – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog – Low Saxon (Netherlands)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8" title="तःहताः २ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="第二次世界大戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siconda_guerra_munniale" title="Siconda guerra munniale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed_Wr%C3%A5%C3%A5lkrich" title="Tweed Wråålkrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdskrigen" title="Andre verdskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusau_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiau" title="Dusau Guèrra Mondiau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кокымшо Тӱнямбалсе сар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkinchi_jahon_urushi" title="Ikkinchi jahon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%A4dda_W%C3%A4ldgriech" title="Zwädda Wäldgriech – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دوجی وڈی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Dos_Guera_Mundial" title="Di Dos Guera Mundial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%87" title="دويمه نړېواله جگړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A2" title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sconda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondial" title="Sconda guèra mondial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweete_Weltkrieg" title="Tweete Weltkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="II wojna światowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekinci_Cian_cenki" title="Ekinci Cian cenki – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweide_Weltkresch" title="Zweide Weltkresch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskay_%C3%B1iqin_pachantin_maqanakuy" title="Iskay ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга світова война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая мировая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Аан дойду иккис сэриитэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbi_m%C3%A1ilmmisoahti" title="Nubbi máilmmisoahti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_gherra_mundiale" title="Segunda gherra mundiale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warld_War_II" title="Warld War II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%A4iden_Waareldkriech" title="Twäiden Waareldkriech – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Dyt%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore" title="Lufta e Dytë Botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunna_guerra_munniali" title="Secunna guerra munniali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Druhá svetová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_svetovna_vojna" title="Druga svetovna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwjatowo" title="II wojna śwjatowo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Labaad_ee_Aduunka" title="Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="شەڕی جیھانیی دووەم – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други светски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_II" title="Perang Dunya II – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_maailmansota" title="Toinen maailmansota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_u%C3%A8rre_mundiale" title="Seconda uèrre mundiale – tarandíne" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Икенче бөтендөнья сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷанги дуюми ҷаҳон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="II. Dünya Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга світова війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guera_mondia%C5%82e" title="Seconda guera mondiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5%C3%B5n%C3%B5_ilmas%C3%B5da" title="Tõõnõ ilmasõda – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deujhinme_guere_daegnrece" title="Deujhinme guere daegnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiddn_Weireld%C3%B4orloge" title="Twiddn Weireldôorloge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduha_nga_Gera_han_Kalibotan" title="Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91aareelu_Xareb_%C3%80dduna" title="Ñaareelu Xareb Àdduna – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="צווייטע וועלט-מלחמה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_%C3%80gb%C3%A1y%C3%A9_%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80kej%C3%AC" title="Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%C3%AA_D%C4%B1nyay%C3%AA_D%C4%B1y%C4%B1ne" title="Herbê Dınyayê Dıyıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twidde_Weareldo%C3%B4rlog" title="Twidde Weareldoôrlog – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontra_svieta_vaina" title="Ontra svieta vaina – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ийиги Делегей дайыны – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 27 February 2015, at 21:13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416/http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf18/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf18/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150302230416im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf18/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":218,"wgHostname":"mw1110"}); }</script> </body> </html>