CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Luminous infrared galaxy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c7e4a471-1fba-44f8-9f5c-67583eaf1143","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Luminous_infrared_galaxy","wgTitle":"Luminous infrared galaxy","wgCurRevisionId":1259521720,"wgRevisionId":1259521720,"wgArticleId":5595777,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Active galaxy types","Starburst galaxies","Luminous infrared galaxies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Luminous_infrared_galaxy","wgRelevantArticleId":5595777, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Ultra-luminous_infrared_galaxy","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1565388", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Luminous infrared galaxy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Luminous_infrared_galaxy rootpage-Luminous_infrared_galaxy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luminous+infrared+galaxy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luminous+infrared+galaxy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luminous+infrared+galaxy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luminous+infrared+galaxy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Discovery and characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ULIRG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ULIRG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ULIRG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ULIRG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HyLIRG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HyLIRG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>HyLIRG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HyLIRG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ELIRG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ELIRG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ELIRG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ELIRG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Observations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IRAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IRAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>IRAS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IRAS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GOALS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GOALS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>GOALS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GOALS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luminous infrared galaxy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مجرة مضيئة بالأشعة تحت الحمراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجرة مضيئة بالأشعة تحت الحمراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0xia_infraroja_ultralluminosa" title="Galàxia infraroja ultralluminosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galàxia infraroja ultralluminosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarotgalaxie" title="Infrarotgalaxie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrarotgalaxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_infrarroja_ultraluminosa" title="Galaxia infrarroja ultraluminosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galaxia infrarroja ultraluminosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان فروسرخ درخشان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهکشان فروسرخ درخشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_lumineuse_en_infrarouge" title="Galaxie lumineuse en infrarouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie lumineuse en infrarouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%A0%81%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="발광적외선은하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발광적외선은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi_inframerah_bercahaya" title="Galaksi inframerah bercahaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galaksi inframerah bercahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia_luminosa_all%27infrarosso" title="Galassia luminosa all'infrarosso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia luminosa all'infrarosso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroutgalaxie" title="Infraroutgalaxie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infraroutgalaxie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroodstelsel" title="Infraroodstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infraroodstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E8%B5%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="高光度赤外線銀河 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高光度赤外線銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumin%C3%B8s_infrar%C3%B8d_galakse" title="Luminøs infrarød galakse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luminøs infrarød galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Яркая инфракрасная галактика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яркая инфракрасная галактика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlak_k%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C3%B6tesi_g%C3%B6kada" title="Parlak kızılötesi gökada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parlak kızılötesi gökada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Яскраві інфрачервоні галактики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яскраві інфрачервоні галактики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="亮紅外星系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亮紅外星系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1565388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Luminous_infrared_galaxy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&oldid=1259521720" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&id=1259521720&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuminous_infrared_galaxy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuminous_infrared_galaxy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1565388" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-luminous_infrared_galaxy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-luminous infrared galaxy">Ultra-luminous infrared galaxy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Galaxy with a high luminosity</div> <p><b>Luminous infrared galaxies</b> or LIRGs are <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> with <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosities</a>, the measurement of brightness, above 10<sup>11</sup> <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity"><var>L</var><sub>☉</sub></a>. They are also referred to as submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) through their normal method of detection. LIRGs are more abundant than <a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">starburst galaxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert galaxies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasi-stellar objects</a> at comparable luminosity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Infrared galaxies emit more energy in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> than at all other <a href="/wiki/Wavelengths" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelengths">wavelengths</a> combined.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A LIRG's luminosity is 100 billion times that of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. </p><p>Galaxies with luminosities above 10<sup>12</sup> <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> are ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Galaxies exceeding 10<sup>13</sup> <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> are characterised as hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs). Those exceeding 10<sup>14</sup> <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub> are extremely luminous infrared galaxies (ELIRGs). Many of the LIRGs and ULIRGs are showing interactions and disruptions. Many of these types of galaxies spawn about 100 new stars a year as compared to the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> which spawns one a year; this helps create the high level of luminosity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_characteristics">Discovery and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infrared galaxies appear to be single, gas-rich spirals whose infrared luminosity is created largely by the <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">formation of stars</a> within them.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of galaxies were discovered in 1983 with <a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A LIRG's excess infrared luminosity may also come from the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">active galactic nucleus</a> (AGN) residing at the center.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These galaxies emit more energy in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> portion of the spectrum, not visible to the naked eye. The energy given off by LIRGs is comparable to that of a <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> (a type of AGN), which formerly was known as the most energetic object in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LIRGs are brighter in the infrared than in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">optical spectrum</a> because the visible light is absorbed by the high amounts of gas and dust, and the dust re-emits <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal energy</a> in the infrared spectrum. </p><p>LIRGs are known to exist in denser parts of the universe than non-LIRGs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ULIRG">ULIRG</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ULIRG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg/220px-When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg/330px-When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg/440px-When_galaxies_collide_IRAS_14348-1447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IRAS_14348-1447" title="IRAS 14348-1447">IRAS 14348-1447</a> is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy, located over a billion light-years away.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>LIRGs are also capable of becoming Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxys (ULIRGs) but there is no perfect timetable because not all LIRGs turn into ULIRGs, <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian Mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</a> is used in the calculations and because the constraints are not quite approximate. Studies have shown that ULIRGs are more likely to contain an <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">AGN</a> than LIRGs<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one study a ULIRG is just part of an evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">galaxy merger</a> scenario. In essence, two or more <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral galaxies</a>, galaxies that consist of a flat, rotating disk containing <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">gas and dust</a> and a central concentration of stars known as the <a href="/wiki/Bulge_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge (astronomy)">bulge</a>, merge to form an early stage merger. An early stage merger in this case can also be identified as a LIRG. After that, it becomes a late stage merger, which is a ULIRG. It then becomes a <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> and in the final stage of the evolution it becomes an <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be evidenced by the fact that stars are much older in elliptical galaxies than those found in the earlier stages of the evolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HyLIRG">HyLIRG</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: HyLIRG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hyper luminous Infrared Galaxies (HyLIRG), also referred to as HiLIRGs and HLIRGs, are considered to be some of the most luminous persistent objects in the Universe, exhibiting extremely high <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation rates</a>, and most of which are known to harbour <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active Galactic Nuclei</a> (AGN). They are defined as galaxies with luminosities above 10<sup>13</sup> L<sub>⊙</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as distinct from the less luminous population of ULIRGs (L = 10<sup>12</sup> – 10<sup>13</sup> L<sub>⊙</sub>). HLIRGs were first identified through follow-up observations of the <a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRAS F10214+4724, a HyLIRG being <a href="/wiki/Gravitationally_lensed_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationally lensed galaxy">gravitationally lensed</a> by a foreground <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was considered to be one of the most luminous objects in the Universe having an intrinsic luminosity of ~ 2 × 10<sup>13</sup> L<sub>⊙</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the <a href="/wiki/Bolometric_luminosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolometric luminosity">bolometric luminosity</a> of this HLIRG is likely amplified by a factor of ~30 as a result of the gravitational lensing. </p><p>The majority (~80%) of the mid-infrared spectrum of these objects is found to be dominated by AGN emission. However, the <a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">starburst</a> (SB) activity is known to be significant in all known sources with a mean SB contribution of ~30%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Star formation rates in HLIRGs have been shown to reach ~ 3×10<sup>2</sup> – 3×10<sup>3</sup> M<sub>⊙</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ELIRG">ELIRG</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ELIRG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy <a href="/wiki/WISE_J224607.57-052635.0" class="mw-redirect" title="WISE J224607.57-052635.0">WISE J224607.57-052635.0</a>, with a luminosity of 300 trillion suns was discovered by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a> (WISE), and as of May 2015 is the most luminous <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a> found. The galaxy belongs to a new class of objects discovered by WISE, extremely luminous infrared galaxies, or ELIRGs. </p><p>Light from the <a href="/wiki/WISE_J224607.57-052635.0" class="mw-redirect" title="WISE J224607.57-052635.0">WISE J224607.57-052635.0</a> galaxy has traveled 12.5 billion years. The black hole at its center was billions of times the mass of the Sun when the universe was a tenth (1.3 billion years) of its present age of 13.8 billion years. </p><p>There are three reasons the black holes in the ELIRGs could be massive. First, the embryonic black holes might be bigger than thought possible. Second, the <a href="/wiki/Eddington_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddington limit">Eddington limit</a> was exceeded. When a black hole feeds, gas falls in and heats, emitting light. The pressure of the emitted light forces the gas outward, creating a limit to how fast the black hole can continuously absorb matter. If a black hole broke this limit, it could theoretically increase in size at a fast rate. Black holes have previously been observed breaking this limit; the black hole in the study would have had to repeatedly break the limit to grow this large. Third, the black holes might just be bending this limit, absorbing gas faster than thought possible, if the black hole is not spinning fast. If a black hole spins slowly, it will not repel its gas absorption as much. A slow-spinning black hole can absorb more matter than a fast-spinning black hole. The massive black holes in ELIRGs could be absorbing matter for a longer time. </p><p>Twenty new ELIRGs, including the most luminous galaxy found to date, have been discovered. These galaxies were not found earlier because of their distance, and because dust converts their visible light into infrared light.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One has been observed to have three star-forming areas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations">Observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IRAS">IRAS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IRAS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)</a> was the first all-sky survey which used far-infrared wavelengths, in 1983. In that survey, tens of thousands of galaxies were detected, many of which would not have been recorded in previous surveys. It is now clear that the reason the number of detections has risen is that the majority of LIRGs in the universe emitted the bulk of their energy in the <a href="/wiki/Far_Infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Infrared">far infrared</a>. Using the IRAS, scientists were able to determine the luminosity of the galactic objects discovered. The telescope was a joint project of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Agency_for_Aerospace_Programmes" title="Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes">(NIVR)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">(SERC)</a>. Over 250,000 infrared sources were observed during this 10-month mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GOALS">GOALS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: GOALS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) is a multi-wavelength study of luminous infrared galaxies,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorporating observations with <a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">NASA's Great Observatories</a> and other ground and space-based telescopes. Using information from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Spitzer" title="Spitzer">Spitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> and <a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">Galex</a> observations in a study over 200 of the most luminous infrared selected galaxies in the local universe.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 180 LIRGs were identified along with over 20 ULIRGs. The LIRGs and ULIRGs targeted in GOALS span the full range of nuclear spectral types (type-1 and type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei, <a href="/wiki/LINER" class="mw-redirect" title="LINER">LINERS's</a>, and starbursts) and interaction stages (major mergers, minor mergers, and isolated galaxies). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples of extremely notable LIRGs, ULIRGs, HyLIRGs, ELIRGs </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Galaxy </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Luminosity </th> <th>Constellation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">RA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">DEC</a> </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WISE_J224607.57-052635.0" class="mw-redirect" title="WISE J224607.57-052635.0">WISE J224607.57-052635.0</a> </td> <td>ELIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Aquarius </td> <td><span class="nowrap">22<sup>h</sup> 46<sup>m</sup> 07.57<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>−05° 26′ 35.0″ </td> <td>Discovered in 2015, the most luminous galaxy known, as of 2015 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arp_220" title="Arp 220">Arp 220</a> </td> <td>ULIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Serpens </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>the closest ULIRG, it is in the process of merging two galaxies. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Markarian_231" title="Markarian 231">Markarian 231</a> </td> <td>ULIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Ursa Major </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>galaxy that underwent a merger and contains a quasar </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Markarian_273" title="Markarian 273">Markarian 273</a> </td> <td>ULIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Ursa Major </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>a well studied nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxy merger. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FSC15307%2B3253" class="mw-redirect" title="FSC15307+3253">FSC15307+3253</a> </td> <td>ULIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Corona Borealis </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arp_299" title="Arp 299">Arp 299</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Ursa Major </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>an object where a pair of galaxies are merging </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZW_II_96" title="ZW II 96">II Zw 96</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Delphinus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>an object where a pair of galaxies are merging </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Messier_77" title="Messier 77">Messier 77</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Cetus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Seyfert galaxy </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_1275" title="NGC 1275">NGC 1275</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Perseus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>radio galaxy, central galaxy of Perseus Cluster </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_1365" title="NGC 1365">NGC 1365</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Fornax </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>barred spiral galaxy </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_1614" title="NGC 1614">NGC 1614</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Eridanus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>galaxy undergoing minor merger </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_2146" title="NGC 2146">NGC 2146</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Camelopardalis </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>galaxy undergoing minor merger </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_2623" title="NGC 2623">NGC 2623</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Cancer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>galaxy merger </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_3256" title="NGC 3256">NGC 3256</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Vela </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>most luminous galaxy in infrared within z<0,01 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_6090" title="NGC 6090">NGC 6090</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Draco </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>galaxy merger </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_6240" title="NGC 6240">NGC 6240</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Ophiuchus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>a well studied nearby infrared galaxy </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_7469" title="NGC 7469">NGC 7469</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Pegasus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>active galaxy with starburst nuclear ring </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_7674" title="NGC 7674">NGC 7674</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Pegasus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UGC_5101" title="UGC 5101">UGC 5101</a> </td> <td>LIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Ursa Major </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>galaxy merger </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRAS_09104%2B4109" title="IRAS 09104+4109">IRAS 09104+4109</a> </td> <td>HyLIRG </td> <td> </td> <td>Lynx </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Seyfert galaxy and quasar </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WISE J224607.57-052635.0 is the most luminous galaxy in the universe. (artist's impression).[22][23]"><img alt="WISE J224607.57-052635.0 is the most luminous galaxy in the universe. (artist's impression).[22][23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg/120px-PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg/180px-PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg/240px-PIA19339-MostLuminousGalaxy-WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/WISE_J224607.57-052635.0" class="mw-redirect" title="WISE J224607.57-052635.0">WISE J224607.57-052635.0</a> is the most luminous galaxy in the universe. (artist's impression).<sup id="cite_ref-PO-20150521_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PO-20150521-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150521_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150521-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South America Galaxy taken by the Hubble Space Telescope[24]"><img alt="South America Galaxy taken by the Hubble Space Telescope[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg/120px-A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg/180px-A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg/240px-A_very_bright_contortionist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2503" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_America_Galaxy" title="South America Galaxy">South America Galaxy</a> taken by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2MASX J05210136-2521450.[25]"><img alt="2MASX J05210136-2521450.[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg/120px-A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg/180px-A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg/240px-A_tale_of_galactic_collisions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/2MASX_J05210136-2521450" class="mw-redirect" title="2MASX J05210136-2521450">2MASX J05210136-2521450</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potw1245a.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Luminous infrared galaxy NGC 5010.[26]"><img alt="Luminous infrared galaxy NGC 5010.[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Potw1245a.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Potw1245a.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Potw1245a.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Potw1245a.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Potw1245a.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Potw1245a.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luminous infrared galaxy <a href="/wiki/NGC_5010" title="NGC 5010">NGC 5010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAS_19297-0406.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 19297-0406"><img alt="Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 19297-0406" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/IRAS_19297-0406.jpg/116px-IRAS_19297-0406.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/IRAS_19297-0406.jpg/175px-IRAS_19297-0406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/IRAS_19297-0406.jpg/233px-IRAS_19297-0406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy <a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> 19297-0406</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luminous infrared galaxy MCG-03-04-014[27]"><img alt="Luminous infrared galaxy MCG-03-04-014[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg/120px-Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg/180px-Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg/240px-Starbursts_versus_Monsters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="2350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luminous infrared galaxy <a href="/wiki/MCG-03-04-014" class="mw-redirect" title="MCG-03-04-014">MCG-03-04-014</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandersMirabel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, D. B.; Mirabel, I. F. (1996) [September 1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749">"Luminous Infrared Galaxies"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 749–792. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ARA&A..34..749S">1996ARA&A..34..749S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.34.1.749">10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4146">0066-4146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Luminous+Infrared+Galaxies&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=749-792&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0066-4146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.34.1.749&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ARA%26A..34..749S&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rft.au=Mirabel%2C+I.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.34.1.749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._B._SandersI._F._Mirabel1996" class="citation journal cs1">D. B. Sanders; I. F. Mirabel (September 1996). "Luminous Infrared Galaxies". <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>34</b>: 749–792. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ARA&A..34..749S">1996ARA&A..34..749S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.34.1.749">10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Luminous+Infrared+Galaxies&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=749-792&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.34.1.749&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ARA%26A..34..749S&rft.au=D.+B.+Sanders&rft.au=I.+F.+Mirabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoiferRowan-RobinsonHouckde_Jong1984" class="citation journal cs1">Soifer, B. T.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Houck, J. R.; de Jong, T.; Neugebauer, G.; Aumann, H. H.; Beichman, C. A.; <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Boggess" title="Nancy Boggess">Boggess, N.</a>; Clegg, P. E. (March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/74853/1/1984ApJ___278L__71S.pdf">"Infrared galaxies in the IRAS minisurvey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>278</b>: L71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ApJ...278L..71S">1984ApJ...278L..71S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F184226">10.1086/184226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Infrared+galaxies+in+the+IRAS+minisurvey&rft.volume=278&rft.pages=L71&rft.date=1984-03&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F184226&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984ApJ...278L..71S&rft.aulast=Soifer&rft.aufirst=B.+T.&rft.au=Rowan-Robinson%2C+M.&rft.au=Houck%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+T.&rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+G.&rft.au=Aumann%2C+H.+H.&rft.au=Beichman%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Boggess%2C+N.&rft.au=Clegg%2C+P.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F74853%2F1%2F1984ApJ___278L__71S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.S.J.Vivian2009" class="citation journal cs1">B., Sanders, D.; S., Kartaltepe, J.; J., Kewley, L.; Vivian, U; T., Yuan; S., Evans, A.; L., Armus; M., Mazzarella, J. (October 2009). "Luminous Infrared Galaxies and the <i>Starburst-AGN Connection</i>". <i>The Starburst-Agn Connection</i>. <b>408</b>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ASPC..408....3S">2009ASPC..408....3S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Starburst-Agn+Connection&rft.atitle=Luminous+Infrared+Galaxies+and+the+Starburst-AGN+Connection&rft.volume=408&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ASPC..408....3S&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=Sanders%2C+D.&rft.au=S.%2C+Kartaltepe%2C+J.&rft.au=J.%2C+Kewley%2C+L.&rft.au=Vivian%2C+U&rft.au=T.%2C+Yuan&rft.au=S.%2C+Evans%2C+A.&rft.au=L.%2C+Armus&rft.au=M.%2C+Mazzarella%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GrijpMileyLubde_Jong1985" class="citation journal cs1">de Grijp, M. H. K.; Miley, G. K.; Lub, J.; de Jong, T. (March 1985). "Infrared Seyferts: a new population of active galaxies?". <i>Nature</i>. <b>314</b> (6008): 240–242. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.314..240D">1985Natur.314..240D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F314240a0">10.1038/314240a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121448953">121448953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Infrared+Seyferts%3A+a+new+population+of+active+galaxies%3F&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=6008&rft.pages=240-242&rft.date=1985-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F314240a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121448953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.314..240D&rft.aulast=de+Grijp&rft.aufirst=M.+H.+K.&rft.au=Miley%2C+G.+K.&rft.au=Lub%2C+J.&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-candels-collaboration.blogspot.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://candels-collaboration.blogspot.com/2012/07/luminous-infrared-galaxies.html">"The Curious History of Luminous Infrared Galaxies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Curious+History+of+Luminous+Infrared+Galaxies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcandels-collaboration.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fluminous-infrared-galaxies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1701a/">"When galaxies collide"</a>. <i>spacetelescope.org</i>. ESA. 2 January 2017. potw1701a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacetelescope.org&rft.atitle=When+galaxies+collide&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1701a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.galaxyzoo.org/2012/02/17/star-formation-agn-and-ultra-luminous-infrared-galaxies/">"Star-formation, AGN and Ultra-luminous infrared galaxies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Star-formation%2C+AGN+and+Ultra-luminous+infrared+galaxies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.galaxyzoo.org%2F2012%2F02%2F17%2Fstar-formation-agn-and-ultra-luminous-infrared-galaxies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerjeantFarrahGeachTakagi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Serjeant, Stephen; Farrah, Duncan; Geach, James; Takagi, Toshinobu; Verma, Aprajita; Kaviani, Ali; Fox, Matt (2003-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2003.07305.x">"The K-band Hubble diagram of submillimetre galaxies and hyperluminous galaxies"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>346</b> (4): L51–L56. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310661">astro-ph/0310661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.346L..51S">2003MNRAS.346L..51S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2003.07305.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07305.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16044339">16044339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+K-band+Hubble+diagram+of+submillimetre+galaxies+and+hyperluminous+galaxies&rft.volume=346&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=L51-L56&rft.date=2003-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16044339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003MNRAS.346L..51S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0310661&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2003.07305.x&rft.aulast=Serjeant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Farrah%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Geach%2C+James&rft.au=Takagi%2C+Toshinobu&rft.au=Verma%2C+Aprajita&rft.au=Kaviani%2C+Ali&rft.au=Fox%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2966.2003.07305.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan-RobinsonBroadhurstLawrenceMcMahon1991" class="citation journal cs1">Rowan-Robinson, M.; Broadhurst, T.; Lawrence, A.; McMahon, R. G.; Lonsdale, C. J.; Oliver, S. J.; Taylor, A. N.; Hacking, P. B.; Conrow, T. (1991). "A high-redshift IRAS galaxy with huge luminosity—hidden quasar or protogalaxy?". <i>Nature</i>. <b>351</b> (6329): 719–721. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.351..719R">1991Natur.351..719R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F351719a0">10.1038/351719a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4333900">4333900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+high-redshift+IRAS+galaxy+with+huge+luminosity%E2%80%94hidden+quasar+or+protogalaxy%3F&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6329&rft.pages=719-721&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4333900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F351719a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Natur.351..719R&rft.aulast=Rowan-Robinson&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Broadhurst%2C+T.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+A.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Lonsdale%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Hacking%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Conrow%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinmannHamiltonKeelWynn-Williams1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinmann, S. G.; Hamilton, Donald; Keel, W. C.; Wynn-Williams, C. G.; Eales, S. A.; Becklin, E. E.; Kuntz, K. D. (1988). "The properties and environment of the giant, infrared-luminous galaxy IRAS 09104 + 4109". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>328</b>: 161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApJ...328..161K">1988ApJ...328..161K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F166276">10.1086/166276</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F6544">1887/6544</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+properties+and+environment+of+the+giant%2C+infrared-luminous+galaxy+IRAS+09104+%2B+4109&rft.volume=328&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F6544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F166276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988ApJ...328..161K&rft.aulast=Kleinmann&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Donald&rft.au=Keel%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Wynn-Williams%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Eales%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Becklin%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Kuntz%2C+K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadhurstLehár1995" class="citation journal cs1">Broadhurst, Tom; Lehár, Joseph (1995). "A Gravitational Lens Solution for the <i>IRAS</i> Galaxy FSC 10214+4724". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>450</b> (2): L41–L44. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9505013">astro-ph/9505013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...450L..41B">1995ApJ...450L..41B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F316774">10.1086/316774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:50462976">50462976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Gravitational+Lens+Solution+for+the+IRAS+Galaxy+FSC+10214%2B4724&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L41-L44&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9505013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A50462976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F316774&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995ApJ...450L..41B&rft.aulast=Broadhurst&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Leh%C3%A1r%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhardtArmusHoggSoifer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Armus, Lee; Hogg, David W.; Soifer, B. T.; Neugebauer, G.; Werner, Michael W. (1996-04-01). "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Luminous IRAS Source FSC 10214+4724: A Gravitationally Lensed Infrared Quasar". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>461</b>: 72. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9510093">astro-ph/9510093</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...461...72E">1996ApJ...461...72E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F177038">10.1086/177038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15781541">15781541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Hubble+Space+Telescope+Observations+of+the+Luminous+IRAS+Source+FSC+10214%2B4724%3A+A+Gravitationally+Lensed+Infrared+Quasar&rft.volume=461&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1996-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15781541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ApJ...461...72E&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9510093&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F177038&rft.aulast=Eisenhardt&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Armus%2C+Lee&rft.au=Hogg%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Soifer%2C+B.+T.&rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+G.&rft.au=Werner%2C+Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuizRisalitiNardiniPanessa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ruiz, A.; Risaliti, G.; Nardini, E.; Panessa, F.; Carrera, F. J. (January 2013). "Analysis of Spitzer-IRS spectra of hyperluminous infrared galaxies". <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>549</b>: A125. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.3915">1210.3915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...549A.125R">2013A&A...549A.125R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201015257">10.1051/0004-6361/201015257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54212380">54212380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Spitzer-IRS+spectra+of+hyperluminous+infrared+galaxies&rft.volume=549&rft.pages=A125&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54212380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013A%26A...549A.125R&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1210.3915&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201015257&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Risaliti%2C+G.&rft.au=Nardini%2C+E.&rft.au=Panessa%2C+F.&rft.au=Carrera%2C+F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan-Robinson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rowan-Robinson, M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.03588.x">"Hyperluminous infrared galaxies"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>316</b> (4): 885–900. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9912286">astro-ph/9912286</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.316..885R">2000MNRAS.316..885R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.03588.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03588.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Hyperluminous+infrared+galaxies&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=885-900&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9912286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.03588.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MNRAS.316..885R&rft.aulast=Rowan-Robinson&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-8711.2000.03588.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Northon2015" class="citation web cs1">Karen Northon (21 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-wise-spacecraft-discovers-most-luminous-galaxy-in-universe">"NASA's WISE Spacecraft Discovers Most Luminous Galaxy in Universe"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 15-095<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+WISE+Spacecraft+Discovers+Most+Luminous+Galaxy+in+Universe&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.au=Karen+Northon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasas-wise-spacecraft-discovers-most-luminous-galaxy-in-universe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsaiEisenhardtWuStern2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tsai, Chao-Wei; Eisenhardt, Peter; Wu, Jingwen; Stern, Daniel; Assef, Roberto; Blain, Andrew; Bridge, Carrie; Benford, Dominic; Cutri, Roc (2014-10-07). "The Most Luminous Galaxies Discovered by WISE". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>805</b> (2): 90. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.1751">1410.1751</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...805...90T">2015ApJ...805...90T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F805%2F2%2F90">10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/90</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39280020">39280020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Most+Luminous+Galaxies+Discovered+by+WISE&rft.volume=805&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1410.1751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39280020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F805%2F2%2F90&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApJ...805...90T&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Chao-Wei&rft.au=Eisenhardt%2C+Peter&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jingwen&rft.au=Stern%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Assef%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Blain%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Bridge%2C+Carrie&rft.au=Benford%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Cutri%2C+Roc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Byrd2018" class="citation web cs1">Deborah Byrd (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthsky.org/space/starburst-galaxy-cosmos-aztec-1-unstoppable-monster">"Astronomers map a starburst galaxy"</a>. <i>earthsky.org</i>. EarthSky Communications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthsky.org&rft.atitle=Astronomers+map+a+starburst+galaxy&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.au=Deborah+Byrd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fspace%2Fstarburst-galaxy-cosmos-aztec-1-unstoppable-monster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierwaltArmusSuraceInami2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stierwalt, S.; Armus, L.; Surace, J. A.; Inami, H.; Petric, A. O.; Diaz-Santos, T.; Haan, S.; Charmandaris, V.; Howell, J.; Kim, D. C.; Marshall, J.; Mazzarella, J. M.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Veilleux, S.; Evans, A.; Sanders, D. B.; Appleton, P.; Bothun, G.; Bridge, C. R.; Chan, B.; Frayer, D.; Iwasawa, K.; Kewley, L. J.; Lord, S.; Madore, B. F.; Melbourne, J. E.; Murphy, E. J.; Rich, J. A.; Schulz, B.; et al. (2013). "Mid-Infrared Properties of Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies I: Spitzer IRS Spectra for the GOALS sample". <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>206</b> (1): 1. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.4477">1302.4477</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJS..206....1S">2013ApJS..206....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F206%2F1%2F1">10.1088/0067-0049/206/1/1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6162900">6162900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Mid-Infrared+Properties+of+Nearby+Luminous+Infrared+Galaxies+I%3A+Spitzer+IRS+Spectra+for+the+GOALS+sample&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1302.4477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6162900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F206%2F1%2F1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJS..206....1S&rft.aulast=Stierwalt&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Armus%2C+L.&rft.au=Surace%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Inami%2C+H.&rft.au=Petric%2C+A.+O.&rft.au=Diaz-Santos%2C+T.&rft.au=Haan%2C+S.&rft.au=Charmandaris%2C+V.&rft.au=Howell%2C+J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+J.&rft.au=Mazzarella%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Spoon%2C+H.+W.+W.&rft.au=Veilleux%2C+S.&rft.au=Evans%2C+A.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Appleton%2C+P.&rft.au=Bothun%2C+G.&rft.au=Bridge%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Chan%2C+B.&rft.au=Frayer%2C+D.&rft.au=Iwasawa%2C+K.&rft.au=Kewley%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Lord%2C+S.&rft.au=Madore%2C+B.+F.&rft.au=Melbourne%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Rich%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Schulz%2C+B.&rft.au=Sturm%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goals.ipac.caltech.edu/index.html">"GOALS"</a>. <i>Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey</i>. Caltech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Observatories+All-sky+LIRG+Survey&rft.atitle=GOALS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoals.ipac.caltech.edu%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150521133536.htm">"Most Luminous Galaxy in Universe Discovered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a>. 21 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Most+Luminous+Galaxy+in+Universe+Discovered&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2015%2F05%2F150521133536.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PO-20150521-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PO-20150521_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff (21 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2015-05-wise-spacecraft-luminous-galaxy-universe.html">"WISE spacecraft discovers most luminous galaxy in universe"</a>. <i>PhysOrg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhysOrg&rft.atitle=WISE+spacecraft+discovers+most+luminous+galaxy+in+universe&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-05-wise-spacecraft-luminous-galaxy-universe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20150521-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150521_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff (21 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19339">"PIA19339: Dusty 'Sunrise' at Core of Galaxy (Artist's Concept)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=PIA19339%3A+Dusty+%27Sunrise%27+at+Core+of+Galaxy+%28Artist%27s+Concept%29&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA19339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1323a/">"A very bright contortionist"</a>. <i>ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week</i>. ESA. 10 June 2013. potw1323a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA%2FHubble+Picture+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=A+very+bright+contortionist&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1323a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1318a/">"A tale of galactic collisions"</a>. <i>ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week</i>. ESA. 6 May 2013. potw1318a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA%2FHubble+Picture+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+galactic+collisions&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1318a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1245a/">"A galaxy colourfully on the wane ain't dead yet"</a>. <i>ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week</i>. ESA. 5 November 2012. potw1245a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA%2FHubble+Picture+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=A+galaxy+colourfully+on+the+wane+ain%27t+dead+yet&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1245a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1407a/">"Starbursts versus Monsters"</a>. <i>ESA / HUBBLE</i>. ESA. 17 February 2014. potw1407a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA+%2F+HUBBLE&rft.atitle=Starbursts+versus+Monsters&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1407a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuminous+infrared+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Nearby_Extreme_Galaxies_Linked_To_Humble_Roots.html">Nearby Extreme Galaxies Linked To Humble Roots</a> (SpaceDaily) Jun 07, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/How_To_Bake_A_Galaxy.html">How To Bake A Galaxy</a> (SpaceDaily) Jun 19, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goals.ipac.caltech.edu">The Great Observatory All-sky LIRG Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Galaxies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galaxy" title="Template:Galaxy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galaxy" title="Template talk:Galaxy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galaxy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galaxy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Galaxies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">Morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy" title="Lenticular galaxy">Lenticular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barred lenticular galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbarred lenticular galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemic_galaxy" title="Anemic galaxy">anemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculent_spiral_galaxy" title="Flocculent spiral galaxy">flocculent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_design_spiral_galaxy" title="Grand design spiral galaxy">grand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_spiral_galaxy" title="Intermediate spiral galaxy">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_spiral" title="Magellanic spiral">Magellanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_spiral_galaxy" title="Unbarred spiral galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarf galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elliptical_galaxy" title="Dwarf elliptical galaxy">elliptical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Common_dwarf_galaxy_types" title="Dwarf galaxy">irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">spheroidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spiral_galaxy" title="Dwarf spiral galaxy">spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">Elliptical galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-cD_galaxy" title="Type-cD galaxy">cD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_galaxy" title="Irregular galaxy">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_irregular_galaxy" title="Barred irregular galaxy">barred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy" title="Peculiar galaxy">Peculiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_galaxy" title="Ring galaxy">Ring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar-ring_galaxy" title="Polar-ring galaxy">Polar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_massive_object" title="Central massive object">Central massive object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_disc" title="Galactic disc">Disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">Halo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_corona" title="Galactic corona">corona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">Galactic plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_ridge" title="Galactic ridge">Galactic ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogalaxy" title="Protogalaxy">Protogalaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_arms" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultramassive_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramassive black hole">Ultramassive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-ionization_nuclear_emission-line_region" title="Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region">LINER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_galaxies" title="Markarian galaxies">Markarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_Lacertae_object" title="BL Lacertae object">BL Lacertae object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_galaxy" title="Radio galaxy">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-shaped_radio_galaxy" title="X-shaped radio galaxy">X-shaped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRAGN" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAGN">DRAGN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet#Relativistic_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Relativistic jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Energetic galaxies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha_emitter" title="Lyman-alpha emitter">Lyman-alpha emitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-break_galaxy" title="Lyman-break galaxy">Lyman-break</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luminous infrared</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ULIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ULIRG">ULIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="HLIRG">HLIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ELIRG">ELIRG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">Starburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Blue_compact_dwarf_galaxies" title="Dwarf galaxy">blue compact dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_galaxy" title="Pea galaxy">pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_blue_galaxy" title="Faint blue galaxy">faint blue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luminous infrared galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot,_dust-obscured_galaxy" title="Hot, dust-obscured galaxy">Hot dust-obscured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_galaxy" title="Green bean galaxy">Green bean galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp" title="Hanny's Voorwerp">Hanny's Voorwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet galaxy">Wolf-Rayet galaxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Low activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_surface_brightness_galaxy" title="Low surface brightness galaxy">Low surface brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy" title="Ultra diffuse galaxy">Ultra diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nugget" title="Red nugget">Red nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nugget" title="Blue Nugget">Blue Nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_disk" title="Dead disk">Dead disk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_galaxy" title="Field galaxy">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">Galactic tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_group" title="Galaxy group">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightest_cluster_galaxy" title="Brightest cluster galaxy">Brightest cluster galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_galaxy_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil galaxy group">fossil group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interacting_galaxy" title="Interacting galaxy">Interacting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy collision">collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_cannibalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic cannibalism">cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_galaxy" title="Jellyfish galaxy">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#Stellar_streams" title="Stellar kinematics">Stellar stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">Voids and supervoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Void_galaxy" title="Void galaxy">void galaxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_galaxies" title="Lists of galaxies">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxies" title="List of galaxies">Galaxies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_objects_named_after_people#Galaxies" title="List of astronomical objects named after people">Galaxies named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_galaxies" title="List of largest galaxies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_galaxies" title="List of nearest galaxies">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar-ring_galaxies" title="List of polar-ring galaxies">Polar-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ring_galaxies" title="List of ring galaxies">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spiral_galaxies" title="List of spiral galaxies">Spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="List of galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group#List_of_LQGs" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">List of the most distant astronomical objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Starburst galaxies">Starburst galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster#List_of_superclusters" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_voids" title="List of voids">Voids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_coordinate_system" title="Galactic coordinate system">Galactic coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic magnetic fields">Galactic magnetic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_orientation" title="Galactic orientation">Galactic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_quadrant" title="Galactic quadrant">Galactic quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_color%E2%80%93magnitude_diagram" title="Galaxy color–magnitude diagram">Galaxy color–magnitude diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">Galaxy rotation curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Gravitational microlensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity#Population_IIIstars" title="Metallicity">Population III stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_X_(galaxy)" title="Galaxy X (galaxy)">Galaxy X (galaxy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Galaxies" title="Category:Galaxies"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy"><b>Portal</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&oldid=1259521720">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&oldid=1259521720</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Active_galaxy_types" title="Category:Active galaxy types">Active galaxy types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Starburst_galaxies" title="Category:Starburst galaxies">Starburst galaxies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luminous_infrared_galaxies" title="Category:Luminous infrared galaxies">Luminous infrared galaxies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 16:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luminous_infrared_galaxy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-bfmlb","wgBackendResponseTime":210,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.663","walltime":"0.760","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2273,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":86934,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1266,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":119917,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 648.182 1 -total"," 58.76% 380.890 1 Template:Reflist"," 40.58% 263.006 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.38% 106.161 1 Template:Galaxy"," 15.96% 103.468 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.14% 65.697 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.14% 46.289 8 Template:Cite_news"," 6.32% 40.980 1 Template:Cn"," 6.09% 39.501 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.27% 34.128 1 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.426","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5833506,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7b85cf7f5-4tdkn","timestamp":"20241125165831","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Luminous infrared galaxy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luminous_infrared_galaxy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1565388","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1565388","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-06-17T04:29:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T16:58:30Z","headline":"Galaxy with luminosity above 1011 L\u2609"}</script> </body> </html>