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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Życiorys</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Żory_i_Wrocław_(1888–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Żory_i_Wrocław_(1888–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Żory i Wrocław (1888–1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Żory_i_Wrocław_(1888–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praga_i_Zurych_(1912–1913),_Niemcy_(1914–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praga_i_Zurych_(1912–1913),_Niemcy_(1914–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Praga i Zurych (1912–1913), Niemcy (1914–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praga_i_Zurych_(1912–1913),_Niemcy_(1914–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stany_Zjednoczone_(1933–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stany_Zjednoczone_(1933–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stany Zjednoczone (1933–1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stany_Zjednoczone_(1933–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wyróżnienia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyróżnienia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wyróżnienia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyróżnienia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upamiętnienie_w_Polsce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upamiętnienie_w_Polsce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Upamiętnienie w Polsce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upamiętnienie_w_Polsce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Życie_prywatne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życie_prywatne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Życie prywatne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życie_prywatne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Otto Stern</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 87 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern_(Physiker)" title="Otto Stern (Physiker) – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Otto Stern (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="أوتو شتيرن – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتو شتيرن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_%C5%9Etern" title="Otto Ştern – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Otto Ştern" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اتو اشترن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتو اشترن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="অটো ষ্টের্ন – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অটো ষ্টের্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ота Штэрн – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ота Штэрн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ота Штэрн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ота Штэрн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A9%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ото Щерн – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ото Щерн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern_(Physiker)" title="Otto Stern (Physiker) – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otto Stern (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%84%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD" title="Όττο Στερν – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όττο Στερν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اتو اشترن – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتو اشترن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – szkocki gaelicki" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="szkocki gaelicki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%EC%8A%88%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B8" title="오토 슈테른 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토 슈테른" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D5%87%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6" title="Օտտո Շտեռն – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտտո Շտեռն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="आटो स्टर्न – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आटो स्टर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="אוטו שטרן – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטו שטרן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಟ್ಟೋ ಸ್ಟರ‍್ನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಟ್ಟೋ ಸ್ಟರ‍್ನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოტო შტერნი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოტო შტერნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Отто Штерн – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отто Штерн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_%C5%A0terns" title="Oto Šterns – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oto Šterns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ото Штерн – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ото Штерн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BA" title="ഓട്ടോ സ്റ്റേൺ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടോ സ്റ്റേൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑट्टो स्टर्न – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑट्टो स्टर्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოტო შტერნი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოტო შტერნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اوتو شتيرن – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتو شتيرن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اتو اشترن – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اتو اشترن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अट्टो स्टर्न – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अट्टो स्टर्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3" title="オットー・シュテルン – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オットー・シュテルン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਔਟੋ ਸਟਰਨ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਔਟੋ ਸਟਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اٹو سٹرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اٹو سٹرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – piemoncki" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemoncki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD,_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Штерн, Отто – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штерн, Отто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="आटो स्टर्न – sanskryt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आटो स्टर्न" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskryt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – śląski" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="śląski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86_%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ئۆتۆ شتێرن – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆ شتێرن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ото Штерн – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ото Штерн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆட்டோ ஸ்டர்ன் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆட்டோ ஸ்டர்ன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Отто Штерн – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Отто Штерн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="ออตโต สเติร์น – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออตโต สเติร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Отто Штерн – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отто Штерн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اوٹو سٹرن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوٹو سٹرن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9" title="奥托·施特恩 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥托·施特恩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Otto Stern" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#629ed0; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Otto Stern</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Otto_Stern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Otto_Stern.jpg/170px-Otto_Stern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Otto_Stern.jpg/254px-Otto_Stern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Otto_Stern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Państwo działania </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy">Niemcy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/17_lutego" title="17 lutego">17 lutego</a> <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesarstwo_Niemieckie" title="Cesarstwo Niemieckie">Cesarstwo Niemieckie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/17_sierpnia" title="17 sierpnia">17 sierpnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_(Kalifornia)" title="Berkeley (Kalifornia)">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;">profesor </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue; color:black; text-align:center; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:3px;">Specjalność: <a href="/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka">fizyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater" title="Alma Mater">Alma Mater</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Wroc%C5%82awski" title="Uniwersytet Wrocławski">Uniwersytet Wrocławski</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uczelnia </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Karola" title="Uniwersytet Karola">Uniwersytet Karola</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/ETH" title="ETH">Politechnika w Zurychu</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b>Nagrody</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/45px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otto_Stern" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otto_Stern" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Otto Stern">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Otto Stern</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/17_lutego" title="17 lutego">17 lutego</a> <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a> w <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żorach</a>, zm. <a href="/wiki/17_sierpnia" title="17 sierpnia">17 sierpnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a> w <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_(Kalifornia)" title="Berkeley (Kalifornia)">Berkeley</a><sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup> w stanie <a href="/wiki/Kalifornia" title="Kalifornia">Kalifornia</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy">niemiecki</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizyk" title="Fizyk">fizyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">noblista</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Żory_i_Wrocław_(1888–1912)"><span id=".C5.BBory_i_Wroc.C5.82aw_.281888.E2.80.931912.29"></span>Żory i Wrocław (1888–1912)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Żory i Wrocław (1888–1912)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Żory i Wrocław (1888–1912)"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Był wnukiem bogatego kupca żydowskiego, właściciela żorskiego młyna, Abrahama Sterna<sup id="cite_ref-Nobliści-UWr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobliści-UWr-2">[2]</a></sup> i synem Oskara Sterna i Eugenii (z domu Rosenthal)<sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.uni-frankfurt.de-4">[4]</a></sup>. Miał czworo młodszego rodzeństwa (Berta, Kurt, Lota i Liza<sup id="cite_ref-TMMŻ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMMŻ-5">[5]</a></sup>). W roku 1892 Sternowie przeprowadzili się do <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocławia</a><sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.uni-frankfurt.de-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p><p>Po ukończeniu szkoły podstawowej Otto Stern kontynuował naukę w <i>Johannes-Gymnasium</i> we Wrocławiu<sup id="cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.uni-frankfurt.de-4">[4]</a></sup>, a następnie podjął studia uniwersyteckie we <a href="/wiki/Fryburg_Bryzgowijski" title="Fryburg Bryzgowijski">Fryburgu Bryzgowijskim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monachium" title="Monachium">Monachium</a> i Wrocławiu. Stopień doktora <a href="/wiki/Chemia_fizyczna" title="Chemia fizyczna">chemii fizycznej</a> uzyskał na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Wroc%C5%82awski" title="Uniwersytet Wrocławski">Uniwersytecie Wrocławskim</a> w roku 1912<sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize-3">[3]</a></sup>. Jego rozprawa doktorska dotyczyła <a href="/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie_osmotyczne" title="Ciśnienie osmotyczne">ciśnienia osmotycznego</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwutlenek_w%C4%99gla" title="Dwutlenek węgla">dwutlenku węgla</a> w stężonych roztworach<sup id="cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.uni-frankfurt.de-4">[4]</a></sup>. Miała charakter zarówno praktyczny, jak też i teoretyczny. W przyszłości ustaliła jego działalność badawczą, dzięki której sam siebie określił jako „teoretyka doświadczalnego”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praga_i_Zurych_(1912–1913),_Niemcy_(1914–1933)"><span id="Praga_i_Zurych_.281912.E2.80.931913.29.2C_Niemcy_.281914.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Praga i Zurych (1912–1913), Niemcy (1914–1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Praga i Zurych (1912–1913), Niemcy (1914–1933)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Praga i Zurych (1912–1913), Niemcy (1914–1933)"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Po doktoracie, w tymże roku, przeniósł się – za <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albertem Einsteinem</a> – na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Karola" title="Uniwersytet Karola">Uniwersytet Karola</a> w <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Pradze</a>, a w następnym roku – na Politechnikę w <a href="/wiki/Zurych" title="Zurych">Zurychu</a> (<a href="/wiki/ETH" title="ETH">ETH</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.uni-frankfurt.de-4">[4]</a></sup>. W <a href="/wiki/Szwajcaria" title="Szwajcaria">Szwajcarii</a> zawarł znajomość z takimi wybitnymi fizykami, jak <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Paul Ehrenfest</a> i <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>. W tym czasie jego finansowa niezależność pozwoliła mu obrać miejsce pracy bez oglądania się na osiąganie większych korzyści materialnych. W roku 1913 otrzymał w Wyższej Szkole Technicznej w Zurychu <i>venia legendi</i>, czyli prawo prowadzenia własnych odczytów. Stał się tym samym tzw. <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i>, co uprawniało go do prowadzenia wykładów na uniwersytetach jednak bez prawa do wynagrodzenia za przeprowadzane wykłady. </p><p>W latach <a href="/wiki/I_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="I wojna światowa">pierwszej wojny światowej</a>, od sierpnia 1914 do jej zakończenia, służył w różnych jednostkach technicznych armii pruskiej, początkowo jako <a href="/wiki/Szeregowy" title="Szeregowy">szeregowy</a> w <a href="/wiki/Prywatna_firma_wojskowa" title="Prywatna firma wojskowa">PMC</a>, a następnie jako <a href="/wiki/Podoficer" title="Podoficer">podoficer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Enc.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc.com-6">[6]</a></sup>. Po klęsce Prus powrócił do Frankfurtu, gdzie nadal pracował naukowo. <a href="/wiki/Habilitacja" title="Habilitacja">Habilitował się</a> we <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_nad_Menem" title="Frankfurt nad Menem">Frankfurcie</a> w roku 1915. Od roku 1919 współpracował z <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Maxem Bornem</a>. </p><p>W roku 1921 otrzymał stanowisko <a href="/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor">profesora</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizyka_teoretyczna" title="Fizyka teoretyczna">fizyki teoretycznej</a> na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Rostocku" title="Uniwersytet w Rostocku">Uniwersytecie w Rostocku</a>. Tutaj dołączył do swego przyjaciela, <a href="/wiki/Max_Volmer" title="Max Volmer">Maxa Volmera</a>. Pobyt w <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostocku</a> pozwolił mu na poszerzenie swych horyzontów myślowych i na zawarcie nowych znajomości. Nie trwał on jednak długo. W roku 1923 objął stanowisko dyrektora w nowo powstałym Instytucie Chemii Fizycznej na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Hamburgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet w Hamburgu">Uniwersytecie w Hamburgu</a>. </p><p>W roku 1922 Stern przeprowadził wraz z <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gerlach" title="Walter Gerlach">Walterem Gerlachem</a> eksperyment zwany <a href="/wiki/Do%C5%9Bwiadczenie_Sterna-Gerlacha" title="Doświadczenie Sterna-Gerlacha">doświadczeniem Sterna-Gerlacha</a> dotyczącym przestrzennej <a href="/wiki/Kwantowanie_(fizyka)" title="Kwantowanie (fizyka)">kwantyzacji</a> <a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizyka)" title="Spin (fizyka)">spinowego</a> <a href="/wiki/Moment_p%C4%99du" title="Moment pędu">momentu pędu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stany_Zjednoczone_(1933–1969)"><span id="Stany_Zjednoczone_.281933.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Stany Zjednoczone (1933–1969)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Stany Zjednoczone (1933–1969)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Stany Zjednoczone (1933–1969)"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Po <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_socjalizm#Antysemityzm" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowy socjalizm">dojściu Hitlera do władzy</a> w roku 1933 wyemigrował do <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stanów Zjednoczonych</a>. Do 1945 roku był profesorem na <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Institute of Technology</a> w <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburghu</a>. Tam też przystąpił do budowy laboratorium molekularnego, choć ze względu na trudności gospodarcze nie był w stanie rozbudować swej pracowni do tego poziomu jaki miała pracownia w Hamburgu. Następnie już jako <i><a href="/wiki/Profesor_emeritus" title="Profesor emeritus">professor emeritus</a></i> osiadł na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Kalifornijski" title="Uniwersytet Kalifornijski">Uniwersytecie Kalifornijskim</a> w <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_(Kalifornia)" title="Berkeley (Kalifornia)">Berkeley</a>. Sporadycznie utrzymywał kontakty z miejscowymi fizykami, lecz unikał już publicznych wystąpień. </p><p>Rok 1943 przyniósł Sternowi <a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla">Nobla</a> z fizyki <i>W uznaniu jego wkładu w rozwój metody wiązki molekularnej i jego odkrycia <a href="/wiki/Magnetyczny_moment_dipolowy" title="Magnetyczny moment dipolowy">momentu magnetycznego</a> <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonu</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wyróżnienia"><span id="Wyr.C3.B3.C5.BCnienia"></span>Wyróżnienia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Wyróżnienia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Wyróżnienia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg/220px-FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg/330px-FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg/440px-FFM_Physikalischer_Verein_Stern-Gerlach-Tafel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Tablica upamiętniająca Otto Sterna i <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gerlach" title="Walter Gerlach">Waltera Gerlacha</a> na ścianie budynku <i>Frankfurt des Physikalischen Vereins</i> we <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_nad_Menem" title="Frankfurt nad Menem">Frankfurcie nad Menem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Stern otrzymał w roku 1930 tytuł <a href="/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor honoris causa">LL.D.</a> (Legum Doctor) <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Kalifornijski_w_Berkeley" title="Uniwersytet Kalifornijski w Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Był członkiem <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh (strona nie istnieje)">Philosophical Society</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117467#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q117467">(inne języki)</a></span> oraz członkiem zagranicznym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (strona nie istnieje)">Royal Danish Academy of Sciences</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1636237#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1636237">(inne języki)</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upamiętnienie_w_Polsce"><span id="Upami.C4.99tnienie_w_Polsce"></span>Upamiętnienie w Polsce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Upamiętnienie w Polsce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Upamiętnienie w Polsce"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Stern-plakette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stern-plakette.jpg/220px-Stern-plakette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stern-plakette.jpg/330px-Stern-plakette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Stern-plakette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Pamiątkowa tablica na frontowej ścianie Instytutu Fizyki w <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Hamburgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet w Hamburgu">Hamburg University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>18 września 1997 r. podczas sesji wyjazdowej 34. Zjazdu Fizyków Polskich została odsłonięta tablica pamiątkowa, poświęcona Ottonowi Sternowi. Tablicę odsłonili zagraniczni goście – nobliści: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hauptman" title="Herbert Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> (Nagroda Nobla z chemii 1985 r.) i <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer" title="Rudolf Mößbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a> (Nagroda Nobla z fizyki 1961 r.), a także polski fizyk prof. dr hab. <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Warczewski" title="Jerzy Warczewski">Jerzy Warczewski</a> oraz przedstawiciele miasta Żory <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_%C5%81ukaszczyk" title="Zygmunt Łukaszczyk">Zygmunt Łukaszczyk</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Andrzej_Ostrowski" title="Ryszard Andrzej Ostrowski">Ryszard Ostrowski</a>. Tablica odlana z <a href="/wiki/Mosi%C4%85dz" title="Mosiądz">mosiądzu</a> według projektu Stanisława Szwarca wisi na ścianie frontowej budynku Urzędu Miasta Żory<sup id="cite_ref-Sztetl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sztetl-7">[7]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życie_prywatne"><span id=".C5.BBycie_prywatne"></span>Życie prywatne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życie prywatne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życie prywatne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Do końca swego życia Otto Stern pozostał kawalerem. </p><p>Zmarł na zawał serca 17 sierpnia 1969 r. w czasie przedstawienia teatralnego i pochowany został w Berkeley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3979638"><i>Stern Otto</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2023-01-05]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Stern+Otto&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3979638" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobliści-UWr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nobliści-UWr_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044343/http://uni.wroc.pl/o-nas/historia-i-misja-uczelni/nobli%C5%9Bci">Otto Stern fizyka (1943)</a>. [w:] <i>Nobliści związani z uniwersytetem we Wrocławiu</i> [on-line]. Uniwersytet Wrocławski. [dostęp 2018-03-26]. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni.wroc.pl/o-nas/historia-i-misja-uczelni/nobli%C5%9Bci">tego adresu</a> (2017-04-16)].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.nobelprize-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.nobelprize_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.nobelprize_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.nobelprize_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/stern/facts/">Otto Stern - Facts</a>. [w:] <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943</i> [on-line]. Nobel Media AB. [dostęp 2014-03-05]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/stern/biographical/">Biographical</a>, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1946, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1943/stern/lecture/">The Method of Molecular Rays</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.uni-frankfurt.de-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.uni-frankfurt.de_4-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Immanuel Estermann, Haifa: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140306130633/http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb13/Dateien/paf/paf46.html">Otto Stern, 1888-1969</a>. www.uni-frankfurt.de, 12 grudnia 2008. [dostęp 2017-04-15]. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140306130633/http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb13/Dateien/paf/paf46.html">tego adresu</a> (2014-03-06)]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku niemieckim (Deutsch)">niem.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMMŻ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TMMŻ_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Paweł Lokaj, Jan Szulik: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbpzory.pl/pliki/plik/informator-tmmz-16-1472810398.pdf">Otto Stern</a>. [w:] <i>Informator Towarzystwa Miłośników Miasta Żory , T. 16</i> [on-line]. TMMŻ, styczeń 1988. [dostęp 2017-04-15].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enc.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Enc.com_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">I. Estermann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/physics-biographies/otto-stern">Stern, Otto</a>. [w:] <i>Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i> [on-line]. Charles Scribner's Sons. [dostęp 2018-03-26]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sztetl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sztetl_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/zory/11,synagogi-domy-modlitwy-i-inne/3011,tablica-pamiatkowa-otto-stern-rynek-/">Tablica pamiątkowa - Otto Stern (Rynek)</a>. [w:] <i>Wirtualny Sztetl</i> [on-line]. www.sztetl.org.pl. [dostęp 2014-03-06]. <span class="lang-list tylko-pl">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1109/1109.4864.pdf">J.P. Toennies, H. Schmidt-Böcking, B. Friedrich, J.C.A. Lower, <i>Otto Stern (1888–1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics</i> </a> (pdf, s.1–39, 68 ref) na: www <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lubimyczytac.pl/ksiazka/97497/otto-stern-1888-1969-noblista-z-zor">Piotr Greiner: <i>Otto Stern (1888–1969). Noblista z Żor</i></a>, wyd. Towarzystwo Zachęty Kultury, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8386023090" title="Specjalna:Książki/8386023090">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-86023-09-0</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/stern-gerlach">Stern-Gerlach Experiment</a>, symulacja na: phet.colorado.edu</li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 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.navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Nobel_Fizyka" title="Szablon:Nobel Fizyka"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Nobel_Fizyka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Nobel Fizyka (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Nobel_Fizyka&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Thomson" title="George Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1943: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pawie%C5%82_Czerenkow" title="Pawieł Czerenkow">Czerenkow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer" title="Rudolf Mößbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lew_Landau" title="Lew Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko%C5%82aj_Basow" title="Nikołaj Basow">Basow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorow" title="Aleksandr Prochorow">Prochorow</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%E2%80%99ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin’ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mottelson" title="Benjamin Mottelson">Mottelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kapica" title="Piotr Kapica">Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_M._Siegbahn" title="Kai M. Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey" title="Norman F. Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_I._Friedman" title="Jerome I. Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph H. Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Perl" title="Martin Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lee" title="David M. Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson" title="Robert C. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" title="William D. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer">Störmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%E2%80%99t_Hooft" title="Gerardus ’t Hooft">'t Hooft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBores_A%C5%82fiorow" title="Żores Ałfiorow">Ałfiorow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis" title="Raymond Davis">Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Aleksiej_Abrikosow" title="Aleksiej Abrikosow">Abrikosow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witalij_Ginzburg" title="Witalij Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" title="H. David Politzer">Politzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" title="George F. Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andriej_Gejm" title="Andriej Gejm">Gejm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Nowosio%C5%82ow" title="Konstantin Nowosiołow">Nowosiołow</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABji_Nakamura" title="Shūji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Kosterlitz" title="John M. Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%E2%80%99Huillier" title="Anne L’Huillier">L’Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:NobelP2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobel"><img alt="Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110697348">0000000110697348</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/70396309">70396309</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n85804107">n85804107</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/119320665">119320665</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/katalogisering/fcrvzk9z3jnslp0">fcrvzk9z3jnslp0</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/083853278">083853278</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p114143714">114143714</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565735005606">9810565735005606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%20%2097003807">n97003807</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007504464405171">987007504464405171</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" class="extiw" title="ca:Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a19859508">a19859508</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3979638.html">3979638</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-Stern">biography/Otto-Stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/otto-stern">otto-stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/otto-stern/">otto-stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/otto-stern">otto-stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Otto_Stern">Otto_Stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/otto-stern/">otto-stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0064133.xml">0064133</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Otto_Stern">Otto_Stern</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=58046">58046</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&oldid=73429013">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&oldid=73429013</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a 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fizycznych</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Niemieccy_%C5%BBydzi" title="Kategoria:Niemieccy Żydzi">Niemieccy Żydzi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ludzie_urodzeni_w_%C5%BBorach" title="Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Żorach">Ludzie urodzeni w Żorach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Urodzeni_w_1888" title="Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1888">Urodzeni w 1888</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Zmarli_w_1969" title="Kategoria:Zmarli w 1969">Zmarli w 1969</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artyku%C5%82y_z_propozycjami_t%C5%82umacze%C5%84" title="Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń">Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 6 kwi 2024, 12:00.</li> <li 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