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href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_Caucasian_Albania_and_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_Caucasian_Albania_and_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Revolt in Caucasian Albania and famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_Caucasian_Albania_and_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Relations with the Byzantine Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_Kidarites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_Kidarites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 War with the Kidarites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_Kidarites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_and_second_war_with_the_Hephthalites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_second_war_with_the_Hephthalites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 First and second war with the Hephthalites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_second_war_with_the_Hephthalites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolts_in_Armenia_and_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolts_in_Armenia_and_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Revolts in Armenia and Iberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolts_in_Armenia_and_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_war_with_the_Hephthalites_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_war_with_the_Hephthalites_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Third war with the Hephthalites and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_war_with_the_Hephthalites_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Building projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage_and_imperial_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage_and_imperial_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Coinage and imperial ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage_and_imperial_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Persian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Persian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In Persian literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Persian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Ancient works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Modern works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Peroz I</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="بيروز الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيروز الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Firuz" title="I Firuz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Firuz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بیرینجی پیروز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی پیروز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_1-s%C3%A8" title="Peroz 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peroz 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Пероз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пероз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7_I" title="Фируз I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фируз I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%B3z_I." title="Péróz I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Péróz I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I." title="Peroz I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peroz I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Περόζης Α΄ της Περσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περόζης Α΄ της Περσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="پیروز یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیروز یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9roz_Ier" title="Péroz Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péroz Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_1%EC%84%B8" title="페로즈 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페로즈 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Պերոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I." title="Peroz I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Peroz I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פירוז הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פירוז הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96_I" title="პეროზ I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეროზ I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._P%C3%A9roz_sz%C3%A1sz%C3%A1nida_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Péroz szászánida király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Péroz szászánida király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="بيروز الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيروز الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="پیروز اول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیروز اول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz" title="Peroz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peroz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA1%E4%B8%96" title="ペーローズ1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペーローズ1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I_av_Persia" title="Peroz I av Persia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peroz I av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_Ier" title="Peroz Ier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peroz Ier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perozes_I" title="Perozes I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perozes I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Пероз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пероз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%B3z_I." title="Péróz I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Péróz I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perouz_I" title="Perouz I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perouz I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%B8_I" title="Пирӯзи I – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пирӯзи I" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._F%C3%AEr%C3%BBz" title="I. Fîrûz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Fîrûz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Пероз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пероз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="بیروز اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیروز اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Peroz I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_I" title="Firuz I – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Firuz I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="卑路斯一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卑路斯一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310233#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Peroz I 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_of_Iranians_and_non-Iranians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians">King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg/250px-Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg/330px-Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg/500px-Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1271" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Plate of Peroz I</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire">King</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">459–484</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">484 Near <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Sambice" title="Sambice">Sambice</a> <a href="/wiki/Perozdukht" title="Perozdukht">Perozdukht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denag" title="Denag">Denag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Peroz I (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰, romanized: Pērōz) was the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahanshah</a>) of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a> from 459 to 484. A son of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 438–457), he disputed the rule of his elder brother and incumbent king <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 457–459), eventually seizing the throne after a two-year struggle. His reign was marked by war and famine. Early in his reign, he successfully quelled a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> in the west, and put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> in the east, briefly expanding Sasanian rule into <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, where he issued gold coins with his likeness at <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. Simultaneously, Iran was suffering from a seven-year famine. He soon clashed with the former subjects of the Kidarites, the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>, who possibly had previously helped him to gain his throne. He was defeated and captured twice by the Hephthalites and lost his recently acquired possessions. In 482, revolts broke out in the western provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Iberia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vahan_Mamikonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahan Mamikonian">Vahan Mamikonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang I of Iberia">Vakhtang I</a> respectively. Before Peroz could quell the unrest there, he was defeated and killed in his third war with the Hephthalites in 484, who seized the main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>−<a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Marw</a>. Taking advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Nezak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak">Nezak Huns</a> subsequently seized the region of <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>. Peroz was the last shahanshah to mint <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage_of_Sindh" title="Sasanian coinage of Sindh">unique gold coins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period. Albeit a devout <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>, Peroz supported the newly established Christian sect of <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, and just before his death, it was declared the official doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Iranian church</a>. Peroz's wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. His defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult. The empire reached its lowest ebb; the shahanshah was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute, while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers. The magnates—most notably <a href="/wiki/Sukhra" title="Sukhra">Sukhra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapur_Mihran" title="Shapur Mihran">Shapur Mihran</a>—elected Peroz's brother, <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a>, as the new shahanshah. Order would first be restored under Peroz's son <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 488–496, 498/9–531), who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan. By 560, Peroz had been avenged by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 531–579), who in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, destroyed the Hephthalites. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> "Peroz" is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> name, meaning "victorious".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani201778-1">[1]</a> It is attested in <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> as Pērōž, whilst its <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> form is Pīrūz (Arabicized form: Fīrūz).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChkeidze2001486–490-2">[2]</a> Peroz is transliterated in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as Perozes (Περόζης).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980860-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> transliteration of the name, Pˊerozh/Pˊeroz, was introduced into Georgian twice; through its <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a> form (Parthian/Middle Persian) and in the New Persian form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChkeidze2001486–490-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> transliteration, Peroz (Պերոզ), follows the exact same spelling as the Middle Persian original.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmittBailey1986445–465-4">[4]</a> The name Peroz had already been in use by members of the Sasanian family in the 3rd-century, namely by the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanian">Kushano-Sasanian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I Kushanshah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani201778-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg/250px-Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg/330px-Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg/500px-Sasanian_Empire_in_the_mid_5th-century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the mid 5th-century</figcaption></figure> When Peroz's father <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 438–457) died in 457, he had reportedly not designed a successor and instead—according to the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">al-Tha'alibi</a>—entrusted the task to the elite and the leading <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzbans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margraves</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200870-5">[5]</a> Civil war soon followed; Yazdegerd II's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> declared himself king at the city of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a> in northern Iran, while Peroz fled to the northeastern part of the empire and began raising an army in order to claim the throne for himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016248-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200871-7">[7]</a> The brothers' mother, queen <a href="/wiki/Denag" title="Denag">Denag</a>, temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016248-6">[6]</a> According to eastern sources, Peroz was more worthy for the throne than Hormizd, who they refer to as "unfair".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004465–466-8">[8]</a> Only the anonymous source known as the Codex Sprenger 30 describes Hormizd as the "braver and better", while describing Peroz as "more learned in religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004465–466-8">[8]</a> Both brothers seemingly attempted to gain the support of the powers of the neighbouring eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Tokharistan/Bactria</a> in their struggle. The region was then controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>, along with some of their local vassals, such as the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017121-9">[9]</a> According to three contemporary letters in the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a> (the language of Tokharistan), the local ruler of the city of Rob (between <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>) Kirdir-Warahran, is given the honorific titles of "glorious through Hormizd" and "true to Peroz", which seemingly indicates that he shifted his allegiance between the two brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020124-10">[10]</a> According to the contemporary Armenian historians <a href="/wiki/Elishe" title="Elishe">Elishe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Ghazar Parpetsi</a>, Peroz was notably supported by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mihran" title="House of Mihran">House of Mihran</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran" title="Seven Great Houses of Iran">Seven Great Houses of Iran</a>, while later Persian sources instead report that Peroz fled to the Hephthalites and enlisted their help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020124–125-11">[11]</a> This version, however, has been called "legendary" and "somewhat fanciful" by modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004465–466-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020124–125-11">[11]</a> The modern historians <a href="/wiki/Parvaneh_Pourshariati" title="Parvaneh Pourshariati">Parvaneh Pourshariati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shapur Shahbazi</a> and Michael Bonner prefer the Armenian version, with the latter suggesting that the Persian account may yield some authenticity, with Peroz enlisting Hephthalite aid through the Mihranids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200871-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004465–466-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020124–125-11">[11]</a> Elishe and Ghazar give two slightly different accounts of Peroz's struggle against Hormizd. According to the former, Peroz was aided by his Mihranid tutor <a href="/wiki/Raham_Mihran" title="Raham Mihran">Raham Mihran</a>, who in 459 captured and executed Hormizd, and then crowned Peroz as shahanshah. The same account is given by Ghazar, with the exception that the Mihranid is named Ashtad Mihran, and was not the tutor, but rather foster father of Peroz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004465–466-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020124-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_Caucasian_Albania_and_famine">Revolt in Caucasian Albania and famine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolt in Caucasian Albania and famine">edit</a>]</div> During the dynastic struggle between Peroz and Hormizd III, the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania" title="Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania">Arsacid</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vache_II_of_Albania" title="Vache II of Albania">Vache II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 440–462), took advantage of the tumultuous situation and declared independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1999631–632-13">[12]</a> He allowed the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> into the city of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, and with their aid attacked the Iranian army. Peroz responded by allowing the Huns to pass through the <a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">Darial Gorge</a>, and they subsequently ravaged Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1985806–810-14">[13]</a> The two kings negotiated an accord; Vache II would return his mother (Peroz's sister) and daughter to Peroz, while he would receive the 1,000 families he had originally been given by his father as his share of the inheritance. Vache II abdicated in 462,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202033-15">[14]</a> leaving Albania kingless until 485, when <a href="/wiki/Vachagan_III" title="Vachagan III">Vachagan III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 485–510) was installed on the throne by Peroz's brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 484–488).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1985806–810-14">[13]</a> Peroz also freed some of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> aristocrats who had been jailed by his father in the aftermath of the Armenian uprising in 451.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1983147-16">[15]</a> The previous year (461), Iran suffered from a severe drought, which caused a large-scale famine that would last until 467.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1983147-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1999305-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1999112-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Byzantine_Empire">Relations with the Byzantine Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with the Byzantine Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Persian_Frontier,_5th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Roman-Persian_Frontier%2C_5th_century.png/250px-Roman-Persian_Frontier%2C_5th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Roman-Persian_Frontier%2C_5th_century.png/330px-Roman-Persian_Frontier%2C_5th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Roman-Persian_Frontier%2C_5th_century.png/500px-Roman-Persian_Frontier%2C_5th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Roman-Iranian frontier</figcaption></figure> Early in Peroz's reign, tensions began to rise between Iran and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>. In the mid-460s, the Byzantines discovered that their general <a href="/wiki/Ardabur_(consul_447)" title="Ardabur (consul 447)">Ardaburius</a> had been secretly corresponding with the Iranian court, urging Peroz to attack the Byzantines, with the promise of military support and presumably also intelligence. Ardaburius's letters were intercepted and given to Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 457–474), who had him removed from office and summoned to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020126-19">[18]</a> Ardaburius's fate is not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020126–127-20">[19]</a> Leo responded to the Iranian activity by reinforcing his borders with them, which included the fortification of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Callinicum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020127-21">[20]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Acilisene" title="Peace of Acilisene">Byzantine–Iranian peace treaty of 387</a>, both empires had agreed that they were obligated to cooperate in the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> against nomadic attacks from the northern steppes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013809-22">[21]</a> The Iranians took the major role in this, while the Byzantines contributed roughly 500 pounds (230 kg) of gold at irregular intervals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b296–298-23">[22]</a> The Byzantines saw this payment as a contribution to their mutual defense, but the Iranians saw it as tribute which established Byzantium as a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">subordinate</a> of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b298-24">[23]</a> Since the foundation of the Sasanian Empire, its rulers had demonstrated the sovereignty and power of their realm through collection of tribute, particularly from the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201618-25">[24]</a> Retaliating for Iran's plot with Ardaburius, Leo stopped the payments. Repeated negotiations failed to resolve the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020127-21">[20]</a> The Byzantines also appealed for the return of the city of <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a>, which had been ceded to Iran as part of a treaty in 363.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020127-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee201418-26">[25]</a> Tensions continued to increase until the accession of the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 474–491) in 474, who resumed payment to Iran and also ransomed Peroz from captivity by the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020127–128-27">[26]</a> Regardless, war almost erupted in the early 480s, when some <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a> clients of the Sasanians made incursions into Byzantine territory due to suffering from a two-year drought. The Iranian general Qardag Nakoragan, who was stationed at the frontier, quickly pacificed the Tayy raiders and ensured peace with the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020128-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreatrexLieu200249-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_the_Kidarites">War with the Kidarites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War with the Kidarites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg/220px-Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg/330px-Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg/440px-Kidarites_ruler_Kidara_Circa_425-457_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>5th-century <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidarite">Kidarite</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a>. The legend, in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> letters, reads: kidara kushana shah.</figcaption></figure> Since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 309–379), Iran had to deal with nomadic invaders in the east known as "<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a>" and made up of Hephthalites, Kidarites, <a href="/wiki/Chionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionites">Chionites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkhans" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkhans">Alkhans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani201785–87-30">[29]</a> They seized Tokharistan and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> from Shapur II and his Kushano-Sasanian clients, and eventually Kabul from <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 383–388).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne20167,_11-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani201796-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic">numismatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sigillographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigillographic">sigillographic</a> evidence demonstrates that the Huns ruled a realm just as refined as that of the Sasanians. They swiftly adopted Iranian imperial symbolism and titulature, such as imitating <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage" title="Sasanian coinage">Sasanian imperial coinage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b285-33">[32]</a> The modern historian Richard Payne states: "Far from the destructive xyonan of the Iranian accounts or the marauding barbarians of the Roman historians, the Hun kingdoms of post-Iranian Central Asia were city-based, tax-raising, ideologically innovative states the kings of kings found themselves hard pressed to unseat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b286-34">[33]</a> The loss of the Armenian cavalry contingent after the revolt of Armenia in 451 weakened Sasanian efforts to keep their eastern enemies in check.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2011305-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2013613-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[b]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg/250px-Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg/500px-Coin_of_Peroz_I_in_Tukharistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of Peroz I minted at <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> in 466, shortly after he put an end to <a href="/wiki/Kidarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidarite">Kidarite</a> rule in Tokharistan. He is depicted on the obverse, wearing his second crown</figcaption></figure> The Sasanian efforts were disrupted in the early 5th century by the Kidarites, who forced <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 399–420), <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 420–438), and/or Yazdegerd II to pay them tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201618-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b287-38">[36]</a> Although this did not trouble the Iranian treasury, it was nevertheless humiliating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020100-39">[37]</a> Yazdegerd II eventually refused to pay tribute, which would later be used as a justification for the war that the Kidarites declared against Peroz in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 464.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2018291,_294-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b287-38">[36]</a> Peroz lacked enough manpower to fight, and therefore asked for financial aid from the Byzantine Empire, which declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130-41">[39]</a> He then offered peace to the king of the Kidarites, Kunkhas, and offered his sister in marriage, but sent a woman of low status instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130-41">[39]</a> After some time Kunkhas found about Peroz's deception, and in turn attempted to trick him, by requesting him to send military experts to strengthen his army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130-41">[39]</a> When a group of 300 military experts arrived at the court of Kunkhas at Balaam (possibly Balkh), they were either killed or disfigured and sent back to Iran, with the information that Kunkhas did this due to Peroz's false treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130-41">[39]</a> Around this time, Peroz allied himself with the Hephthalites and other Huns, such as <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a>, the ruler of Kadag in eastern Tokharistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017102,_121-42">[40]</a> With their help, he finally vanquished the Kidarites in 466, and brought Tokharistan briefly under Sasanian control, issuing gold coins at Balkh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b285-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017102,_121,_127-43">[41]</a> The style of the gold coin was largely based on the Kidarite coins, and displayed Peroz wearing his second crown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb201823-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2014271-45">[43]</a> The legend of the coin displayed his name and title in Bactrian. The following year (467), an Iranian embassy journeyed to Constantinople, where the victory over the Kidarites was announced. An Iranian embassy sent to the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a> in 468 may have done the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020126-19">[18]</a> The Kidarites continued to rule in Gandhara, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>. They were eventually conquered by the Alkhans in Gandhara, and by the Hephthalites in Sogdia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017102-46">[44]</a> According to Bactrian <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a>, Mehama was subsequently promoted to the position of "governor of the famous and prosperous king of kings Peroz".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017121-9">[9]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> followed in Tokharistan, which allowed Mehama to gain autonomy, or possibly even independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017121-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_second_war_with_the_Hephthalites">First and second war with the Hephthalites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First and second war with the Hephthalites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg/250px-Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg/500px-Hephthalites_coinage_imitating_Peroz_I_Late_5th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachma</a> minted by a <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> ruler, with the obverse showing a close imitation of the coinage of Peroz I wearing his third crown</figcaption></figure> Peroz's war with the Hephthalites is reported by at least two contemporary sources—the account of the Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> text of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Joshua_the_Stylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite">Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite</a>. However, both sources are marred by errors and oversights. According to Pseudo-Joshua, Peroz fought three wars with the Hephthalites, but he only briefly mentions them. Procopius' report, although detailed, has only two wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020135-47">[45]</a> Additionally, Peroz's war with the Hephthalites is also reported by the <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> Book of Kings.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Many modern historians agree that he fought the Hephthalites three times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020135-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017127–128-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2018295–296-50">[48]</a> With the fall of the Kidarites, their former subjects–the Hephthalites, who were based in eastern Tokharistan–took advantage of the power vacuum, extending their rule over all of Tokharistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017127-51">[49]</a> Their capital was most likely near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> in eastern Tokharistan, which the medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> calls War-Waliz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017127-51">[49]</a> The Hephthalite king is often given the name of <a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a>, which according to the <a href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Khodadad Rezakhani</a> was probably a title used by the Hephthalite kings, similar to other contemporary <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> titles such as <a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afshin" title="Afshin">Afshin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017126–127,_137-52">[50]</a> In order to halt the Hephthalite expansion, Peroz attacked them in 474, but was ambushed and captured near the border of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Gurgan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2018295-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020136-54">[52]</a> He was ransomed by Zeno, who helped him restore good relations between the Sasanians and the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020136-54">[52]</a> According to Procopius, Akhshunwar demanded that Peroz <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostrate</a> before him in exchange for his release. Following the advice of his priests, Peroz met Akhshunwar at dawn and pretended to prostrate before him, while in reality he was doing it before the rising sun, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, the sun god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017127–128-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020136-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-PROIII-55">[53]</a> In the late 470s or early 480s, Peroz launched a second campaign, which ended in his defeat and capture once more; he offered to pay thirty mule packs of silver <a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">drachms</a> in ransom, but could only pay twenty. Unable to raise the rest, he sent his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad</a>, to the Hephthalite court in 482 as a hostage until this balance was paid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017127-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2018295-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020137-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[c]</a> Payne notes that "The sums involved were modest in comparison with late antique diplomatic subsidies or state revenues. But rumors of a caravan delivering tribute from the Iranian court to the Huns spread across the Iran and the Mediterranean worlds, as far as <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b287-38">[36]</a> After this, Akhshunwar minted coins of himself wearing a winged, triple-crescent crown, which was the third crown of Peroz, indicating that the Hephthalite king considered himself to be the legitimate ruler of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b287-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201617-59">[56]</a> Peroz imposed a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a> on his subjects to raise the ten mule packs of silver, and secured the release of Kavad before he mounted his third campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020137-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolts_in_Armenia_and_Iberia">Revolts in Armenia and Iberia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revolts in Armenia and Iberia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg/330px-Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg/500px-Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg/600px-Map_of_Persian_Armenia_and_its_surroundings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewsen200185-60">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Besides Caucasian Albania, the two other Iranian provinces in the Caucasus—Armenia and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Iberia</a>—were also dissatisfied with Zoroastrian Sasanian rule. In Armenia, Yazdegerd II's policy of integrating the Christian nobility into the bureaucracy by forcing them to convert to Zoroastrianism had resulted in a large-scale rebellion in 451, led by the Armenian military leader <a href="/wiki/Vardan_Mamikonian" title="Vardan Mamikonian">Vardan Mamikonian</a>. Although the Sasanians defeated the rebels at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr" title="Battle of Avarayr">Battle of Avarayr</a>, the impact of the rebellion was still felt, and tensions continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017192-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvdoyan2018-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020133-63">[60]</a> Meanwhile, in Iberia, Peroz had favoured <a href="/wiki/Varsken" title="Varsken">Varsken</a>, the viceroy (<a href="/wiki/Bidaxsh" title="Bidaxsh">bidaxsh</a>) of the Armeno-Iberian frontier region of <a href="/wiki/Gugark" title="Gugark">Gugark</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Mihranids_of_Gugark" title="Mihranids of Gugark">Mihranids of Gugark</a>, Varsken was born a Christian, but when he travelled to the Iranian court in 470, he converted to Zoroastrianism and shifted his allegiance from the Christian <a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Iberian monarchy</a> to the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201438,_45,_67-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDédéyan2007191-65">[62]</a> As a reward for his conversion, he was given the viceroyalty of Albania and a daughter of Peroz in marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1961101-66">[63]</a> Espousing his pro-Iranian position, he attempted to force his family to convert to Zoroastrianism, including his first wife <a href="/wiki/Shushanik" title="Shushanik">Shushanik</a> (a daughter of Vardan), whom he eventually killed, which made her a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1961101-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201445-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199423-68">[65]</a> Varsken's policies were unacceptable to the Iberian king <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang I of Iberia">Vakhtang I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 447/49–502/22), who had him killed and then revolted against Iran in 482.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020134-69">[66]</a> Almost simultaneously, the Armenians rebelled under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Vahan_Mamikonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahan Mamikonian">Vahan Mamikonian</a>, a nephew of Vardan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-70">[67]</a> In the same year, the marzban of Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Adhur_Gushnasp" title="Adhur Gushnasp">Adhur Gushnasp</a> was defeated and killed by Vahan's forces, who installed <a href="/wiki/Sahak_II_Bagratuni" title="Sahak II Bagratuni">Sahak II Bagratuni</a> as the new marzban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947216–218-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDédéyan2007192-72">[69]</a> Peroz sent an army under <a href="/wiki/Zarmihr_Hazarwuxt" title="Zarmihr Hazarwuxt">Zarmihr Hazarwuxt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Karen" title="House of Karen">House of Karen</a> to Armenia, while another army led by the Sasanian general Mihran, of the Mihranid family, was sent to Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200873-73">[70]</a> During the summer, an army led by Shapur Mihran, the son of Mihran, inflicted a defeat on a combined Armenian-Iberian army at Akesga, resulting in the death of Sahak II Bagratuni and Vahan's brother Vasak,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDédéyan2007193-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947221–222-75">[72]</a> while Vakhtang fled to Byzantine-controlled <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199423-68">[65]</a> The role of Shapur Mihran in command of the army in Iberia implies that Peroz may have recalled his father, Mihran, to participate in his Hephthalite war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200875-76">[73]</a> Vahan retreated with the rest of his forces to the mountains in <a href="/wiki/Tayk" title="Tayk">Tayk</a>, from where they engaged in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947221–223-77">[74]</a> Shapur Mihran restored Sasanian rule in Armenia, but was summoned to the court in Ctesiphon, resulting in Vahan regaining control of over the Armenian capital of <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a>, where he fortified himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947219,_221–223-78">[75]</a> In 483, Iranian reinforcements arrived under Zarmihr Hazarwuxt, who laid siege to Dvin. Heavily outnumbered, Vahan mounted a surprise attack on the Iranians, defeating them at the Battle of Nerseapate, near <a href="/wiki/Maku,_Iran" title="Maku, Iran">Maku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947220-79">[76]</a> Vahan retreated to the mountains once more, close to the Byzantine border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDédéyan2007193-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947223-80">[77]</a> He hoped that the Iranians would not pursue and attack him there, in order to avoid risking a conflict with the Byzantines. However, after a night march, Zarmihr Hazarwuxt attacked the Armenian camp and managed to capture several princesses. Vahan and most of his men withdrew further into the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1947223-224-81">[78]</a> An unexpected turn of events changed the tide of the war: Peroz's death in 484 during his war with the Hephthalites caused the Iranian army to withdraw from Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDédéyan2007193-74">[71]</a> Peroz's brother and successor, Balash, made peace with Vahan, and appointed him as <a href="/wiki/Hazarbed" title="Hazarbed">hazarapet</a> (minister) and later as marzban of Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumontSchippmann1988574–580-82">[79]</a> Peace was likewise made in Iberia, where Vakhtang was able to resume his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199423–25-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_war_with_the_Hephthalites_and_death">Third war with the Hephthalites and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third war with the Hephthalites and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz,_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_(Book_of_Kings)_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz%2C_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg/220px-The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz%2C_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz%2C_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg/330px-The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz%2C_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz%2C_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg/440px-The_Discomfiture_and_Death_of_Piroz%2C_from_a_Manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Firdawsi_LACMA_M.73.5.23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>15th-century <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> illustration of the defeat and death of Peroz I</figcaption></figure> Against the counsel of the aristocracy and the clergy, Peroz prepared in Gurgan for a third campaign against the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2012103-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> Ghazar highlights the opposition amongst his men towards the campaign, stating that the Iranian forces were demoralised at the prospect of facing the Hepthalites to the point of near mutiny.<a href="#cite_note-GH85-87">[84]</a> Peroz left his brother Balash in charge of the empire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200877-88">[85]</a> launching his Hephthalite campaign at the head of a large army in 484.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> When Akhshunwar learned of Peroz's campaign, he sent his deputy with the following message "You concluded peace with me in writing, under seal, and you promised not to make war against me. We defined common frontiers not to be crossed with hostile intent by either party."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996142-89">[86]</a> A tower erected as a boundary marker near the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> by Peroz's grandfather, Bahram V,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraina2011125-90">[87]</a> was destroyed by Peroz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> This event is reported by both <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Dinawari</a> (d. 896) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (d. 923). The latter reported that Peroz had the tower tied to fifty <a href="/wiki/Persian_war_elephants" title="Persian war elephants">elephants</a> and three hundred men linked together and dragged it in front of his men, while he walked behind the tower, feigning not to have violated his grandfather's peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> Akhshunwar, unwilling to face Peroz directly, had a large trench dug across the battleground, concealing it with shrubbery and loose wood, and positioning his forces behind it. Charging at Akhshunwar's forces, Peroz and his army fell into the trench, where they were killed. Their bodies were not recovered by the Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b287-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> The Iranian dead included many distinguished aristocrats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b287-38">[36]</a> including four of Peroz's sons or brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts2018295-53">[51]</a> The site of the battle is uncertain; according to the modern historian Klaus Schippmann, it took place in present-day Afghanistan, possibly near Balkh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1999631–632-13">[12]</a> Pseudo-Joshua, who portrays Peroz in a hostile manner, proposed that Peroz may have been able to escape from the trench, but subsequently either died of hunger in a cleft in a mountain or was killed and eaten by wild animals in a forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>−<a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Marw</a> were now under Hephthalite rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013136–141-91">[88]</a> Peroz's retinue, including his daughter <a href="/wiki/Perozdukht" title="Perozdukht">Perozdukht</a> and his priests, were captured by Akhshunwar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a> Perozdukht was married to Akhshunwar, and bore him a daughter, who would later marry Peroz's son Kavad I (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 488–496, 498/9–531).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128–129-92">[89]</a> Due to Peroz's defeat, a law was allegedly made that forbade pursuit of a withdrawing army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2020138-93">[90]</a> His wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern historiography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200876-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b288-95">[92]</a> His defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017293-96">[93]</a> The empire reached its lowest ebb: the shahanshah was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute; while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee201425–26-97">[94]</a> According to Payne, "No other event in the history of the Sasanian dynasty so clearly vitiated the pretensions of [the Iranian Empire], and contemporaries were aghast at the foolhardiness of the king of kings."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b288-95">[92]</a> Taking advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Nezak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak">Nezak Huns</a> seized the region of <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2014280–281-98">[95]</a> Peroz was the last shahanshah to mint <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage_of_Sindh" title="Sasanian coinage of Sindh">unique gold coins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2016127–130-99">[96]</a> The Iranian magnate <a href="/wiki/Sukhra" title="Sukhra">Sukhra</a> quickly raised a new army and prevented the Hephthalites from achieving further success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b288-95">[92]</a> A member of the House of Karen, Sukhra's family claimed descent from the mythological heroes <a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Karen</a> and Tus, who had saved Iran after its king <a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a> had been killed by the <a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a>, which Payne calls "in circumstances too similar to those of Peroz's death for the resemblance to be coincidental."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015b288-95">[92]</a> According to the Iranologist <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a>, some of the Iranian–Turanian battles that are described in the medieval Persian epic <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> ('The Book of Kings') were seemingly based on the Hephthalite wars of Peroz and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017170-100">[97]</a> Peroz's brother, Balash, was elected as shahanshah by the Iranian magnates, most notably Sukhra and Shapur Mihran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> Order was restored under Kavad I, who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013136–141-91">[88]</a> Peroz was avenged by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 531–579), who in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> destroyed the Hephthalites in 560.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017134,_146-101">[98]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 271–274), the Sasanian monarchs had primarily resided in <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a> in southern Iran, due to its convenient position between the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> plain. Due to the increasing importance of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>-<a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>, the main residence of the shahanshah was moved to Ctesiphon after Peroz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2011302–303-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg/220px-Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg/330px-Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg/440px-Peroz_I_in_the_Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>14th-century illustration of Peroz I questioning a group of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> priests</figcaption></figure> Peroz, like all other Sasanian rulers, was an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015a2-103">[100]</a> According to al-Tabari, Peroz "displayed just rule and praiseworthy conduct, and showed piety," which according to Schippmann, indicates that he was most likely amenable to the demands of the Zoroastrian clergy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1999631–632-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1999110-104">[101]</a> Under Peroz, the Zoroastrian sect of <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a> was seemingly rejected, although he retained the staunch Zurvanite <a href="/wiki/Mihr-Narseh" title="Mihr-Narseh">Mihr-Narseh</a> as his minister (<a href="/wiki/Wuzurg_framadar" title="Wuzurg framadar">wuzurg framadar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2000-105">[102]</a> Under Peroz, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a> was reformed; the New Year (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>) and the epagomenal from the month <a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Frawardin</a> were moved to the month <a href="/wiki/Atar#As_a_divinity" title="Atar">Adur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausbergVevainaTessmann2015131-106">[103]</a> Unlike his father, Peroz did not attempt to convert the Caucasian Albanians and Armenians to Zoroastrianism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1999631–632-13">[12]</a> Nevertheless, persecutions of Christians and Jews were reported to have occurred during Peroz's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1999631–632-13">[12]</a> While Jewish accounts claim Iranian fanaticism as the reason behind the persecutions, Iranian accounts accuse the Jews of abusing the Zoroastrian priests. The modern historian <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a> suggested that there may be some truth in the Iranian accounts, and that the Jews may had done it due to anticipating the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, who was to arrive 400 years after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Second Temple</a> (dated by the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> in 68 AD, thus in 468). He further adds that the Jews may have expected the country to become Jewish now with the coming of the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983916-107">[104]</a> According to the modern historian Eberhard Sauer, Sasanian monarchs only persecuted other religions when it was in their urgent political interests to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017190-108">[105]</a> Peroz supported the new Christian sect of <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> as the official doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Iranian Christian church</a>. In 484, shortly before Peroz's death, a council took place in Gundeshapur, where Nestorianism was announced as the official doctrine of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1999631–632-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_projects">Building projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Building projects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolnisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bolnisi.jpg/250px-Bolnisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bolnisi.jpg/330px-Bolnisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bolnisi.jpg/500px-Bolnisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4255" data-file-height="2834" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_Sioni" title="Bolnisi Sioni">Bolnisi Sioni</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi" title="Bolnisi">Bolnisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> Peroz was notable for founding many cities. According to <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Country_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Country of Albania">The History of the Country of Albania</a>, Peroz ordered his vassal the Caucasian Albanian king Vache II to have the city of <a href="/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan" title="Barda, Azerbaijan">Perozapat</a> ("the city of Peroz" or "Prosperous Peroz") built. However, this is unlikely as the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania had been abolished by Peroz after a suppressing a revolt by Vache II in the mid-460s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev2017122–123-109">[106]</a> The city was seemingly founded by Peroz himself after the removal of the ruling family in Caucasian Albania. Due to its more secure location, it was made the new residence of the Iranian marzbans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev2017123-110">[107]</a> Peroz also founded Shahram Peroz (<a href="/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Adurbadagan" title="Adurbadagan">Adurbadagan</a>; Ram Peroz near Ray; and Rowshan Peroz between <a href="/wiki/Gurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurgan">Gurgan</a> and Derbent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2014182_(see_note_52)-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiyi2021214-112">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_Sioni" title="Bolnisi Sioni">Bolnisi Sioni</a> in Iberia is a testimony of the growing Sasanian influence there. It was constructed in 478/479 in the southern part of the country, which had fallen under the local control of the Mihranids of Gugark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2014251-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196922-114">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the basilica showed Iranian characteristics, while its <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_inscriptions" title="Bolnisi inscriptions">inscription</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a>, mentions Peroz:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201419,_39,_251-115">[112]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[With the help of the H]oly Trinity, the foundation of this holy church was laid in the twentieth [y]ear of [the reign of] King Pero[z] and was completed fifteen years [later]. God will have mercy on whoever worships here. And God will also have me[r]cy on whoever will pray for Bishop Davit‛, the builder of this holy church. [Amen.]</blockquote> Although the basilica was not commissioned by Peroz, the builders of Bolnisi Sioni might have been inspired by the royal constructions of the Sasanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2014251-113">[110]</a> Peroz's reign marks the latest possible date for the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan" title="Great Wall of Gorgan">Great Wall of Gorgan</a>, whose construction had started in the late 4th-century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner202098-116">[113]</a> Additional fortifications were later made to the wall, possibly as late as the reigns of Kavad I and Khosrow I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner202098-116">[113]</a> The wall, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> coast to <a href="/wiki/Pishkamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishkamar">Pishkamar</a>, was the largest of its time, and the biggest Iranian investment in military infrastructure in the <a href="/wiki/Late_antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late antique">late antique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner202097–98-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage_and_imperial_ideology">Coinage and imperial ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coinage and imperial ideology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg/220px-PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg/330px-PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg/440px-PerozICoinHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a> of Peroz I, <a href="/wiki/Darab" title="Darab">Darabgerd</a> mint</figcaption></figure> On Peroz's coinage the traditional Sasanian titulature of shahanshah ("<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>") is omitted, and only the two aspects of kay Pērōz ("King Peroz") are displayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013b837-118">[115]</a> One of Peroz's seals demonstrates that the traditional titulature was still used, which indicates that coins do not with certainty display the full formal titulature of the Sasanian monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013b837-118">[115]</a> The use of the mythological <a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a> title of <a href="/wiki/Kay_(title)" title="Kay (title)">kay</a>, first used by Peroz's father Yazdegerd II, was due to a shift in the political perspective of the Sasanian Empire. Originally disposed towards the west, this now changed to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> This shift, which had already started under Yazdegerd I and Bahram V, reached its zenith under Peroz I and his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> It may have been triggered by the aggression of the tribes on the eastern frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> The war against the Hunnic tribes may have awakened the mythical rivalry existing between the Iranian Kayanian rulers and their Turanian enemies, which is demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Younger Avesta">Younger Avesta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perozi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perozi.jpg/220px-Perozi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perozi.jpg/330px-Perozi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perozi.jpg/440px-Perozi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of Peroz I, <a href="/wiki/Firuzabad,_Fars" title="Firuzabad, Fars">Ardashir-Khwarrah</a> mint</figcaption></figure> This conflict between Iran and its eastern enemies may have resulted in the adoption of the title of kay, used by the Iranian mythical kings in their war against the Turanians in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> It is probable that it was during this period that legendary and epic texts were collected by the Sasanians, including the legend of the Iranian hero-king <a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a> (Frēdōn in Middle Persian), who divided his kingdom between his three sons: his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a> received the empire of the west, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>; the second eldest <a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a> received the empire of the east, Turan; and the youngest, <a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a>, received the heartland of the empire, Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> Influenced by these tales of the Kayanians, the Sasanians may have believed themselves to be the heirs of the Fereydun and Iraj, and so possibly considered both the Byzantine domains in west and the eastern domains of the Hephthalites as belonging to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> The Sasanians may therefore have been symbolically asserting their rights over these lands by assuming the title of kay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013807-119">[116]</a> Peroz depicted himself with three different crowns on his coins. The first consists of a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>, a crown with <a href="/wiki/Crenellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenellation">crenellations</a> in the middle, and the <a href="/wiki/Korymbos_(headgear)" title="Korymbos (headgear)">korymbos</a>, with a moon crescent at the front. The second crown is similar to the first, with the exception that crenellations have been extended to the back of the cap. On the third crown, two wings are added, which is a reference to <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>, the god of victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1999304–305-120">[117]</a> Peroz and Shapur II (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 309–379) were the only two Sasanian monarchs to regularly mint gold coins. The <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> historian and <a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">numismatist</a> Nikolaus Schindel has suggested that gold coins were generally not used in daily lives, but instead used as a form of donation given to high-ranking Iranian magnates by the shahanshah, seemingly during festivities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013b827-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Persian_literature">In Persian literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Persian literature">edit</a>]</div> Peroz is included in a legendary romantic story narrated by the 13th-century Iranian historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Isfandiyar" title="Ibn Isfandiyar">Ibn Isfandiyar</a>. The story begins with Peroz dreaming about a beautiful woman whom he falls in love with. Peroz then sends one of his relatives who is also a close friend, Mihrfiruz from the Mihran family, to find her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200872-122">[119]</a> Mihrfiruz finds the woman and discovers her to be the daughter of the Mihranid general Ashtad Mihran. Peroz marries her and, at her request, lays the foundations of the city of <a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200873-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <caption>Legend </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"><tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;">Orange</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 420–438)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 438–457)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 457–459)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;">Peroz I<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (457–484)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;"><a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 484–488)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zarer" title="Zarer">Zarer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (d. 485)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Balendukht" title="Balendukht">Balendukht</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196928-123">[120]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013136–141-91">[88]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 488–496, 498/9–531)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#F7BE81;"><a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-85">[82]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 496–498/9)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Perozdukht" title="Perozdukht">Perozdukht</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017128-86">[83]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sambice" title="Sambice">Sambice</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980974–975-124">[121]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> According to some sources, Hormizd III was pardoned and spared by his brother; this is most likely a legend and is contradicted by other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004465–466-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Armenian soldiers served the Sasanians again in the 6th and 7th-centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2011305-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The silver drachms can to this day still be found in thousands in the markets of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2005111-57">[55]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani201778-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani201778_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani201778_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChkeidze2001486–490-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChkeidze2001486–490_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChkeidze2001486–490_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChkeidze2001">Chkeidze 2001</a>, pp. 486–490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980860-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980860_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartindale1980">Martindale 1980</a>, p. 860. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmittBailey1986445–465-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmittBailey1986445–465_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmittBailey1986">Schmitt & Bailey 1986</a>, pp. 445–465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200870-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200870_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPourshariati2008">Pourshariati 2008</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016248-6">^ <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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p. 807. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1999304–305-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1999304–305_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis1999">Curtis 1999</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013b827-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindel2013b827_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchindel2013b">Schindel 2013b</a>, p. 827. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200872-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200872_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPourshariati2008">Pourshariati 2008</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196928-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196928_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1969">Toumanoff 1969</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980974–975-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980974–975_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartindale1980">Martindale 1980</a>, pp. 974–975. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a 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New York: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14252-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14252-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Traders%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14252-7&rft.aulast=de+la+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrye1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521200929.006">"The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199733309.013.0043">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973330-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+Political+Ideology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199733309.013.0043&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973330-9&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStausbergVevainaTessmann2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stausberg" title="Michael Stausberg">Stausberg, Michael</a>; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stausberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Vevaina%2C+Yuhan+Sohrab-Dinshaw&rft.au=Tessmann%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC">The Making of the Georgian Nation</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20915-3"><bdi>978-0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20915-3&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-iii">"Hormozd III"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Vol. XII/5: Homosexuality III–Human migration II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 465–466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-79-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-79-5"><bdi>978-0-933273-79-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormozd+III&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-79-5&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhormozd-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty">"Sasanian dynasty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsasanian-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPourshariati2008" class="citation book cs1">Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ">Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran</a>. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+The+Sasanian-Parthian+Confederacy+and+the+Arab+Conquest+of+Iran&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-645-3&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-xtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ">ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0029-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0029-9"><bdi>978-1-4744-0029-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8">10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1g04zr8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0029-9&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjRWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRapp2014" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8VIBQAAQBAJ">The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature</a>. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2552-2"><bdi>978-1-4724-2552-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sasanian+World+through+Georgian+Eyes%3A+Caucasia+and+the+Iranian+Commonwealth+in+Late+Antique+Georgian+Literature&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-2552-2&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8VIBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1961). "Introduction to Christian Caucasian History: II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period". Traditio. 17. Cambridge University Press: 1–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900008473">10.1017/S0362152900008473</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830424">27830424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151524770">151524770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Christian+Caucasian+History%3A+II%3A+States+and+Dynasties+of+the+Formative+Period&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151524770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900008473&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1969" class="citation journal cs1">Toumanoff, Cyril (1969). "Chronology of the early kings of Iberia". Traditio. 25. Cambridge University Press: 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900010898">10.1017/S0362152900010898</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830864">27830864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151472930">151472930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+early+kings+of+Iberia&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151472930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900010898&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTraina2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giusto_Traina" title="Giusto Traina">Traina, Giusto</a> (2011). 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15025-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15025-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=428+AD%3A+An+Ordinary+Year+at+the+End+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15025-3&rft.aulast=Traina&rft.aufirst=Giusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeimal1996" class="citation book cs1">Zeimal, E. V. (1996). "The Kidarite kingdom in Central Asia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</a>. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 119–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kidarite+kingdom+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+Crossroads+of+Civilizations%3A+A.D.+250+to+750.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft.aulast=Zeimal&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peroz_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Peroz I">Peroz I</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ancient works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Ghazar Parpetsi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GhazarParbetsisHistoryOfTheArmenians/mode/2up">History of the Armenians</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24750281_0002">History of the Wars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroz_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ">"The Sasanian Empire"</a>. In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE – 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-86440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-86440-1"><bdi>978-0-692-86440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sasanian+Empire&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+%E2%80%93+651+CE%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=UCI+Jordan+Center+for+Persian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-692-86440-1&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft.au=Rezakhani%2C+Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunTjswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hewsen" title="Robert H. Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avarayr-a-village-in-armenia-in-the-principality-of-artaz-southeast-of-the-iranian-town-of-maku">"Avarayr"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Vol. III/1: Ātaš–Awāʾel al-Maqālāt. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-113-0"><bdi>978-0-71009-113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avarayr&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-113-0&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favarayr-a-village-in-armenia-in-the-principality-of-artaz-southeast-of-the-iranian-town-of-maku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zeini, Arash (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3643?rskey=ZJABj6&result=1">"Peroz"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peroz&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Zeini&rft.aufirst=Arash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-3643%3Frskey%3DZJABj6%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeroz+I" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Peroz I </div><div><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian dynasty</a></div> Died: 484 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_of_Iran_and_non-Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran">King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran</a> 459–484 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sasanian_Rulers" title="Template:Sasanian Rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sasanian_Rulers" title="Template talk:Sasanian Rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian_Rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian Rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_(224–651)142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of the Sasanian Empire">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (224–242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (240–270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> (270–271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> (271–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> (274–293)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> (293)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> (293–303)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> (303–309)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> (309)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (309–379)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> (379–383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> (383–388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> (388–399)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> (399–420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> (420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> (420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> (420–438)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (438–457)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> (457–459)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peroz I</a> (459–484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> (484–488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> (488–496)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> (496–498/9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> (498/9–531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> (531–579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> (579–590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a>§ (590–591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (591–628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a>§ (591–596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> (628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> (628–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a>§ (630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a>§ (630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> (630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> (630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> (630–631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a>§ (630–631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a>§ (630–632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a>§ (630–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> (631–632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> (632–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> (pretender)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>§ usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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