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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="YYZ3XADwX2n09gDwms9uzv0JX+c8lu+bcAnNX7pmO1huSxTz+VthdBtYvxC8yk1E1MmwT2JKUmGJbuHHcVaCUg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Impact Protection for Functional Apparel" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="David Tyler" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Impact Protection for Functional Apparel" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Whilst good impact protection using materials of 5-10 mm thickness can be achieved, the thickness of the resulting assemblage often creates difficulties of appearance, stiffness and loss of comfort. This creates problems for product developers and" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/13730387/15819865/16337156/s200_david.tyler.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Impact Protection for Functional Apparel" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Whilst good impact protection using materials of 5-10 mm thickness can be achieved, the thickness of the resulting assemblage often creates difficulties of appearance, stiffness and loss of comfort. This creates problems for product developers and" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidTyler2" /> <meta name="description" content="Whilst good impact protection using materials of 5-10 mm thickness can be achieved, the thickness of the resulting assemblage often creates difficulties of appearance, stiffness and loss of comfort. This creates problems for product developers and" /> <title>(PDF) Impact Protection for Functional Apparel | David Tyler - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733039117000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733039117000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Whilst good impact protection using materials of 5-10 mm thickness can be achieved, the thickness of the resulting assemblage often creates difficulties of appearance, stiffness and loss of comfort. This creates problems for product developers and users. In the quest for efficient impact protection using thinner materials, research has been directed to understanding the mechanisms that provide protection. This has led to the adoption of a biomimetic approach, with consideration being given to composite materials. The research reported concerns the ability of composites to enhance impact protection without being bulky. The materials under investigation in this research are primarily commercially available in a variety of thicknesses and densities. The composites have been formed using double-sided adhesive tape. The testing work is undertaken using a customised rig that allows the forces and timescales of impacts to be recorded. The performances of the composites are compared with th...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"David Tyler"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-04-22","dateModified":"2023-04-22","datePublished":"2016-01-01","headline":"Impact Protection for Functional Apparel","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Business","Computer Science","Clothing"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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This creates problems for product developers and users. In the quest for efficient impact protection using thinner materials, research has been directed to understanding the mechanisms that provide protection. This has led to the adoption of a biomimetic approach, with consideration being given to composite materials. The research reported concerns the ability of composites to enhance impact protection without being bulky. The materials under investigation in this research are primarily commercially available in a variety of thicknesses and densities. The composites have been formed using double-sided adhesive tape. The testing work is undertaken using a customised rig that allows the forces and timescales of impacts to be recorded. 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This creates problems for product developers and users. In the quest for efficient impact protection using thinner materials, research has been directed to understanding the mechanisms that provide protection. This has led to the adoption of a biomimetic approach, with consideration being given to composite materials. The research reported concerns the ability of composites to enhance impact protection without being bulky. The materials under investigation in this research are primarily commercially available in a variety of thicknesses and densities. The composites have been formed using double-sided adhesive tape. The testing work is undertaken using a customised rig that allows the forces and timescales of impacts to be recorded. The performances of the composites are compared with th...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":101358498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":101358498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="101358498" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="99697574" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99697574/A_critical_review_of_impact_resistant_materials_used_in_sportswear_clothing">A critical review of impact resistant materials used in sportswear clothing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="441943" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/DavidTyler">David Tyler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A critical review of impact resistant materials used in sportswear clothing","attachmentId":100718321,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99697574/A_critical_review_of_impact_resistant_materials_used_in_sportswear_clothing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99697574/A_critical_review_of_impact_resistant_materials_used_in_sportswear_clothing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="66693277" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66693277/Impact_resistant_materials_and_Design_Principles_for_Sportswear">Impact resistant materials and Design Principles for Sportswear</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="441943" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/DavidTyler">David Tyler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recently there had been a widespread use of high performance materials in sports wear with enhanced functionality. In sportswear, protection against impact is featured in products for skiwear, snowboarding, rugby, football, basketball, cycling, running shoes, and many others. There is a dearth of technical information about the range of materials being used and quantifiable measures of their effectiveness are rarely disseminated. An experimental set up is discussed with the scope of obtaining reliable and valid data relating to materials and commercial products. Two experimental methods have been used to gain understanding of material properties: an impact attenuation test (which captures peak forces over time) and Tekscan® pressure sensors (which capture the areal dispersal of impact forces). Alongside these dynamic tests are measures of thickness, flexural rigidity and bulk density. It was found that thicker materials (10 mm) were effective in protecting against 5J impacts. Howeve...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact resistant materials and Design Principles for Sportswear","attachmentId":77786156,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66693277/Impact_resistant_materials_and_Design_Principles_for_Sportswear","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66693277/Impact_resistant_materials_and_Design_Principles_for_Sportswear"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="19925152" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19925152/Design_of_composite_materials_with_improved_impact_properties">Design of composite materials with improved impact properties</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29625123" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RahimiJamal">Jamal Rahimi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Composites have been widely used in applications where there is a risk of impact, due to the excellent properties these materials display for absorbing impact energy. However, composites during impact situations typically generate an enormous number of small pieces, due to the energy absorption mechanism of these materials, a mechanism which does not include plastic deformation. This can prove dangerous in sports competitions, where the small fragments of the original structure may harm competitors. This study was designed to explore the possibility of incorporating a material which, whilst maintaining a high level of energy absorption without any plastic deformation mechanism, was able to maintain its original form, or at least significantly reduce the number of pieces generated after impact. The addition of a polyamide layer, NOMEX®, to a monolithic fabric laminate was investigated in this paper. 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="45405390" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45405390/Elastomeric_Based_Composites_Intended_for_Impact_Protective_Devices">Elastomeric Based Composites Intended for Impact Protective Devices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="177903306" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SilviuNastac">Silviu Nastac</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Elastomeric Based Composites Intended for Impact Protective 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href="https://www.academia.edu/61375709/The_potential_of_biomimetics_design_in_the_development_of_impact_resistant_material">The potential of biomimetics design in the development of impact resistant material</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8093257" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChongGang">Chong Gang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">FME Transaction</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The potential of biomimetics design in the development of impact resistant material","attachmentId":74424993,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61375709/The_potential_of_biomimetics_design_in_the_development_of_impact_resistant_material","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61375709/The_potential_of_biomimetics_design_in_the_development_of_impact_resistant_material"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="71257643" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71257643/A_Study_of_Material_and_Architectural_Effects_on_the_Impact_Response_of_2D_and_3D_Dry_Textile_Composites_using_LS_DYNA_">A Study of Material and Architectural Effects on the Impact Response of 2D and 3D Dry Textile Composites using LS-DYNA®</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33749550" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnGillespie6">John Gillespie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">High strength 2D fabrics and 3D textile composites comprised of materials such as Kevlar™, Vectran™, Zylon™, and S2-Glass® find applications in protective systems such as personnel armor, spall liners, and turbine fragment containment. Various parameters can significantly affect the response of these fabrics under high rate impact including yarn/tow geometry (cross section), yarn/tow material (modulus, strength), and architecture (undulations and span). However these are just a few of the many other parameters such as projectile characteristics, boundary conditions, number of layers and orientations, weaving degradations, and so forth. Many of these parameters are inter-related and unfortunately this makes a comprehensive study very complex. Therefore, a set of key parameters have been identified for an initial exploratory numerical investigation. These include, on the material front: yarn/tow axial modulus, strength, frictional coefficient; and on the architectural front: yarn/tow ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Study of Material and Architectural Effects on the Impact Response of 2D and 3D Dry Textile Composites using LS-DYNA®","attachmentId":80680352,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71257643/A_Study_of_Material_and_Architectural_Effects_on_the_Impact_Response_of_2D_and_3D_Dry_Textile_Composites_using_LS_DYNA_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71257643/A_Study_of_Material_and_Architectural_Effects_on_the_Impact_Response_of_2D_and_3D_Dry_Textile_Composites_using_LS_DYNA_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="81455815" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81455815/Multidisciplinary_Damage_Analysis_of_Textile_Reinforced_Composites_for_Impact_and_Crash_Applications">Multidisciplinary Damage Analysis of Textile Reinforced Composites for Impact and Crash Applications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40012023" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JensWiegand">Jens Wiegand</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Multidisciplinary Damage Analysis of Textile Reinforced Composites for Impact and Crash Applications","attachmentId":87493104,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81455815/Multidisciplinary_Damage_Analysis_of_Textile_Reinforced_Composites_for_Impact_and_Crash_Applications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81455815/Multidisciplinary_Damage_Analysis_of_Textile_Reinforced_Composites_for_Impact_and_Crash_Applications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="63814063" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63814063/Development_of_a_synthetic_human_thigh_impact_surrogate_for_sports_personal_protective_equipment_testing">Development of a synthetic human thigh impact surrogate for sports personal protective equipment testing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41458903" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeanMitchell12">Séan Mitchell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Synthetic impact surrogates are widely used in the sporting goods industry in the evaluation of personal protective equipment. Existing surrogates, exemplified by those used in safety standards, have many shortcomings, primarily relating to their mass, stiffness, geometries and levels of constraint which limit their biofidelity and subsequent usefulness in personal protective equipment evaluations. In sports, absence from competition is a primary severity measure for injuries; consequently, blunt trauma injuries, such as contusions and lacerations, become pertinent and serious concerns. It is important, therefore, that synthetic surrogates provide an adequate description of these soft tissues to effectively evaluate injury risk. A novel, multi-material human thigh surrogate has been presented with consideration to the tissue structures, geometries and simulant materials used. This study presents the detailed development stages undertaken to fabricate a multi-material synthetic soft ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of a synthetic human thigh impact surrogate for sports personal protective equipment testing","attachmentId":76111296,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63814063/Development_of_a_synthetic_human_thigh_impact_surrogate_for_sports_personal_protective_equipment_testing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63814063/Development_of_a_synthetic_human_thigh_impact_surrogate_for_sports_personal_protective_equipment_testing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":101358498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":101358498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_101358498" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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