Fossil Fuel Subsidies – Topics

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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Oil and natural gas supply" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Fossil Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/renewables" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo depicts a solar panels and windmills in the power plant" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Renewables</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/electricity" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="photo from the perspective of looking up to the top of electricity tower pylons with a colorful blue and yellow background in the sky" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Electricity</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/low-emission-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Low-emission fuels" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Low-Emission Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/transport" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Transport" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Transport</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/industry" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking industry" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Industry</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/buildings" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking buildings" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Buildings</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/energy-efficiency-and-demand" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&h=336&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=112 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=308 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=617 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=336 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=673 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Hector Martinez Ruupyvdsnek Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Efficiency and Demand</p> </a> </div> <div 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Ccus Tall" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="LED screen macro" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Decarbonisation Enablers</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/energy-system/buildings" tabindex="-1"> <span>Buildings</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" 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href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" tabindex="-1"> <span>Decarbonisation Enablers</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/energy-system" data-focus-tabbed > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Explore all</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/topics" aria-controls="navigation-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Topics <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use 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100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo of planet earth taken from space" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-security" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Electricity security report cover" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Security</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/climate-change" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=600&h=258&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=473 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=258 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=516 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Climate Change</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/access-and-affordability" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Access and Affordability</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&h=133&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=122 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=243 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=133 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=266 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo Depicts Abstract Curly Tendrils Against Blue Background Gettyimages 1041976390" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Artificial Intelligence</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/net-zero-emissions" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Aerial View Of Wind Turbines" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Net Zero Emissions</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Russias War On Ukraine Topic Page Cover An Empty Train Station In Lviv Urkaine" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Russia's War on Ukraine</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/the-ieas-50th-anniversary" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="50 Bg 2" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">The IEA's 50th Anniversary</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-and-gender" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Thisisengineering X7cls0azgkg Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy and Gender</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/investment" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=515 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Investment Topic Page Cover Image Windwills In The Background With Solar Panels At The Foreground" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Investment</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a 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With selective focus and bokeh." class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&h=471&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=390 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=780 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=439 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=878 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=943 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Image Showing A Wave Liquid Shape Color Background Art Design Vector Illustration Gettyimages 1148599351 Cmyk" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">World Energy Outlook 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--fuel-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-default m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/oil-market-report-november-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil Market Report - 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1400w,https://iea.imgix.net/9d0f5aac-9e89-4590-a0a1-60d81a3893ce/shutterstock_2314512637.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3%2C306%2C997%2C220&w=2800&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=618 2800w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 690px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 800px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 965px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 1280px,(min-width: 1480px) 1400px" alt="Energy subsidies topic page cover image" data-zoom-out="" /> </div> <div class="container o-hero-global__content"> <h1 class="f-title-2 o-hero-global__title">Fossil Fuel Subsidies</h1> <p class="f-title-6 o-hero-global__eyebrow">Tracking the impact of government support</p> <nav class="o-hero-global__breadcrumbs"> <nav class="m-breadcrumbs m-breadcrumbs--inverse m-breadcrumbs--shadow" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ol class="m-breadcrumbs__items"> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" href="https://www.iea.org/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" aria-current="page" href="/topics/fossil-fuel-subsidies">Fossil Fuel Subsidies</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </nav> </div> </header> <nav class="m-nav-page m-nav-page--hidden" data-behavior="stickyNav activeAnchor" data-stickynav-offset="0" data-stickynav-media="large+" data-activeAnchor-selector=".m-section-title--anchor" > <div class="m-nav-page__bar "> <div class="container m-nav-page__inner"> <div class="m-nav-page__ctas"> <span class="m-nav-page__label f-ui-1-bold"> Fossil Fuel Subsidies </span> <div class="m-nav-page__anchors" data-activeanchor-container></div> </div> <div data-buy-generic></div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--single-col " data-behavior="blocksReveal" data-blockreveal-animated="true" > <div class="container" data-component="blocks:sideCard:left:commentary"> <div class="m-block m-block--side-card m-block--side-card-left"> <a class="m-card m-card--block m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/the-global-energy-crisis-pushed-fossil-fuel-consumption-subsidies-to-an-all-time-high" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-8 m-card__title">The global energy crisis pushed fossil fuel consumption subsidies to an all-time high</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <span class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--weak" > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Read more</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The IEA has been monitoring fossil fuel subsidies for more than a decade. The Agency’s systematic analysis highlights their scale and characteristics. It also explores how removing inefficient fossil fuel subsidies could have a positive impact on energy markets, government budgets and efforts to tackle climate change.</p><p>At the height of the global energy crisis in 2022, fossil fuel subsidies soared to new heights. Those for natural gas and electricity consumption more than doubled compared with 2021, while oil subsidies rose by around 85%. The total value of subsidies declined in 2023 as some government provisions expired. Meanwhile, many others are tied directly to energy prices, which pulled back from record highs in many parts of the world. However, fossil fuel subsidies for consumers remain elevated compared with their historical averages.</p><p>While subsidies generally aim to make energy more affordable for consumers, many are poorly targeted and disproportionately benefit higher-income groups. Our data and analysis provide crucial insights for policy makers looking to pivot away from inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, a key objective set at forums such as COP and the G20.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-block m-block--anchor" data-component="blocks:anchor"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--anchor m-section-title--bordered" id='key-findings' > <h6 class="m-section-title__title f-title-7 " > Key findings </h6> </header> </div> </div> <div class="container" data-component="blocks:keyFinding"> <div class="m-block m-block--key-finding"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h3 class="m-block__key-title f-title-5">Distortions in today’s energy system favour incumbent fuels</h3> <div class="m-block__key-desc"> <div class="f-rte"> The need to keep energy affordable is a reason why many governments intervene to keep regulated fuel and electricity prices low. During the global energy crisis, short-term affordability measures soared. By April 2023, these expenditures reached some $900 billion in direct grants, vouchers, tax reductions and price regulations. <br><br> In 2023, governments – especially in emerging and developing economies – continued to heavily subsidise the use of fossil fuels, spending $620 billion. This amount is significantly above the $70 billion that was spent on support for consumer-facing clean energy investments including grants or rebates for electric vehicles, efficiency improvements or heat pumps. </div> <p class="m-block__link"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="fossil-fuel-consumption-subsidies-2015-2023" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="0" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Targeted;Untargeted 2015;51.06283515;338.1371279 2016;51.93316431;288.2647656 2017;62.4676651;318.0139326 2018;71.18727263;459.9624383 2019;64.20566003;374.3634886 2020;56.10332246;216.1481686 2021;72.3411584;537.594628 2022;97.94109518;1122.918741 2023;82.17656049;556.6820105" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="0" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="billion USD (2023, MER)" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Fossil fuel consumption subsidies, 2015-2023</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/fossil-fuel-consumption-subsidies-2015-2023" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Fossil fuel consumption subsidies, 2015-2023' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container" data-component="blocks:keyFinding"> <div class="m-block m-block--key-finding"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h3 class="m-block__key-title f-title-5">Fossil fuel subsidies hit record levels in 2022</h3> <div class="m-block__key-desc"> <div class="f-rte"> In 2022, global subsidies for fossil fuel consumption exceeded $1 trillion for the first time, marking a significant increase. This surge was a result of disruptions in energy markets that led to international fuel prices surpassing the actual costs paid by many consumers. The unprecedented subsidies in 2022 were double those of 2021, which were already almost five times higher than the levels recorded in 2020. This jump was particularly pronounced due to the global energy crisis triggered by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The IEA has long advocated removing or at least reducing fossil fuel subsidies because they distort markets, send the wrong price signals to users, widen fiscal deficits in emerging and developing economies, and discourage the adoption of cleaner renewable energies. </div> <p class="m-block__link"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-global-energy-crisis-pushed-fossil-fuel-consumption-subsidies-to-an-all-time-high-in-2022" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>The global energy crisis pushed fossil fuel consumption subsidies to an all-time high in 2022</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="value-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-by-fuel-in-the-top-25-countries-2022" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Oil;Gas;Coal;Electricity;Total subsidies as % of GDP (MER) Qatar;1;4;0;5;4 Azerbaijan;2;5;0;4;16 Libya;9;0;0;3;28 Venezuela;5;1;0;6;22 Turkmenistan;2;10;0;3;20 Malaysia;13;1;0;2;4 Nigeria;12;3;0;4;4 Ukraine;0;9;0;10;13 Argentina;9;8;0;4;3 Kuwait;4;6;0;11;12 Iraq;14;1;0;7;8 Uzbekistan;2;15;0;6;32 Bangladesh;0;10;0;16;6 Pakistan;9;11;0;7;8 Vietnam;1;1;4;27;5 Kazakhstan;10;8;3;14;15 UAE;5;20;0;12;7 Indonesia;36;0;0;8;3 Algeria;16;20;0;14;26 India;34;2;0;19;2 Egypt;25;9;0;31;14 SaudiArabia;35;17;0;25;7 China;29;20;0;55;1 Iran;52;45;0;30;36 Russia;0;98;0;63;7" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="0" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="bar" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"chart\": {\"height\":800}, \"series\": [{}, {}, {}, {}, { \"type\": \"scatter\", \"zIndex\": 999, \"yAxis\": 1, \"stacking\": false, \"tooltip\": { \"valueSuffix\": \"%\" } }], \"xAxis\": { \"reversed\": false }, \"yAxis\": [{ \"title\": { \"text\": \"billion USD\" }, \"max\": 180, \"tickAmount\":5, \"opposite\":true, \"tickInterval\":25, \"alignTicks\":false }, { \"title\": { \"text\": \"Share of GDP (MER)\" }, \"min\": 0, \"tickAmount\": 5, \"tickInterval\": 5, \"opposite\":false, \"alignTicks\":false, \"max\": 40 }] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="billion USD" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Value of fossil-fuel subsidies by fuel in the top 25 countries, 2022</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/value-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-by-fuel-in-the-top-25-countries-2022" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Value of fossil-fuel subsidies by fuel in the top 25 countries, 2022' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-block m-block--anchor" data-component="blocks:anchor"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--anchor m-section-title--bordered" id='our-work' > <h6 class="m-section-title__title f-title-7 " > Our work </h6> </header> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:titleText"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <aside class="m-block__aside"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-7">Analysing the impact of fossil fuel subsidies for consumers</h4> </aside> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The IEA has been monitoring fossil fuel subsidies for more than a decade. The Agency’s systematic analysis highlights the scale of these subsidies, as well as how removing inefficient fossil fuel subsidies could have a positive impact on energy markets, government budgets and efforts to tackle climate change. This work is a crucial input for policymakers, including at key international forums and processes such as the G20 and COP.</p><p>The IEA estimates subsidies to fossil fuels that are consumed directly by end-users or consumed as inputs to electricity generation (see <a href="https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies#methodology-and-assumptions" rel="noopener noreferrer">explanation of the price-gap methodology</a>). A time series of these estimates from 2010, by country and fuel, is available as a <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/fossil-fuel-subsidies-database" rel="noopener noreferrer">free download</a>. This database also now separates out the country-by-country estimates for subsidies to the transport sector.</p><p>Alongside these estimates of fossil-fuel consumption subsidies, the IEA also collaborates with the OECD to produce a joint estimate that includes measures that provide a benefit or preference for fossil fuel production.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container" data-component="blocks:relatedDataToolsSlider"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--bordered" id='data-explorers' data-anchor-label='Explore more data' > <h4 class="m-section-title__title f-title-7 " > Explore more data </h4> <div class="m-section-title__link"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--primary" href="/data-and-statistics/data-explorers" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Data</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </header> <div 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href="/data-and-statistics/data-product/fossil-fuel-subsidies-database" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Fossil Fuel Subsidies Database</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">Fossil fuel consumption subsidies for selected countries, 2010-2022</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data set</p> <div class="a-label a-label--free "> Free </div> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-set icon--100"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-set"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div data-slider-filter-cell="" role="listitem" class="m-slider__item m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--data m-card-listing-item--data-explorer" data-slider-type="data-explorer"> <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/end-use-prices-data-explorer" 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data-slider-btn-next><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Next slide</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></button> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="m-block m-block--anchor" data-component="blocks:anchor"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--anchor m-section-title--bordered" id='methodology-and-assumptions' > <h6 class="m-section-title__title f-title-7 " > Methodology and assumptions </h6> </header> </div> </div> <div class="container" data-component="blocks:accordion"> <div class="m-block m-block--full"> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="the-price-gap-approach-993487ba-b210-11ef-8950-6045bd192725-content" id="the-price-gap-approach-993487ba-b210-11ef-8950-6045bd192725"> The price-gap approach <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">The IEA estimates subsidies to fossil fuels that are consumed directly by end-users or consumed as inputs to electricity generation. The price-gap approach, the most commonly applied methodology for quantifying consumption subsidies, is used for this analysis. </p> </div> <div id="the-price-gap-approach-993487ba-b210-11ef-8950-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="the-price-gap-approach-993487ba-b210-11ef-8950-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>The IEA estimates subsidies to fossil fuels that are consumed directly by end-users or consumed as inputs to electricity generation. The price-gap approach, the most commonly applied methodology for quantifying consumption subsidies, is used for this analysis. </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <h4></h4> <p>This approach compares average end-user prices paid by consumers with reference prices that correspond to the full cost of supply. The price gap is the amount by which an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:</p><p><strong>Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumed</strong></p><p>These calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference prices, which are calculated based on international prices. Electricity reference prices are derived from annual average-cost pricing (see the section below for more on how reference prices are calculated).</p><p>For economies that export a given fossil-energy product but charge less for it domestically, the domestic subsidies are implicit; they have no direct budgetary impact, so long as the price covers the cost of production. The subsidy, in this case, is recorded as the opportunity cost – or the rent that could be recovered if domestic consumers paid world prices, adjusting for differences in variables such as transportation costs. For net importers, subsidies measured via the price gap approach may be explicit, representing budget expenditures arising from the domestic sale of imported energy at subsidised prices, or implicit. Many economies rely extensively on domestically produced fuels but import the remainder. In such cases, subsidy estimates represent a combination of opportunity costs and direct expenditures.</p><p>Estimates using the price gap approach capture only interventions that result in final prices for end users below what would prevail in a competitive market. They do not, for example, capture subsidised research and development, or subsidies for fossil fuel production. These estimates therefore understate total fossil fuel subsidies, as well as their impact on economic efficiency and trade. </p><p>Despite these limitations, the method is a valuable tool for estimating subsides and for undertaking comparative analysis across economies to support policy development.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="reference-prices-99349494-b210-11ef-892d-6045bd192725-content" id="reference-prices-99349494-b210-11ef-892d-6045bd192725"> Reference prices <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Our estimates for fossil fuel subsidies are based on benchmark prices. </p> </div> <div id="reference-prices-99349494-b210-11ef-892d-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="reference-prices-99349494-b210-11ef-892d-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Our estimates for fossil fuel subsidies are based on benchmark prices. </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <h4></h4> <p>For net importers of oil, natural gas and coal, these are based on the import parity price: the price of a product at the nearest international hub, adjusted for quality differences, if necessary, plus the cost of freight and insurance to the net importer, plus the cost of internal distribution and marketing and any value-added tax (VAT). VAT was added to the reference price where the tax is levied on final energy sales, as a proxy for the tax on economic activities levied across an economy. Other taxes, including excise duties, are not included in the reference price.</p><p>For net exporters of oil, natural gas and coal, reference prices are based on the export parity price: the price of a product at the nearest international hub, adjusted for quality differences if necessary – minus the cost of freight and insurance back to the net exporter, plus the cost of internal distribution and marketing and any VAT. </p><p>Reference prices are adjusted for quality differences, which affect the market value of a fuel. Reference prices are assumed to be below observed import prices in some cases.</p><p>All calculations are carried out using local prices and the results are converted to US dollars at market exchange rates.</p><p>Unlike oil, gas and coal, electricity is not extensively traded over national borders, so there is no reliable international reference price. Therefore, electricity reference prices are based on annual average-cost pricing for electricity in each country (weighted according to output levels from each generating option). In other words, electricity reference prices are set to account for the cost of production, transmission and distribution, but no other costs, such as allowances for building new capacity. They are determined using reference prices for fossil fuels and annual average fuel efficiencies for power generation.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-must-read-report container m-must-read-report--report "> <div class="m-must-read-report__content"> <div class="m-must-read-report__col"> <h3 class="m-must-read-report__title">Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Clean Energy Transitions: Time for a New Approach?</h3> <p class="m-must-read-report__desc"> The IEA has long described fossil fuel subsidies as a roadblock on the path to cleaner and more secure energy systems and provided data and advice to support their removal. This report explores the potential benefits of a new “price gap-plus” approach to calculating subsidies, which it finds could better reflect the environmental costs of fossil fuels.</p> <div class="m-must-read-report__link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--weak a-button-rounded--overlay" href="/reports/fossil-fuel-subsidies-in-clean-energy-transitions-time-for-a-new-approach" data-focus-tabbed > <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--show-password icon--24"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--show-password"></use></svg></span> <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Read more</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="m-must-read-report__col-report"> <div class="m-must-read-report__report"> <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-default m-card--report-default" href="/reports/fossil-fuel-subsidies-in-clean-energy-transitions-time-for-a-new-approach" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 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2022</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Policy report — February 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/84216130-0bfd-47e4-80ff-932784236eea/shutterstock_1930905959.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3300%2C2201&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/84216130-0bfd-47e4-80ff-932784236eea/shutterstock_1930905959.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3300%2C2201&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/84216130-0bfd-47e4-80ff-932784236eea/shutterstock_1930905959.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3300%2C2201&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/84216130-0bfd-47e4-80ff-932784236eea/shutterstock_1930905959.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3300%2C2201&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 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Erdogan" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 16 February 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-country m-card--report-default" href="/reports/the-netherlands-2020" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">The Netherlands 2020</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Energy Policy Review</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Country report — September 2020 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/ab89820a-24d3-4388-b6d2-6ef8b4b7a86c/AerialviewoftheNetherlands.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C105%2C4500%2C3004&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Aerial View Of The Netherlands" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-country m-card--report-default" href="/reports/the-netherlands-effort-to-phase-out-and-rationalise-its-fossil-fuel-subsidies" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">The Netherlands’ Effort to Phase Out and Rationalise its Fossil-Fuel Subsidies</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">An OECD/IEA review of fossil-fuel subsidies in the Netherlands</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Country report — September 2020 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/fossil-fuel-consumption-subsidies-bounced-back-strongly-in-2018" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Fossil fuel consumption subsidies bounced back strongly in 2018</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/7c755344-5952-45cc-9f44-1ed5f43a0b8a/WataruMatsumura.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C150%2C150&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Wataru Matsumura" /> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/aa9b41d9-e85c-4402-bd03-2cc3c525e6df/ZakiaAdam.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C174%2C174&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Zakia Adam" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 13 June 2019 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/hard-earned-reforms-to-fossil-fuel-subsidies-are-coming-under-threat" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Hard-earned reforms to fossil fuel subsidies are coming under threat</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/7c755344-5952-45cc-9f44-1ed5f43a0b8a/WataruMatsumura.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C150%2C150&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Wataru Matsumura" /> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/aa9b41d9-e85c-4402-bd03-2cc3c525e6df/ZakiaAdam.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C174%2C174&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Zakia Adam" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 29 October 2018 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/iea-for-eu4energy-policy-forum-on-energy-subsidies-taking-place-in-kyrgyzstan" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">IEA for EU4Energy Policy Forum on energy subsidies taking place in Kyrgyzstan</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 27 June 2018 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/0f15118c-bc38-4512-a650-81194a3d9817/EU4EnergyPolicyForumKyrgyzstan180627.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C104%2C1000%2C563&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Eu4energypolicy Forumkyrgyzstan180627" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/fossil-fuel-consumption-subsidies-are-down-but-not-out" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies are down, but not out</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/22f768ea-6baa-4d8a-ae73-bc969e2d43d9/ToshiyukiShirai.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C300%2C300&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Toshiyuki Shirai" /> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/aa9b41d9-e85c-4402-bd03-2cc3c525e6df/ZakiaAdam.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C174%2C174&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Zakia Adam" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 20 December 2017 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-default m-card--report-default" href="/reports/insights-series-2017-tracking-fossil-fuel-subsidies-in-apec-economies" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Tracking Fossil Fuel Subsidies in APEC Economies</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Default report — April 2017 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-default m-card--report-default" href="/reports/joint-report-on-energy-subsidies-for-g20" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Joint Report on Energy Subsidies for G20</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Default report — November 2011 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-default m-card--report-default" href="/reports/petroleum-prices-taxation-and-subsidies-in-india" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Petroleum Prices, Taxation and Subsidies in India</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Default report — November 2009 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-set" href="/data-and-statistics/data-product/fossil-fuel-subsidies-database" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Fossil Fuel Subsidies Database</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">Fossil fuel consumption subsidies for selected countries, 2010-2022</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data set</p> <div class="a-label a-label--free "> Free </div> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-set icon--100"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-set"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a 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