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vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kreatiwiteit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kreatiwiteit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kreatiwiteit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kreatiwiteit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definisie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definisie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspekte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspekte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aspekte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspekte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis_van_die_konsep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis_van_die_konsep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedenis van die konsep</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis_van_die_konsep-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis van die konsep subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis_van_die_konsep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antieke_sienings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antieke_sienings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antieke sienings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antieke_sienings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Verligting_en_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Verligting_en_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Die Verligting en later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Verligting_en_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twintigste_eeu_tot_nou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twintigste_eeu_tot_nou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Twintigste eeu tot nou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twintigste_eeu_tot_nou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beoordeling_van_individuele_kreatiewe_vermoë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beoordeling_van_individuele_kreatiewe_vermoë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beoordeling van individuele kreatiewe vermoë</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beoordeling_van_individuele_kreatiewe_vermoë-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Beoordeling van individuele kreatiewe vermoë subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beoordeling_van_individuele_kreatiewe_vermoë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psigometriese_benadering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psigometriese_benadering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Psigometriese benadering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psigometriese_benadering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kreatiwiteit_in_organisasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kreatiwiteit_in_organisasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kreatiwiteit in organisasies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kreatiwiteit_in_organisasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kreatiwiteit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 71 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="إبداع – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبداع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativid%C3%A1" title="Creatividá – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Creatividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarad%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Yaradıcılıq – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaradıcılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamalinalang" title="Pagkamalinalang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkamalinalang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Творчасць – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Творчасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Творчасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Творчасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Творчество – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Творчество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সৃজনশীলতা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৃজনশীলতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativitat" title="Creativitat – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Creativitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="داھێنەری – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="داھێنەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvo%C5%99ivost" title="Tvořivost – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tvořivost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Хайласлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хайласлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativitet" title="Kreativitet – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kreativitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativit%C3%A4t" title="Kreativität – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreativität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Creativity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krepovo" title="Krepovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krepovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatividad" title="Creatividad – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Creatividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loovus" title="Loovus – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loovus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sormen" title="Sormen – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sormen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="خلاقیت – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلاقیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luovuus" title="Luovuus – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luovuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ativit%C3%A9" title="Créativité – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créativité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatividade" title="Creatividade – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Creatividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="יצירתיות – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יצירתיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सर्जकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्जकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativnost" title="Kreativnost – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kreativnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreyativite" title="Kreyativite – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kreyativite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkot%C3%B3k%C3%A9szs%C3%A9g" title="Alkotókészség – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkotókészség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ստեղծագործական գործունեություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստեղծագործական գործունեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_cipta" title="Daya cipta – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daya cipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6punarg%C3%A1fa" title="Sköpunargáfa – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sköpunargáfa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativit%C3%A0" title="Creatività – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Creatività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E6%80%A7" title="創造性 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="創造性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EC%9D%98%EC%84%B1" title="창의성 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창의성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afir%C3%AEner%C3%AE" title="Afirînerî – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Afirînerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativitas" title="Creativitas – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Creativitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABrybi%C5%A1kumas" title="Kūrybiškumas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kūrybiškumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%C5%A1ums" title="Radošums – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radošums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Творештво – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Творештво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%87_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бүтээлч байдал – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүтээлч байдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_kreatif" title="Daya kreatif – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya kreatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шкинема – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Шкинема" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativiteit" title="Creativiteit – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Creativiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativitet" title="Kreativitet – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreativitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਿਰਜਣਸ਼ੀਲਤਾ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਰਜਣਸ਼ੀਲਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreatywno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Kreatywność – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kreatywność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تخلیق کاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تخلیق کاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criatividade" title="Criatividade – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakuy" title="Kamakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kamakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativitate" title="Creativitate – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creativitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Творчество – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Творчество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creauteevity" title="Creauteevity – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Creauteevity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativnost" title="Kreativnost – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kreativnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Creativity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativita" title="Kreativita – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kreativita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustvarjalnost" title="Ustvarjalnost – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ustvarjalnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijimtaria" title="Krijimtaria – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krijimtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Стваралаштво – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стваралаштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreativitet" title="Kreativitet – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kreativitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="படைப்பாற்றல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படைப்பாற்றல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="การสร้างสรรค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสร้างสรรค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamalikhain" title="Pagkamalikhain – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkamalikhain" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarat%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yaratıcılık – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaratıcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Творчість – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Творчість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تخلیق کاری – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تخلیق کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijod" title="Ijod – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_duy_s%C3%A1ng_t%E1%BA%A1o" title="Tư duy sáng tạo – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư duy sáng tạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamamuna" title="Pagkamamuna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagkamamuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E5%8A%9B" title="创造力 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="创造力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E5%8A%9B" title="創造力 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="創造力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="創意" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170658#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg/220px-Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg/330px-Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg/440px-Noun_463843_ccGregor_%C4%8Cre%C5%A1nar_creative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Piktogram van 'n kreatiwe mens.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kreatiwiteit</b> is 'n verskynsel waardeur iets nuuts en, op die een of ander manier, waardevol gevorm word. Die geskepte item kan ontasbaar (soos 'n <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea" class="extiw" title="en:Idea">idee</a>, 'n <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific theory">wetenskaplike teorie</a>, 'n <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition" class="extiw" title="en:Musical composition">musiekkomposisie</a> of 'n <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke" class="extiw" title="en:Joke">grap</a>) of 'n fisiese voorwerp (soos 'n <a href="/wiki/Uitvinding" title="Uitvinding">uitvinding</a>, 'n <a href="/wiki/Letterkunde" title="Letterkunde">literêre werk</a> of 'n <a href="/wiki/Skilderkuns" title="Skilderkuns">skildery</a>) wees. </p><p>Wetenskaplike belangstelling in kreatiwiteit behels baie definisies en begrippe met betrekking tot die dissiplines van <a href="/wiki/Sielkunde" title="Sielkunde">sielkunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kognitiewe_wetenskap" title="Kognitiewe wetenskap">kognitiewe wetenskap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onderwys" title="Onderwys">onderwys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofie</a> (veral <a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie">die filosofie van die wetenskap</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tegnologie" title="Tegnologie">tegnologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teologie" title="Teologie">teologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie">sosiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe">linguistiek</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Business studies">besigheidstudies</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriting" class="extiw" title="en:Songwriting">liedjieskryf</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">ekonomie</a>, wat die verhouding tussen kreatiwiteit en algemene intelligensie, geestelike en neurologiese prosesse, die persoonlikheidstipe en kreatiewe vermoë, en kreatiwiteit en geestesgesondheid dek; wat die potensiaal vir die bevordering van kreatiwiteit deur middel van onderwys en opleiding, veral uitgebrei deur tegnologie, dek; en wat die toepassing van kreatiewe hulpbronne dek om die doeltreffendheid van onderwys en geleerdheid te verbeter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisie">Definisie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Definisie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definisie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 'n opsomming van wetenskaplike navorsing oor kreatiwiteit het Michael Mumford voorgestel dat dit lyk asof ons gedurende die laaste dekade tot 'n vergelyk gekom het dat kreatiwiteit die produksie van nuwe, nuttige produkte behels (Mumford, 2003, p. 110).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> het dit beskryf as die produksie van iets oorspronkliks en waardevol.<sup id="cite_ref-Sternberg_Cognitive_Psychology_2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sternberg_Cognitive_Psychology_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die definisies van skrywers verskil dramaties van mekaar buite hierdie algemene ooreenkomste: Volgens Peter Meusburger is daar meer as 'n honderd verskillende analises in die literatuur.<sup id="cite_ref-Meusburger1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meusburger1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ter illustrasie, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Paul_Torrance" class="extiw" title="en:Ellis Paul Torrance">Paul Torrance</a> het dit beskryf as 'n proses om, byvoorbeeld, sensitief vir probleme, tekortkominge, leemtes in kundigheid, ontbrekende beginsels en disharmonie te word; die struikelblokke te identifiseer; oplossings te soek, raaiskote te maak, of veronderstellings oor die tekortkominge te formuleer; hierdie veronderstellings te toets en weer te toets, dit moontlik te wysig en dan weer te toets; en die resultate eindelik bekend te maak.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrance_Test_Manual_Verbal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrance_Test_Manual_Verbal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspekte">Aspekte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Aspekte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Aspekte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kreatiwiteitsteorieë (veral die navorsing oor die vraag hoekom sommige mense kreatiewer as ander is) het op 'n verskeidenheid aspekte gefokus. Die oorheersende faktore word gewoonlik as die vier P's — proses, produk, persoon en plek (volgens <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melvin_Rhodes" class="extiw" title="en:James Melvin Rhodes">Mel Rhodes</a>) geïdentifiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Fokus op <i>proses</i> word gewys in die kognitiewe benaderings wat poog om die denkmeganismes en -tegnieke vir kreatiewe denke te beskryf. Teorieë wat hulle beroep op divergente eerder as konvergente denke (soos dié van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Guilford" class="extiw" title="en:J.P. Guilford">Guilford</a>) of dié wat die uitvoer van die kreatiewe proses (soos dié van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas" class="extiw" title="en:Graham Wallas">Wallas</a>) beskryf, is hoofsaaklik teorieë van kreatiewe proses. 'n Fokus op kreatiewe <i>produk</i> verskyn gewoonlik in pogings om kreatiwiteit te meet (psigometrika, kyk hieronder) en in die raamwerk van kreatiewe idees as suksesvolle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics" class="extiw" title="en:Memetics">memes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabora_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabora-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die psigometriese benadering tot kreatiwiteit bring ook aan die lig dat dit die vermoë behels om meer te produseer.<sup id="cite_ref-Sternberg_2009_468_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sternberg_2009_468-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Fokus op die aard van die kreatiewe <i>persoon</i> neem meer algemene intellektuele gewoontes, soos openhartigheid, vlakke van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideation_(idea_generation)" class="extiw" title="en:Ideation (idea generation)">denkbeeldvorming</a>, selfstandigheid, kundigheid en ondersoekende gedrag in aanmerking. 'n Fokus op <i>plek</i> neem die omstandighede waarin kreatiwiteit floreer, soos die grade van selfstandigheid, toegang tot hulpbronne en die aard van hekwagters in aanmerking. Kreatiewe lewenstyle word gekenmerk deur afwykende ingesteldhede en gedrag asook buigsaamheid.<sup id="cite_ref-Sternberg_2009_468_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sternberg_2009_468-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis_van_die_konsep">Geskiedenis van die konsep</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis van die konsep" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis van die konsep"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Plato-raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/150px-Plato-raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/225px-Plato-raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Griekse filosowe soos Plato het die konsep van kreatiwiteit verwerp, en verkies om kuns as 'n vorm van ontdekking te sien. In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="extiw" title="en:The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a> </i>is Plato gevra of 'n mens sê dat 'n skilder iets maak, waarop hy geantwoord het: "Beslis nie, hy boots net na."<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Ideas_p._244_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Ideas_p._244-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antieke_sienings">Antieke sienings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Antieke sienings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Antieke sienings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die meeste antieke kulture, insluitend denkers van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greece">Antieke Griekeland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Ideas_p._244_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Ideas_p._244-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" class="extiw" title="en:History of China">Antieke China</a> en <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient India">Antieke Indië</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Albert99_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> het nie 'n konsep van kreatiwiteit gehad nie, en het kuns as 'n vorm van ontdekking gesien en nie as skepping nie. Die <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Grieke</a> het nie woorde vir "om te skep" of "skepper" gehad nie, behalwe vir die uitdrukking <i>poiein</i> (om te maak), wat slegs op <i>poiesis</i> (poësie) en op die <i>poietes</i> (digter of die skepper) wat dit gemaak het, van toepassing was.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Ideas_p._244_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Ideas_p._244-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daar word oor die algemeen aangevoer dat die idee van "kreatiwiteit" sy oorsprong in die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Western culture">Westerse kultuur</a> deur middel van die <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation" class="extiw" title="en:Revelation">goddelike inspirasie</a> het.<sup id="cite_ref-RuncoAlbert_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens die historikus, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a>, was die vroeë Westerse opvatting van kreatiwiteit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" class="extiw" title="en:Genesis creation narrative">Bybelse verhaal van die skepping</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis" title="Genesis">Genesis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit is egter nie kreatiwiteit in die moderne sin nie, wat eers tydens die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> ontstaan het. Volgens die Joods-Christelike tradisie was kreatiwiteit die terrein van God alleen; daar is gereken dat die mens nie die vermoë het om iets nuuts te skep nie, behalwe as 'n uitdrukking van God se werk.<sup id="cite_ref-NiuSternberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiuSternberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Soortgelyke konsep het in die Griekse kultuur bestaan, byvoorbeeld, <a href="/wiki/Muse" title="Muse">muses</a> was gesien as bemiddelende inspirasie van die gode.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Romeine en Grieke het hulle beroep op die begrip van 'n eksterne kreatiewe "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="extiw" title="en:Daemon (classical mythology)">daemon</a>" (Grieks) of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius" class="extiw" title="en:Genius">genius</a>" (Latyns) wat aan die heilige of goddelike gekoppel is. Nie een van hierdie sienings is egter soortgelyk aan die moderne konsep van kreatiwiteit nie, en die individu was nie gesien as die oorsaak van die skepping tot die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tydens die Renaissance is kreatiwiteit die eerste keer verstaan as iets komende van die vermoëns van "prominente figure" en nie as 'n kanaal vir die goddelike nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Verligting_en_later">Die Verligting en later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Verligting en later" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Die Verligting en later"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die verwerping van kreatiwiteit ten gunste van ontdekking en die oortuiging van die individuele skepping as 'n kanaal van die goddelike het die Weste waarskynlik tot die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> en selfs later oorheers.<sup id="cite_ref-NiuSternberg_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiuSternberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die ontwikkeling van die moderne konsep van kreatiwiteit het met die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> begin toe daar begin is om die skepping te beskou as afkomstig van die vermoëns van die individu en nie van God nie. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die toonaangewende intellektuele beweging van die tyd, naamlik die <a href="/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme">humanisme</a>, wat 'n intense mensgesentreerde uitkyk op die wêreld ontwikkel het en waarde heg aan die intellek en prestasie van die individu.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uit hierdie filosofie het die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_man" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance man">Renaissancemens</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Veelweter" title="Veelweter">veelweter</a>) ontstaan, 'n individu wat die hoofde van die humanisme in hul eindelose hofmakery met kennis en skepping verpersoonlik.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Een van die bekendste en uiters vaardige voorbeelde is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. </p><p>Hierdie verskuiwing was egter geleidelik en het nie onmiddellik duidelik geword tot die Verligting nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teen die 18de eeu en die <a href="/wiki/Verligting" title="Verligting">Verligting</a> is daar meer gereeld verwys na kreatiwiteit (veral in die <a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">estetika</a>) gekoppel met die konsep van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" class="extiw" title="en:Imagination">verbeelding</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-Tatarkiewicz80_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatarkiewicz80-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die werke van <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> het verbeelding 'n belangrike element van die menslike bewussyn geword.<sup id="cite_ref-RuncoAlbert_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duff_(writer)" class="extiw" title="en:William Duff (writer)">William Duff</a> was een van die eerste skrywers wat verbeelding as 'n eienskap van 'n <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius" class="extiw" title="en:Genius">genie</a> geïdentifiseer het, deur die skeiding tussen talent (produktief, maar geen baanbrekerswerk nie) en genius te kenmerk.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacey_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kreatiwiteit het as 'n direkte en onafhanklike studieonderwerp feitlik geen aandag gekry tot die 19de eeu nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacey_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens Runco en Albert het kreatiwiteit as die onderwerp van behoorlike studie ernstig te voorskyn gekom in die laat 19de eeu met die verhoogde belangstelling in individuele verskille geïnspireer deur die koms van die <a href="/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme">Darwinisme</a>. Hulle het in die besonder verwys na die werk van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>, wat deur sy <a href="/wiki/Eugenetika" title="Eugenetika">eugenetiese</a> beskouing 'n lewendige belangstelling gehad het in die oorerflikheid van intelligensie, met kreatiwiteit as 'n aspek van genius.<sup id="cite_ref-RuncoAlbert_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die laat 19de en vroeë 20ste eeu het die vernaamste wiskundiges en wetenskaplikes soos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" class="extiw" title="en:Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1896) en <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="en:Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1908) begin om oor hulle kreatiewe prosesse te besin en dit in die openbaar te bespreek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twintigste_eeu_tot_nou">Twintigste eeu tot nou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Twintigste eeu tot nou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Twintigste eeu tot nou"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die insigte van Poincaré en Von Helmholtz is voortgebou op vroeë weergawes van die kreatiewe proses deur pioniersteoretici soos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas" class="extiw" title="en:Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wallas26_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallas26-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" class="extiw" title="en:Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a>. In sy werk <i>Art of Thought</i>, wat in 1926 gepubliseer is, het Wallas een van die eerste modelle van die kreatiewe proses bekendgestel. Dié model bestaan uit vyf fases: </p> <dl><dd>(i) <i>voorbereiding</i> (voorbereidende werk aan 'n probleem wat die individu se aandag op die probleem vestig en wat die omvang van die probleem bestudeer),</dd> <dd>(ii) <i>inkubasie</i> (die probleem word in die onderbewussyn gevestig en uiterlik lyk dit of niks gebeur nie),</dd> <dd>(iii) <i>aanduiding</i> (die kreatiewe persoon kry 'n "gevoel" dat 'n oplossing naby is),</dd> <dd>(iv) <i>verligting</i> of insig (die kreatiewe idee vorder van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconscious" class="extiw" title="en:Preconscious">voorbewuste</a> verwerking na bewustheid);</dd> <dd>(v) <i>verifikasie</i> (die idee word bewustelik geverifieer, uitgebrei en dan toegepas).</dd></dl> <p>Wallas se model word dikwels met vier fases behandel, waar "aanduiding" as 'n subfase gereken word. </p><p>Wallas het kreatiwiteit as 'n nalatenskap van die <a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">evolusionêre</a> proses beskou, wat toegelaat het dat die mens vinnig kan aanpas by vinnig veranderende omgewings. Simonton<sup id="cite_ref-Simonton99_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonton99-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> het 'n bygewerkte perspektief op hierdie siening in sy boek, die <i>Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity </i>verskaf. </p><p>In 1927 het <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> die Gifford-lesings by die Universiteit van Edinburgh aangebied. Dié lesings is later as <i>Process and Reality </i>gepubliseer<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy kry erkenning vir die nuutskepping van die term "kreatiwiteit" om as die fundamentele kategorie van sy metafisiese skema te dien.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens ortodokse <a href="/wiki/Sielkundige" title="Sielkundige">sielkundige</a> literatuur het die formele <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometric" class="extiw" title="en:Psychometric">psigometriese</a> meting van kreatiwiteit begin met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Guilford" class="extiw" title="en:J. P. Guilford">J.P. Guilford</a> se toespraak by die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" class="extiw" title="en:American Psychological Association">Amerikaanse Sielkundige Vereniging</a> in 1950, wat gehelp het om die onderwerp verstaanbaar te maak<sup id="cite_ref-Sternberg99_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sternberg99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en die aandag te vestig op 'n wetenskaplike benadering om kreatiwiteit te konseptualiseer. (Daar moet opgelet word dat die Londonse skool vir sielkunde die psigometriese studie van kreatiwiteit so vroeg as 1927 ingestel het met die werk van H. L. Hargreaves by die Fakulteit van Verbeelding,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar dit het nie dieselfde impak gehad nie.) Statistiese analise het gelei tot die erkenning van kreatiwiteit (soos gemeet) as 'n afsonderlike aspek van menslike intellek tot <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ" class="extiw" title="en:IQ">IK</a>-tipe intelligensie, waaronder dit voorheen ingedeel is. Guilford se werk het voorgestel dat die verhouding tussen kreatiwiteit en klassiek gemete intelligensie bo 'n drempelvlak van IK afgebreek het.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozbelt_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozbelt-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beoordeling_van_individuele_kreatiewe_vermoë"><span id="Beoordeling_van_individuele_kreatiewe_vermo.C3.AB"></span>Beoordeling van individuele kreatiewe vermoë</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Beoordeling van individuele kreatiewe vermoë" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Beoordeling van individuele kreatiewe vermoë"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt"><span id="Kreatiwiteitskwosi.C3.ABnt"></span>Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kreatiwiteitskwosiënt"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verskeie pogings is aangewend om 'n <i>kreatiwiteitskwosiënt</i> van 'n individu soortgelyk aan die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" class="extiw" title="en:Intelligence quotient">intelligensiekwosiënt</a> (IK) te ontwikkel. Dit was egter onsuksesvol.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psigometriese_benadering">Psigometriese benadering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Psigometriese benadering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Psigometriese benadering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Guilford" class="extiw" title="en:J. P. Guilford">J.P. Guilford</a> se groep,<sup id="cite_ref-Guilford67_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilford67-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat baanbrekerswerk met die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometric" class="extiw" title="en:Psychometric">psigometriese</a> studie van kreatiwiteit gelewer het, het in 1967 verskeie toetse saamgestel om kreatiwiteit te meet: </p> <ul><li>Titels van Komplotte, waar die komplot van 'n storie aan deelnemers gegee word en die deelnemers die oorspronklike titels moet neerskryf.</li> <li>Vinnige Antwoorde is 'n woordassosiasie-toets waar punte vir buitengewoonheid gegee word.</li> <li>Figuurkonsepte, waar eenvoudige tekeninge van voorwerpe of individue aan deelnemers gee word en die deelnemers dieselfde kenmerke of verskynsels van twee of meer tekeninge moet uitwys; hier word punte vir buitengewoonheid gegee.</li> <li>Ongewone Gebruike, waar ongewone gebruike van alledaagse voorwerpe soos bakstene gevind moet word.</li> <li>Afstandsassosiasie, waar deelnemers 'n woord tussen twee gegewe woorde moet vind (bv. Hand _____ Roep).</li> <li>Afstandsgevolge, waar deelnemers 'n lys van gevolge van onverwagte gebeure (bv. gravitasieverlies) moet opstel.</li></ul> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Paul_Torrance" class="extiw" title="en:Ellis Paul Torrance">Torrance</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> het Guilford se werk uitgebrei en in 1966 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Tests_of_Creative_Thinking" class="extiw" title="en:Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking">Torrance se toetse van kreatiewe denke</a> ontwikkel.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie toetse het eenvoudige toetse van divergente denke en ander probleemoplossingsvaardighede behels, waar punte vir die volgende gegee is: </p> <ul><li><b>Vlotheid</b> – Die totale getal verklaarbare, betekenisvolle en relevante idees wat in reaksie op die stimulus voortgebring word.</li> <li><b>Oorspronklikheid</b> – Die statistiese rariteit van die antwoorde onder die proefpersone.</li> <li><b>Uitbreiding</b> – Die hoeveelheid detail in die antwoorde.</li></ul> <p>Die prestasievraelys vir kreatiwiteit, waar respondente hulself toets en waar die toets kreatiewe prestasie oor 10 terreine meet, is in 2005 beskryf en het getoon dat dit betroubaar en geldig is in vergelyking met ander maatreëls van kreatiwiteit en onafhanklike evaluering van kreatiewe produksie.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulke toetse, soms genoem toetse vir <i>divergente denke (DT),</i> is beide ondersteun<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en gekritiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1080/10400419.2011.545713_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1080/10400419.2011.545713-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering">Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sommige navorsers het 'n sosiale-persoonlikheidsbenadering tot die meting van kreatiwiteit gevolg. In hierdie studies word persoonlikheidseienskappe soos onafhanklikheid van oordeel, selfvertroue, aantrekking tot kompleksiteit, estetiese oriëntasie en risiko-aanvaarding as maatreëls van die kreatiwiteit van individue gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-Sternberg99_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sternberg99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Meta-analise deur Gregory Feist het getoon dat kreatiewe mense geneig is om meer ontvanklik te wees vir nuwe ervarings, en om minder konvensioneel, minder pligsgetrou, meer selfversekerd, selfaanvaardend, gedrewe, ambisieus, oorheersend, vyandig en impulsief te wees. Ontvanklikheid, pligsgetrouheid, selfaanvaarding, vyandigheid en impulsiwiteit het die sterkste uitwerking gehad van die eienskappe wat gelys is.<sup id="cite_ref-Feist_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feist-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binne die raamwerk van die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" class="extiw" title="en:Big Five personality traits">groot-vyf-model</a> van persoonlikheid het konsekwente eienskappe na vore gekom.<sup id="cite_ref-Batey,_M._2006_p._355-429_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batey,_M._2006_p._355-429-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontvanklikheid vir ervaring het getoon dat dit konsekwent verband hou met 'n klomp verskillende tipes beoordeling van kreatiwiteit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navorsing van die ander groot-vyf eienskappe het klein verskille tussen verskillende terreine van kreatiwiteit getoon. In vergelyking met niekunstenaars is kunstenaars geneig om hoër vlakke van ontvanklikheid vir ondervinding en laer vlakke van pligsgetrouheid te hê, terwyl wetenskaplikes meer ontvanklik vir ondervinding, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious" class="extiw" title="en:Conscientious">pligsgetrou</a>, en hoër in die vertroue-oorheersingsaspekte van ekstraversie in vergelyking met niewetenskaplikes is.<sup id="cite_ref-Feist_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feist-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kreatiwiteit_in_organisasies">Kreatiwiteit in organisasies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Kreatiwiteit in organisasies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kreatiwiteit in organisasies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg/220px-Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg/330px-Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg/440px-Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Opleidingsvergadering in 'n eko-ontwerp vlekvrye staal maatskappy in <a href="/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Brasilië">Brasilië</a>. Die leiers wil onder andere die werkers bemoedig en aanmoedig om 'n hoër vlak van kreatiwiteit te bereik.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dit was die onderwerp van verskeie navorsingstudies om te bevestig dat organisatoriese doeltreffendheid in 'n groot mate van die kreatiwiteit van die arbeidsmag afhang. Vir enige bepaalde organisasie wissel die maatreëls van doeltreffendheid, afhangende van die organisasie se missie, omgewingskonteks, aard van die werk, produk of diens wat dit produseer en kliënteise. Die eerste stap in die evaluering van organisatoriese doeltreffendheid is dus om die organisasie self te verstaan — hoe dit funksioneer, hoe dit gestruktureer is en wat dit beklemtoon. </p><p>Volgens Amabile<sup id="cite_ref-Amabile98_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amabile98-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is drie komponente nodig om kreatiwiteit in besigheid te verhoog: </p> <ul><li>Kundigheid (tegnies, prosessueel en intellektuele kennis),</li> <li>Kreatiewe denkvaardighede (hoe buigsaam en verbeeldingryk mense probleme benader),</li> <li>Motivering (veral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_motivation" class="extiw" title="en:Intrinsic motivation">intrinsieke motivering</a>).</li></ul> <p>Daar is twee tipes motivering: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrinsic_motivation" class="extiw" title="en:Extrinsic motivation">ekstrinsieke motivering</a> – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External" class="extiw" title="en:External">eksterne</a> faktore, byvoorbeeld <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat" class="extiw" title="en:Threat">dreigemente</a> van afdanking of geld as beloning,</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_motivation" class="extiw" title="en:Intrinsic motivation">intrinsieke motivering</a> – gevoelens soos tevredenheid en genot van werk.</li></ul> <p>Nonaka, wat verskeie suksesvolle Japannese maatskappye bestudeer het, het kreatiwiteit en skepping van kennis as belangrik vir die sukses van organisasies geag.<sup id="cite_ref-Nonaka91_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nonaka91-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het veral die rol van <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" class="extiw" title="en:Tacit knowledge">stilswyende kennis</a> in die kreatiewe proses beklemtoon. </p><p>In besigheid is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originality" class="extiw" title="en:Originality">oorspronklikheid</a> nie genoeg nie. Die idee moet ook toepaslik wees — nuttig en <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actionable" class="extiw" title="en:Actionable">vervolgbaar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_competitive_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Creative competitive intelligence">Kreatief mededingende intelligensie</a> is 'n nuwe oplossing vir hierdie probleem. Volgens Reijo Siltala koppel dit kreatiwiteit met vernuwing en <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Competitive intelligence">mededingende intelligensie</a> met kreatiewe werkers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mumford, M. D. (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sternberg_Cognitive_Psychology_2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg_Cognitive_Psychology_2011_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Sternberg, Robert J. (2011). "Creativity". <i>Cognitive Psychology</i> (6 uitg.). Cengage Learning. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-133-38701-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-133-38701-5"><bdi>978-1-133-38701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creativity&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.pages=479&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-133-38701-5&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meusburger1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Meusburger1_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMeusburger2009" class="citation book cs1">Meusburger, Peter (2009). "Milieus of Creativity: The Role of Places, Environments and Spatial Contexts". In Meusburger, P.; Funke, J.; Wunder, E. (reds.). <i>Milieus of Creativity: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Spatiality of Creativity</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4020-9876-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4020-9876-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-9876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Milieus+of+Creativity%3A+The+Role+of+Places%2C+Environments+and+Spatial+Contexts&rft.btitle=Milieus+of+Creativity%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Approach+to+Spatiality+of+Creativity&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9876-5&rft.aulast=Meusburger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrance_Test_Manual_Verbal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Torrance_Test_Manual_Verbal_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance" class="citation book cs1">Torrance, Paul. "Verbal Tests. Forms A and B-Figural Tests, Forms A and B.". <i>The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking-Norms-Technical Manual Research Edition</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Personnel Press. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verbal+Tests.+Forms+A+and+B-Figural+Tests%2C+Forms+A+and+B.&rft.btitle=The+Torrance+Tests+of+Creative+Thinking-Norms-Technical+Manual+Research+Edition&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Personnel+Press&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mel Rhodes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20342603?uid=3737864&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103750220081"><i>An Analysis of Creativity.</i></a> in Phi Delta Kappan 1961, Vol. 42, No. 7, p. 306–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabora-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gabora_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGabora,_Liane1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gabora, Liane (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/794/1/oecc.html">"The Origin and Evolution of Culture and Creativity"</a>. <i>Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Memetics+%E2%80%93+Evolutionary+Models+of+Information+Transmission&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Evolution+of+Culture+and+Creativity&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Gabora%2C+Liane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F794%2F1%2Foecc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sternberg_2009_468-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg_2009_468_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg_2009_468_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Sternberg, Robert J. (2009). Jaime A. Perkins; Dan Moneypenny; Wilson Co (reds.). <i>Cognitive Psychology</i>. CENGAGE Learning. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-495-50629-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-495-50629-4"><bdi>978-0-495-50629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=CENGAGE+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50629-4&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Six_Ideas_p._244-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Six_Ideas_p._244_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Six_Ideas_p._244_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Six_Ideas_p._244_8-2">8,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Władysław Tatarkiewicz, <i>A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics</i>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albert99-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Albert99_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertRunco,_M._A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Albert, R. S.; Runco, M. A. (1999). ":A History of Research on Creativity". In Sternberg, R. J. (red.). <i>Handbook of Creativity</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3AA+History+of+Research+on+Creativity&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Creativity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Runco%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuncoAlbert-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RuncoAlbert_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RuncoAlbert_10-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RuncoAlbert_10-2">10,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRuncoAlbert,_Robert_S.2010" class="citation book cs1">Runco, Mark A.; Albert, Robert S. (2010). "Creativity Research". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Kaufman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Kaufman (bladsy bestaan nie)">James C. Kaufman</a>; Robert J. Sternberg (reds.). <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-73025-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-73025-9"><bdi>978-0-521-73025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creativity+Research&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Creativity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73025-9&rft.aulast=Runco&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Albert%2C+Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albert2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Albert2_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertRunco,_M._A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Albert, R. S.; Runco, M. A. (1999). ":A History of Research on Creativity". In Sternberg, R. J. (red.). <i>Handbook of Creativity</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3AA+History+of+Research+on+Creativity&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Creativity&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Runco%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NiuSternberg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NiuSternberg_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NiuSternberg_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNiuSternberg,_Robert_J.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Niu, Weihua; Sternberg, Robert J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/641OBVx0d?url=http://www.westga.edu/~stpp/JTPP_Aticles/26-2/THE1210.pdf">"The Philosophical Roots of Western and Eastern Conceptions of Creativity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology</i>. <b>26</b>: 18–38. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0091265">10.1037/h0091265</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westga.edu/~stpp/JTPP_Aticles/26-2/THE1210.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 18 Desember 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">23 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+and+Philosophical+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Philosophical+Roots+of+Western+and+Eastern+Conceptions+of+Creativity&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=18-38&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0091265&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Weihua&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westga.edu%2F~stpp%2FJTPP_Aticles%2F26-2%2FTHE1210.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="af" dir="ltr">Verwysingfout: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "NiuSternberg" defined multiple times with different content</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dacey-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dacey_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dacey_13-1">13,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dacey_13-2">13,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDacey1999" class="citation book cs1">Dacey, John (1999). "Concepts of Creativity: A history". In Mark A. Runco; Steven R. Pritzer (reds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Creativity, Vol. 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-12-227076-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-12-227076-2"><bdi>0-12-227076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concepts+of+Creativity%3A+A+history&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Creativity%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-12-227076-2&rft.aulast=Dacey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albert3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Albert3_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Albert3_14-1">14,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Albert3_14-2">14,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertRunco,_M._A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Albert, R. S.; Runco, M. A. (1999). ":A History of Research on Creativity". In Sternberg, R. J. (red.). <i>Handbook of Creativity</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3AA+History+of+Research+on+Creativity&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Creativity&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Runco%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/humanism.html">Humanism – Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture | Exhibitions – Library of Congress</a> (1993-01-08). URL besoek op 2015-11-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci | Italian artist, engineer, and scientist</a>. URL besoek op 2015-11-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatarkiewicz80-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tatarkiewicz80_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTatarkiewicz,_Władysław1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tatarkiewicz, Władysław</a> (1980). <i>A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics</i>. Translated from the Polish by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Kasparek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Kasparek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Christopher Kasparek</a>, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Six+Ideas%3A+an+Essay+in+Aesthetics&rft.place=Translated+from+the+Polish+by+Christopher+Kasparek%2C+The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Tatarkiewicz%2C+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallas26-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallas26_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWallas,_G.1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_Wallas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham Wallas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wallas, G.</a> (1926). <i>Art of Thought</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Thought&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Wallas%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonton99-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Simonton99_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSimonton,_D._K.1999" class="citation book cs1">Simonton, D. K. (1999). <i>Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+genius%3A+Darwinian+perspectives+on+creativity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Simonton%2C+D.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1978" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Alfred North (1978). <i>Process and reality : an essay in cosmology ; Gifford Lectures delivered in the University of Edinburgh during the session 1927–28</i> (Corrected uitg.). New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-02-934580-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-02-934580-4"><bdi>0-02-934580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Process+and+reality+%3A+an+essay+in+cosmology+%3B+Gifford+Lectures+delivered+in+the+University+of+Edinburgh+during+the+session+1927%E2%80%9328&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Corrected&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-02-934580-4&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Alfred+North&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Steven (2005). "Introduction: Whitehead Now". <i>Configurations</i>. <b>1</b> (13): 1–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Configurations&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Whitehead+Now&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sternberg99-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg99_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg99_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg,_R._J.Lubart,_T._I.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sternberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Sternberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sternberg, R. J.</a>; Lubart, T. I. (1999). "The Concept of Creativity: Prospects and Paradigms". In Sternberg, R. J. (red.). <i>Handbook of Creativity</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-57285-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-57285-1"><bdi>0-521-57285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Creativity%3A+Prospects+and+Paradigms&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Creativity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-57285-1&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Lubart%2C+T.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Hargreaves, H. L. (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozbelt-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kozbelt_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKozbeltBeghetto,_Ronald_A.Runco,_Mark_A.2010" class="citation book cs1">Kozbelt, Aaron; Beghetto, Ronald A.; Runco, Mark A. (2010). "Theories of Creativity". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Kaufman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Kaufman (bladsy bestaan nie)">James C. Kaufman</a>; Robert J. Sternberg (reds.). <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-73025-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-73025-9"><bdi>978-0-521-73025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Creativity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Creativity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73025-9&rft.aulast=Kozbelt&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Beghetto%2C+Ronald+A.&rft.au=Runco%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Kraft, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guilford67-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Guilford67_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGuilford,_J._P.1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Guilford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. P. Guilford (bladsy bestaan nie)">Guilford, J. P.</a> (1967). <i>The Nature of Human Intelligence</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Human+Intelligence&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Guilford%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Torrance, 1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://people.uncw.edu/caropresoe/GiftedFoundations/SocialEmotional/Creativity-articles/Kim_Can-we-trust-creativity-tests.pdf">http://people.uncw.edu/caropresoe/GiftedFoundations/SocialEmotional/Creativity-articles/Kim_Can-we-trust-creativity-tests.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Carson, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKim2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, K. H. (2006). "Can We Trust Creativity Tests? A Review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)". <i>Creativity Research Journal</i>. <b>18</b>: 3–1. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326934crj1801_2">10.1207/s15326934crj1801_2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creativity+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Can+We+Trust+Creativity+Tests%3F+A+Review+of+the+Torrance+Tests+of+Creative+Thinking+%28TTCT%29&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=3-1&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15326934crj1801_2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi10.1080/10400419.2011.545713-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1080/10400419.2011.545713_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZengProctorSalvendy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zeng, L.; Proctor, R. W.; Salvendy, G. (2011). "Can Traditional Divergent Thinking Tests Be Trusted in Measuring and Predicting Real-World Creativity?". <i>Creativity Research Journal</i>. <b>23</b>: 24. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10400419.2011.545713">10.1080/10400419.2011.545713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creativity+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Can+Traditional+Divergent+Thinking+Tests+Be+Trusted+in+Measuring+and+Predicting+Real-World+Creativity%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10400419.2011.545713&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+R.+W.&rft.au=Salvendy%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feist-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feist_32-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feist_32-1">32,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Feist, G. J. (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batey,_M._2006_p._355-429-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Batey,_M._2006_p._355-429_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Batey, M. & Furnham, A. (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Batey, M., Furnham, A. F. & Safiullina, X. (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amabile98-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amabile98_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Amabile, 1998; Sullivan and Harper, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nonaka91-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nonaka91_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Nonaka, 1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amabile, T. M. (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siltala, R. 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChung-yuan1970" class="citation book cs1">Chung-yuan, Chang (1970). <i>Creativity and Taoism, A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Poetry</i>. New York: Harper Torchbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-06-131968-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-06-131968-6"><bdi>0-06-131968-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creativity+and+Taoism%2C+A+Study+of+Chinese+Philosophy%2C+Art%2C+and+Poetry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-06-131968-6&rft.aulast=Chung-yuan&rft.aufirst=Chang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCropleyCropleyKaufmanRunco2010" class="citation book cs1">Cropley, David H.; Cropley, Arthur J.; Kaufman, James C.; et al., reds. (2010). <i>The Dark Side of Creativity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-13960-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-13960-1"><bdi>978-0-521-13960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Creativity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13960-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|laydate=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|laysummary=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChung-yuan1970" class="citation book cs1">Chung-yuan, Chang (1970). <i>Creativity and Taoism, A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Poetry</i>. New York: Harper Torchbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-06-131968-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-06-131968-6"><bdi>0-06-131968-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creativity+and+Taoism%2C+A+Study+of+Chinese+Philosophy%2C+Art%2C+and+Poetry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-06-131968-6&rft.aulast=Chung-yuan&rft.aufirst=Chang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKreatiwiteit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=creativity-roots-human-genius-deeper-than-expected"><i>The Roots of Human Genius Are Deeper Than Expected</i></a> (March 10, 2013) Scientific American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (2014-10-20) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/531911/isaac-asimov-mulls-how-do-people-get-new-ideas/">on Cultivating Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> (2014-08-08) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcocreate.com/1680999/4-lessons-in-creativity-from-john-cleese">on Fostering Creativity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatiwiteit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Video's</dt></dl> 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