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Shiva - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical development and literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_development_and_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical development and literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assimilation_of_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_of_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Assimilation of traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_of_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Vedic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Vedic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-Vedic elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Vedic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indus_Valley_and_the_Pashupati_seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indus_Valley_and_the_Pashupati_seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Indus Valley and the Pashupati seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus_Valley_and_the_Pashupati_seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Indo-European_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Indo-European_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Proto-Indo-European elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Indo-European_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rudra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Rudra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Agni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Indra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_within_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_within_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Position within Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Position_within_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Position within Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Position_within_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shaivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaktism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaktism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Shaktism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaktism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smarta_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smarta_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Smarta tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smarta_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trimurti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trimurti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Trimurti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trimurti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_and_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_and_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forms and depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_and_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms and depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_and_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destroyer_and_Benefactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destroyer_and_Benefactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Destroyer and Benefactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destroyer_and_Benefactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascetic_and_householder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascetic_and_householder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ascetic and householder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascetic_and_householder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconographic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconographic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Iconographic forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconographic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Lingam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Avatars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shiva</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="شيفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aiva" title="Śiva – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Śiva" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1" title="শিৱ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv%C3%A1" title="Shivá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Shivá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiva" title="Şiva – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şiva" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شیوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9wa_Siwa" title="Déwa Siwa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Déwa Siwa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC" title="শিব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шыва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шыва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шыва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шыва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="དབང་ཕྱུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབང་ཕྱུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aiva" title="Śiva – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Śiva" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiva_(hinduisme)" title="Xiva (hinduisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xiva (hinduisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Σίβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Civo" title="Ŝivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شیوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv" title="Shiv – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shiv" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5" title="શિવ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શિવ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94" title="시바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Շիվա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիվա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADva" title="Síva – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Siva (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Siva (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="שיווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwah" title="Siwah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Siwah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5" title="ಶಿವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შივა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შივა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0" title="ພະສິວະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະສິວະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivus" title="Sivus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sivus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiva" title="Xiva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xiva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva" title="Siva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Siva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="ശിവൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശിവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შივა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შივა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="شيڤا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيڤا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadeva" title="Mahadeva – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahadeva" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9A" title="ꯁꯤꯚ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯤꯚ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9k-b%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Sék-bò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sék-bò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9D" title="သိဝ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိဝ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="शिव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A9%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="चिवऩ् (सन् १९९९या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिवऩ् (सन् १९९९या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="シヴァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiva" title="Sjiva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjiva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC" title="ଶିବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶିବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5" title="ਸ਼ਿਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5:_Shiva" title="शिव: Shiva – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="शिव: Shiva" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شیوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%88" title="ព្រះសិវៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះសិវៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aiwa" title="Śiwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śiwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiva" title="Xiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiva" title="Şiva – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şiva" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шіва – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шіва" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="शिवः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शिवः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5" title="ᱥᱤᱵ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱵ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ශිව දෙවියන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශිව දෙවියන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%90%D9%88" title="شِو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شِو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="شیڤا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیڤا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iva" title="Šiva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva" title="Siva – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Siva" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சிவன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிவன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="శివుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శివుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="พระศิวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระศิวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0" title="ಈಶ್ವರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಈಶ್ವರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiva" title="Şiva – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şiva" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шива – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шива" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88" title="شیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shiva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva" title="Siva – Volapük" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva (Judaism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shiva (disambiguation)">Shiva (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nilkanth" and "Manjunatha" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nilkanth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nilkanth (disambiguation)">Nilkanth (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manjunatha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Manjunatha (disambiguation)">Manjunatha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Shiva</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Destruction <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>God of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yogeshvara" title="Yogeshvara">Lord of Yogis</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">The Cosmic Dancer</a></li><li>Patron of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarenne197682_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarenne197682-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li><li>Master of Poison and Medicine<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010436_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010436-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">The Supreme Being</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangalore_Shiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bangalore_Shiva.jpg/220px-Bangalore_Shiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bangalore_Shiva.jpg/330px-Bangalore_Shiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bangalore_Shiva.jpg/440px-Bangalore_Shiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Shiva at <a href="/wiki/Shivoham_Shiva_Temple" title="Shivoham Shiva Temple">Shivoham Shiva Temple</a>, Bangalore, Karnataka</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li><li>Mahadeva</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a></li><li>Maheśvara</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pashupati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a></li><li>Shambhu</li><li>Shankara</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrahman">Parabrahman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a> (Shaivism)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kailasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa">Kailasa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmashana" title="Shmashana">Shmashana</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamrityunjaya_Mantra" title="Mahamrityunjaya Mantra">Mahamrityunjaya Mantra</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatastra" title="Pashupatastra">Pashupatastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashu" title="Parashu">Parashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_(Hinduism)" title="Pinaka (Hinduism)">Pinaka bow</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200458_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200458-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbols</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200458_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200458-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent Moon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">Tripundra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monday" title="Monday">Monday</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thrayodashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrayodashi">Thrayodashi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavid200820–21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavid200820–21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_(month)" title="Shravana (month)">Shravana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava_Ashtami" title="Bhairava Ashtami">Bhairava Ashtami</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Parvati" title="Category:Forms of Parvati">forms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> (son)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECushRobinsonYork200878_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushRobinsonYork200878-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> (son)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams198162_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams198162-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Shiva" title="Category:Children of Shiva">See list of others</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shiva</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: &#39;sh&#39; in &#39;shy&#39;">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: &#39;i&#39; in &#39;kit&#39;">ɪ</span><span title="&#39;v&#39; in &#39;vie&#39;">v</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">शिव</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a>&#8201;</small>&#39;The Auspicious One&#39;, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śiva</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">&#91;ɕɪʋɐ&#93;</a></span>), also known as <b>Mahadeva</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;m&#39; in &#39;my&#39;">m</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;h&#39; in &#39;hi&#39;">h</span><span title="/ɑː/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;father&#39;">ɑː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;d&#39; in &#39;dye&#39;">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;face&#39;">eɪ</span><span title="&#39;v&#39; in &#39;vie&#39;">v</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">महादेव:</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a>&#8201;</small>&#39;The Great God&#39;, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahādevaḥ</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[mɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <b>Hara</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996314_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996314-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">principal deities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Supreme Being</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, one of the major traditions within Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153Sivaraman1973131_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153Sivaraman1973131-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shiva is known as <i>The Destroyer</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> trinity which also includes <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1969_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1969-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the goddess-oriented <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> tradition, the Supreme Goddess (<a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>) is regarded as the energy and creative power (<a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>) and the equal complementary partner of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva is one of the five equivalent deities in <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta</a> tradition of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shiva has many aspects, benevolent as well as fearsome. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a> who lives an <a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Hinduism" title="Asceticism">ascetic life</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kailasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa">Kailasa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as a householder with his wife <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and his two children, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>. In his fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi (the first <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a>), regarded as the patron god of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation#Hinduism" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent king <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a> around his neck, the adorning <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> moon, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy river">holy river</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> flowing from his matted hair, the <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a> on his forehead (the eye that turns everything in front of it into ashes when opened), the <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a> or trident as his weapon, and the <a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">damaru</a>. He is usually worshiped in the <a href="/wiki/Aniconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniconic">aniconic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200458_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200458-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shiva has pre-Vedic roots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the figure of Shiva evolved as an amalgamation of various older non-Vedic and Vedic deities, including the <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic deity">Rigvedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Wind_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind god">storm god</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> who may also have non-Vedic origins,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> into a single major deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114Nath200131_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114Nath200131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva is a pan-Hindu deity, revered widely by Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaivismFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/150px-SaivismFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/225px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/300px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara_(epithet)" title="Parameshvara (epithet)">Parameshvara</a></b><br /><i>(Supreme being)</i> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shiva</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadasiva" title="Sadasiva">Sadasiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavimshatimurti" title="Panchavimshatimurti">Forms of Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">Others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scriptures and texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shivasutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Svetasvatara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd>Three Components</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Pashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%C5%9Ba" title="Pāśa">Pasam</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three bondages</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anava" title="Anava">Anava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a> <br /></li></ul> <dl><dd>other aspects</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Shaivism)" title="Tattva (Shaivism)">36 Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svatantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Panchakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos#Religious_significance" title="Aegle marmelos">Bilva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Linga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Ati marga</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Kalamukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mantra_marga" title="Mantra marga">Mantra marga</a></b></dd></dl> <p><i>Saiddhantika</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Siddhantism</a></li></ul> <p><i>Non - Saiddhantika</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dak%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dakṣiṇā">Dakshina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rudrayamala" title="Rudrayamala">Yamala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Netra_Tantra" title="Netra Tantra">Netra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Sroutaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakulisha" title="Lakulisha">Lakulisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasugupta" title="Vasugupta">Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikkavacakar" title="Manikkavacakar">Manikkavacakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meykandar" title="Meykandar">Meykandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Hyang_Nirartha" title="Dang Hyang Nirartha">Nirartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharana_(Hinduism)" title="Sharana (Hinduism)">Sharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Srikantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appayya_Dikshita" title="Appayya Dikshita">Appayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Navnath">Navnath</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Template:Shiva temples">Shiva Temples</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFC569"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saivism" title="Template talk:Saivism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saivism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saivism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_other_names">Etymology and other names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Shiva Sahasranama</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> Sanskrit dictionary, the word "<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śiva</i></span>" (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <span lang="sa">शिव</span>, also transliterated as <i>shiva</i>) means "auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwshiva-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The root words of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śiva</i></span> in folk etymology are <i>śī</i> which means "in whom all things lie, pervasiveness" and <i>va</i> which means "embodiment of grace".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwshiva-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2000199_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2000199-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1700–1100 BCE</span>), as an epithet for several <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one"; this adjectival usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwshiva-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198621–22_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198621–22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term evolved from the Vedic <i>Rudra-Shiva</i> to the noun <i>Shiva</i> in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwshiva-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_7,_21–23_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_7,_21–23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma presents another etymology with the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> root <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śarv</i></span>-</i>, which means "to injure" or "to kill",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> interpreting the name to connote "one who can kill the forces of darkness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996306_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996306-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a> word <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śaiva</i></span></i> means "relating to the god Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965927_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965927-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors associate the name with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil word</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śivappu</i></span></i> meaning "red", noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śivan</i></span></i>, "the Red one", in Tamil) and that Rudra is also called <i>Babhru</i> (brown, or red) in the Rigveda.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_sahasranama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu sahasranama">Vishnu sahasranama</a></i> interprets <i>Shiva</i> to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", and "the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESri_Vishnu_Sahasranama198647,_122Chinmayananda200224_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESri_Vishnu_Sahasranama198647,_122Chinmayananda200224-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shiva is known by many names such as Viswanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Mahandeo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell201627_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell201627-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mahasu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerreman1963&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailshindusofhimalaya00inberrpage385_385&#93;_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerreman1963[httpsarchiveorgdetailshindusofhimalaya00inberrpage385_385]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha (lord of the three realms),<sup id="cite_ref-Manmatha_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manmatha-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kisari_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisari-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chidbhav_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidbhav-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Ghrneshwar (lord of compassion).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002247_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002247-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahādeva</i></span></i> ("Great god"; <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mahā</i></span></i> "Great" and <i>deva</i> "god"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maheśvara</i></span></i> ("Great Lord"; <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mahā</i></span></i> "great" and <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">īśvara</i></span></i> "lord"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a477_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a477-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parameshwara_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshwara (god)"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Parameśvara</i></span></a></i> ("Supreme Lord").<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sahasranama" title="Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a> are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwsahasran_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwsahasran-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are at least eight different versions of the <i>Shiva Sahasranama</i>, devotional hymns (<i><a href="/wiki/Stotras" class="mw-redirect" title="Stotras">stotras</a></i>) listing many names of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The version appearing in Book 13 (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Anuśāsanaparvan</i></i></span>) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> provides one such list.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva also has <i>Dasha-Sahasranamas</i> (10,000 names) that are found in the <i>Mahanyasa</i>. The <i>Shri Rudram Chamakam</i>, also known as the <i>Śatarudriya</i>, is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development_and_literature">Historical development and literature</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg/200px-Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg/300px-Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg/400px-Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2846" /></a><figcaption>An ancient sculpture of Shiva at the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>, Maharashtra. 6th century CE</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shaivism">History of Shaivism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_of_traditions">Assimilation of traditions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Roots_of_Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Roots of Hinduism</a></div><p>The Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, such as India, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617Keay2000xxvii_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617Keay2000xxvii-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bali,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali, Indonesia">Bali, Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoon1977143,_205_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoon1977143,_205-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva has pre-Vedic tribal roots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> having "his origins in primitive tribes, signs and symbols."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The figure of Shiva as he is known today is an amalgamation of various older deities into a single figure, due to the process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Sanskritization</a> and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> in post-Vedic times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented, a challenge to trace and has attracted much speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Vijay Nath: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Vishnu and Siva [...] began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. [...] Siva became identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of <i>Isa</i> or <i>Isvara</i> to the name of the local deity, e.g., Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An example of assimilation took place in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, where a regional deity named <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> is a patron deity of farming and herding <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in <a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESontheimer1976180–198_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontheimer1976180–198-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Khandoba's varied associations also include an identification with <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Karttikeya" class="mw-redirect" title="Karttikeya">Karttikeya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myths about Shiva that were "roughly contemporary with early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>" existed that portrayed Shiva with many differences than how he is thought of now,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and these mythical portrayals of Shiva were incorporated into later versions of him. For instance, he and the other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">gods</a>, from the highest gods to the least powerful gods, were thought of as somewhat human in nature, creating <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> they had limited control over and having the ability to get in touch with their inner natures through <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> like humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243–244,_261_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243–244,_261-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In that era, Shiva was widely viewed as both the god of <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a> and of asceticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001244_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001244-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one story, he was seduced by a <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitute</a> sent by the other gods, who were jealous of Shiva's ascetic lifestyle he had lived for 1000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Vedic_elements">Pre-Vedic elements</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prehistoric_art">Prehistoric art</h4></div> <p>Prehistoric rock paintings dating to the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a> have been interpreted by some authors as depictions of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumayer2013104_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumayer2013104-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, Howard Morphy states that these prehistoric rock paintings of India, when seen in their context, are likely those of hunting party with animals, and that the figures in a group dance can be interpreted in many different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indus_Valley_and_the_Pashupati_seal">Indus Valley and the Pashupati seal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/200px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/300px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/400px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a> discovered during excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-Daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohenjo-Daro">Mohenjo-Daro</a> and showing a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure as <a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Paśupati</a> (Lord of the Animals" <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;2350</span>–2000 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either <a href="/wiki/Horned_deity" title="Horned deity">horned</a> or wearing a horned headdress and possibly <a href="/wiki/Ithyphallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithyphallic">ithyphallic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ilph_rep_l_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilph_rep_l-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> seated in a posture reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a>, surrounded by animals. This figure was named by early excavators of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pashupati</a></i> (Lord of Animals, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paśupati</i></span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> an epithet of the later <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> Shiva and Rudra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVohra2000Bongard-Levin198545RosenSchweig200645_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVohra2000Bongard-Levin198545RosenSchweig200645-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">Sir John Marshall</a> and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a "<a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> posture" with the knees out and feet joined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Semi-circular shapes on the head were interpreted as two horns. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">John Keay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doris_Meth_Srinivasan" title="Doris Meth Srinivasan">Doris Meth Srinivasan</a> have expressed doubts about this suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205Srinivasan1997181_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205Srinivasan1997181-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure. He characterizes these views as "speculative", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Iconographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconographic">iconographic</a> themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> John Keay writes that "he may indeed be an early manifestation of Lord Shiva as Pashu-pati", but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay200014_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay200014-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Writing in 1997, Srinivasan interprets what <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a> interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan1997181_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan1997181-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed. <a href="/wiki/McEvilley" class="mw-redirect" title="McEvilley">McEvilley</a>, for example, states that it is not possible to "account for this posture outside the yogic account".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gregory L. Possehl in 2002, associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would "go too far".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proto-Indo-European_elements">Proto-Indo-European elements</h4></div> <p>The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Woodard2006_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard2006-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a> link for Shiva,<sup id="cite_ref-woodward60_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodward60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as are their iconic associations with bull, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing and carefree life.<sup id="cite_ref-flahertyds81_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flahertyds81-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva "Indian Dionysus", or alternatively call Dionysus <i>"god of the Orient"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-flahertyds81_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flahertyds81-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similarly, the use of phallic symbol<sup id="cite_ref-ilph_rep_l_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilph_rep_l-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) and Roman deities, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward.<sup id="cite_ref-woodward60_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodward60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rudra">Rudra</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/200px-ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/300px-ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/400px-ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1775" /></a><figcaption>Three-headed Shiva, Gandhara, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004316_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004316-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures</a>. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, a <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic deity">Rigvedic deity</a> with fearsome powers, was the god of the roaring <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storm</a>. He is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood200373_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood200373-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In RV 2.33, he is described as the "Father of the <a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a>", a group of storm gods.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flood notes that Rudra is an ambiguous god, peripheral in the Vedic pantheon, possibly indicating non-Vedic origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, both Rudra and Shiva are akin to <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wodan</a>, the Germanic God of rage ("wütte") and the <a href="/wiki/Wild_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild hunt">wild hunt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2000_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorl2004_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorl2004-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinstedt2020_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinstedt2020-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>According to Sadasivan, during the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> attributes of the Buddha were transferred by Brahmins to Shiva, who was also linked with <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Rigveda has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra, and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that deity Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (Rudra), another that is kind and tranquil (Shiva).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a7_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a7-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Shiva also appears simply as an epithet, that means "kind, auspicious", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities. While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as Shiva aspect of him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19862–3_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19862–3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This healing, nurturing, life-enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra-Shiva, and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers, the terrific and the gentle, as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–9_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–9-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle (<i>vahana</i>) of Rudra or other deities. However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a>, in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a14–15_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a14–15-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agni">Agni</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> have a close relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual transformation into Rudra-Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The identification of <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> with Rudra is explicitly noted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></i>, an important early text on etymology, which says, "Agni is also called Rudra."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The interconnections between the two deities are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fire myth of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rudra-Śiva</i></span> plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a18_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a18-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram_Chamakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Rudram Chamakam"><i>Śatarudrīya</i></a>, some epithets of Rudra, such as <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sasipañjara</i></span> ("Of golden red hue as of flame") and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tivaṣīmati</i></span> ("Flaming bright"), suggest a fusing of the two deities.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agni is said to be a bull,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle, <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a>. The horns of <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In medieval sculpture, both <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> and the form of Shiva known as <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> have flaming hair as a special feature.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indra">Indra</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/220px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/330px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/440px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, dedicated to Shiva as the lord of all beings</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, the Saivite fertility myths and some of the phallic characteristics of Shiva are inherited from <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Doniger gives several reasons for her hypothesis. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Aum</a> sound, the Supreme Self. In the Rig Veda the term <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śiva</i></span></i> is used to refer to Indra. (2.20.3,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 6.45.17,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and 8.93.3.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) Indra, like Shiva, is likened to a bull.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the <a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a>, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indra himself may have been adopted by the Vedic Aryans from the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454–455_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454–455-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Anthony, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, <a href="/wiki/Verethraghna" class="mw-redirect" title="Verethraghna">Verethraghna</a>, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the <i>Rig Veda</i>. He was associated more than any other deity with <i>Soma</i>, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from <i>Ephedra</i>) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The texts and artwork of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen201225–29_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen201225–29-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, in the Jain caves at <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a>, extensive carvings show dancing Indra next to the images of <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a> in a manner similar to Shiva Nataraja. The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between ancient Indra and Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59Owen201225–29_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59Owen201225–29-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <p>A few texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras Upanishad</a></i> mention <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, and assert all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya Upanishad</a></i> similarly, states <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> – a German Indologist and professor of philosophy, describes the self-realized man as who "feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all", who feels identity of his and everyone's consciousness with Shiva (highest Atman), who has found this highest Atman within, in the depths of his heart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793Radhakrishnan1953929_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793Radhakrishnan1953929-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rudra's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i> (400–200 BCE), according to Gavin Flood, presenting the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Here Rudra-Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">liberator of Selfs</a> from the birth-rebirth cycle. The Svetasvatara Upanishad set the tone for early Shaivite thought, especially in chapter 3 verse 2 where Shiva is equated with Brahman: "Rudra is truly one; for the knowers of Brahman do not admit the existence of a second".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The period of 200 BC to 100 AD also marks the beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the <i>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</i> presents pluralism, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, rather than being a text just on Shiva theism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1921399,_403Hiriyanna200032–36Kunst1968Srinivasan1997pp._96–97_and_Chapter_9_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1921399,_403Hiriyanna200032–36Kunst1968Srinivasan1997pp._96–97_and_Chapter_9-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Self-realization and Shaiva Upanishads</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>He who sees himself in all beings,<br /> And all beings in him,<br /> attains the highest <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,<br /> not by any other means. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya Upanishad</a> 10</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri189880–82_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri189880–82-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahābhāṣya</a></i> (2nd-century BCE) and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India. There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism<sup id="cite_ref-ilph_rep_l_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilph_rep_l-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in this art suggests it was likely Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384,_103_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384,_103-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a> research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (30–375 CE) that have survived, were images of a god who is probably Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins, but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Upanishads" title="Shaiva Upanishads">Shaiva Upanishads</a> are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556,_769_footnote_1_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556,_769_footnote_1-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These extol Shiva as the metaphysical unchanging reality <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and include sections about rites and symbolisms related to Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984134,_371_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984134,_371-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas#Classification" title="Puranas">Shaiva Puranas</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a>, present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage (<i><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></i>) associated with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–206Rocher1986187–188,_222–228_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–206Rocher1986187–188,_222–228-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Shiva-related <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> literature, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as <a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a>. Dualistic <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)#Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Shaiva Agamas</a> which consider Self within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities (dualism, <i>dvaita</i>), are the foundational texts for <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality (monism, <i>advaita</i>), and that Shiva is the Self, the perfection and truth within each living being.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Shiva related sub-traditions, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts and sixty-four monism Agama texts.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shiva-related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century, particularly in Kashmir and Tamil Shaiva traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shaivism gained immense popularity in <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> as early as the 7th century CE, with poets such as <a href="/wiki/Appar" title="Appar">Appar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambandar" title="Sambandar">Sambandar</a> composing rich poetry that is replete with present features associated with the deity, such as his <a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">tandava</a> dance, the mulavam (dumru), the aspect of holding fire, and restraining the proud flow of the Ganga upon his braid.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The monist Shiva literature posit absolute oneness, that is Shiva is within every man and woman, Shiva is within every living being, Shiva is present everywhere in the world including all non-living being, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagare200216–19_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagare200216–19-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The various dualistic and monist Shiva-related ideas were welcomed in medieval southeast Asia, inspiring numerous Shiva-related temples, artwork and texts in Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, with syncretic integration of local pre-existing theologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212Gonda19753–20,_35–36,_49–51Thakur198683–94_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212Gonda19753–20,_35–36,_49–51Thakur198683–94-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_within_Hinduism">Position within Hinduism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingothbhavar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lingothbhavar.jpg/220px-Lingothbhavar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lingothbhavar.jpg/330px-Lingothbhavar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lingothbhavar.jpg/440px-Lingothbhavar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lingodbhava" title="Lingodbhava">Lingodbhava</a> is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> (an infinite fiery pillar) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the <a href="/wiki/Trimurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimurt">Trimurti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> on the left and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> on the right are depicted bowing to Shiva in the centre.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaivism">Shaivism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></div> <p>Shaivism is one of the four major sects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the others being <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a>. Followers of Shaivism, called "Shaivas", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is not only the creator in Shaivism, but he is also the creation that results from him, he is everything and everywhere. Shiva is the primal Self, the pure consciousness and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality</a> in the Shaiva traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva is also Part of 'Om' (ॐ) as a 'U' (उ).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Vedic-Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist (<i>Advaita</i>) and devotional traditions (<i>Dvaita</i>), such as Tamil <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a>. Shiva temples feature items such as linga, Shiva-Parvati iconography, bull Nandi within the premises, and relief artwork showing aspects of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216–218_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216–218-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> Shiva (<i><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" class="extiw" title="hi:शिव">"शिव</a></i>") tradition ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva, and depending on the sub-school developed a variety of practices. For example, historical records suggest the tantric <a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalikas</a> (literally, the 'skull-men') co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals, engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Shakti wearing skulls, begged with empty skulls, and sometimes used meat as a part of ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In contrast, the esoteric tradition within <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> has featured the <i>Krama</i> and <i>Trika</i> sub-traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-patil125_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patil125-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Krama sub-tradition focussed on esoteric rituals around Shiva-Kali pair.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Trika sub-tradition developed a theology of triads involving Shiva, combined it with an ascetic lifestyle focusing on personal Shiva in the pursuit of monistic self-liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-patil125_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patil125-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004215–216_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004215–216-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3></div> <p>The Vaishnava (Vishnu-oriented) literature acknowledges and discusses Shiva. Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme, the Vaishnava literature presents <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as supreme. However, both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu (along with Devi), their texts do not show exclusivism, and Vaishnava texts such as the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> while praising <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as the Ultimate Reality, also present Shiva and Shakti as a personalized form an equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The texts of Shaivism tradition similarly praise Vishnu. The Skanda Purana, for example, states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Vishnu is no one but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite>Skanda Purana, 1.8.20–21<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Both traditions include legends about who is superior, about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu, and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva. However, in texts and artwork of either tradition, the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Mahabharata declares the unchanging Ultimate Reality (Brahman) to be identical to Shiva and to Vishnu,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> that Vishnu is the highest manifestation of Shiva, and Shiva is the highest manifestation of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaktism">Shaktism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg/220px-Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg/330px-Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg/440px-Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Ardhanarishvara sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, depicting Shiva with goddess <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> as his equal half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200643_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200643-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarisvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanarisvara">Ardhanarisvara</a> concept, the icon is presented as half-man and half woman.</figcaption></figure> <p>The goddess-oriented <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female (<a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn20021,_53–56,_280_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20021,_53–56,_280-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988101–105_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988101–105-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104Pintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104Pintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This partner is Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman201485–86,_119,_144,_171_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman201485–86,_119,_144,_171-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn199119–24,_40,_65,_Narayani_p._232_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199119–24,_40,_65,_Narayani_p._232-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra-Shiva context, is found in the Hindu scripture <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, in a hymn called the Devi Sukta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199826-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199826-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hymn_125_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymn_125-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></i> in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199877_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199877-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarrier196777–84_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarrier196777–84-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva, along with Vishnu, is a revered god in the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>, a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarisvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanarisvara">Ardhanarisvara</a> concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half-man and half woman, a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smarta_tradition">Smarta tradition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Indian_Print_by_Artist_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Traditional_Indian_Print_by_Artist_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/220px-Traditional_Indian_Print_by_Artist_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Traditional_Indian_Print_by_Artist_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/330px-Traditional_Indian_Print_by_Artist_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Traditional_Indian_Print_by_Artist_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Oleograph by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> depicting a Shiva-centric Panchayatana. A bearded Shiva sits in the centre with his wife Parvati and their infant son Ganesha; surrounded by (clockwise from left upper corner) Ganesha, Devi, Vishnu, and Surya. Shiva's mount is the bull Nandi below Shiva.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta tradition</a> of Hinduism, Shiva is a part of its <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This practice consists of the use of icons or anicons of five deities considered equivalent,<sup id="cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> set in a <a href="/wiki/Quincunx" title="Quincunx">quincunx</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Harle1994p141_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p141-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva is one of the five deities, others being Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>), <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a> or any personal god of devotee's preference (<a href="/wiki/Ishta_Devata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishta Devata">Ishta Devata</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroductiontohi0000floopage17_17&#93;_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroductiontohi0000floopage17_17]-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (<a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>) are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman, rather than distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> on the path to realizing the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">nondual</a> identity of one's Atman (Self) and the Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Popularized by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>) has been dated to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> era (pre-300 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga">Yoga</h3></div> <p>Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself – the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogis</a>, and the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> to sages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage22_22&#93;_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage22_22]-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As Shiva Dakshinamurthi, states Stella Kramrisch, he is the supreme <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> who "teaches in silence the oneness of one's innermost self (<i>atman</i>) with the ultimate reality (<i>brahman</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage23_23&#93;_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage23_23]-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva is also an archetype for <i>samhara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">संहार</span>) or <i>dissolution</i> which includes transcendence of human misery by the dissolution of <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">maya</a></i>, which is why Shiva is associated with <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inv07_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inv07-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sivan_Isha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sivan_Isha.jpg/220px-Sivan_Isha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sivan_Isha.jpg/330px-Sivan_Isha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sivan_Isha.jpg/440px-Sivan_Isha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Adiyogi Shiva (the first Yogi) statue in Coimbatore, south India</figcaption></figure> <p>The theory and practice of Yoga, in different styles, has been a part of all major traditions of Hinduism, and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts.<sup id="cite_ref-shivayoga1_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shivayoga1-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shivayoga2_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shivayoga2-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These contain the philosophy and techniques for Yoga. These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries of the 1st millennium CE, and have survived as Yoga texts such as the <i>Isvara Gita</i> (literally, 'Shiva's song'), which <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Nicholson" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew J. Nicholson">Andrew Nicholson</a> – a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History – states have had "a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism".<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other famed Shiva-related texts influenced <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga">Hatha Yoga</a>, integrated monistic (<i>Advaita Vedanta</i>) ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a>. These include the <i>Shiva Sutras</i>, the <i>Shiva Samhita</i>, and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shivayoga1_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shivayoga1-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shivayoga2_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shivayoga2-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Abhinavagupta writes in his notes on the relevance of ideas related to Shiva and Yoga, by stating that "people, occupied as they are with their own affairs, normally do nothing for others", and Shiva and Yoga spirituality helps one look beyond, understand interconnectedness, and thus benefit both the individual and the world towards a more blissful state of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trimurti">Trimurti</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div> <p>The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Shiva the destroyer or transformer.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad"<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or the "Great Triple deity".<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism feature many triads of gods and goddesses, some of which do not include Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_(circa)_BM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_%28circa%29_BM.jpg/220px-6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_%28circa%29_BM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_%28circa%29_BM.jpg/330px-6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_%28circa%29_BM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_%28circa%29_BM.jpg/440px-6_%C5%9Aiva_and_P%C4%81rvat%C4%AB_seated_on_a_terrace._1800_%28circa%29_BM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="4870" /></a><figcaption>Shiva with Parvati. Shiva is depicted three-eyed, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> flowing through his matted hair, wearing ornaments of serpents and a <a href="/wiki/Mundamala" title="Mundamala">skull garland</a>, covered in ashes, and seated on a tiger skin.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg/220px-Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg/330px-Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg/440px-Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>A seated Shiva holds an axe and deer in his hands.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg/220px-Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg/330px-Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg/440px-Siva_With_Moustache_From_Archaeological_Museum_GOA_IMG_20141222_122455775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Siva with Moustache from Archaeological Museum GOA.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Third eye</b>: Shiva is often depicted with a <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a>, with which he burned Desire (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kāma</a></i></span>) to ashes,<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> called "Tryambakam" (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">त्र्यम्बकम्</span></span>), which occurs in many scriptural sources.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In classical Sanskrit, the word <i>ambaka</i> denotes "an eye", and in the <i>Mahabharata</i>, Shiva is depicted as three-eyed, so this name is sometimes translated as "having three eyes".<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, in Vedic Sanskrit, the word <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ambā</i></span></i> or <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ambikā</i></span></i> means "mother", and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation "three mothers".<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These three mother-goddesses who are collectively called the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ambikās</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other related translations have been based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra, which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ambikā</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Crescent moon</b>: Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The epithet <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Candraśekhara</i></span> (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">चन्द्रशेखर</span></span> "Having the moon as his crest" – <i><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">candra</i></span></a></i> = "moon"; <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śekhara</i></span></i> = "crest, crown")<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> refers to this feature. The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra-Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The origin of this linkage may be due to the identification of the moon with Soma, and there is a hymn in the Rig Veda where Soma and Rudra are jointly implored, and in later literature, Soma and Rudra came to be identified with one another, as were Soma and the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ashes</b>: Shiva iconography shows his body covered with ashes (bhasma, <a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">vibhuti</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ashes represent a reminder that all of material existence is impermanent, comes to an end becoming ash, and the pursuit of eternal Self and spiritual liberation is important.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Matted hair</b>: Shiva's distinctive hair style is noted in the epithets <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Jaṭin</i></span>, "the one with matted hair",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidbhavananda199722_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidbhavananda199722-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Kapardin, "endowed with matted hair"<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or "wearing his hair wound in a braid in a shell-like (kaparda) fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A kaparda is a cowrie shell, or a braid of hair in the form of a shell, or, more generally, hair that is shaggy or curly.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Blue throat</b>: The epithet <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Nīlakaṇtha</a></i></span> (Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">नीलकण्ठ</span></span>; <i>nīla</i> = "blue", <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kaṇtha</i></span></i> = "throat").<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Since Shiva drank the <a href="/wiki/Halahala" title="Halahala">Halahala</a> poison churned up from the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a> to eliminate its destructive capacity. Shocked by his act, Parvati squeezed his neck and stopped it in his neck to prevent it from spreading all over the universe, supposed to be in Shiva's stomach. However the poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This attribute indicates that one can become Shiva by swallowing the worldly poisons in terms of abuses and insults with equanimity while blessing those who give them.<sup id="cite_ref-Neelkanth_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neelkanth-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Meditating yogi</b>: his iconography often shows him in a <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> pose, meditating, sometimes on a symbolic Himalayan Mount Kailasa as the Lord of Yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sacred Ganga</b>: The epithet <i>Gangadhara</i>, "Bearer of the river <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a>" (Ganges). The Ganga flows from the matted hair of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṅgā</i></span></i> (Ganga), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tiger skin</b>: Shiva is often shown seated upon a tiger skin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Vasuki</b>: Shiva is often shown garlanded with the serpent <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a>.Vasuki is the second <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">king of the nāgas</a> (the first being <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s mount, <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a>). According to a legend, Vasuki was blessed by Shiva and worn by him as an ornament after the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Manthana" title="Samudra Manthana">Samudra Manthana</a>.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b>Trident</b>: Shiva typically carries a <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The trident is a weapon or a symbol in different Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaymanSingh1991266_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaymanSingh1991266-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a symbol, the <i>Trishul</i> represents Shiva's three aspects of "creator, preserver and destroyer",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuresh_Chandra1998309_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuresh_Chandra1998309-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or alternatively it represents the equilibrium of three <i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guṇas</a></i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitansu_S._Chakravarti199151_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitansu_S._Chakravarti199151-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Drum</b>: A small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">damaru</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004218_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004218-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen199344_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen199344-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> known as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>. A specific hand gesture (<a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a>) called <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍamaru-hasta</i></span></i> (Sanskrit for "<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍamaru</i></span>-hand") is used to hold the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen199325_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen199325-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāpālika</i></span> sect.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Axe</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Parashu" title="Parashu">Parashu</a></i>) and <b>Deer</b> are held in Shiva's hands in Odisha &amp; south Indian icons.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Rosary beads</b>: he is garlanded with or carries a string of rosary beads in his right hand, typically made of <i><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This symbolises grace, mendicant life and meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nandī</i></span>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandī</a>, (Sanskrit: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:नन्दिन्">नन्दिन्</a> (nandin)), is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Bull_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (mythology)">bull</a> that serves as Shiva's mount.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva's association with cattle is reflected in his name <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Paśupati</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pashupati</a> (Sanskrit: पशुपति), translated by Sharma as "lord of cattle"<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and by Kramrisch as "lord of animals", who notes that it is particularly used as an epithet of Rudra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981479_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981479-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mount <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kailāsa</i></span>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Kailasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa">Kailasa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> is his traditional abode.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Hindu mythology, Mount <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kailāsa</i></span> is conceived as resembling a <i><a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Linga</a></i>, representing the center of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa</i></span>:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa</i></span>s</a> are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailash. They are often referred to as the bhutaganas, or ghostly hosts, on account of their nature. Generally benign, except when their lord is transgressed against, they are often invoked to intercede with the lord on behalf of the devotee. His son <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇa-īśa</i></span></i> or <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇa-pati</i></span></i>, "lord of the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇas</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Varanasi:</b> <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (Benares) is considered to be the city specially loved by Shiva, and is one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India. It is referred to, in religious contexts, as Kashi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay200033_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay200033-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_and_depictions">Forms and depictions</h2></div> <p>Shiva is often depicted as embodying attributes of ambiguity and paradox. His depictions are marked by the opposing themes including fierceness and innocence. This duality can be seen in the diverse epithets attributed to him and the rich tapestry of narratives that delineate his persona within Hindu mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destroyer_and_Benefactor">Destroyer and Benefactor</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg/170px-Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg/255px-Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg/340px-Head_of_Bhairava_-_MET_DP307219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg/118px-Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg/177px-Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg/236px-Shiva_meditating_Rishikesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Shiva is represented in his many aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Left: <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> icon of the fierce form of Shiva, 16th century Nepal; right: Shiva as a meditating yogi in <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>, two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrifying (Sanskrit: <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rudra</i></span></i>) and benign or auspicious (Sanskrit: <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śiva</i></span></i>) forms can be found, leading Chakravarti to conclude that "all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra-Śiva sect of later ages are to be found here".<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as "the standard of invincibility, might, and terror", as well as a figure of honor, delight, and brilliance.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names. The name Rudra reflects Shiva's fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name <i>Rudra</i> is derived from the root <i>rud-</i>, which means "to cry, howl".<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Stella Kramrisch</a> notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form <i>raudra</i>, which means "wild, of <i>rudra</i> nature", and translates the name <i><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a></i> as "the wild one" or "the fierce god".<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "terrible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996301_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996301-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hara is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushasanaparvan version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Shiva sahasranama</a></i>, where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs, following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation. Sharma translates the three as "one who captivates", "one who consolidates", and "one who destroys".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996314_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996314-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kramrisch translates it as "the ravisher".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another of Shiva's fearsome forms is as <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāla</i></span> "time" and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahākāla</i></span> "great time", which ultimately destroys all things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476Kramrisch1981474_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476Kramrisch1981474-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāla</i></span> appears in the <i>Shiva Sahasranama</i>, where it is translated by Ram Karan Sharma as "(the Supreme Lord of) Time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996280_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996280-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> "terrible" or "frightful"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965727left_column_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965727left_column-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is a fierce form associated with annihilation. In contrast, the name <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaṇkara</i></span>, "beneficent"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996306_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996306-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or "conferring happiness"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981481_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981481-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> reflects his benign form. This name was adopted by the great <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;788</span>&#160;– c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;820</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199692_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199692-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who is also known as Shankaracharya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śambhu</i></span> (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">शम्भु</span></span> swam-on its own; bhu-burn/shine) "self-shining/ shining on its own", also reflects this benign aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198628_(note_7),_and_p._177_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198628_(note_7),_and_p._177-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascetic_and_householder">Ascetic and householder</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:321px;max-width:321px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhikshatana_murti,_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bhikshatana_murti%2C_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg/160px-Bhikshatana_murti%2C_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bhikshatana_murti%2C_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg/240px-Bhikshatana_murti%2C_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bhikshatana_murti%2C_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg/320px-Bhikshatana_murti%2C_dal_distretto_di_pudukkottai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="2922" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Family,_Shiva,_Parvati,_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/153px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/230px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/306px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Shiva is depicted both as an ascetic mendicant (left as <a href="/wiki/Bhikshatana" title="Bhikshatana">Bhikshatana</a>) and as a householder with his wife Parvati and sons Ganesha and Kartikeya (right).</div></div></div></div> <p>Shiva is depicted as both an ascetic <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> and as a householder (<a href="/wiki/Grihasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihasta">grihasta</a>), roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His epithet Mahāyogi ("the great Yogi: <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahā</i></span></i> = "great", <i>Yogi</i> = "one who practices Yoga") refers to his association with yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice, it was during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epic period</a> that the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">tapas</a>, yoga, and asceticism became more important, and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a family man and householder, he has a wife, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, and two sons, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>. His epithet <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umāpati</i></span> ("The husband of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umā</i></span>") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umākānta</i></span> and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umādhava</i></span>, also appear in the <i>sahasranama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umā</i></span> in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pārvatī</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is identified with <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, the Divine Mother; <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (divine energy) as well as goddesses like <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakshi">Kamakshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Minakshi">Minakshi</a>. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Search_for_Meaning_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Search_for_Meaning-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a> by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of <a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, Vishnu's female avatar, and procreates with her. As a result of this union, <a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a> – identified with regional deities <a href="/wiki/Ayyappan" title="Ayyappan">Ayyappan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aiyanar" title="Aiyanar">Aiyanar</a> – is born.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vanita69_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanita69-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P71_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P71-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In outskirts of Ernakulam in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, a deity named <a href="/wiki/Vishnumaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnumaya">Vishnumaya</a> is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites, but this deity is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with "vaguely Chinese" style rituals, states Saletore.<sup id="cite_ref-Saletore_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saletore-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some traditions, Shiva has daughters like the serpent-goddess <a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashokasundari" title="Ashokasundari">Ashokasundari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsofferingflowersf00mcdapagen166_156&#93;_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsofferingflowersf00mcdapagen166_156]-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mani_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mani-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Doniger, two regional stories depict demons <a href="/wiki/Andhaka" title="Andhaka">Andhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalandhara" title="Jalandhara">Jalandhara</a> as the children of Shiva who war with him, and are later destroyed by Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger1_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger1-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconographic_forms">Iconographic forms</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/250px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/375px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/500px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> statue depicting Shiva dancing as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The depiction of Shiva as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> नटराज; <i>Naṭarāja</i>) is a form (<i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mūrti</i></span></i>) of Shiva as "Lord of Dance".<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The names Nartaka ("dancer") and Nityanarta ("eternal dancer") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit: <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nṛtyamūrti</i></span></i>) are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The two most common forms of the dance are the <a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a>, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Shiva does it by the Tandava,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a439Klostermaier1984151&#39;&#39;Shiva_the_Dancer&#39;&#39;_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a439Klostermaier1984151&#39;&#39;Shiva_the_Dancer&#39;&#39;-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a>, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VMoorthy_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMoorthy-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Lasya</i> is regarded as the female counterpart of <i>Tandava</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VMoorthy_293-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMoorthy-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i>Tandava</i>-<i>Lasya</i> dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshinamurthy">Dakshinamurti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> दक्षिणामूर्ति; <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</i></span>, "[facing] south form")</i><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the <i>shastras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dakshinamurti is depicted as a figure seated upon a deer-throne surrounded by sages receiving instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dakshinamurti's depiction in Indian art is mostly restricted to Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhikshatana" title="Bhikshatana">Bhikshatana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> भिक्षाटन; <i>Bhikṣāṭana</i>, "wandering about for alms, mendicancy"<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) depicts Shiva as a divine medicant. He is depicted as a nude four-armed man adorned with ornaments who holds a begging bowl in his hand and is followed by demonic attendants. He is associated with his penance for committing brahmicide as Bhirava and with his encounters with the sages and their wives in the Deodar forest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tripurantaka" title="Tripurantaka">Tripurantaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> त्रिपुरांतक; <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tripurāntaka</i></span></i>, "ender of Tripura"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197634,_49_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197634,_49-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) is associated with his destruction of the three cities (<a href="/wiki/Tripura_(mythology)" title="Tripura (mythology)">Tripura</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is depicted with four arms, the upper pair holding an axe and a deer, and the lower pair wielding a bow and arrow. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: अर्धनारीश्वर; <i>Ardhanārīśvara</i>, "the lord who is half woman"<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) is conjunct form of Shiva with Parvati. Adhanarishvara is depicted with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. Ardhanarishvara represents the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe (Purusha and Prakriti) and illustrates how <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, the female principle of God, is inseparable from (or the same as, according to some interpretations) Shiva, the male principle of God, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kalyanasundara" title="Kalyanasundara">Kalyanasundara</a>-murti (Sanskrit कल्याणसुन्दर-मूर्ति, literally "icon of beautiful marriage") is the depiction of Shiva's marriage to Parvati. The divine couple are often depicted performing the <i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding#Panigrahana" title="Hindu wedding">panigrahana</a></i> (Sanskrit "accepting the hand") ritual from traditional Hindu wedding ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The most basic form of this <i>murti</i> consists of only Shiva and Parvati together, but in more elaborate forms they are accompanied by other persons, sometimes including Parvati's parents, as well as deities (often with Vishnu and Lakshmi standing as Parvati's parents, Brahma as the officiating priest, and various other deities as attendants or guests). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Somaskanda" title="Somaskanda">Somaskanda</a> is the depiction of Shiva, Parvati, and their son Skanda (<a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>), popular during the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> Dynasty in southern India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astamurti" title="Astamurti">Astamurti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: अष्टमूर्ति) is an iconographic depiction of Shiva as composed of eigth attributes: Rudra, Śarva, Paśupati, Ugra, Aśani, Bhava, Mahādeva, and Īśāna—some of which overlap with Pañcānana, described below. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1c%C4%81nana" title="Pañcānana">Pañcānana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पञ्चानन), also called the <i>pañcabrahma</i>, is a form of Shiva depicting him as having five faces which correspond to his five divine activities (<i>pañcakṛtya</i>): creation (<i>sṛṣṭi</i>), preservation (<i>sthithi</i>), destruction (<i>saṃhāra</i>), concealing grace (<i>tirobhāva</i>), and revealing grace (<i>anugraha</i>). Five is a sacred number for Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One of his most important mantras has five syllables (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">namaḥ śivāya</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg/220px-10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg/330px-10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg/440px-10th_century_five_headed_Shiva_Sadashiva_Cambodia_Metmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The 10th century five headed Shiva, Sadashiva, Cambodia</figcaption></figure> <table border="0pt"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sadyojāta</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vāmadeva</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Aghora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpuru%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpuruṣa"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tatpuruṣa</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Īsāna</i></span></a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shiva's body is said to consist of five mantras, called the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cabrahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcabrahman">pañcabrahman</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As forms of God, each of these have their own names and distinct iconography:<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Through these transcendent categories, Śiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a184_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a184-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cabrahma_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcabrahma Upanishad">Pañcabrahma Upanishad</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śiva</i></span> is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. (<i>Pañcabrahma Upanishad</i> 31)<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the hymn of <a href="/wiki/Manikkavacakar" title="Manikkavacakar">Manikkavacakar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thiruvasagam" title="Thiruvasagam">Thiruvasagam</a>, he testifies that <a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram</a> had, by the pre-<a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> period, an abstract or 'cosmic' symbolism linked to <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhoota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancha Bhoota">five elements (Pancha Bhoota)</a> including ether.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004446_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004446-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nataraja is a significant visual interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and a dance posture of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sharada_Srinivasan" title="Sharada Srinivasan">Sharada Srinivasan</a> notes that, <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> is described as <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">Satcitananda</a> or "Being, Consciousness and Bliss" in the <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> text <i>Kunchitangrim Bhaje</i>, resembling the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita doctrine</a>, or "abstract monism," of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, "which holds the individual Self (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jīvātman</a>) and supream Self (<a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātmā</a>) to be one," while "an earlier hymn to Nataraja by Manikkavachakar identifies him with the unitary supreme consciousness, by using Tamil word <b>Or Unarve</b>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <b>Chit</b>." This may point to an "osmosis" of ideas in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a>, states Srinivasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004447_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004447-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg/232px-Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg/348px-Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg/464px-Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Shiva Lingam</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">tripundra</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingam">Lingam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></div> <p>The <i>Linga Purana</i> states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless".<sup id="cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniélou1991p222-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever changing nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniélou1991p222-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i>Linga Purana</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ishvara_Gita" title="Ishvara Gita">Shiva Gita</a></i> texts builds on this foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a171–185_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a171–185-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Linga, states <a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a>, means sign.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniélou1991p222-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniélou1991p222-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i> states one of the three significations, the primary one, of <i>Lingam</i> as "<a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">the imperishable Purusha</a>", <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">the absolute reality</a>, where says the <i>linga</i> as "sign", a mark that provides the existence of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, thus the original meaning as "sign".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it says "Shiva, the Supreme Lord, has no liūga", <i>liuga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">लिऊग</span> <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">liūga</i></span></i>) meaning Shiva is transcendent, beyond any characteristic and, specifically the sign of gender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221_322-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, he is also represented in aniconic form of a lingam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216Flood199629Tattwananda198449–52_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216Flood199629Tattwananda198449–52-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are depicted in various designs. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped, disk-shaped object, the <i>yoni</i>, symbolism for the goddess Shakti.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicalingam_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicalingam-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Shiva temples, the <i>linga</i> is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk, water, flower petals, fruit, fresh leaves, and rice.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicalingam_324-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicalingam-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg, <i>linga</i> literally means 'mark, sign or emblem', and also refers to a "mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred". It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature, symbolized by Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, view <i>linga</i> as merely a phallic symbol,<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although this interpretation is criticized by others, including <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sivananda_1996_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivananda_1996-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Stella Kramrisch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Agehananda_Bharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Agehananda Bharati">Swami Agehananda Bharati</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-abha70_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abha70-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/S._N._Balagangadhara" title="S. N. Balagangadhara">S. N. Balagangadhara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143_335-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acahin_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acahin-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inreinter_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inreinter-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Moriz Winternitz</a>, the <i>linga</i> in the Shiva tradition is "only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a>, westerners who are curiously passionate and have impure understanding or intelligence, incorrectly assume Siva Linga as a phallus or sex organ.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivananda_1996_332-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivananda_1996-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later on, <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a> mentions that, this is not only a serious mistake, but also a grave blunder.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivananda_1996_332-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivananda_1996-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the <i>Atharva-Veda Samhitâ</i> sung in praise of the <i>Yupa-Stambha</i>, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless <i><a href="/wiki/Stambha" title="Stambha">Stambha</a></i> or <i>Skambha</i>, and it is shown that the said <i>Skambha</i> is put in place of the eternal <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. Just as the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a> (sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the <i>Soma</i> plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic sacrifice</a> gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the <i>Yupa-Skambha</i> gave place in time to the <i>Shiva-Linga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-E.U.Harding_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E.U.Harding-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paris_congress_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris_congress-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the text <i>Linga Purana</i>, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-paris_congress_341-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris_congress-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known archaeological <i>linga</i> as an icon of Shiva is the <a href="/wiki/Gudimallam_Lingam" title="Gudimallam Lingam">Gudimallam lingam</a> from 3rd-century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicalingam_324-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicalingam-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, twelve major temples of Shiva are called <a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a>, which means "linga of light", and these are located across India.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avatars">Avatars</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic scriptures</a> contain occasional references to "ansh" – literally 'portion, or avatars of Shiva', but the idea of Shiva avatars is not universally accepted in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Linga Purana mentions twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars,<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> however such mention is unusual and the avatars of Shiva is relatively rare in Shaivism compared to the well emphasized concept of Vishnu avatars in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-346"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some Vaishnava literature reverentially link Shiva to characters in its Puranas. For example, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Chalisa" title="Hanuman Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> is identified as the eleventh avatar of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i> claim sage <a href="/wiki/Durvasa" title="Durvasa">Durvasa</a> to be a portion of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-Footnote_1_HH_Wilson_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footnote_1_HH_Wilson-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Footnote_2_HH_Wilson_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footnote_2_HH_Wilson-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhagavata_Purana_4.1_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhagavata_Purana_4.1-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some medieval era writers have called the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> an incarnation of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple">Temple</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For list of the temples by nation, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shiva_temples_in_India" title="List of Shiva temples in India">List of Shiva temples in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shiva_Temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Shiva Temples in Pakistan">List of Shiva Temples in Pakistan</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotappakonda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kotappakonda.jpg/250px-Kotappakonda.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kotappakonda.jpg/375px-Kotappakonda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kotappakonda.jpg/500px-Kotappakonda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prabha_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prabha_09.jpg/250px-Prabha_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prabha_09.jpg/375px-Prabha_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prabha_09.jpg/500px-Prabha_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Maha Shivaratri festival is observed in the night, usually in lighted temples or special <i>prabha</i> (above).</div></div></div></div> <p>There is a <i>Shivaratri</i> in every lunar month on its 13th night/14th day,<sup id="cite_ref-Raj2012p152_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raj2012p152-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but once a year in late winter (February/March) and before the arrival of spring, marks <i>Maha Shivaratri</i> which means "the Great Night of Shiva".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186JonesRyan2006269_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186JonesRyan2006269-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maha Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival, but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and meditation about the polarities of existence, of Shiva and a devotion to humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj2012p152_355-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raj2012p152-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is observed by reciting Shiva-related poems, chanting prayers, remembering Shiva, fasting, doing <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self-restraint, honesty, noninjury to others, forgiveness, introspection, self-repentance and the discovery of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269Long1982189–217_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269Long1982189–217-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ardent devotees keep awake all night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Jyotirlingam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotirlingam">Jyotirlingam</a> shrines. Those who visit temples, offer milk, fruits, flowers, fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some communities organize special dance events, to mark Shiva as the lord of dance, with individual and group performances.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Jones and Ryan, Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival which probably originated around the 5th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269_357-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major festival involving Shiva worship is <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a>, commemorating <a href="/wiki/Tripurantaka" title="Tripurantaka">Shiva's victory</a> over the three demons known as <a href="/wiki/Tripurasura" title="Tripurasura">Tripurasura</a>. Across India, various Shiva temples are illuminated throughout the night. Shiva icons are carried in procession in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thiruvathira" title="Thiruvathira">Thiruvathira</a> is a festival observed in Kerala dedicated to Shiva. It is believed that on this day, Parvati met Shiva after her long penance and Shiva took her as his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On this day Hindu women performs the Thiruvathirakali accompanied by Thiruvathira paattu (folk songs about Parvati and her longing and penance for Shiva's affection).<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional festivals dedicated to Shiva include the <a href="/wiki/Chithirai_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithirai festival">Chithirai festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Minakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Minakshi">Minakshi</a> (Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Minakshi in marriage to Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006112–113_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006112–113-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Shaktism-related festivals revere Shiva along with the goddess considered primary and Supreme. These include festivals dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_(goddess)" title="Annapurna (goddess)">Annapurna</a> such as <i>Annakuta</i> and those related to Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200639,_140_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200639,_140-364"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan regions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, as well as in northern, central and western India, the festival of <a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a> is celebrated by girls and women in the monsoon season, in honor of goddess Parvati, with group singing, dancing and by offering prayers in Parvati-Shiva temples.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ascetic, Vedic and Tantric sub-traditions related to Shiva, such as those that became <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa#Warrior_ascetics" title="Sannyasa">ascetic warriors</a> during the Islamic rule period of India,<sup id="cite_ref-david_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-367"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pinch_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinch-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Kumbha_Mela" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbha Mela">Kumbha Mela</a> festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This festival cycles every 12 years, in four pilgrimage sites within India, with the event moving to the next site after a gap of three years. The biggest is in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayaga</a> (renamed Allahabad during the Mughal rule era), where millions of Hindus of different traditions gather at the confluence of rivers <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>. In the Hindu tradition, the Shiva-linked ascetic warriors (<i>Nagas</i>) get the honor of starting the event by entering the <i>Sangam</i> first for bathing and prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301_369-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, major Shivaratri celebration occurs at the <a href="/wiki/Umarkot_Shiv_Mandir" title="Umarkot Shiv Mandir">Umarkot Shiv Mandir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umarkot</a>. The three-day <a href="/wiki/Shivarathri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivarathri">Shivarathri</a> celebration at the temple is attended by around 250,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_Hinduism">Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Shiva_Dijeng-plateau_TMnr_60037355.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Shiva sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Dieng_Plateau" title="Dieng Plateau">Dieng Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesian Shaivism</a> the popular name for Shiva has been <i><a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a></i>, which is derived from Sanskrit <i>Bhattāraka</i> which means "noble lord".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose196616,_123,_494–495,_550–552_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose196616,_123,_494–495,_550–552-371"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1966130–131,_550–552_372-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1966130–131,_550–552-372"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Batara Guru's wife in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> is the same Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In contrast to Hindu religious texts, whether Vedas or Puranas, in <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Javanese puppetry (wayang)</a> books, Batara Guru is the king of the gods who regulates and creates the world system. In the classic book that is used as a reference for the puppeteers, it is said that Sanghyang Manikmaya or Batara Guru was created from a sparkling light by Sang Hyang Tunggal, along with the blackish light which is the origin of Ismaya.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiva has been called Sadāśiva, Paramasiva, Mahādeva in benevolent forms, and Kāla, Bhairava, Mahākāla in his fierce forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17_374-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivite traditions found in the Indian subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1966155–157,_462–463_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1966155–157,_462–463-377"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the pre-Islamic period on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1966160–165_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1966160–165-378"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The medieval-era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose19664–6,_14–16,_94–96,_160–161,_253_380-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose19664–6,_14–16,_94–96,_160–161,_253-380"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3></div> <p>The worship of Shiva became popular in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> through the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-381"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. Shaivism was also popular in <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Yutian">Kingdom of Yutian</a> as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread (<i>Yajnopavita</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_382-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_382-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A panel from <a href="/wiki/Dandan_Oilik" title="Dandan Oilik">Dandan Oilik</a> shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_382-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unesco427_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco427-383"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another site in the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> depicts him with four legs, seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_382-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is also noted that the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> wind god <a href="/wiki/Vayu-Vata" title="Vayu-Vata">Vayu-Vata</a> took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco427_383-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco427-383"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <p>The Japuji Sahib of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> says: "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi."<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the same chapter, it also says: "Shiva speaks, and the Siddhas listen." In <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> has mentioned two avatars of Rudra: <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> Avatar and <a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Parasnath</a> Avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500,_Mahakala,_Protector_of_the_Tent,_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500%2C_Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent%2C_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500%2C_Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent%2C_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500%2C_Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent%2C_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500%2C_Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent%2C_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500%2C_Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent%2C_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tibetan_thangka_from_AD_1500%2C_Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent%2C_Central_Tibet._Distemper_on_cloth-_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2429" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1500 CE</span> Tibetan Thangka</figcaption></figure> <p>Shiva is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Tantras">Buddhist Tantras</a> and worshipped as the fierce deity <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahākāla">Mahākāla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the cosmologies of Buddhist Tantras, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart: Shiva as <i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajña</a></i> and Shakti as <i><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Upāya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalupahana_2001_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana_2001-387"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, Shiva is depicted as <a href="/wiki/Mahe%C5%9Bvara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheśvara (Buddhism)">Maheshvara</a>, a deva living in <a href="/wiki/Akani%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADha" title="Akaniṣṭha">Akanishta Devaloka</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, Shiva is depicted as <a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a>, a deva residing in the 6th heaven of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadhatu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamadhatu (page does not exist)">Kamadhatu</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Sakra_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakra (Buddhism)">Sakra Indra</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, Shiva is depicted as <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a>, a dharma protecting <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>. In most forms of Buddhism, the position of Shiva is lesser than that of <a href="/wiki/Mahabrahma" title="Mahabrahma">Mahabrahma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sakra_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakra (Buddhism)">Sakra Indra</a>. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Shiva (Maheshvara) becomes a buddha called Bhasmeshvara Buddha ("Buddha of ashes").<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_(detai).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg/188px-Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg/282px-Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg/376px-Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_189_painting,_Kizil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg/188px-Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg/282px-Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg/376px-Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image</div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Shiva, better known there as <a href="/wiki/Mahe%C5%9Bvara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheśvara (Buddhism)">Maheśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 大自在天; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dàzìzàitiān; or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 摩醯首羅天 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Móxīshǒuluótiān) is considered one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty Devas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 二十諸天, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty-Four Devas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 二十四諸天, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are a group of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">dharmapalas</a></i> that manifest to protect the Buddhist dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Statues of him are often enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Mahavira_Hall" title="Mahavira Hall">Mahavira Halls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">temples</a> along with the other <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, he is also regarded as one of thirty-three manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokitesvara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a>, Maheśvara resides in <a href="/wiki/Akani%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADha" title="Akaniṣṭha">Akaniṣṭha</a>, highest of the Śuddhāvāsa ("<a href="/wiki/Pure_Abodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Abodes">Pure Abodes</a>") wherein <a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a> ("Non-returners") who are already on the path to <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhathood</a> and who will attain enlightenment are born. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Daikokuten</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Lucky_Gods" title="Seven Lucky Gods">Seven Lucky Gods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name is the Japanese equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahākāla">Mahākāla</a>, the Buddhist name for Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Shiva has been <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">merged</a> with <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Buddhist deities</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> Buddhism</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikoku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daikokuten is a Shiva-Ōkuninushi fusion deity in Japan[389]"><img alt="Daikokuten is a Shiva-Ōkuninushi fusion deity in Japan[389]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Daikoku.jpg/135px-Daikoku.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Daikoku.jpg/202px-Daikoku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Daikoku.jpg/270px-Daikoku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Daikokuten</a> is a Shiva-<a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuninushi" title="Ōkuninushi">Ōkuninushi</a> fusion deity in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Singapur,_Chinatown,_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_(30).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acala is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both China and Japan[390]"><img alt="Acala is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both China and Japan[390]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2830%29.jpg/116px-2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2830%29.jpg/174px-2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2830%29.jpg/232px-2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="4855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a> is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and Japan<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Shiva depicted as a Chinese Buddhist deva on Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm in Zhejiang, China"><img alt="Statue of Shiva depicted as a Chinese Buddhist deva on Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm in Zhejiang, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg/135px-60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg/202px-60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg/270px-60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Shiva depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Putuo" title="Mount Putuo">Mount Putuo</a> Guanyin Dharma Realm in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, China</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>In contemporary culture, Shiva is depicted in art, films, and books. He has been referred to as "the god of cool things"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-399"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and a "bonafide rock hero".<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One popular film was the 1967 Kannada movie <i><a href="/wiki/Gange_Gowri" title="Gange Gowri">Gange Gowri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinema_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinema-401"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1990s television series of <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a> titled <i><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivay_(1997_TV_series)" title="Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)">Om Namah Shivay</a></i> was also based on legends of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi" title="Amish Tripathi">Amish Tripathi</a>'s 2010 book <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Trilogy">Shiva Trilogy</a></i> has sold over a million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_399-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-399"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Devon_Ke_Dev...Mahadev" title="Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev">Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev</a></i> (2011–2014), a television serial about Shiva on the <a href="/wiki/Life_OK" title="Life OK">Life OK</a> channel was among the most watched shows at its peak popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another popular film was the 2022 Gujarati language movie <i><a href="/wiki/Har_Har_Mahadev" title="Har Har Mahadev">Har Har Mahadev</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinema_401-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinema-401"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shiva_temples" title="Category:Shiva temples">Shiva temples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda, who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clarify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using. See <a href="#CITEREFChidbhavananda1997">Chidbhavananda 1997</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temporal range for Mesolithic in South Asia is from 12000 to 4000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">before present</a>. The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">tribes</a> in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 Before Present is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early Neolithic at <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age", <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, <b>Bhimbetka</b>, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA23"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In scriptures, Shiva is paired with <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, the embodiment of power; who is known under various manifestations as Uma, Sati, Parvati, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sati is generally regarded as the first wife of Shiva, who reincarnated as Parvati after her death. Out of these forms of Shakti, Parvati is considered the main consort of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley199835_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley199835-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilph_rep_l-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilph_rep_l_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilph_rep_l_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilph_rep_l_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218-404"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It contextualize "<a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">seminal retention</a>", practice of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy#Hinduism" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-govind52_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govind52-405"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and illustration of <i>Urdhva Retas</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26_333-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill72_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill72-406"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patt06_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patt06-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and represents Shiva as "he stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218_404-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218-404"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see: <a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, p.&#160;11. For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, pp.&#160;15–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quotation "An important factor in the process of Rudra's growth is his identification with Agni in the Vedic literature and this identification contributed much to the transformation of his character as <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rudra-Śiva</i></span>." see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For "Note Agni-Rudra concept fused" in epithets <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sasipañjara</i></span> and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tivaṣīmati</i></span> see: <a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For text of RV 2.20.3a as <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">स नो युवेन्द्रो जोहूत्रः सखा शिवो नरामस्तु पाता ।</span></span> and translation as "May that young adorable <i>Indra</i>, ever be the friend, the benefactor, and protector of us, his worshipper".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAryaJoshi200148,_volume_2_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAryaJoshi200148,_volume_2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&amp;q=%28Yogesha%29&amp;pg=PA112">"Yogeshvara"</a>. <i>Indian Civilization and Culture</i>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. p.&#160;115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-083-2"><bdi>978-81-7533-083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Yogeshvara&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Civilization+and+Culture&amp;rft.pages=115&amp;rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7533-083-2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKItocaxbibUC%26q%3D%2528Yogesha%2529%26pg%3DPA112&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarenne197682-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarenne197682_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarenne1976">Varenne 1976</a>, pp.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC"><i>Indian Civilization and Culture</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. 1998. p.&#160;116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330832" title="Special:BookSources/9788175330832"><bdi>9788175330832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Civilization+and+Culture&amp;rft.pages=116&amp;rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=9788175330832&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKItocaxbibUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010436-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010436_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp.&#160;436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA445">"Hinduism"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp.&#160;445–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593394912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593394912"><bdi>978-1593394912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Hinduism&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&amp;rft.pages=445-448&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1593394912&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbibAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA445&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1972">Zimmer 1972</a>, pp.&#160;124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1972124–126_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1972">Zimmer 1972</a>, pp.&#160;124–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200458-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200458_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200458_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200458_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller2004">Fuller 2004</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavid200820–21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavid200820–21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavid2008">Javid 2008</a>, pp.&#160;20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp.&#160;137, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECushRobinsonYork200878-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECushRobinsonYork200878_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008">Cush, Robinson &amp; York 2008</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams198162-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams198162_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1981">Williams 1981</a>, p.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shiva">"Shiva &#124; Definition, Forms, God, Symbols, Meaning, &amp; Facts &#124; Britannica"</a>. 10 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Shiva+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Forms%2C+God%2C+Symbols%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2024-08-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShiva&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley199835-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley199835_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200065-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2000">Sharma 2000</a>, p.&#160;65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIssittMain2014">Issitt &amp; Main 2014</a>, pp.&#160;147, 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996151_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996314-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996314_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996314_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/shiva-in-mythology-let-s-reimagine-the-lord-magazine-231225">"Shiva In Mythology: Let's Reimagine The Lord"</a>. 28 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030120611/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/shiva-in-mythology-let-s-reimagine-the-lord-magazine-231225">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Shiva+In+Mythology%3A+Let%27s+Reimagine+The+Lord&amp;rft.date=2022-10-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnational%2Fshiva-in-mythology-let-s-reimagine-the-lord-magazine-231225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153Sivaraman1973131-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153Sivaraman1973131_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;17, 153; <a href="#CITEREFSivaraman1973">Sivaraman 1973</a>, p.&#160;131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1969-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1969_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonda1969">Gonda 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>, pp.&#160;50, 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPintchman2015">Pintchman 2015</a>, pp.&#160;113, 119, 144, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;17, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shiva Samhita</i>, e.g. <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2007">Mallinson 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarenne1976">Varenne 1976</a>, p.&#160;82; <a href="#CITEREFMarchand2007">Marchand 2007</a> for Jnana Yoga.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148Sircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadasivan2000">Sadasivan 2000</a>, p.&#160;148; <a href="#CITEREFSircar1998">Sircar 1998</a>, pp.&#160;3 with footnote 2, 102–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996152_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114Nath200131-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114Nath200131_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;148–149; <a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;xxvii; <a href="#CITEREFGranoff2003">Granoff 2003</a>, pp.&#160;95–114; <a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay2000xxviiFlood199617-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay2000xxviiFlood199617_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;xxvii; <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwshiva-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwshiva_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1107.html">Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227192855/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1107.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 1074–1076</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2000199-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2000199_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrentiss2000">Prentiss 2000</a>, p.&#160;199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For use of the term <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śiva</i></span></i> as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198621–22-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198621–22_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_7,_21–23-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_7,_21–23_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;1, 7, 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For root <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śarv</i></span>-</i> see: <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996306-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996306_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996306_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965927-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965927_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śiva</i></span> (<i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śivaśāna</i></span></i>) and which focus on the deity <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śiva</i></span>... " see: <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Lysebeth2002" class="citation book cs1">van Lysebeth, Andre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4W-DivEweIC&amp;pg=FA213"><i>Tantra: Cult of the Feminine</i></a>. Weiser Books. p.&#160;213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877288459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877288459"><bdi>978-0877288459</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131657/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4W-DivEweIC&amp;pg=FA213">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tantra%3A+Cult+of+the+Feminine&amp;rft.pages=213&amp;rft.pub=Weiser+Books&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0877288459&amp;rft.aulast=van+Lysebeth&amp;rft.aufirst=Andre&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4W-DivEweIC%26pg%3DFA213&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyagi1982" class="citation book cs1">Tyagi, Ishvar Chandra (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WH3XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shaivism in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300</i></a>. Meenakshi Prakashan. p.&#160;81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=WH3XAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shaivism+in+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+C.A.D.+300&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.pub=Meenakshi+Prakashan&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.aulast=Tyagi&amp;rft.aufirst=Ishvar+Chandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWH3XAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESri_Vishnu_Sahasranama198647,_122Chinmayananda200224-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESri_Vishnu_Sahasranama198647,_122Chinmayananda200224_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSri_Vishnu_Sahasranama1986">Sri Vishnu Sahasranama 1986</a>, pp.&#160;47, 122; <a href="#CITEREFChinmayananda2002">Chinmayananda 2002</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell201627-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell201627_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell2016">Powell 2016</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerreman1963&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailshindusofhimalaya00inberrpage385_385&#93;-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerreman1963[httpsarchiveorgdetailshindusofhimalaya00inberrpage385_385]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerreman1963">Berreman 1963</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindusofhimalaya00inberr/page/385">385</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manmatha-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manmatha_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation see: <a href="#CITEREFDutt1905">Dutt 1905</a>, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisari-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kisari_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation see: <a href="#CITEREFGanguli2004">Ganguli 2004</a>, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidbhav-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidbhav_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChidbhavananda1997">Chidbhavananda 1997</a>, <i>Siva Sahasranama Stotram</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002247-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002247_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p.&#160;247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For appearance of the name <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">महादेव</span></span> in the <i>Shiva Sahasranama</i> see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a477-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a477_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Parameśhvara</i></span> as "Supreme Lord" see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwsahasran-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmwsahasran_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Monier Monier-Williams, <i>sahasranAman</i>, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120831056" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120831056">978-8120831056</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, pp.&#160;viii–ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the <i>Śatarudriya</i> see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, pp.&#160;71–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For complete Sanskrit text, translations, and commentary see: <a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617Keay2000xxvii-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617Keay2000xxvii_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;17; <a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoon1977143,_205-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoon1977143,_205_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoon1977">Boon 1977</a>, pp.&#160;143, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2000148_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadasivan2000">Sadasivan 2000</a>, p.&#160;148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996148–149Keay2000xxviiGranoff200395–114_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;148–149; <a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;xxvii; <a href="#CITEREFGranoff2003">Granoff 2003</a>, pp.&#160;95–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see <a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtright1985205_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourtright1985">Courtright 1985</a>, p.&#160;205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: <a href="#CITEREFMate1988">Mate 1988</a>, p.&#160;162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESontheimer1976180–198-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESontheimer1976180–198_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSontheimer1976">Sontheimer 1976</a>, pp.&#160;180–198: "Khandoba is a local deity in Maharashtra and been Sanskritised as an incarnation of Shiva."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see: <a href="#CITEREFMate1988">Mate 1988</a>, p.&#160;176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, see: <a href="#CITEREFGupta1988">Gupta 1988</a>, <i>Preface</i>, and p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2001">Hopkins 2001</a>, p.&#160;243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243–244,_261-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001243–244,_261_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2001">Hopkins 2001</a>, pp.&#160;243–244, 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001244-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2001244_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2001">Hopkins 2001</a>, p.&#160;244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumayer2013104-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumayer2013104_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumayer2013">Neumayer 2013</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Morphy2014" class="citation book cs1">Howard Morphy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhchBQAAQBAJ"><i>Animals Into Art</i></a>. Routledge. pp.&#160;364–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59808-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59808-4"><bdi>978-1-317-59808-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131700/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhchBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Animals+Into+Art&amp;rft.pages=364-366&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-317-59808-4&amp;rft.au=Howard+Morphy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhchBQAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1989">Singh 1989</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKenoyer1998">Kenoyer 1998</a>. For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation of <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paśupati</i></span></i> as "Lord of Animals" see: <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p.&#160;312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVohra2000Bongard-Levin198545RosenSchweig200645-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVohra2000Bongard-Levin198545RosenSchweig200645_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVohra2000">Vohra 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBongard-Levin1985">Bongard-Levin 1985</a>, p.&#160;45; <a href="#CITEREFRosenSchweig2006">Rosen &amp; Schweig 2006</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205Srinivasan1997181-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205Srinivasan1997181_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;28–29; <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp.&#160;204–205; <a href="#CITEREFSrinivasan1997">Srinivasan 1997</a>, p.&#160;181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29Flood2003204–205_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;28–29; <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp.&#160;204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay200014-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay200014_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan1997181-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan1997181_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrinivasan1997">Srinivasan 1997</a>, p.&#160;181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley1981" class="citation journal cs1">McEvilley, Thomas (1 March 1981). "An Archaeology of Yoga". <i>Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics</i>. <b>1</b>: 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FRESv1n1ms20166655">10.1086/RESv1n1ms20166655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-1322">0277-1322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192221643">192221643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Res%3A+Anthropology+and+Aesthetics&amp;rft.atitle=An+Archaeology+of+Yoga&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=51&amp;rft.date=1981-03-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192221643%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0277-1322&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FRESv1n1ms20166655&amp;rft.aulast=McEvilley&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asko Parpola(2009), Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521795661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521795661">978-0521795661</a>, pp. 240–250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Possehl" title="Gregory Possehl">Possehl, Gregory L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA154"><i>The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. pp.&#160;140–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759116429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759116429"><bdi>978-0759116429</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224137/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&amp;rft.pages=140-144&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0759116429&amp;rft.aulast=Possehl&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVgeAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard2006-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodard2006_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2006" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Woodard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4fB0inNYEC&amp;pg=FA242"><i>Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. pp.&#160;242–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252092954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252092954"><bdi>978-0252092954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indo-European+Sacred+Space%3A+Vedic+and+Roman+Cult&amp;rft.pages=242-&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0252092954&amp;rft.au=Roger+D.+Woodard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEB4fB0inNYEC%26pg%3DFA242&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200932_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodward60-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodward60_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodward60_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2010" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Woodard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4fB0inNYEC"><i>Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. pp.&#160;60–67, 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252-092954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252-092954"><bdi>978-0252-092954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indo-European+Sacred+Space%3A+Vedic+and+Roman+Cult&amp;rft.pages=60-67%2C+79-80&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0252-092954&amp;rft.au=Roger+D.+Woodard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEB4fB0inNYEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1992" class="citation book cs1">Alain Daniélou (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC"><i>Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus</i></a>. Inner Traditions / Bear &amp; Co. pp.&#160;49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892813742" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892813742"><bdi>978-0892813742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gods+of+Love+and+Ecstasy%3A+The+Traditions+of+Shiva+and+Dionysus&amp;rft.pages=49-50&amp;rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0892813742&amp;rft.au=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDQK7l13WIIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The parallels between the names and legends of Shiva, Osiris and Dionysus are so numerous that there can be little doubt as to their original sameness".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamita_Gokhale2009" class="citation book cs1">Namita Gokhale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFN15nX9_zsC"><i>The Book of Shiva</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp.&#160;10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143067610" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143067610"><bdi>978-0143067610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Shiva&amp;rft.pages=10-11&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0143067610&amp;rft.au=Namita+Gokhale&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFN15nX9_zsC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierfrancesco Callieri (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757637">A Dionysian Scheme on a Seal from Gupta India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104032/http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757637">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, East and West, Vol. 55, No. 1/4 (December 2005), pp. 71–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1971" class="citation journal cs1">Long, J. Bruce (1971). "Siva and Dionysos: Visions of Terror and Bliss". <i>Numen</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 180–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269768">10.2307/3269768</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269768">3269768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Numen&amp;rft.atitle=Siva+and+Dionysos%3A+Visions+of+Terror+and+Bliss&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=180-209&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.issn=0029-5973&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269768%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269768&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Bruce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flahertyds81-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flahertyds81_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flahertyds81_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062337">Dionysus and Siva: Parallel Patterns in Two Pairs of Myths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102525/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062337">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History of Religions, Vol. 20, No. 1/2 (Aug. – Nov., 1980), pp. 81–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Laude2005" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Laude (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTDIAAAAQBAJ"><i>Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&#160;41–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403980588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403980588"><bdi>978-1403980588</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131700/https://books.google.com/books?id=cTDIAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Divine+Play%2C+Sacred+Laughter%2C+and+Spiritual+Understanding&amp;rft.pages=41-60&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1403980588&amp;rft.au=Patrick+Laude&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTDIAAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Friedrich_OttoRobert_B._Palmer1965" class="citation book cs1">Walter Friedrich Otto; Robert B. Palmer (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCDvuoZ8IzsC&amp;pg=PA164"><i>Dionysus: Myth and Cult</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p.&#160;164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253208912" title="Special:BookSources/0253208912"><bdi>0253208912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dionysus%3A+Myth+and+Cult&amp;rft.pages=164&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.isbn=0253208912&amp;rft.au=Walter+Friedrich+Otto&amp;rft.au=Robert+B.+Palmer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCDvuoZ8IzsC%26pg%3DPA164&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar19983_with_footnote_2,_102–105_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSircar1998">Sircar 1998</a>, pp.&#160;3 with footnote 2, 102–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004316-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004316_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p.&#160;316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood200373-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood200373_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p.&#160;73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doniger, pp. 221–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rudra">"Rudra | Hinduism, Shiva, Vedas | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&amp;rft.atitle=Rudra+%7C+Hinduism%2C+Shiva%2C+Vedas+%7C+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRudra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2000-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2000_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer2000">Zimmer 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorl2004-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorl2004_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorl2004">Storl 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinstedt2020-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinstedt2020_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinstedt2020">Winstedt 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–2-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–2_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a7-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a7_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19862–3-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19862–3_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–9-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861–9_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;1–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a14–15-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a14–15_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, pp.&#160;14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation from <i>Nirukta</i> 10.7, see: <a href="#CITEREFSarup1998">Sarup 1998</a>, p.&#160;155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a18-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a18_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06048.htm">"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 6: HYMN XLVIII. Agni and Others"</a>. Sacred-texts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325222509/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06048.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Rig+Veda%3A+Rig-Veda%2C+Book+6%3A+HYMN+XLVIII.+Agni+and+Others&amp;rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frigveda%2Frv06048.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the parallel between the horns of Agni as bull, and Rudra, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RV 8.49; 10.155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For flaming hair of Agni and Bhairava see: Sivaramamurti, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a> (1973). "The Vedic Antecedents". <i>Śiva, the erotic ascetic</i>. Oxford University Press US. pp.&#160;84–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Vedic+Antecedents&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9Aiva%2C+the+erotic+ascetic&amp;rft.pages=84-89&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.aulast=Doniger&amp;rft.aufirst=Wendy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAryaJoshi200148,_volume_2-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAryaJoshi200148,_volume_2_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAryaJoshi2001">Arya &amp; Joshi 2001</a>, p.&#160;48, volume 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For text of RV 6.45.17 as <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥</span></span> and translation as "<i>Indra</i>, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see: <a href="#CITEREFAryaJoshi2001">Arya &amp; Joshi 2001</a>, p.&#160;91, volume 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation of RV 6.45.17 as "Thou who hast been the singers' Friend, a Friend auspicious with thine aid, As such, O Indra, favour us" see: <a href="#CITEREFGriffith1973">Griffith 1973</a>, p.&#160;310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For text of RV 8.93.3 as <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥</span></span> and translation as "May <i>Indra</i>, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see: <a href="#CITEREFAryaJoshi2001">Arya &amp; Joshi 2001</a>, p.&#160;48, volume 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the bull parallel between Indra and Rudra see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RV 7.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the lack of warlike connections and difference between Indra and Rudra, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454–455-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454–455_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp.&#160;454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007454_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p.&#160;454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen201225–29-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen201225–29_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwen2012">Owen 2012</a>, pp.&#160;25–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59Owen201225–29-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59Owen201225–29_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti2004">Sivaramamurti 2004</a>, pp.&#160;41, 59; <a href="#CITEREFOwen2012">Owen 2012</a>, pp.&#160;25–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997769_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, p.&#160;769.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793Radhakrishnan1953929-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793Radhakrishnan1953929_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp.&#160;792–793; <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1953">Radhakrishnan 1953</a>, p.&#160;929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp.&#160;204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Upanishads-Commentary/Svetasvatara-Upanishad-~-Chap-3-The-Highest-Reality-1.aspx">"Svetasvatara Upanishad - Chap 3 the Highest Reality"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023958/https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Upanishads-Commentary/Svetasvatara-Upanishad-~-Chap-3-The-Highest-Reality-1.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Svetasvatara+Upanishad+-+Chap+3+the+Highest+Reality&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esamskriti.com%2Fe%2FSpirituality%2FUpanishads-Commentary%2FSvetasvatara-Upanishad-~-Chap-3-The-Highest-Reality-1.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/speaking-tree-the-trika-tradition-of-kashmir-shaivism/articleshow/4822600.cms">"Speaking Tree: The Trika Tradition of Kashmir Shaivism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 27 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902090554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/speaking-tree-the-trika-tradition-of-kashmir-shaivism/articleshow/4822600.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&amp;rft.atitle=Speaking+Tree%3A+The+Trika+Tradition+of+Kashmir+Shaivism&amp;rft.date=2009-07-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fedit-page%2Fspeaking-tree-the-trika-tradition-of-kashmir-shaivism%2Farticleshow%2F4822600.cms&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1921399,_403Hiriyanna200032–36Kunst1968Srinivasan1997pp._96–97_and_Chapter_9-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1921399,_403Hiriyanna200032–36Kunst1968Srinivasan1997pp._96–97_and_Chapter_9_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1921">Hume 1921</a>, pp.&#160;399, 403; <a href="#CITEREFHiriyanna2000">Hiriyanna 2000</a>, pp.&#160;32–36; <a href="#CITEREFKunst1968">Kunst 1968</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSrinivasan1997">Srinivasan 1997</a>, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997792–793_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp.&#160;792–793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri189880–82-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri189880–82_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1898">Sastri 1898</a>, pp.&#160;80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p.&#160;205 For date of Mahabhasya see: <a href="#CITEREFScharf1996">Scharf 1996</a>, page 1 with footnote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384,_103-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384,_103_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlurton1993">Blurton 1993</a>, pp.&#160;84, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlurton199384_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlurton1993">Blurton 1993</a>, p.&#160;84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986" class="citation book cs1">Pratapaditya Pal (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa"><i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/75">75</a>–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520-059917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520-059917"><bdi>978-0520-059917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+700&amp;rft.pages=75-80&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0520-059917&amp;rft.au=Pratapaditya+Pal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiansculpturec00losa&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti200441,_59_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti2004">Sivaramamurti 2004</a>, pp.&#160;41, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556,_769_footnote_1-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556,_769_footnote_1_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, p.&#160;556, 769 footnote 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984134,_371-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984134,_371_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier1984">Klostermaier 1984</a>, pp.&#160;134, 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–206Rocher1986187–188,_222–228-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–206Rocher1986187–188,_222–228_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp.&#160;205–206; <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp.&#160;187–188, 222–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp.&#160;208–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1990">Sharma 1990</a>, pp.&#160;9–14; <a href="#CITEREFDavis1992">Davis 1992</a>, p. 167 note 21, <i>Quote (page 13):</i> "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120805958" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120805958">978-8120805958</a>, pl. 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804074" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804074">978-8120804074</a>, pp. 252, 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–169_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;162–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomasundaramMurthy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Somasundaram, Ottilingam; Murthy, Tejus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5418997">"Siva - The Mad Lord: A Puranic perspective"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 119–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.204441">10.4103/0019-5545.204441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5545">0019-5545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5418997">5418997</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28529371">28529371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&amp;rft.atitle=Siva+-+The+Mad+Lord%3A+A+Puranic+perspective&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=119-122&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5418997%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=0019-5545&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28529371&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5545.204441&amp;rft.aulast=Somasundaram&amp;rft.aufirst=Ottilingam&amp;rft.au=Murthy%2C+Tejus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5418997&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagare200216–19-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagare200216–19_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagare2002">Tagare 2002</a>, pp.&#160;16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212Gonda19753–20,_35–36,_49–51Thakur198683–94-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–212Gonda19753–20,_35–36,_49–51Thakur198683–94_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp.&#160;208–212; <a href="#CITEREFGonda1975">Gonda 1975</a>, pp.&#160;3–20, 35–36, 49–51; <a href="#CITEREFThakur1986">Thakur 1986</a>, pp.&#160;83–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devi-bhagavata-with-hindi-translation/Devi%20Bhagavata%20with%20Hindi%20Translation%20Vol%201%20%28Gitapress%29%202010/page/n540/mode/1up?view=theater">"Devi bhagwat Purana Skandh 5 Chapter 1 Verse 22-23"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Devi+bhagwat+Purana+Skandh+5+Chapter+1+Verse+22-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevi-bhagavata-with-hindi-translation%2FDevi%2520Bhagavata%2520with%2520Hindi%2520Translation%2520Vol%25201%2520%2528Gitapress%2529%25202010%2Fpage%2Fn540%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p.&#160;216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216–218-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216–218_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, pp.&#160;216–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurendranath_Dasgupta1973" class="citation book cs1">Surendranath Dasgupta (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aohGsuUuXuMC"><i>A History of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;17, 48–49, 65–67, 155–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81208-04166" title="Special:BookSources/978-81208-04166"><bdi>978-81208-04166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=17%2C+48-49%2C+65-67%2C+155-161&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=978-81208-04166&amp;rft.au=Surendranath+Dasgupta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaohGsuUuXuMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1972" class="citation book cs1">David N. Lorenzen (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hm-k6fKs4C"><i>The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects</i></a>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;2–5, 15–17, 38, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520-018426" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520-018426"><bdi>978-0520-018426</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131703/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hm-k6fKs4C">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+K%C4%81p%C4%81likas+and+K%C4%81l%C4%81mukhas%3A+Two+Lost+%C5%9Aaivite+Sects&amp;rft.pages=2-5%2C+15-17%2C+38%2C+80&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=978-0520-018426&amp;rft.au=David+N.+Lorenzen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4hm-k6fKs4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patil125-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patil125_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patil125_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarendranath_B._Patil2003" class="citation book cs1">Narendranath B. Patil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C1GWkeyXnQC"><i>The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#160;125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120819535" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120819535"><bdi>978-8120819535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Variegated+Plumage%3A+Encounters+with+Indian+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=125-126&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120819535&amp;rft.au=Narendranath+B.+Patil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3C1GWkeyXnQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_S._G._Dyczkowski1987" class="citation book cs1">Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXn5n4gdfcIC"><i>The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887064319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887064319"><bdi>978-0887064319</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131652/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXn5n4gdfcIC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Vibration%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Doctrines+and+Practices+Associated+with+Kashmir+Shaivism&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0887064319&amp;rft.au=Mark+S.+G.+Dyczkowski&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXn5n4gdfcIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004215–216-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004215–216_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, pp.&#160;215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lawrence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/#SH1d">Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312172048/http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/#SH1d">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Manitoba, Canada, IEP, Section 1(d)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141913377" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141913377">978-0141913377</a>, pp. 10–12, Quote: "(...) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225">978-3447025225</a>, p. 23 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EO James (1997), The Tree of Life, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004016125" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004016125">978-9004016125</a>, pp. 150–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577316695" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577316695">978-1577316695</a>, p. 17; for Sanskrit, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SriSkandaPuranam-SankaraSamhitaPart1#page/n31/mode/2up">Skanda Purana</a> Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20–21 (Sanskrit)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaroj_Panthey1987" class="citation book cs1">Saroj Panthey (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBXNueBQo0C"><i>Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p.&#160;94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170990161" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170990161"><bdi>978-8170990161</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131652/https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBXNueBQo0C">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Iconography+of+%C5%9Aiva+in+Pah%C4%81%E1%B9%9B%C4%AB+Paintings&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-8170990161&amp;rft.au=Saroj+Panthey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUBXNueBQo0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Holdrege2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Holdrege (2012). Hananya Goodman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XF_a3cfrcLQC&amp;pg=PA122"><i>Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp.&#160;120–125 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438404370" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438404370"><bdi>978-1438404370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Jerusalem+and+Benares%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Judaism+and+Hinduism&amp;rft.pages=120-125+with+footnotes&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1438404370&amp;rft.au=Barbara+Holdrege&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXF_a3cfrcLQC%26pg%3DPA122&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Johnston1913" class="citation book cs1">Charles Johnston (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGACAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA835"><i>The Atlantic Monthly</i></a>. Vol.&#160;CXII. Riverside Press, Cambridge. pp.&#160;835–836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&amp;rft.pages=835-836&amp;rft.pub=Riverside+Press%2C+Cambridge&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft.au=Charles+Johnston&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGACAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA835&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200643-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200643_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20021,_53–56,_280-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn20021,_53–56,_280_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn2002">Coburn 2002</a>, pp.&#160;1, 53–56, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p.&#160;426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988101–105-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988101–105_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>, pp.&#160;101–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104Pintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198850,_103–104Pintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>, pp.&#160;50, 103–104; <a href="#CITEREFPintchman2015">Pintchman 2015</a>, pp.&#160;113, 119, 144, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman201485–86,_119,_144,_171-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman201485–86,_119,_144,_171_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPintchman2014">Pintchman 2014</a>, pp.&#160;85–86, 119, 144, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199119–24,_40,_65,_Narayani_p._232-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn199119–24,_40,_65,_Narayani_p._232_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn1991">Coburn 1991</a>, pp.&#160;19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2004">McDaniel 2004</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199826-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymn_125-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hymn_125_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonBrereton2020" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Rigveda</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190633394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190633394"><bdi>978-0190633394</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010004628/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rigveda&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-0190633394&amp;rft.aulast=Jamison&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephanie&amp;rft.au=Brereton%2C+Joel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LTRDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199877-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199877_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarrier196777–84-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarrier196777–84_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarrier1967">Warrier 1967</a>, pp.&#160;77–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p.&#160;193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Kinsley1975" class="citation book cs1">David R. Kinsley (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih1By08_Yj0C"><i>The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology</i></a>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;102 with footnote 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520026759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520026759"><bdi>978-0520026759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Flute%3A+K%C4%81l%C4%AB+and+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%2C+Dark+Visions+of+the+Terrible+and+the+Sublime+in+Hindu+Mythology&amp;rft.pages=102+with+footnote+42&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-0520026759&amp;rft.au=David+R.+Kinsley&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIh1By08_Yj0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "In the Devi Mahatmya, it is quite clear that <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> is an independent deity, great in her own right, and only loosely associated with any of the great male deities. And if any one of the great gods can be said to be her closest associate, it is Visnu rather than Siva".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupteshwar_Prasad1994" class="citation book cs1">Gupteshwar Prasad (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmy5cnSbsWYC&amp;pg=PA117"><i>I.A. Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa</i></a>. Sarup &amp; Sons. pp.&#160;117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185431376" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185431376"><bdi>978-8185431376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=I.A.+Richards+and+Indian+Theory+of+Rasa&amp;rft.pages=117-118&amp;rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-8185431376&amp;rft.au=Gupteshwar+Prasad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhmy5cnSbsWYC%26pg%3DPA117&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaideva_Vasugupta1991" class="citation book cs1">Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVc5JCnO1VgC"><i>The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p.&#160;xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791410738" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791410738"><bdi>978-0791410738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Delight%2C+Wonder%2C+and+Astonishment&amp;rft.pages=xix&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791410738&amp;rft.au=Jaideva+Vasugupta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVc5JCnO1VgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudrun_Bühnemann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_B%C3%BChnemann" title="Gudrun Bühnemann">Gudrun Bühnemann</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&amp;pg=PA60"><i>Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions</i></a>. Brill Academic. p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004129023" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004129023"><bdi>978-9004129023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116175701/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mandalas+and+Yantras+in+the+Hindu+Traditions&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Academic&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-9004129023&amp;rft.au=Gudrun+B%C3%BChnemann&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQf2m8VaC_oC%26pg%3DPA60&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harle1994p141-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harle1994p141_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl"><i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140">140</a>–142, 191, 201–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300062175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300062175"><bdi>978-0300062175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&amp;rft.pages=140-142%2C+191%2C+201-203&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0300062175&amp;rft.au=James+C.+Harle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroductiontohi0000floopage17_17&#93;-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroductiontohi0000floopage17_17]_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/17">17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._N._Farquhar1984" class="citation book cs1">J. N. Farquhar (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwggjSPrjxUC"><i>Outline of the Religious Literature of India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p.&#160;180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120820869" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120820869"><bdi>978-8120820869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Outline+of+the+Religious+Literature+of+India&amp;rft.pages=180&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120820869&amp;rft.au=J.+N.+Farquhar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwggjSPrjxUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_F._Bryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwin F. Bryant (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;313–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199724314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199724314"><bdi>978-0199724314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&amp;rft.pages=313-314&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199724314&amp;rft.au=Edwin+F.+Bryant&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2n4VDAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams19811–4_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1981">Williams 1981</a>, pp.&#160;1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage22_22&#93;-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage22_22]_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manifestationsof00kram/page/22">22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage23_23&#93;-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanifestationsof00krampage23_23]_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manifestationsof00kram/page/23">23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inv07-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inv07_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamyde_NicolasBanerjee2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Krishnan; de Nicolas, Antonio; Banerjee, Aditi (2007). <i>Invading the Sacred</i>. Rupa Publication. p.&#160;59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129111821" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129111821"><bdi>978-8129111821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Invading+the+Sacred&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=Rupa+Publication&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-8129111821&amp;rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&amp;rft.aufirst=Krishnan&amp;rft.au=de+Nicolas%2C+Antonio&amp;rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Aditi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/samhara">"Samhara, Saṃhāra: 18 definitions"</a>. 3 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812235650/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/samhara">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Samhara%2C+Sa%E1%B9%83h%C4%81ra%3A+18+definitions&amp;rft.date=2014-08-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fsamhara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shivayoga1-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shivayoga1_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shivayoga1_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasuguptaJaideva1979" class="citation book cs1">Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4SOIISR9PUC"><i>Śiva Sūtras</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#160;xv–xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804074" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804074"><bdi>978-8120804074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9Aiva+S%C5%ABtras&amp;rft.pages=xv-xx&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120804074&amp;rft.au=Vasugupta&amp;rft.au=Jaideva&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4SOIISR9PUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span>;<br />[b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Mallinson2007" class="citation book cs1">James Mallinson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlQRnDOr178C"><i>The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition</i></a>. Yoga. pp.&#160;xiii–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0971646650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0971646650"><bdi>978-0971646650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76143968">76143968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shiva+Samhita%3A+A+Critical+Edition&amp;rft.pages=xiii-xiv&amp;rft.pub=Yoga&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76143968&amp;rft.isbn=978-0971646650&amp;rft.au=James+Mallinson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlQRnDOr178C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shivayoga2-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shivayoga2_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shivayoga2_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaideva_Vasugupta1991" class="citation book cs1">Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVc5JCnO1VgC"><i>The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp.&#160;xii–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791410738" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791410738"><bdi>978-0791410738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Delight%2C+Wonder%2C+and+Astonishment%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Vijnana-bhairava+with+an+Introduction+and+Notes+by+Jaideva+Singh&amp;rft.pages=xii-xvi&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791410738&amp;rft.au=Jaideva+Vasugupta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVc5JCnO1VgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span>;<br />[b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasuguptaJaideva1980" class="citation book cs1">Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQwtCrGERjkC"><i>The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp.&#160;xxv–xxxii, 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791411797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791411797"><bdi>978-0791411797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Vibration+and+Divine+Pulsation%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Spanda+Karika+with+Ksemaraja%27s+Commentary%2C+the+Spanda+Nirnaya&amp;rft.pages=xxv-xxxii%2C+2-4&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791411797&amp;rft.au=Vasugupta&amp;rft.au=Jaideva&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQwtCrGERjkC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_J._Nicholson2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrew J. Nicholson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAEvAwAAQBAJ"><i>Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp.&#160;1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438451022" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438451022"><bdi>978-1438451022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lord+Siva%27s+Song%3A+The+Isvara+Gita&amp;rft.pages=1-2&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1438451022&amp;rft.au=Andrew+J.+Nicholson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAEvAwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">David Smith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&amp;pg=PA237"><i>The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;237–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521528658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521528658"><bdi>978-0521528658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dance+of+Siva%3A+Religion%2C+Art+and+Poetry+in+South+India&amp;rft.pages=237-239&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521528658&amp;rft.au=David+Smith&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTLlcGlkdjkC%26pg%3DPA237&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaideva_VasuguptaMark_S._G._Dyczkowski1992" class="citation book cs1">Jaideva Vasugupta; Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-n4ulAsdIC"><i>The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp.&#160;7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791412640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791412640"><bdi>978-0791412640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aphorisms+of+Siva%3A+The+Siva+Sutra+with+Bhaskara%27s+Commentary%2C+the+Varttika&amp;rft.pages=7-8&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791412640&amp;rft.au=Jaideva+Vasugupta&amp;rft.au=Mark+S.+G.+Dyczkowski&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6-n4ulAsdIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quotation defining the Trimurti see Matchett, Freda. "The <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Purāṇas</i></span>", in: <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p.&#160;139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Metzner1986" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Metzner (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ke0RAQAAIAAJ"><i>Opening to Inner Light: The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness</i></a>. J.P. Tarcher. p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874773538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874773538"><bdi>978-0874773538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Opening+to+Inner+Light%3A+The+Transformation+of+Human+Nature+and+Consciousness&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=J.P.+Tarcher&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0874773538&amp;rft.au=Ralph+Metzner&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dke0RAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Frawley2009" class="citation book cs1">David Frawley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Vp_rTWkAAC&amp;pg=PA25"><i>Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation</i></a>. Lotus. p.&#160;25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0940676503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0940676503"><bdi>978-0940676503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inner+Tantric+Yoga%3A+Working+with+the+Universal+Shakti%3A+Secrets+of+Mantras%2C+Deities+and+Meditation&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.pub=Lotus&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0940676503&amp;rft.au=David+Frawley&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6Vp_rTWkAAC%26pg%3DPA25&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For definition of Trimurti as "the unified form" of Brahmā, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viṣṇu</i></span> and Śiva and use of the phrase "the Hindu triad" see: <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti see: <a href="#CITEREFJansen1993">Jansen 1993</a>, p.&#160;83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of <i>Agni</i>, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: <a href="#CITEREFGonda1969">Gonda 1969</a>, pp.&#160;218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: [a] David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226894843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226894843">978-0226894843</a>, pp. 4, 29<br />[b] <a href="#CITEREFGonda1969">Gonda 1969</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Shiva as depicted with a third eye, and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it, see: <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review of 4 theories about the meaning of <i>tryambaka</i>, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For usage of the word <i>ambaka</i> in classical Sanskrit and connection to the Mahabharata depiction, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation of Tryambakam as "having three mother eyes" and as an epithet of Rudra, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Vedic Sanskrit meaning Lord has three mother eyes which symbolize eyes are the Sun, Moon and Fire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of the problems in translation of this name, and the hypothesis regarding the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ambikās</i></span> see: Hopkins (1968), p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ambikā</i></span> variant, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;17, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the moon on the forehead see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śekhara</i></span></i> as crest or crown, see: <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Candraśekhara</i></span> as an iconographic form, see: <a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, p.&#160;56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation "Having the moon as his crest" see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the moon iconography as marking the rise of Rudra-Shiva, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of the linkages between Soma, Moon, and Rudra, and citation to RV 7.74, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanic</a> origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See: <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;92, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178960" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178960">978-9004178960</a>, pp. 182–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Paul Deussen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC"><i>Sechzig Upaniṣad's des Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#160;775–776, 789–790, 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131653/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sechzig+Upani%E1%B9%A3ad%27s+des+Veda&amp;rft.pages=775-776%2C+789-790%2C+551&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120814677&amp;rft.au=Paul+Deussen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidbhavananda199722-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidbhavananda199722_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChidbhavananda1997">Chidbhavananda 1997</a>, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation of Kapardin as "Endowed with matted hair" see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Kapardin as a name of Shiva, and description of the kaparda hair style, see, <a href="#CITEREFMacdonell1996">Macdonell 1996</a>, p.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: name #93 in <a href="#CITEREFChidbhavananda1997">Chidbhavananda 1997</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see: <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473_232-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981473_232-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neelkanth-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neelkanth_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dadabhagwan.org/about/trimandir/lord-shiva/">"Lord Shiva &#124; Shiv &#124; God Shiva &#124; Shiva God &#124; Mahadev &#124; Lord Shiv &#124; Neelkanth"</a>. <i>www.dadabhagwan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127114349/https://www.dadabhagwan.org/about/trimandir/lord-shiva/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.dadabhagwan.org&amp;rft.atitle=Lord+Shiva+%26%23124%3B+Shiv+%26%23124%3B+God+Shiva+%26%23124%3B+Shiva+God+%26%23124%3B+Mahadev+%26%23124%3B+Lord+Shiv+%26%23124%3B+Neelkanth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dadabhagwan.org%2Fabout%2Ftrimandir%2Flord-shiva%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For alternate stories about this feature, and use of the name <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṅgādhara</i></span> see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;59 and 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For description of the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṅgādhara</i></span> form, see: <a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, p.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Shiva supporting <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṅgā</i></span> upon his head, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaymanSingh1991266-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaymanSingh1991266_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaymanSingh1991">Wayman &amp; Singh 1991</a>, p.&#160;266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuresh_Chandra1998309-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuresh_Chandra1998309_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuresh_Chandra1998">Suresh Chandra 1998</a>, p.&#160;309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitansu_S._Chakravarti199151-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitansu_S._Chakravarti199151_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitansu_S._Chakravarti1991">Sitansu S. Chakravarti 1991</a>, p.&#160;51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004218-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004218_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p.&#160;218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For definition and shape, see: <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen199344-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen199344_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen1993">Jansen 1993</a>, p.&#160;44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen199325-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen199325_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen1993">Jansen 1993</a>, p.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For use by <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāpālikas</i></span>, see: <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Sivaramamurti1963" class="citation book cs1">C. Sivaramamurti (1963). <i>South Indian Bronzes</i>. Lalit Kalā Akademi. p.&#160;41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=South+Indian+Bronzes&amp;rft.pages=41&amp;rft.pub=Lalit+Kal%C4%81+Akademi&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.au=C.+Sivaramamurti&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Grimes1996" class="citation book cs1">John A. Grimes (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&amp;pg=PA257"><i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p.&#160;257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675"><bdi>978-0791430675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&amp;rft.pages=257&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791430675&amp;rft.au=John+A.+Grimes&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcoUFYOX0bEC%26pg%3DPA257&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhavati_C._Reddy2014" class="citation book cs1">Prabhavati C. Reddy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TkUsAwAAQBAJ"><i>Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India</i></a>. Routledge. pp.&#160;114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317806318" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317806318"><bdi>978-1317806318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hindu+Pilgrimage%3A+Shifting+Patterns+of+Worldview+of+Srisailam+in+South+India&amp;rft.pages=114-115&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1317806318&amp;rft.au=Prabhavati+C.+Reddy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTkUsAwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review of issues related to the evolution of the bull (Nandin) as Shiva's mount, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;99–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For spelling of alternate proper names <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nandī</i></span> and Nandin see: <a href="#CITEREFStutley1985">Stutley 1985</a>, p.&#160;98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981479-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981479_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the name <i>Kailāsagirivāsī</i> (<i>Sanskrit</i> कैलासिगिरवासी), "With his abode on Mount Kailāsa", as a name appearing in the <i>Shiva Sahasranama</i>, see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For identification of Mount <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kailāsa</i></span> as the central <i>linga</i>, see: <a href="#CITEREFStutley1985">Stutley 1985</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Hindu_Lore_and_Legend" title="Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend">Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500510881" title="Special:BookSources/0500510881">0500510881</a>) by Anna L. Dallapiccola</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay200033-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay200033_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeay2000">Keay 2000</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quotation "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox" and overview of conflicting attributes see: <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell1977" class="citation book cs1">George Michell (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC"><i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226532301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226532301"><bdi>978-0226532301</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813201531/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Meaning+and+Forms&amp;rft.pages=25-26&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226532301&amp;rft.au=George+Michell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajgImLs62gwC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quotation regarding Yajur Veda as containing contrary sets of attributes, and marking point for emergence of all basic elements of later sect forms, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For summary of Shiva's contrasting depictions in the Mahabharata, see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1988">Sharma 1988</a>, pp.&#160;20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <i>rud-</i> meaning "cry, howl" as a traditional etymology see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation to M. Mayrhofer, <i>Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary</i>, <i>s.v.</i> "rudra", is provided in: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996301-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996301_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476Kramrisch1981474-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a476Kramrisch1981474_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;476; <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1996280-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1996280_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965727left_column-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965727left_column_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;727, left column.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981481-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1981481_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199692-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199692_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198628_(note_7),_and_p._177-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198628_(note_7),_and_p._177_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;28 (note 7), and p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions, see: <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp.&#160;150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Shiva's representation as a yogi, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For name Mahāyogi and associations with yoga, see, <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, pp.&#160;23, 32, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the ascetic yogin form as reflecting Epic period influences, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umāpati</i></span>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umākānta</i></span> and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umādhava</i></span> as names in the Shiva Sahasranama literature, see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Umā</i></span> as the oldest name, and variants including <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pārvatī</i></span>, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pārvatī</i></span> identified as the wife of Shiva, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;479</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Search_for_Meaning-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Search_for_Meaning_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Search for Meaning By Antonio R. Gualtieri</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For regional name variants of Karttikeya see: <a href="#CITEREFGupta1988">Gupta 1988</a>, <i>Preface</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ8qfQbEJB4C&amp;q=mohini+Vishnu&amp;pg=PA263"><i>Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India</i></a>. London: University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;263–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226156415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226156415"><bdi>978-0226156415</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131654/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ8qfQbEJB4C&amp;q=mohini+Vishnu&amp;pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Splitting+the+difference%3A+gender+and+myth+in+ancient+Greece+and+India&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=263-265&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226156415&amp;rft.aulast=Doniger&amp;rft.aufirst=Wendy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZ8qfQbEJB4C%26q%3Dmohini%2BVishnu%26pg%3DPA263&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanita69-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vanita69_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanitaKidwai,_Saleem2001" class="citation book cs1">Vanita, Ruth; Kidwai, Saleem (2001). <i>Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p.&#160;69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312293246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312293246"><bdi>978-0312293246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Same-sex+love+in+India%3A+readings+from+literature+and+history&amp;rft.pages=69&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0312293246&amp;rft.aulast=Vanita&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft.au=Kidwai%2C+Saleem&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P71-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P71_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2001" class="citation book cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&amp;q=mohini&amp;pg=PA71"><i>The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore</i></a>. Routledge. p.&#160;71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560231813" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560231813"><bdi>978-1560231813</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&amp;q=mohini&amp;pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+man+who+was+a+woman+and+other+queer+tales+of+Hindu+lore&amp;rft.pages=71&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1560231813&amp;rft.aulast=Pattanaik&amp;rft.aufirst=Devdutt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdsk9xfOp6oC%26q%3Dmohini%26pg%3DPA71&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Mohini#Relationship_with_Shiva" title="Mohini">Mohini#Relationship with Shiva</a> for details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saletore-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saletore_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRN_Saletore1981" class="citation book cs1">RN Saletore (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETz3_bv8t0cC&amp;pg=PA93"><i>Indian Witchcraft</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p.&#160;93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391024809" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391024809"><bdi>978-0391024809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Witchcraft&amp;rft.pages=93&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-0391024809&amp;rft.au=RN+Saletore&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DETz3_bv8t0cC%26pg%3DPA93&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004&#91;httpsarchiveorgdetailsofferingflowersf00mcdapagen166_156&#93;-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsofferingflowersf00mcdapagen166_156]_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2004">McDaniel 2004</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/offeringflowersf00mcda/page/n166">156</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mani-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mani_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVettam_Mani1975" class="citation book cs1">Vettam Mani (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/62">62</a>, 515–516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0842608220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0842608220"><bdi>978-0842608220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+a+Comprehensive+Dictionary+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&amp;rft.pages=62%2C+515-516&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-0842608220&amp;rft.au=Vettam+Mani&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger1-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doniger1_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2005" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfA9ByNVjZ8C&amp;pg=PA72"><i>The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;72, 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226156439" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226156439"><bdi>978-0226156439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bedtrick%3A+Tales+of+Sex+and+Masquerade&amp;rft.pages=72%2C+206&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226156439&amp;rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfA9ByNVjZ8C%26pg%3DPA72&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For description of the nataraja form see: <a href="#CITEREFJansen1993">Jansen 1993</a>, pp.&#160;110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For interpretation of the <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">naṭarāja</i></span></i> form see: <a href="#CITEREFZimmer1972">Zimmer 1972</a>, pp.&#160;151–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For names Nartaka (<i>Sanskrit</i> नर्तक) and Nityanarta (Sanskrit नित्यनर्त) as names of Shiva, see: <a href="#CITEREFSharma1996">Sharma 1996</a>, p.&#160;289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For prominence of these associations in puranic times, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For popularity of the <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nṛtyamūrti</i></span></i> and prevalence in South India, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a439Klostermaier1984151&#39;&#39;Shiva_the_Dancer&#39;&#39;-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a439Klostermaier1984151&#39;&#39;Shiva_the_Dancer&#39;&#39;_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;439; <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier1984">Klostermaier 1984</a>, p.&#160;151, <i>Shiva the Dancer</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassey" class="citation book cs1">Massey, Reginald. "India's Kathak Dance". <i>India's Kathak Dance, Past Present, Future</i>. Abhinav Publications. p.&#160;8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=India%27s+Kathak+Dance&amp;rft.btitle=India%27s+Kathak+Dance%2C+Past+Present%2C+Future&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.aulast=Massey&amp;rft.aufirst=Reginald&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VMoorthy-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VMoorthy_293-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VMoorthy_293-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorthy2001" class="citation book cs1">Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). <i>Romance of the Raga</i>. Abhinav Publications. p.&#160;96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Romance+of+the+Raga&amp;rft.pages=96&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Moorthy&amp;rft.aufirst=Vijaya&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2001" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David Adams (2001). <i>A Dictionary of Asian Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p.&#160;45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Asian+Mythology&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Leeming&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Adams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadha1992" class="citation book cs1">Radha, Sivananda (1992). "Mantra of Muladhara Chakra". <i>Kuṇḍalinī Yoga</i>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p.&#160;304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Mantra+of+Muladhara+Chakra&amp;rft.btitle=Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dalin%C4%AB+Yoga&amp;rft.pages=304&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.aulast=Radha&amp;rft.aufirst=Sivananda&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123213949/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en">"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23"</a>. 23 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en">the original</a> on 23 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Srimad+Bhagavatam+Canto+1+Chapter+2+Verse+23&amp;rft.date=2010-11-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fsb%2F1%2F2%2F23%2Fen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For iconographic description of the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</i></span> form, see: <a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, p.&#160;47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the deer-throne and the audience of sages as <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</i></span>, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For characterization of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</i></span> as a mostly south Indian form, see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier (2008) [1899]. <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>. Universität zu Köln. p.&#160;756.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&amp;rft.pages=756&amp;rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+zu+K%C3%B6ln&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Monier&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197634,_49-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197634,_49_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, pp.&#160;34, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For evolution of this story from early sources to the epic period, when it was used to enhance Shiva's increasing influence, see: Chakravarti, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg specifically rejects the translation by Frederique Marglin (1989) as "half-man, half-woman", and instead adopts the translation by Marglin as "the lord who is half woman" as given in Marglin (1989, 216). <a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2002">Goldberg (2002)</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/33339/Ardhanarisvara">"Ardhanārīśvara"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210926/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/33339/Ardhanarisvara">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ardhan%C4%81r%C4%AB%C5%9Bvara&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F33339%2FArdhanarisvara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao,_(1916)._Elements_of_Hindu_Iconography._Vol._2:_Part_I._Madras:_Law_Printing_House1916" class="citation book cs1">Rao, (1916). Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House, T.A. Gopinatha (1916). <i>Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I</i>. Madras: Law Printing House. pp.&#160;338–343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+Iconography.+Vol.+2%3A+Part+I&amp;rft.place=Madras&amp;rft.pages=338-343&amp;rft.pub=Law+Printing+House&amp;rft.date=1916&amp;rft.aulast=Rao%2C+%281916%29.+Elements+of+Hindu+Iconography.+Vol.+2%3A+Part+I.+Madras%3A+Law+Printing+House&amp;rft.aufirst=T.A.+Gopinatha&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For five as a sacred number, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, pp.&#160;182–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For distinct iconography, see <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For association with the five faces and other groups of five, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the epithets <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1camukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcamukha">pañcamukha</a></i></span></i> and <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cavaktra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcavaktra">pañcavaktra</a></i></span></i>, both of which mean "five faces", as epithets of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śiva</i></span>, see: <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p.&#160;578, middle column.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For variation in attributions among texts, see: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a184-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a184_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation from <i>Pañcabrahma Upanishad</i> 31 is from: <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1981">Kramrisch 1981</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004446-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004446_316-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrinivasan2004">Srinivasan 2004</a>, p.&#160;446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl"><i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/309">309</a>–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300062175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300062175"><bdi>978-0300062175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&amp;rft.pages=309-310&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0300062175&amp;rft.au=James+C.+Harle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004447-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2004447_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrinivasan2004">Srinivasan 2004</a>, pp.&#160;447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniélou1991p222-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniélou1991p222_319-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1991" class="citation book cs1">Alain Daniélou (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani"><i>The Myths and Gods of India</i></a></span>. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear &amp; Co. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/222">222</a>–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892813544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892813544"><bdi>978-0892813544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India&amp;rft.series=Princeton+Bollingen+Series&amp;rft.pages=222-224&amp;rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0892813544&amp;rft.au=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsgodsofindia00dani&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a171–185-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a171–185_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, pp.&#160;171–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.V" class="citation book cs1">K.V, Anantharaman. "Chapter X – Omnipotence of Siva Linga". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/295754"><i>Siva Gita A Critical Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F295754">10603/295754</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230125037/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/295754">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+X+%E2%80%93+Omnipotence+of+Siva+Linga&amp;rft.btitle=Siva+Gita+A+Critical+Study&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F295754&amp;rft.aulast=K.V&amp;rft.aufirst=Anantharaman&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F10603%2F295754&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221_322-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a221_322-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216Flood199629Tattwananda198449–52-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004216Flood199629Tattwananda198449–52_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p.&#160;216; <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;29; <a href="#CITEREFTattwananda1984">Tattwananda 1984</a>, pp.&#160;49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicalingam-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannicalingam_324-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicalingam_324-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicalingam_324-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingam">Lingam: Hindu symbol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224444/https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingam">Archived</a> 11 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit to English Dictionary, लिङ्ग, p. 901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudit_Kornberg_Greenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC&amp;pg=PA572"><i>Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&#160;572–573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099801"><bdi>978-1851099801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Love+in+World+Religions&amp;rft.pages=572-573&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1851099801&amp;rft.au=Yudit+Kornberg+Greenberg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGoag6b3JvYC%26pg%3DPA572&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Flaherty,_Wendy_Doniger1981" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1981). <i>Śiva, the erotic ascetic</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195202503" title="Special:BookSources/0195202503"><bdi>0195202503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9Aiva%2C+the+erotic+ascetic&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=0195202503&amp;rft.au=O%27Flaherty%2C+Wendy+Doniger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Flaherty,_Wendy_Doniger2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2013). <i>On Hinduism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199360079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199360079"><bdi>978-0199360079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+Hinduism&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199360079&amp;rft.au=O%27Flaherty%2C+Wendy+Doniger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Flaherty,_Wendy_Doniger2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2009). <i>The Hindus: An Alternative History</i>. United States: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143116691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143116691"><bdi>978-0143116691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&amp;rft.place=United+States&amp;rft.pub=Viking+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0143116691&amp;rft.au=O%27Flaherty%2C+Wendy+Doniger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohit_Dasgupta2014" class="citation book cs1">Rohit Dasgupta (2014). Michael Kimmel; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA107"><i>Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. p.&#160;107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759123144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759123144"><bdi>978-0759123144</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA107#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Penis&amp;rft.pages=107&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0759123144&amp;rft.au=Rohit+Dasgupta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHytBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2006" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (2006). "Editor's Introduction". <i>The Indispensable Vivekananda</i>. Orient Blackswan. pp.&#160;25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=The+Indispensable+Vivekananda&amp;rft.pages=25-26&amp;rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Sen&amp;rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivananda_1996-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sivananda_1996_332-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivananda_1996_332-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivananda_1996_332-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivananda1996" class="citation book cs1">Sivananda, Swami (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlshq.org/download/lordsiva.htm#_VPID_80">"Worship of Siva Linga"</a>. <i>Lord Siva and His Worship</i>. The Divine Life Trust Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218010322/http://www.dlshq.org/download/lordsiva.htm#_VPID_80">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Worship+of+Siva+Linga&amp;rft.btitle=Lord+Siva+and+His+Worship&amp;rft.pub=The+Divine+Life+Trust+Society&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Sivananda&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlshq.org%2Fdownload%2Flordsiva.htm%23_VPID_80&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26_333-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a26_333-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abha70-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abha70_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Agehananda_Bharati1970" class="citation book cs1">Swami Agehananda Bharati (1970). <i>The Tantric Tradition</i>. Red Wheel/Weiser. p.&#160;294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877282536" title="Special:BookSources/0877282536"><bdi>0877282536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tantric+Tradition&amp;rft.pages=294&amp;rft.pub=Red+Wheel%2FWeiser&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.isbn=0877282536&amp;rft.au=Swami+Agehananda+Bharati&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143_335-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balagangadhara,_S.N.,_Sarah_Claerhout_118–143_335-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalagangadharaClaerhout2008" class="citation journal cs1">Balagangadhara, S. N.; Claerhout, Sarah (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820023251/http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf">"Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies</i>. <b>7</b> (19): 118–143. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religions+and+Ideologies&amp;rft.atitle=Are+Dialogues+Antidotes+to+Violence%3F+Two+Recent+Examples+From+Hinduism+Studies&amp;rft.ssn=spring&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=118-143&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Balagangadhara&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+N.&amp;rft.au=Claerhout%2C+Sarah&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsri.ro%2Fnew%2F%3Fdownload%3D19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acahin-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acahin_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajiv_Malhotra2016" class="citation book cs1">Rajiv Malhotra (2016). <i>Academic Hinduphobia: A critique of Wendy Doniger's erotic school of Indology</i>. Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9385485015" title="Special:BookSources/978-9385485015"><bdi>978-9385485015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Academic+Hinduphobia%3A+A+critique+of+Wendy+Doniger%27s+erotic+school+of+Indology&amp;rft.pub=Voice+of+India&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-9385485015&amp;rft.au=Rajiv+Malhotra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inreinter-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inreinter_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Hindu Goddess Reinterpreted". <i>Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America</i>. Rupa &amp; Co. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129111821" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129111821"><bdi>978-8129111821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Goddess+Reinterpreted&amp;rft.btitle=Invading+the+Sacred%3A+An+Analysis+of+Hinduism+Studies+in+America&amp;rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-8129111821&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_M._Braverman2004" class="citation web cs1">Amy M. Braverman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0412/features/">"The interpretation of gods"</a>. University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410205947/http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0412/features/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+interpretation+of+gods&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=Amy+M.+Braverman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.uchicago.edu%2F0412%2Ffeatures%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1981" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA543"><i>A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p.&#160;543 footnote 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802643" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802643"><bdi>978-8120802643</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA543#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.pages=543+footnote+4&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120802643&amp;rft.aulast=Winternitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Moriz&amp;rft.au=V.+Srinivasa+Sarma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C%26pg%3DPA543&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E.U.Harding-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E.U.Harding_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1998" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". <i>Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#160;156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814509" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814509"><bdi>978-8120814509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=God%2C+the+Father&amp;rft.btitle=Kali%3A+The+Black+Goddess+of+Dakshineswar&amp;rft.pages=156-157&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120814509&amp;rft.aulast=Harding&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+U.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paris_congress-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paris_congress_341-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paris_congress_341-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda" class="citation book cs1">Vivekananda, Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm">"The Paris congress of the history of religions"</a>. <i>The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda</i>. Vol.&#160;4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162216/http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Paris+congress+of+the+history+of+religions&amp;rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Swami+Vivekananda&amp;rft.aulast=Vivekananda&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramakrishnavivekananda.info%2Fvivekananda%2Fvolume_4%2Ftranslation_prose%2Fthe_paris_congress.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwati_Mitra2011" class="citation book cs1">Swati Mitra (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0RpUoGiou4C&amp;pg=PA25"><i>Omkareshwar and Maheshwar</i></a>. Eicher Goodearth and Madhya Pradesh Government. p.&#160;25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9380262246" title="Special:BookSources/978-9380262246"><bdi>978-9380262246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Omkareshwar+and+Maheshwar&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.pub=Eicher+Goodearth+and+Madhya+Pradesh+Government&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-9380262246&amp;rft.au=Swati+Mitra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0RpUoGiou4C%26pg%3DPA25&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1982" class="citation book cs1">Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). <i>Avatar and incarnation</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195203615" title="Special:BookSources/0195203615"><bdi>0195203615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Avatar+and+incarnation&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pages=88&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=0195203615&amp;rft.aulast=Parrinder&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+Geoffrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1981" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA543"><i>A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#160;543–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802643" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802643"><bdi>978-8120802643</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA543#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.pages=543-544&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120802643&amp;rft.aulast=Winternitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Moriz&amp;rft.au=V.+Srinivasa+Sarma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C%26pg%3DPA543&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823922871" title="Special:BookSources/0823922871">0823922871</a>, p. 635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1982" class="citation book cs1">Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). <i>Avatar and incarnation</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195203615" title="Special:BookSources/0195203615"><bdi>0195203615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Avatar+and+incarnation&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pages=87-88&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=0195203615&amp;rft.aulast=Parrinder&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+Geoffrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf2007" class="citation book cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&amp;q=avatara+Hanuman&amp;pg=PT333"><i>Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p.&#160;44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195309218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195309218"><bdi>978-0195309218</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131656/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&amp;q=avatara+Hanuman&amp;pg=PT333#v=snippet&amp;q=avatara%20Hanuman&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+tale%3A+the+messages+of+a+divine+monkey&amp;rft.pages=44&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195309218&amp;rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVFC2Nx-LP8C%26q%3Davatara%2BHanuman%26pg%3DPT333&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvík1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvík (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&amp;q=Hanuman+Rudra&amp;pg=PA10"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp.&#160;10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120811225" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120811225"><bdi>978-8120811225</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131657/https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&amp;q=Hanuman+Rudra&amp;pg=PA10#v=snippet&amp;q=Hanuman%20Rudra&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&amp;rft.pages=10-11&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120811225&amp;rft.au=Catherine+Ludv%C3%ADk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C%26q%3DHanuman%2BRudra%26pg%3DPA10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985) "Hanuman Chalisa" p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Footnote_1_HH_Wilson-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Footnote_1_HH_Wilson_351-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp044.htm#fn_229">"Footnote 70:1 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter IX"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909124522/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp044.htm#fn_229">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Footnote+70%3A1+to+Horace+Hayman+Wilson%27s+English+translation+of+The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+Book+I+%E2%80%93+Chapter+IX&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fvp%2Fvp044.htm%23fn_229&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Footnote_2_HH_Wilson-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Footnote_2_HH_Wilson_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp045.htm#fn_243">"Footnote 83:4 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter X"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805200504/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp045.htm#fn_243">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Footnote+83%3A4+to+Horace+Hayman+Wilson%27s+English+translation+of+The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+Book+I+%E2%80%93+Chapter+X&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fvp%2Fvp045.htm%23fn_243&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhagavata_Purana_4.1-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhagavata_Purana_4.1_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829232539/http://vedabase.net/sb/4/1/en1">"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 4 Chapter 1 – English translation by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/sb/4/1/en1">the original</a> on 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Srimad+Bhagavatam+Canto+4+Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+English+translation+by+A.C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami+Prabhupada&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fsb%2F4%2F1%2Fen1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8fkLggRFFBwC"><i>A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara</i></a>. Translated by Mayeda, Sengaku. State University of New York Press. 1979. p.&#160;4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791409435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791409435"><bdi>978-0791409435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Teachings%3A+The+Upadesasahasri+of+Sankara&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791409435&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8fkLggRFFBwC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raj2012p152-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raj2012p152_355-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raj2012p152_355-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Pechilis2012" class="citation book cs1">Karen Pechilis (2012). Selva J. Raj (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h80yOTwlAUcC&amp;pg=PA152"><i>Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp.&#160;152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791482001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791482001"><bdi>978-0791482001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dealing+with+Deities%3A+The+Ritual+Vow+in+South+Asia&amp;rft.pages=152-153&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791482001&amp;rft.au=Karen+Pechilis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh80yOTwlAUcC%26pg%3DPA152&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186JonesRyan2006269-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010137,_186JonesRyan2006269_356-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp.&#160;137, 186; <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269_357-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269_357-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269Long1982189–217-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006269Long1982189–217_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;269; <a href="#CITEREFLong1982">Long 1982</a>, pp.&#160;189–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCath_Senker2007" class="citation book cs1">Cath Senker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGZ5dWKRw5EC&amp;pg=PA12"><i>My Hindu Year</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp.&#160;12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1404237315" title="Special:BookSources/978-1404237315"><bdi>978-1404237315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=My+Hindu+Year&amp;rft.pages=12-13&amp;rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1404237315&amp;rft.au=Cath+Senker&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGZ5dWKRw5EC%26pg%3DPA12&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuriel_Marion_Underhill1991" class="citation book cs1">Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). <i>The Hindu Religious Year</i>. Asian Educational Services. pp.&#160;95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120605233" title="Special:BookSources/8120605233"><bdi>8120605233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Year&amp;rft.pages=95-96&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=8120605233&amp;rft.au=Muriel+Marion+Underhill&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/tubers-are-the-veggies-of-the-day-to-celebrate-thiruvathira-in-kerala/article30522721.ece">"Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110145431/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/tubers-are-the-veggies-of-the-day-to-celebrate-thiruvathira-in-kerala/article30522721.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tubers+are+the+veggies+of+choice+to+celebrate+Thiruvathira&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ffood%2Ftubers-are-the-veggies-of-the-day-to-celebrate-thiruvathira-in-kerala%2Farticle30522721.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/thiruvathira-and-its-unique-traditions.html">"Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth"</a>. Manorama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112618/http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/thiruvathira-and-its-unique-traditions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thiruvathira+%E2%80%93+Kerala%27s+own+version+of+Karva+Chauth&amp;rft.pub=Manorama&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.manoramaonline.com%2Ftravel%2Fessential-kerala%2Fthiruvathira-and-its-unique-traditions.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006112–113-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006112–113_363-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, pp.&#160;112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200639,_140-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200639,_140_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, pp.&#160;39, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManju_Bhatnagar1988" class="citation journal cs1">Manju Bhatnagar (1988). "The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 63–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178252">10.2307/1178252</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178252">1178252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+Monsoon+Festival+Teej+in+Rajasthan&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=63-72&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178252&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.au=Manju+Bhatnagar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994" class="citation journal cs1">Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). "The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 259–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178647">10.2307/1178647</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178647">1178647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+Songs+of+Tij%3A+A+Genre+of+Critical+Commentary+for+Women+in+Nepal&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=259-305&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178647&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Skinner&amp;rft.aufirst=Debra&amp;rft.au=Holland%2C+Dorothy&amp;rft.au=Adhikari%2C+G.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-david_367-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David N. Lorenzen (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/600151">Warrior Ascetics in Indian History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105162150/https://www.jstor.org/stable/600151">Archived</a> 5 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinch-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pinch_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107406377" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107406377">978-1107406377</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301_369-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006301_369-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalhoro2018" class="citation news cs1">Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1392074">"The thriving Shiva festival in Umarkot is a reminder of Sindh's Hindu heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516110256/https://www.dawn.com/news/1392074">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dawn&amp;rft.atitle=The+thriving+Shiva+festival+in+Umarkot+is+a+reminder+of+Sindh%27s+Hindu+heritage&amp;rft.date=2018-02-27&amp;rft.aulast=Kalhoro&amp;rft.aufirst=Zulfiqar+Ali&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1392074&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose196616,_123,_494–495,_550–552-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose196616,_123,_494–495,_550–552_371-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhose1966">Ghose 1966</a>, pp.&#160;16, 123, 494–495, 550–552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1966130–131,_550–552-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1966130–131,_550–552_372-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhose1966">Ghose 1966</a>, pp.&#160;130–131, 550–552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hariani Santiko (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725">The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725">Archived</a> 22 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17_374-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose196615–17_374-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhose1966">Ghose 1966</a>, pp.&#160;15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSena_Wangi1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sena Wangi, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsites%2Fsilkroad%2Ffiles%2Fknowledge-bank-article%2Fvol_III%2520silk%2520road_religions%2520and%2520religious%2520movements%2520II.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfried_Corduan" class="citation book cs1">Winfried Corduan. <i>Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions</i>. 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Hemkunt Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170103257" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170103257"><bdi>978-8170103257</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132114/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&amp;q=chaubis+avtar&amp;pg=PA16#v=snippet&amp;q=chaubis%20avtar&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leiden and Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp.&#160;402–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004340503_019">10.1163/9789004340503_019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004340497" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004340497"><bdi>978-9004340497</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2452-0098">2452-0098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132129/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-9DgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA402#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Between+China+and+Tibet%3A+Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la+Worship+and+Esoteric+Buddhism+in+the+Dali+Kingdom&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Tibetan+Esoteric+Buddhism&amp;rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&amp;rft.series=Studies+on+East+Asian+Religions&amp;rft.pages=402-428&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.issn=2452-0098&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004340503_019&amp;rft.isbn=978-9004340497&amp;rft.aulast=Bryson&amp;rft.aufirst=Megan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMz-9DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA402&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalupahana_2001-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana_2001_387-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana, David J.</a> (2001) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_FJcRDXhfQC&amp;pg=PA95">"Integration of Sūtra and Tantra: Śiva, Śakti interpreted as <i>Prajña</i>, <i>Upāya</i>"</a>. <i>Buddhist Thought and Ritual</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p.&#160;95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817739" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817739"><bdi>978-8120817739</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/487199178">487199178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Integration+of+S%C5%ABtra+and+Tantra%3A+%C5%9Aiva%2C+%C5%9Aakti+interpreted+as+Praj%C3%B1a%2C+Up%C4%81ya&amp;rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought+and+Ritual&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pages=95&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F487199178&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120817739&amp;rft.aulast=Kalupahana&amp;rft.aufirst=David+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_FJcRDXhfQC%26pg%3DPA95&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby_B._Dhs2006" class="citation book cs1">Barnaby B. Dhs (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9aWyaaw9pC0C&amp;pg=PA43"><i>What Is Tantric Practice?</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p.&#160;43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465330093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1465330093"><bdi>978-1465330093</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=What+Is+Tantric+Practice%3F&amp;rft.pages=43&amp;rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1465330093&amp;rft.au=Barnaby+B.+Dhs&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aWyaaw9pC0C%26pg%3DPA43&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ronald M. (18 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC"><i>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p.&#160;151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50102-6"><bdi>978-0-231-50102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Esoteric+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Tantric+Movement&amp;rft.pages=151&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002-12-18&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-50102-6&amp;rft.aulast=Davidson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwyeIyWTlEMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodousSoothill2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538"><i>A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index</i></a>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203641868" title="Special:BookSources/0203641868"><bdi>0203641868</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538">275253538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131029/https://search.worldcat.org/title/275253538">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+terms%3A+with+Sanskrit+and+English+equivalents+and+a+Sanskrit-Pali+index&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F275253538&amp;rft.isbn=0203641868&amp;rft.aulast=Hodous&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis&amp;rft.au=Soothill%2C+William+Edward&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F275253538&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_KieschnickMeir_Shahar2013" class="citation book cs1">John Kieschnick; Meir Shahar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ"><i>India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.&#160;79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4560-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4560-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329150333/https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India+in+the+Chinese+Imagination%3A+Myth%2C+Religion%2C+and+Thought&amp;rft.pages=79-80&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4560-8&amp;rft.au=John+Kieschnick&amp;rft.au=Meir+Shahar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM8eAgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumāra2007" class="citation book cs1">Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lJI9avHstYC"><i>India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-457-8"><bdi>978-81-8069-457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India+and+Central+Asia%3A+Classical+to+Contemporary+Periods&amp;rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-8069-457-8&amp;rft.aulast=Kum%C4%81ra&amp;rft.aufirst=Braja+Bih%C4%81r%C4%AB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lJI9avHstYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Junghee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250524">"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia"</a>. <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>53</b> (3/4): 311–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250524">10.2307/3250524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648">0004-3648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250524">3250524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&amp;rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Pensive+Bodhisattva+Images+of+Asia&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=3%2F4&amp;rft.pages=311-357&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.issn=0004-3648&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250524%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250524&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Junghee&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250524&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_Burton1999" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Burton (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/247391640"><i>The lotus sutra</i></a>. Sri Satguru Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170306337" title="Special:BookSources/8170306337"><bdi>8170306337</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247391640">247391640</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132118/https://search.worldcat.org/title/247391640">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+lotus+sutra&amp;rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247391640&amp;rft.isbn=8170306337&amp;rft.au=Watson%2C+Burton&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F247391640&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jeremy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdfgjV2kw6oC"><i>Japanese Mythology A to Z</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p.&#160;28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438128023" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438128023"><bdi>978-1438128023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Japanese+Mythology+A+to+Z&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-1438128023&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdfgjV2kw6oC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Pratapaditya. <i>Indian Sculpture: 700–1800</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p.&#160;180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+700%E2%80%931800&amp;rft.pages=180&amp;rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&amp;rft.aulast=Pal&amp;rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Morse2015" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Morse (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkmwCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131"><i>Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. p.&#160;131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442248236" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442248236"><bdi>978-1442248236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Folk+Legends+from+Tono%3A+Japan%27s+Spirits%2C+Deities%2C+and+Phantastic+Creatures&amp;rft.pages=131&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-1442248236&amp;rft.au=Ronald+Morse&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkmwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&amp;pg=PA182"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. p.&#160;182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135963903" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135963903"><bdi>978-1135963903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&amp;rft.pages=182&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1135963903&amp;rft.au=Charles+Russell+Coulter&amp;rft.au=Patricia+Turner&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEIngqiKOugC%26pg%3DPA182&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_399-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_399-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lord-shiva-god-of-cool-things-wendy-doniger/1/261983.html">"Shiva, the god of cool things"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411220806/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lord-shiva-god-of-cool-things-wendy-doniger/1/261983.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Shiva%2C+the+god+of+cool+things&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Flord-shiva-god-of-cool-things-wendy-doniger%2F1%2F261983.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/shiva-the-brand-god-who-never-fails/">"Shiva, the brand God who never fails"</a>. <i>Economic Times Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323221439/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/shiva-the-brand-god-who-never-fails/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Economic+Times+Blog&amp;rft.atitle=Shiva%2C+the+brand+God+who+never+fails&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fonmyplate%2Fshiva-the-brand-god-who-never-fails%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cinema-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cinema_401-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cinema_401-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Rachel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&amp;pg=PA50"><i>Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134380701" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134380701"><bdi>978-1134380701</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132117/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&amp;pg=PA50#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Filming+the+Gods%3A+Religion+and+Indian+Cinema&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1134380701&amp;rft.aulast=Dwyer&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsKR1RKoJKUC%26pg%3DPA50&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tv-series-om-namah-shivay-had-52-songs-by-top-singers-director-dheeraj-kumar/1868023">"TV series <i>Om Namah Shivay</i> had 52 songs by top singers: Director Dheeraj Kumar"</a>. <i>www.outlookindia.com/</i>. IANS. 16 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202134054/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tv-series-om-namah-shivay-had-52-songs-by-top-singers-director-dheeraj-kumar/1868023">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=www.outlookindia.com%2F&amp;rft.atitle=TV+series+Om+Namah+Shivay+had+52+songs+by+top+singers%3A+Director+Dheeraj+Kumar&amp;rft.date=2020-06-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Ftv-series-om-namah-shivay-had-52-songs-by-top-singers-director-dheeraj-kumar%2F1868023&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mahadev-tops-TRP-charts-with-a-new-record-of-8-2-TVR/articleshow/16488940.cms">"Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406104803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mahadev-tops-TRP-charts-with-a-new-record-of-8-2-TVR/articleshow/16488940.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&amp;rft.atitle=Mahadev+tops+TRP+charts+with+a+new+record+of+8.2+TVR&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fhindi%2FMahadev-tops-TRP-charts-with-a-new-record-of-8-2-TVR%2Farticleshow%2F16488940.cms&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218_404-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a218_404-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p.&#160;218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govind52-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-govind52_405-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhurye,_G.S.1952" class="citation journal cs1">Ghurye, G.S. (1952). "Ascetic Origins". <i>Sociological Bulletin</i>. <b>1</b> (2). Sociological Bulletin, 1(2): 162–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038022919520206">10.1177/0038022919520206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220049343">220049343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sociological+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Ascetic+Origins&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=162-184&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038022919520206&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220049343%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Ghurye%2C+G.S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brill72-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brill72_406-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patt06-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patt06_407-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp. 162–184.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinmayananda2002" class="citation book cs1">Chinmayananda, Swami (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3jMswEACAAJ"><i>Vishnusahasranama</i></a>. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8175972452" title="Special:BookSources/978-8175972452"><bdi>978-8175972452</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132117/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3jMswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vishnusahasranama&amp;rft.pub=Central+Chinmaya+Mission+Trust&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-8175972452&amp;rft.aulast=Chinmayananda&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3jMswEACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1905" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1905). <i>A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text). Anushasana Parva, Volume 13</i>. Calcutta: Dass, Elysium Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Prose+English+Translation+of+the+Mahabharata%3A+%28translated+Literally+from+the+Original+Sanskrit+Text%29.+Anushasana+Parva%2C+Volume+13.&amp;rft.place=Calcutta&amp;rft.pub=Dass%2C+Elysium+Press&amp;rft.date=1905&amp;rft.aulast=Dutt&amp;rft.aufirst=Manmatha+Nath&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguli2004" class="citation book cs1">Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri0004unse"><i>Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa</i></a></span>. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8121505933" title="Special:BookSources/8121505933"><bdi>8121505933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mahabharata+of+Krishna-Dwaipayana+Vyasa&amp;rft.pub=Munshirm+Manoharlal+Pub+Pvt+Ltd&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=8121505933&amp;rft.aulast=Ganguli&amp;rft.aufirst=Kisari+Mohan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahabharataofkri0004unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSri_Vishnu_Sahasranama1986" class="citation book cs1"><i>Śrī Viṣṇu sahasranāma&#160;: with text, transliteration, translation and commentary of Śrī Śaṅkarācārya</i>. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171204205" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171204205"><bdi>978-8171204205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+sahasran%C4%81ma+%3A+with+text%2C+transliteration%2C+translation+and+commentary+of+%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kar%C4%81c%C4%81rya&amp;rft.place=Madras&amp;rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-8171204205&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTxQmQEACAAJ"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691058870" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691058870"><bdi>978-0691058870</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132118/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTxQmQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0691058870&amp;rft.aulast=Anthony&amp;rft.aufirst=David+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTxQmQEACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vaman_Shivram_Apte" title="Vaman Shivram Apte">Apte, Vaman Shivram</a> (1965). <i>The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary</i> (Fourth revised and enlarged&#160;ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120805674" title="Special:BookSources/8120805674"><bdi>8120805674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.edition=Fourth+revised+and+enlarged&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.isbn=8120805674&amp;rft.aulast=Apte&amp;rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivram&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAryaJoshi2001" class="citation book cs1">Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). <i>Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation</i>. Delhi: Parimal Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E1%B9%9Agveda+Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81%3A+Sanskrit+Text%2C+English+Translation&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Arya&amp;rft.aufirst=Ravi+Prakash&amp;rft.au=Joshi%2C+K.+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008RXWY7O">B008RXWY7O</a> (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170200709" title="Special:BookSources/8170200709">8170200709</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). <i>Empires of the Silk Road</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.aulast=Beckwith&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerreman1963" class="citation book cs1">Berreman, Gerald Duane (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindusofhimalaya00inberr"><i>Hindus of the Himalayas</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hindus+of+the+Himalayas&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.aulast=Berreman&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerald+Duane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindusofhimalaya00inberr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlurton1993" class="citation book cs1">Blurton, T. Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC"><i>Hindu Art</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674391895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674391895"><bdi>978-0674391895</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090452/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hindu+Art&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0674391895&amp;rft.aulast=Blurton&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+Richard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ-lzU_nj_MC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongard-Levin1985" class="citation book cs1">Bongard-Levin, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich (1985). <i>Ancient Indian Civilization</i>. Arnold-Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Civilization&amp;rft.pub=Arnold-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.aulast=Bongard-Levin&amp;rft.aufirst=Grigori%C4%AD+Maksimovich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoon1977" class="citation book cs1">Boon, James A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzI7AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521213981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521213981"><bdi>978-0521213981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Anthropological+Romance+of+Bali+1597%E2%80%931972&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521213981&amp;rft.aulast=Boon&amp;rft.aufirst=James+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzI7AAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC&amp;pg=PA77"><i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791439395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791439395"><bdi>978-0791439395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&amp;rft.pub=SUNY+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791439395&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28CIEnZCcqMC%26pg%3DPA77&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1986" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986). <i>The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages</i> (Second Revised&#160;ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120800532" title="Special:BookSources/8120800532"><bdi>8120800532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Rudra-%C5%9Aiva+Through+The+Ages&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.edition=Second+Revised&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=8120800532&amp;rft.aulast=Chakravarti&amp;rft.aufirst=Mahadev&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitansu_S._Chakravarti1991" class="citation book cs1">Sitansu S. Chakravarti (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC"><i>Hinduism, a Way of Life</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120808997" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120808997"><bdi>978-8120808997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+Way+of+Life&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120808997&amp;rft.au=Sitansu+S.+Chakravarti&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuresh_Chandra1998" class="citation book cs1">Suresh Chandra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC"><i>Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses</i></a>. Sarup &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176250399" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176250399"><bdi>978-8176250399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hindu+Gods+and+Goddesses&amp;rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-8176250399&amp;rft.au=Suresh+Chandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfTE6kpz6XEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidbhavananda1997" class="citation book cs1">Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997). <i>Siva Sahasranama Stotram: With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering</i>. Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120805674" title="Special:BookSources/8120805674"><bdi>8120805674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Siva+Sahasranama+Stotram%3A+With+Navavali%2C+Introduction%2C+and+English+Rendering&amp;rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Tapovanam&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=8120805674&amp;rft.aulast=Chidbhavananda&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> (Third edition). The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC"><i>Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791404463" title="Special:BookSources/0791404463"><bdi>0791404463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Goddess%3A+A+translation+of+the+Devi-Mahatmya+and+a+Study+of+Its+Interpretation&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0791404463&amp;rft.aulast=Coburn&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7vIzNrC-coC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburn2002" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC"><i>Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</i></a>. South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120805577" title="Special:BookSources/8120805577"><bdi>8120805577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB+M%C4%81h%C4%81tmya%2C+The+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&amp;rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=8120805577&amp;rft.aulast=Coburn&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy9kf7_TOHgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtright1985" class="citation book cs1">Courtright, Paul B. (1985). <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇeśa</i></span>: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195057422" title="Special:BookSources/0195057422"><bdi>0195057422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22ISO+15919+Indic+%28Sanskrit+language%29+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EGa%E1%B9%87e%C5%9Ba%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+Lord+of+Obstacles%2C+Lord+of+Beginnings&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=0195057422&amp;rft.aulast=Courtright&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine A.; York, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700712670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700712670"><bdi>978-0700712670</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0700712670&amp;rft.aulast=Cush&amp;rft.aufirst=Denise&amp;rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine+A.&amp;rft.au=York%2C+Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_T0HeWE-EAC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143414216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143414216"><bdi>978-0143414216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0143414216&amp;rft.aulast=Dalal&amp;rft.aufirst=Roshen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1992" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard H. (1992). <i>Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691073866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691073866"><bdi>978-0691073866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ritual+in+an+Oscillating+Universe%3A+Worshipping+%C5%9Aiva+in+Medieval+India&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0691073866&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&amp;pg=PA791"><i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120814677&amp;rft.aulast=Deussen&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC%26pg%3DPA791&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521438780" title="Special:BookSources/0521438780"><bdi>0521438780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=0521438780&amp;rft.aulast=Flood&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405132515" title="Special:BookSources/1405132515"><bdi>1405132515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+%C5%9Aaiva+Traditions&amp;rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&amp;rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=1405132515&amp;rft.aulast=Flood&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">Frawley, David</a>. 2015. Shiva: the lord of yoga. Twin Lakes, WI&#160;: Lotus Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John (2004). <i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691120485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691120485"><bdi>978-0691120485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+society+in+India&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0691120485&amp;rft.aulast=Fuller&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose1966" class="citation book cs1">Ghose, Rajeshwari (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRQ1mgEACAAJ"><i>Saivism in Indonesia During the Hindu-Javanese Period</i></a>. University of Hong Kong.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saivism+in+Indonesia+During+the+Hindu-Javanese+Period&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hong+Kong&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.aulast=Ghose&amp;rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRQ1mgEACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Ellen (2002). <i>The Lord Who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective</i>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/079145326X" title="Special:BookSources/079145326X"><bdi>079145326X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lord+Who+is+Half+Woman%3A+Ardhan%C4%81r%C4%AB%C5%9Bvara+in+Indian+and+Feminist+Perspective&amp;rft.place=Albany&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=079145326X&amp;rft.aulast=Goldberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". <i>Anthropos</i>. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-9774">0257-9774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085">40457085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anthropos&amp;rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Trinity&amp;rft.volume=63%2F64&amp;rft.issue=1%2F2&amp;rft.pages=212-226&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40457085%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.issn=0257-9774&amp;rft.aulast=Gonda&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Gonda, Jan</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004043306" title="Special:BookSources/9004043306"><bdi>9004043306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+3+Southeast+Asia%2C+Religions&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Academic&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=9004043306&amp;rft.aulast=Gonda&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranoff2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Granoff, Phyllis (2003). "Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God". <i>Rivista degli studi orientali</i>. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (1/4): 95–114. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41913237">41913237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Rivista+degli+studi+orientali&amp;rft.atitle=Mahakala%27s+Journey%3A+from+Gana+to+God&amp;rft.volume=77%2C+Fasc.+1%2F4&amp;rft.issue=1%2F4&amp;rft.pages=95-114&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41913237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Granoff&amp;rft.aufirst=Phyllis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1973" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, T. H. (1973). <i>The Hymns of the <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṛgveda</i></span></i> (New Revised&#160;ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/812080046X" title="Special:BookSources/812080046X"><bdi>812080046X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+the+%3Cspan+title%3D%22ISO+15919+Indic+%28Sanskrit+language%29+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3E%E1%B9%9Agveda%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.edition=New+Revised&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=812080046X&amp;rft.aulast=Griffith&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1988" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Shakti M. (1988). <i>Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva</i>. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170391865" title="Special:BookSources/8170391865"><bdi>8170391865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Karttikeya%3A+The+Son+of+Shiva&amp;rft.place=Bombay&amp;rft.pub=Somaiya+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=8170391865&amp;rft.aulast=Gupta&amp;rft.aufirst=Shakti+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiriyanna2000" class="citation book cs1">Hiriyanna, M. (2000). <i>The Essentials of Indian Philosophy</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120813304" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120813304"><bdi>978-8120813304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Indian+Philosophy&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120813304&amp;rft.aulast=Hiriyanna&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1969" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, E. Washburn (1969). <i>Epic Mythology</i>. New York: Biblo and Tannen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Epic+Mythology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Biblo+and+Tannen&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.aulast=Hopkins&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Washburn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in 1915.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Keith (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47286228"><i>A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28261-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28261-6"><bdi>0-452-28261-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47286228">47286228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+World+Full+of+Gods%3A+The+Strange+Triumph+of+Christianity&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Plume&amp;rft.date=2001-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47286228&amp;rft.isbn=0-452-28261-6&amp;rft.aulast=Hopkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F47286228&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Robert (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n419/mode/2up">"Shvetashvatara Upanishad"</a>. <i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Shvetashvatara+Upanishad&amp;rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1921&amp;rft.aulast=Hume&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn419%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssittMain2014" class="citation book cs1">Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmFhBQAAQBAJ"><i>Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610694780" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610694780"><bdi>978-1610694780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hidden+Religion%3A+The+Greatest+Mysteries+and+Symbols+of+the+World%27s+Religious+Beliefs&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1610694780&amp;rft.aulast=Issitt&amp;rft.aufirst=Micah+Lee&amp;rft.au=Main%2C+Carlyn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmFhBQAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen1993" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993). <i>The Book of Hindu Imagery</i>. Havelte, Holland: Binkey Kok Publications BV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9074597076" title="Special:BookSources/9074597076"><bdi>9074597076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Hindu+Imagery&amp;rft.place=Havelte%2C+Holland&amp;rft.pub=Binkey+Kok+Publications+BV&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=9074597076&amp;rft.aulast=Jansen&amp;rft.aufirst=Eva+Rudy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavid2008" class="citation book cs1">Javid, Ali (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&amp;pg=PA21"><i>World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India</i></a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875864846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875864846"><bdi>978-0875864846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Monuments+and+Related+Edifices+in+India&amp;rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0875864846&amp;rft.aulast=Javid&amp;rft.aufirst=Ali&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54XBlIF9LFgC%26pg%3DPA21&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816075645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816075645"><bdi>978-0816075645</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Infobase&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0816075645&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Constance&amp;rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC"><i>India: A History</i></a>. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802137970" title="Special:BookSources/0802137970"><bdi>0802137970</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Grove+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0802137970&amp;rft.aulast=Keay&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3aeQqmcXBhoC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenoyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). <i>Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization</i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities+of+the+Indus+Valley+Civilization&amp;rft.place=Karachi&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.aulast=Kenoyer&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520908833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520908833"><bdi>978-0520908833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=978-0520908833&amp;rft.aulast=Kinsley&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesvi0000kins&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803947" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803947"><bdi>978-8120803947</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111150125/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120803947&amp;rft.aulast=Kinsley&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgTOZEyrVtIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (1984). <i>Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India</i>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0889201583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0889201583"><bdi>978-0889201583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mythologies+and+Philosophies+of+Salvation+in+the+Theistic+Traditions+of+India&amp;rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0889201583&amp;rft.aulast=Klostermaier&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1981" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, Stella (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manifestationsof00kram"><i>Manifestations of Shiva</i></a>. Philadelphia Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0876330395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0876330395"><bdi>978-0876330395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Manifestations+of+Shiva&amp;rft.pub=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-0876330395&amp;rft.aulast=Kramrisch&amp;rft.aufirst=Stella&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanifestationsof00kram&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1994a" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presenceofsiva0000kram"><i>The Presence of Śiva</i></a></span>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691019304" title="Special:BookSources/0691019304"><bdi>0691019304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+%C5%9Aiva&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0691019304&amp;rft.aulast=Kramrisch&amp;rft.aufirst=Stella&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresenceofsiva0000kram&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunst1968" class="citation journal cs1">Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 309–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00146531">10.1017/S0041977X00146531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:179086253">179086253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Some+notes+on+the+interpretation+of+the+%E1%B9%A4vet%C4%81%E1%B9%A5vatara+Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=309-314&amp;rft.date=1968-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00146531&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A179086253%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Kunst&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnold&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 &amp; 2</i></a></span>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798"><bdi>978-0823931798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+1+%26+2&amp;rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0823931798&amp;rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1982" class="citation book cs1">Long, Bruce (1982). Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E. Yocum (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PozZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka (Chapter: "Mahāśivaratri: the Saiva festival of repentance")</i></a>. Manohar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836409000" title="Special:BookSources/9780836409000"><bdi>9780836409000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Religious+Festivals+in+South+India+and+Sri+Lanka+%28Chapter%3A+%22Mah%C4%81%C5%9Bivaratri%3A+the+Saiva+festival+of+repentance%22%29&amp;rft.pub=Manohar&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=9780836409000&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPozZAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1996" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1996). <i>A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary</i>. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8121507154" title="Special:BookSources/8121507154"><bdi>8121507154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=8121507154&amp;rft.aulast=Macdonell&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Mallinson, James (2007). <i>The Shiva Samhita, A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson</i>. Woodstock, NY: YogVidya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0971646650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0971646650"><bdi>978-0971646650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shiva+Samhita%2C+A+critical+edition+and+English+translation+by+James+Mallinson&amp;rft.place=Woodstock%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=YogVidya&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0971646650&amp;rft.aulast=Mallinson&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchand2007" class="citation book cs1">Marchand, Peter (2007). <i>The Yoga of Truth: Jnana: The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge</i>. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594771651" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594771651"><bdi>978-1594771651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Truth%3A+Jnana%3A+The+Ancient+Path+of+Silent+Knowledge&amp;rft.place=Rochester%2C+VT&amp;rft.pub=Destiny+Books&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1594771651&amp;rft.aulast=Marchand&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMate1988" class="citation book cs1">Mate, M. S. (1988). <i>Temples and Legends of Maharashtra</i>. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Temples+and+Legends+of+Maharashtra&amp;rft.place=Bombay&amp;rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.aulast=Mate&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, June (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&amp;pg=PA90"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls&#160;: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195347135" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195347135"><bdi>978-0195347135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls+%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195347135&amp;rft.aulast=McDaniel&amp;rft.aufirst=June&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC%26pg%3DPA90&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Axel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC"><i>Hinduism: Past and Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691089522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691089522"><bdi>978-0691089522</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133244/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Past+and+Present&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0691089522&amp;rft.aulast=Michaels&amp;rft.aufirst=Axel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjID3TuoiOMQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition". <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>29</b> (3/4): 19–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518337">10.2307/3518337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518337">3518337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=From+%27Brahmanism%27+to+%27Hinduism%27%3A+Negotiating+the+Myth+of+the+Great+Tradition&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=3%2F4&amp;rft.pages=19-50&amp;rft.date=2001-03%2F2001-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3518337&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Nath&amp;rft.aufirst=Vijay&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumayer2013" class="citation book cs1">Neumayer, Erwin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harappa.com/content/prehistoric-rock-art-india"><i>Prehistoric Rock Art of India</i></a>. OUP India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198060987" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198060987"><bdi>978-0198060987</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122504/https://www.harappa.com/content/prehistoric-rock-art-india">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Rock+Art+of+India&amp;rft.pub=OUP+India&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0198060987&amp;rft.aulast=Neumayer&amp;rft.aufirst=Erwin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harappa.com%2Fcontent%2Fprehistoric-rock-art-india&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2012" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Lisa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC"><i>Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004206298" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004206298"><bdi>978-9004206298</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110024231/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Carving+Devotion+in+the+Jain+Caves+at+Ellora&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Academic&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-9004206298&amp;rft.aulast=Owen&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHK2WE8xAzYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2015" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438416182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438416182"><bdi>978-1438416182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Goddess+in+the+Hindu+Tradition&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-1438416182&amp;rft.aulast=Pintchman&amp;rft.aufirst=Tracy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsDpBwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2014" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791490495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791490495"><bdi>978-0791490495</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133244/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791490495&amp;rft.aulast=Pintchman&amp;rft.aufirst=Tracy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2016" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Robert (2016). <i>Himalayan Drawings</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317709091" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317709091"><bdi>978-1317709091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Himalayan+Drawings&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1317709091&amp;rft.aulast=Powell&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentiss2000" class="citation book cs1">Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC"><i>The Embodiment of Bhakti</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903"><bdi>978-0195351903</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133346/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Embodiment+of+Bhakti&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195351903&amp;rft.aulast=Prentiss&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+Pechilis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu95WgeUBfEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Puranas&amp;rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-3447025225&amp;rft.aulast=Rocher&amp;rft.aufirst=Ludo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenSchweig2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven; Schweig, Graham M. (2006). <i>Essential Hinduism</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Rosen&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft.au=Schweig%2C+Graham+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadasivan2000" class="citation book cs1">Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC"><i>A Social History of India</i></a>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176481700" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176481700"><bdi>978-8176481700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133315/https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+India&amp;rft.pub=APH+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-8176481700&amp;rft.aulast=Sadasivan&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe3PCvzf-BYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli</a> (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n929/mode/2up"><i>The Principal Upanishads</i></a>, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (1994 Reprint), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8172231245" title="Special:BookSources/8172231245"><bdi>8172231245</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Principal+Upanishads&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India+%281994+Reprint%29&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.isbn=8172231245&amp;rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarvapalli&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPrincipalUpanishads%2F129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan%23page%2Fn929%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1898" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, A Mahadeva (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/amritabindukaiva00mahauoft#page/70/mode/2up"><i>Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries</i></a>. Thomson &amp; Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Amritabindu+and+Kaivalya+Upanishads+with+Commentaries&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=1898&amp;rft.aulast=Sastri&amp;rft.aufirst=A+Mahadeva&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famritabindukaiva00mahauoft%23page%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarup1998" class="citation book cs1">Sarup, Lakshman (1998) [1927]. <i>The <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nighaṇṭu</i></span> and The Nirukta</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120813812" title="Special:BookSources/8120813812"><bdi>8120813812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+%3Cspan+title%3D%22ISO+15919+Indic+%28Sanskrit+language%29+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3ENigha%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADu%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+The+Nirukta&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=8120813812&amp;rft.aulast=Sarup&amp;rft.aufirst=Lakshman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharf1996" class="citation book cs1">Scharf, Peter M. (1996). <i>The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā</i>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871698636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871698636"><bdi>978-0871698636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Denotation+of+Generic+Terms+in+Ancient+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Grammar%2C+Ny%C4%81ya%2C+and+M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&amp;rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0871698636&amp;rft.aulast=Scharf&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Arvind (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C"><i>Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195644418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195644418"><bdi>978-0195644418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Thought%3A+An+Introduction&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195644418&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Arvind&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDmUToaeMJ0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1988" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). <i>Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata</i> (Second&#160;ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120805445" title="Special:BookSources/8120805445"><bdi>8120805445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elements+of+Poetry+in+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=8120805445&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Ram+Karan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1990" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Debabrata Sen (1990). <i>The philosophy of sādhanā&#160;: with special reference to the Trika philosophy of Kashmir</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791403471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791403471"><bdi>978-0791403471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+s%C4%81dhan%C4%81+%3A+with+special+reference+to+the+Trika+philosophy+of+Kashmir&amp;rft.place=Albany&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791403471&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Debabrata+Sen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Karan_Sharma" title="Ram Karan Sharma">Sharma, Ram Karan</a> (1996). <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam</i></span>: Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva</i>. Delhi: Nag Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170813506" title="Special:BookSources/8170813506"><bdi>8170813506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22ISO+15919+Indic+%28Sanskrit+language%29+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3E%C5%9Aivasahasran%C4%81m%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADakam%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+Eight+Collections+of+Hymns+Containing+One+Thousand+and+Eight+Names+of+%C5%9Aiva&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Nag+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=8170813506&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Ram+Karan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra with comparative analysis and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa (A Dictionary of Names). The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1989" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, S. P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro". <i>Purātattva</i>. <b>19</b>: 19–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pur%C4%81tattva&amp;rft.atitle=Rgvedic+Base+of+the+Pasupati+Seal+of+Mohenjo-Daro&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.pages=19-26&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.aulast=Singh&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1998" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, Dineschandra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I969qn5fpvcC&amp;pg=PA3"><i>The Śākta Pīṭhas</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120808799" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120808799"><bdi>978-8120808799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C4%81kta+P%C4%AB%E1%B9%ADhas&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120808799&amp;rft.aulast=Sircar&amp;rft.aufirst=Dineschandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI969qn5fpvcC%26pg%3DPA3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivaramamurti1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Sivaramamurti" title="C. Sivaramamurti">Sivaramamurti, C.</a> (1976). <i>Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography</i>. Delhi: Abhinav Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9Aatarudr%C4%ABya%3A+Vibh%C5%ABti+of+%C5%9Aiva%27s+Iconography&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.aulast=Sivaramamurti&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivaraman1973" class="citation book cs1">Sivaraman, K. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C&amp;pg=PA131"><i>Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817715" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817715"><bdi>978-8120817715</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133246/https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+in+Philosophical+Perspective%3A+A+Study+of+the+Formative+Concepts%2C+Problems%2C+and+Methods+of+%C5%9Aaiva+Siddh%C4%81nta&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120817715&amp;rft.aulast=Sivaraman&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1blW4-yY20C%26pg%3DPA131&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivaramamurti2004" class="citation book cs1">Sivaramamurti, C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOrilkdu-_MC"><i>Satarudriya: Vibhuti Or Shiva's Iconography</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170170389" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170170389"><bdi>978-8170170389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satarudriya%3A+Vibhuti+Or+Shiva%27s+Iconography&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-8170170389&amp;rft.aulast=Sivaramamurti&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOrilkdu-_MC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1976). <i>Biroba, Mhaskoba und Khandoba: Ursprung, Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra</i> (in German). Franz Steiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biroba%2C+Mhaskoba+und+Khandoba%3A+Ursprung%2C+Geschichte+und+Umwelt+von+pastoralen+Gottheiten+in+Maharastra&amp;rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.aulast=Sontheimer&amp;rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther-Dietz&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). <i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004107588" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004107588"><bdi>978-9004107588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning+and+Form+in+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-9004107588&amp;rft.aulast=Srinivasan&amp;rft.aufirst=Doris+Meth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharada_Srinivasan" title="Sharada Srinivasan">Srinivasan, Sharada</a> (2004). "Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/1468936042000282726821"><i>World Archaeology</i></a>. Vol.&#160;36. The Journal of Modern Craft. pp.&#160;432–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1468936042000282726821">10.1080/1468936042000282726821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26503807">26503807</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613142703/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/1468936042000282726821">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Shiva+as+%27cosmic+dancer%27%3A+On+Pallava+origins+for+the+Nataraja+bronze&amp;rft.btitle=World+Archaeology&amp;rft.pages=432-450&amp;rft.pub=The+Journal+of+Modern+Craft&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1468936042000282726821&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26503807%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Srinivasan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sharada&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fcitedby%2F10.1080%2F1468936042000282726821&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Dieter_Storl" title="Wolf-Dieter Storl">Storl, Wolf-Dieter</a> (2004). <i>Shiva: The Wild God of Power and Ecstasy</i>. Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shiva%3A+The+Wild+God+of+Power+and+Ecstasy&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Storl&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolf-Dieter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutley1985" class="citation book cs1">Stutley, Margaret (1985). <i>The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Hindu+Iconography&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.aulast=Stutley&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> First Indian Edition: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8121510872" title="Special:BookSources/8121510872">8121510872</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagare2002" class="citation book cs1">Tagare, G. V. (2002). <i>The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120818927" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120818927"><bdi>978-8120818927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Pratyabhij%C3%B1%C4%81+Philosophy&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120818927&amp;rft.aulast=Tagare&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattwananda1984" class="citation book cs1">Tattwananda, Swami (1984). <i>Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship</i>. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vaisnava+Sects%2C+Saiva+Sects%2C+Mother+Worship&amp;rft.place=Calcutta&amp;rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Private+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.aulast=Tattwananda&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span> First revised edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakur1986" class="citation book cs1">Thakur, Upendra (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m42TldA_OvAC"><i>Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170172079" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170172079"><bdi>978-8170172079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Some+Aspects+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-8170172079&amp;rft.aulast=Thakur&amp;rft.aufirst=Upendra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm42TldA_OvAC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarenne1976" class="citation book cs1">Varenne, Jean (1976). <i>Yoga and the Hindu Tradition</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226851168" title="Special:BookSources/0226851168"><bdi>0226851168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Yoga+and+the+Hindu+Tradition&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=0226851168&amp;rft.aulast=Varenne&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVohra2000" class="citation book cs1">Vohra, Ranbir (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingindiahisto00vohr"><i>The Making of India: A Historical Survey</i></a></span>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765607119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765607119"><bdi>978-0765607119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Making+of+India%3A+A+Historical+Survey&amp;rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0765607119&amp;rft.aulast=Vohra&amp;rft.aufirst=Ranbir&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingindiahisto00vohr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrier1967" class="citation book cs1">Warrier, AG Krishna (1967). <i>Śākta Upaniṣads</i>. Adyar Library and Research Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835673181" title="Special:BookSources/978-0835673181"><bdi>978-0835673181</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2606086">2606086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%9A%C4%81kta+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&amp;rft.pub=Adyar+Library+and+Research+Center&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2606086&amp;rft.isbn=978-0835673181&amp;rft.aulast=Warrier&amp;rft.aufirst=AG+Krishna&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaymanSingh1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Wayman" title="Alex Wayman">Wayman, Alex</a>; Singh, Jaideva (1991). "Review: A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana of Abhinavagupta". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 266–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399778">10.2307/1399778</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399778">1399778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&amp;rft.atitle=Review%3A+A+Trident+of+Wisdom%3A+Translation+of+Paratrisika-vivarana+of+Abhinavagupta&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=266-268&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399778&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Wayman&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft.au=Singh%2C+Jaideva&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1981" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ"><i>Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004064982" title="Special:BookSources/9004064982"><bdi>9004064982</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116175658/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Academic&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=9004064982&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Joanna+Gottfried&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstedt2020" class="citation book cs1">Winstedt, Richard (2020). <i>Shaman, Saiva and Sufi: A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic</i>. Library of Alexandria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shaman%2C+Saiva+and+Sufi%3A+A+Study+of+the+Evolution+of+Malay+Magic&amp;rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.aulast=Winstedt&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1972" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) [1946]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HeinrichRobertZimmerMythsAndSymbolsInIndianArtAndCivilization/Heinrich%20Robert%20Zimmer%20Myths%20and%20Symbols%20in%20Indian%20Art%20and%20Civilization#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691017786" title="Special:BookSources/0691017786"><bdi>0691017786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=0691017786&amp;rft.aulast=Zimmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinrich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FHeinrichRobertZimmerMythsAndSymbolsInIndianArtAndCivilization%2FHeinrich%2520Robert%2520Zimmer%2520Myths%2520and%2520Symbols%2520in%2520Indian%2520Art%2520and%2520Civilization%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2000" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Heinrich (2000). <i>Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Zimmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1986" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, J.C. (1986). <i>Kashmir Shaivism</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176254274" title="Special:BookSources/8176254274"><bdi>8176254274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kashmir+Shaivism&amp;rft.place=Albany&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=8176254274&amp;rft.aulast=Chatterji&amp;rft.aufirst=J.C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). <i>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement</i>. Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Esoteric+Buddhism%3A+Social+History+of+the+Tantric+Movement&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Davidson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebnath2009" class="citation book cs1">Debnath, Sailen (2009). <i>The Meanings of Hindu Gods, Goddesses and Myths</i>. New Delhi: Rupa &amp; Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129114815" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129114815"><bdi>978-8129114815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Meanings+of+Hindu+Gods%2C+Goddesses+and+Myths&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-8129114815&amp;rft.aulast=Debnath&amp;rft.aufirst=Sailen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C"><i>A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition</i></a>. State University of University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791470824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791470824"><bdi>978-0791470824</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092030/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%2C+3rd+Edition&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791470824&amp;rft.aulast=Klostermaier&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_6-JbUiHB4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony1998" class="citation book cs1">Mahony, William K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC"><i>The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791435793" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791435793"><bdi>978-0791435793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Artful+Universe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Vedic+Religious+Imagination&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0791435793&amp;rft.aulast=Mahony&amp;rft.aufirst=William+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1KR_kE5ZYoC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathpal1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yashodhar_Mathpal" title="Yashodhar Mathpal">Mathpal, Yashodhar</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GG7-CpvlU30C"><i>Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170171935" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170171935"><bdi>978-8170171935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Rock+Paintings+of+Bhimbetka%2C+Central+India&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-8170171935&amp;rft.aulast=Mathpal&amp;rft.aufirst=Yashodhar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGG7-CpvlU30C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (1996). <i>Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization</i>. Asian Educational Services; Facsimile of 1931 ed edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120611799" title="Special:BookSources/8120611799"><bdi>8120611799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services%3B+Facsimile+of+1931+ed+edition&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=8120611799&amp;rft.aulast=Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmeshwaranand2004" class="citation book cs1">Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2004). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism, in three volumes</i>. New Delhi: Sarup &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176254274" title="Special:BookSources/8176254274"><bdi>8176254274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+%C5%9Aaivism%2C+in+three+volumes&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=8176254274&amp;rft.aulast=Parmeshwaranand&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajarajan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12964639">"Vṛṣabhavāhanamūrti in Literature and Art"</a>. <i>Annali del Istituto Orientale, Naples</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 305–310. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613142619/https://www.academia.edu/12964639">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annali+del+Istituto+Orientale%2C+Naples&amp;rft.atitle=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3abhav%C4%81hanam%C5%ABrti+in+Literature+and+Art&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=305-310&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Rajarajan&amp;rft.aufirst=R.K.K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12964639&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulsidas1985" class="citation book cs1">Tulsidas, Goswami (1985). <i>Hanuman Chalisa</i>. Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8171200869" title="Special:BookSources/8171200869"><bdi>8171200869</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hanuman+Chalisa&amp;rft.place=Chennai&amp;rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=8171200869&amp;rft.aulast=Tulsidas&amp;rft.aufirst=Goswami&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiva" class="Z3988"></span>; original text, transliteration, English translation and notes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Shiva</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shiva" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Shiva">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shiva" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Shiva">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_4/Translation:_Poems/A_Hymn_to_Shiva" class="extiw" title="s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Translation: Poems/A Hymn to Shiva">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shiva" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Shiva">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shiva" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Shiva">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11378" class="extiw" title="d:Q11378">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml">Shaivism</a>, Peter Bisschop</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546894">Shiva</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaivism_topics" title="Template talk:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaivism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaivism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shaivism">History</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Shiva" title="Category:Forms of Shiva">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata">Sadyojata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpurusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpurusha">Tatpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva">Vamadeva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (mythology)">Nandi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/100px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/150px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/200px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudrashtakam" title="Rudrashtakam">Rudrashtakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81mrityunjaya_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra">Mahāmrityunjaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotra" title="Shiva Tandava Stotra">Shiva Tandava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Chalisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Chalisa">Chalisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Mahimna_Stotra" title="Shiva Mahimna Stotra">Shiva Mahimna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Hara Hara Mahadeva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Veera Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Siddhanta" title="Siddha Siddhanta">Siddha Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Shaiva Smartas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra" title="Kanwar Yatra">Kanwar Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Puja" title="Shiva Puja">Shiva Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva temple">Shiva temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Rathinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Velli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Thamiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Chitiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Pancha Bhuta Sthalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Tirukalahasti (Air)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Tiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Vishwanath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadeeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Kailash Mansarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Sundareshwarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanareeswarar_temple,_Tiruchengode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkum Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasalingam" title="Rasalingam">Rasalingam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shiva_temples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Template:Shiva temples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shiva_temples" title="Template talk:Shiva temples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shiva temples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shiva_temples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shiva_temples_in_India" title="List of Shiva temples in India">Shiva temples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trilinga_Kshetras" title="Trilinga Kshetras">Trilinga Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daksharamam" title="Daksharamam">Daksharamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaleswaram">Kaleswaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Pancha Kedaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancharama_Kshetras" title="Pancharama Kshetras">Pancharama Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amararama" title="Amararama">Amararama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draksharama" class="mw-redirect" title="Draksharama">Draksharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksheerarama" title="Ksheerarama">Ksheerarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumararama" title="Kumararama">Kumararama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somarama" title="Somarama">Somarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Gold/Pon, Thillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Silver/Velli, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Copper/Thamiram, Nellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Art/Chithiram, Courtallam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Panchabhuta Sthalams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Thiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Srikalahasthi (Air)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Ishwarams" title="Pancha Ishwarams">Pancheswarams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Kethiswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Thondeswaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga Sthalas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishvanath</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Rameswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Significant</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paadal_Petra_Sthalam" title="Paadal Petra Sthalam">275 Paadal Petra Sthalams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadeeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_Temple,_Gokarna" title="Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna">Gokarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudalasangama" title="Kudalasangama">Kudalasangama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Vaikom Sree Mahadeva Temple">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyagaraja_Temple,_Tiruvarur" title="Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Kandariya Mahadeva Temple">Khajuraho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shiva_temples_in_India" title="List of Shiva temples in India">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Out of India</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Fire temple (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Talao" title="Ganga Talao">Ganga Talao (Mauritius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraivan_Temple" title="Iraivan Temple">Iraivan temple (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Temple_(Quanzhou)" title="Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)">Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkadicholai_Thaanthonreeswarar_Temple" title="Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar Temple">Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mt. Kailash (Tibet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Shivagraham (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sivan_Temple" title="Sri Sivan Temple">Sivan temple (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_Historical_Park" title="Phanom Rung Historical Park">Sthūlādri (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_the_Sea" title="Temple in the Sea">Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasathan" title="Devasathan">Thewasathan Bot Phram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">sao ching cha</a>)(<a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>)</li> <li>Hx thewalay kestr phiman (<a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_province" title="Sukhothai province">Sukhothai province</a>)</li> <li>Hx Phar Ishvaran (<a href="/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_province" title="Kamphaeng Phet province">Kamphaeng Phet province</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&amp;#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&amp;#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu &quot;Om&quot; symbol"><img alt="Hindu &quot;Om&quot; symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nats_and_spirits_of_Burmese_folk_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burmese_nats" title="Template:Burmese nats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Burmese_nats&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Burmese nats (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burmese_nats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burmese nats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nats_and_spirits_of_Burmese_folk_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Nats</a> and spirits of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese folk religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official pantheon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thagyamin" title="Thagyamin">Thagyamin</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagiri" title="Mahagiri">Mahagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnamadawgyi" title="Hnamadawgyi">Hnamadawgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Nabay" title="Shwe Nabay">Shwe Nabay</a> (Naga Medaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonbanhla" title="Thonbanhla">Thonbanhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungoo_Mingaung" title="Taungoo Mingaung">Taungoo Mingaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabya_of_Ava" title="Tarabya of Ava">Mintara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandawgan" title="Thandawgan">Thandawgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Nawrahta" title="Shwe Nawrahta">Shwe Nawrahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aungzwamagyi" title="Aungzwamagyi">Aungzwamagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyawswa_I_of_Pinya" title="Kyawswa I of Pinya">Ngazishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thihathu_of_Ava" title="Thihathu of Ava">Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungmagyi" title="Taungmagyi">Taungmagyi</a> (Shin Nyo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maungminshin" title="Maungminshin">Maungminshin</a> (Shin Byu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindaw" title="Shindaw">Shindaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaunggyin" title="Nyaunggyin">Nyaunggyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minye_Aungdin" title="Minye Aungdin">Minye Aungdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Sitthin" title="Shwe Sitthin">Shwe Sitthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaw_Shwezaga" title="Medaw Shwezaga">Medaw Shwezaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maung_Po_Tu" title="Maung Po Tu">Maung Po Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Bayin" title="Yun Bayin">Yun Bayin</a> (Mekuti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maung_Minbyu" title="Maung Minbyu">Maung Minbyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bodaw" title="Mandalay Bodaw">Mandalay Bodaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Hpyin_Naungdaw" title="Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw">Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Hpyin_Nyidaw" title="Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw">Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintha_Maungshin" title="Mintha Maungshin">Mintha Maungshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htibyuhsaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Htibyuhsaung">Htibyuhsaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htibyuhsaung_Medaw" title="Htibyuhsaung Medaw">Htibyuhsaung Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareinma_Shin_Mingaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareinma Shin Mingaung">Pareinma Shin Mingaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Sithu" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Sithu">Min Sithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Kyawzwa" title="Min Kyawzwa">Min Kyawzwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myaukhpet_Shinma" title="Myaukhpet Shinma">Myaukhpet Shinma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anauk_Mibaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anauk Mibaya">Anauk Mibaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_(nat)" title="Shingon (nat)">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingwa" title="Shingwa">Shingwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Nemi" title="Shin Nemi">Shin Nemi</a> (Ma Hnelay)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg/128px-Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg/192px-Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg/256px-Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">nats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Beikthano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Byamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Maha Peinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Sandi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiwa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Paramethwa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurathadi" title="Thurathadi">Thuyathadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Thukanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popa nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popa_Medaw" title="Popa Medaw">Popa Medaw</a> (Me Wunna)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyin_Maung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyin Maung (page does not exist)">Koyin Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungdaw_Thakhinma" title="Taungdaw Thakhinma">Taungdaw Thakhinma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ayeyarwady Delta nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_Shin_Gyi" title="U Shin Gyi">U Shin Gyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwin_Paing_Ahpo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwin Paing Ahpo (page does not exist)">Kwin Paing Ahpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bago nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bago_Medaw" title="Bago Medaw">Bago Medaw</a> (Nankaraing Medaw)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko_Aung_Naing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ko Aung Naing (page does not exist)">Ko Aung Naing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine Towns nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ko Myo Shin</li> <li>Pale Yin (Amay Pale)</li> <li>Hkuncho</li> <li>Hkuntha</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lord of the<br />White Horse nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yamma Myinbyushin</li> <li>Kanni Myinbyushin</li> <li>Shwepyay Myinbyushin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Sitthin" title="Shwe Sitthin">Shwesitthin Myinbyushin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five Mother nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashay_Medaw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashay Medaw (page does not exist)">Ashay Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amay_Yay_Yin" title="Amay Yay Yin">Anauk Medaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amay_Yay_Yin" title="Amay Yay Yin">Amay Yay Yin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taung_Medaw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taung Medaw (page does not exist)">Taung Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myauk_Medaw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Myauk Medaw (page does not exist)">Myauk Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amay_Gyan" title="Amay Gyan">Amay Gyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Upagutta" title="Shin Upagutta">Shin Upagutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABvali" title="Sīvali">Shin Thiwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhtwar" title="Panhtwar">Beikthano Nat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmagyi" title="Ponmagyi">Ponmagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Bo_Gyi" title="Bo Bo Gyi">Bo Bo Gyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koe_Thein_Shin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koe Thein Shin (page does not exist)">Koe Thein Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Din_Kyaw_Khaung" title="U Din Kyaw Khaung">U Din Kyaw Khaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lawka Nat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lay_Kyun_Maung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lay Kyun Maung (page does not exist)">Lay Kyun Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ngwe_Taung" title="Ma Ngwe Taung">Ma Ngwe Taung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medaw_Lay_Ba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medaw Lay Ba (page does not exist)">Medaw Lay Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogaung_Kyawzwa" title="Mogaung Kyawzwa">Mogaung Kyawzwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_Nan_Nwe" title="Mya Nan Nwe">Mya Nan Nwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakhan_U_Min_Gyaw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakhan U Min Gyaw (page does not exist)">Pakhan U Min Gyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinma_Aungphyu" title="Shinma Aungphyu">Shinma Aungphyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Phae_Wah" title="Ma Phae Wah">Ma Phae Wah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathaso" title="Akathaso">Akathaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhummaso" title="Bhummaso">Bhummaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokkaso" title="Yokkaso">Yokkaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani" title="Phra Mae Thorani">Wathondare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimekhala" title="Manimekhala">Mani Maykhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayin_Maunghnama" title="Kayin Maunghnama">Kayin Maunghnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Kyunbin_Maunghnama" title="Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama">Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelepyin_Maunghnama" title="Pyelepyin Maunghnama">Pyelepyin Maunghnama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/21px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/21px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/42px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11378#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11378#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118755218">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2017001158">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jo2016908852&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&amp;acc_sequence=004179976&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000079598&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007414567105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118755218">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐57488d5c7d‐tlwqw Cached time: 20241128015411 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.839 seconds Real time usage: 4.256 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 32247/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 771959/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 97847/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 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href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Category:Characters in the Mahabharata">Characters in the Mahabharata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creator_gods" title="Category:Creator gods">Creator gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destroyer_gods" title="Category:Destroyer gods">Destroyer gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_eschatology" title="Category:Hindu eschatology">Hindu eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">Hindu gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_tantric_deities" title="Category:Hindu tantric deities">Hindu tantric deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Justice_gods" title="Category:Justice gods">Justice gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_gods" title="Category:Dance gods">Dance gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Names_of_God_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Names of God in Hinduism">Names of God in Hinduism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Savior_gods" title="Category:Savior gods">Savior gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trimurti" title="Category:Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wisdom_gods" title="Category:Wisdom gods">Wisdom gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_and_fate_gods" title="Category:Time and fate gods">Time and fate gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_yogis" title="Category:Indian yogis">Indian yogis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horned_gods" title="Category:Horned gods">Horned gods</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback 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search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_links" title="Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links">Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 16:26<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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190.767 6 Template:Hlist"," 3.66% 132.173 5 Template:Langx"," 3.20% 115.745 110 Template:Transliteration"," 2.91% 105.236 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.321","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24084965,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmy_M._Braverman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_J._Nicholson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApte1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAryaJoshi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalagangadharaClaerhout2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_Holdrege2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnaby_B._Dhs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerreman1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlurton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBongard-Levin1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoon1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Sivaramamurti1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCath_Senker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherine_Ludvík1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Johnston1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChidbhavananda1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChinmayananda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoburn1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoburn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtright1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Frawley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_R._Kinsley1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Smith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebnath2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutt1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin_F._Bryant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguli2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Michell1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhose1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhurye,_G.S.1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranoff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudrun_Bühnemann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupteshwar_Prasad1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiriyanna2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodousSoothill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_Morphy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssittMain2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._N._Farquhar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaideva_Vasugupta1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJaideva_VasuguptaMark_S._G._Dyczkowski1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Mallinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamisonBrereton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavid2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_A._Grimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_KieschnickMeir_Shahar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.V\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalhoro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalupahana2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren_Pechilis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenoyer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch1994a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumāra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunst1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeming2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutgendorf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahony1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManju_Bhatnagar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchand2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_S._G._Dyczkowski1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMate1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathpal1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvilley1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier-Williams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorthy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuriel_Marion_Underhill1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamita_Gokhale2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarendranath_B._Patil2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumayer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Flaherty,_Wendy_Doniger1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Flaherty,_Wendy_Doniger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Flaherty,_Wendy_Doniger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._B._R._Carey1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmeshwaranand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrinder1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Laude2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPossehl2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhavati_C._Reddy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrentiss2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRN_Saletore1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadha1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajarajan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajiv_Malhotra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalph_Metzner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamyde_NicolasBanerjee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao,_(1916)._Elements_of_Hindu_Iconography._Vol._2:_Part_I._Madras:_Law_Printing_House1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohit_Dasgupta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_Morse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenSchweig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadasivan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaroj_Panthey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarup1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharf1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSena_Wangi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSircar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitansu_S._Chakravarti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivananda1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaramamurti1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaramamurti2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaraman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomasundaramMurthy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontheimer1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSri_Vishnu_Sahasranama1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStutley1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurendranath_Dasgupta1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuresh_Chandra1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Agehananda_Bharati1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwati_Mitra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagare2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattwananda1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakur1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulsidas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyagi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanitaKidwai,_Saleem2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarenne1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasuguptaJaideva1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasuguptaJaideva1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVettam_Mani1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekananda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVohra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Friedrich_OttoRobert_B._Palmer1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrier1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson,_Burton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaymanSingh1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Doniger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfried_Corduan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinstedt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYudit_Kornberg_Greenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Lysebeth2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Burmese nats\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 197,\n [\"Cite encyclopaedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 98,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu Culture and Epics\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 6,\n [\"IAST\"] = 2,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 15,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 9,\n [\"Saivism\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 163,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 23,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Shaivism\"] = 1,\n [\"Shiva temples\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 105,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","20.0"],["?","300","12.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","11.7"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Shiva","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shiva","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11378","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11378","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-21T08:34:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T16:26:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/52\/Bangalore_Shiva.jpg","headline":"one of the principal deities of Hinduism"}</script> </body> </html>

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