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href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-依用途分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#依用途分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 依用途分類 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-依用途分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关依用途分類子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-依用途分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-暖通空調（HVAC）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#暖通空調（HVAC）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 暖通空調（HVAC） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-暖通空調（HVAC）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工業冷卻塔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工業冷卻塔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 工業冷卻塔 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工業冷卻塔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-依興建方式的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#依興建方式的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 依興建方式的分類 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-依興建方式的分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关依興建方式的分類子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-依興建方式的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-封裝型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#封裝型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 封裝型 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-封裝型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現場架設的冷卻塔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現場架設的冷卻塔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 現場架設的冷卻塔 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現場架設的冷卻塔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱交換方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱交換方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 熱交換方式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱交換方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通風方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通風方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 通風方式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通風方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-依空氣和水流的關係分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#依空氣和水流的關係分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 依空氣和水流的關係分類 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-依空氣和水流的關係分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关依空氣和水流的關係分類子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-依空氣和水流的關係分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-橫流式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#橫流式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 橫流式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-橫流式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逆流式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逆流式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 逆流式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逆流式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-共同的特點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共同的特點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 共同的特點 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共同的特點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-濃縮倍數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#濃縮倍數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 濃縮倍數 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-濃縮倍數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-維護" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#維護"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 維護 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-維護-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关維護子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-維護-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-水處理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水處理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 水處理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水處理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-军团病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军团病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 军团病 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军团病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-產生的霧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#產生的霧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 產生的霧 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-產生的霧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-排放鹽類及其他物質的污染" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#排放鹽類及其他物質的污染"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 排放鹽類及其他物質的污染 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-排放鹽類及其他物質的污染-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用作排氣煙囪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用作排氣煙囪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 用作排氣煙囪 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用作排氣煙囪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-火災危害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#火災危害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 火災危害 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-火災危害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-低溫環境下的處理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#低溫環境下的處理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 低溫環境下的處理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-低溫環境下的處理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構穩定性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構穩定性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 結構穩定性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構穩定性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 相關條目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">冷卻塔</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。43种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="برج تبريد – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج تبريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_d%27enfriamientu" title="Torre d'enfriamientu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torre d'enfriamientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Градирня – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Градирня" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Градзірня (цеплазабеспячэнне) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Градзірня (цеплазабеспячэнне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Охладителна кула – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Охладителна кула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_refrigeraci%C3%B3" title="Torre de refrigeració – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre de refrigeració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladic%C3%AD_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Chladicí věž – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chladicí věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChlturm" title="Kühlturm – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kühlturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cooling tower" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvarmiga_turo" title="Malvarmiga turo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malvarmiga turo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_refrigeraci%C3%B3n" title="Torre de refrigeración – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre de refrigeración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahutustorn" title="Jahutustorn – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jahutustorn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozte-dorre" title="Hozte-dorre – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hozte-dorre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%86%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="برج خنک‌کننده – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج خنک‌کننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4hdytystorni" title="Jäähdytystorni – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jäähdytystorni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_a%C3%A9ror%C3%A9frig%C3%A9rante" title="Tour aéroréfrigérante – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour aéroréfrigérante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מגדל קירור – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדל קירור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कूलिंग टॉवर – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कूलिंग टॉवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashladni_toranj" title="Rashladni toranj – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rashladni toranj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_pendingin" title="Menara pendingin – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara pendingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A6liturn" title="Kæliturn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kæliturn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_di_raffreddamento" title="Torre di raffreddamento – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre di raffreddamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%B4%E5%A1%94" title="冷却塔 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冷却塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Градирня – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Градирня" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶೈತ್ಯಗೋಪುರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶೈತ್ಯಗೋಪುರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%83%89%EA%B0%81%ED%83%91" title="냉각탑 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="냉각탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_penyejuk" title="Menara penyejuk – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara penyejuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeltoren" title="Koeltoren – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koeltoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%82odnia_kominowa" title="Chłodnia kominowa – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chłodnia kominowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_resfriamento" title="Torre de resfriamento – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de resfriamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_de_r%C4%83cire" title="Turn de răcire – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turn de răcire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Градирня – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Градирня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashladni_toranj" title="Rashladni toranj – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rashladni toranj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cooling tower" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladiaca_ve%C5%BEa" title="Chladiaca veža – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chladiaca veža" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladilni_stolp" title="Hladilni stolp – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hladilni stolp" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Торањ за хлађење – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Торањ за хлађење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyltorn" title="Kyltorn – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kyltorn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குளிர்விப்பு கோபுரம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளிர்விப்பு கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Futma_kulesi" title="Soğutma kulesi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğutma kulesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Градирня – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Градирня" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Evaporative_Cooling_Tower.jpg/465px-Evaporative_Cooling_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Evaporative_Cooling_Tower.jpg/620px-Evaporative_Cooling_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>典型的蒸發式強制通風開迴路冷卻塔，可以透過凝結器的水循環排出工業冰水機中的廢熱</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg/220px-Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg/330px-Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg/440px-Didcot_power_station_cooling_tower_zootalures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>英國迪科特電站的自然通風濕式冷卻<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙曲結構（页面不存在）">雙曲塔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a>）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg/220px-Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg/330px-Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg/440px-Power_station_Westfalen._Cooling_towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>德國<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%99%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="西發里亞">西發里亞</a>的強制通風濕式冷卻塔（高34公尺）以及自然通風濕式冷卻塔（高122公尺）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg/220px-Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg/330px-Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg/440px-Cooling_tower_power_station_Dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>德國<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="德累斯顿">德累斯顿</a>的自然通風濕式冷卻塔，刻意使其顏色類似背景</figcaption></figure> 冷卻塔（英語：cooling tower）是將水蒸氣冷卻成較低溫的水，將系統的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E7%83%AD" title="废热">废热</a>排到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="大气层">大气层</a>的排熱裝置。冷卻塔可能用蒸發的方式釋放<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="水蒸氣">水蒸氣</a>中的熱，將<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="工作流體">工作流體</a>冷卻到接近<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="湿球温度">湿球温度</a>，也有一種是「閉迴路乾冷卻塔」（closed circuit dry cooling towers），只利用空氣將工作流體冷卻到接近<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="乾球温度">乾球温度</a>。 冷卻塔常見的應用包括冷卻許多工廠中的循環冷卻用水，這些工廠包括有<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠">煉油廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81" title="石油化工产品">石油化工产品</a>及其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="化學工廠">化學工廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="热力发电厂">热力发电厂</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="核电厂">核电厂</a>。小型的冷卻水塔也用在大樓中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="冷氣">冷氣</a>。冷卻塔可以依讓空氣進入塔中的方式來分類：主要的分類有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81" title="自然对流">自然对流</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="強制對流">強制對流</a>冷卻塔。 冷卻塔的大小依應用而不同，小的有可以放在大樓屋頂的冷卻水塔，大的則是大型的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙曲結構（页面不存在）">雙曲結構</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a>），高可以到200公尺，直徑則是100公尺，也有可能是長方形的結構，長80公尺，高40公尺。雙曲塔有用在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="核能發電廠">核能發電廠</a>的冷卻塔<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>，也有用在一些火力發電廠，甚至是大型的化工廠或其他工廠。大多數的冷卻塔其實體積很小，例如在大樓樓頂，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中央空調系統">中央空調系統</a>的冷卻水塔。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg/170px-Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg/255px-Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg/340px-Barnard%27s_fanless_self-cooling_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption>1902年的巴納德無風扇自冷卻塔，是早期大型的的蒸發冷卻塔，不靠風扇散熱，靠<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E5%9B%AA%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="煙囪效應">煙囪效應</a>和敞開的側面散熱。要冷卻的水從上方噴灑到周圍垂直的網格上</figcaption></figure> 冷卻塔是在19世紀時開始使用，當時為了配合<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%9C%BA" title="蒸汽机">蒸汽机</a>使用，需要對應的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%99%A8" title="冷凝器">冷凝器</a><a href="#cite_note-ICS1902a-2">[2]</a>。冷凝器會以各種方式將冷凝汽缸或渦輪機產生的蒸氣，冷卻凝結成較低溫的水。這可以減少<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8C%E5%A3%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="背壓（页面不存在）">背壓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/back_pressure" class="extiw" title="en:back pressure">back pressure</a>），減少蒸氣消耗量以及燃料的消耗，同時也可以提昇功率，並且使鍋爐的水可以循環使用<a href="#cite_note-Croft_1922-3">[3]</a>。不過冷凝器需要充足的冷卻水供應，若沒有足夠的冷卻水，無法實現冷凝器<a href="#cite_note-Heck_1911-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Engineer_1906-5">[5]</a>。估計在2040至2069年時，陸上加工廠及發電廠所消耗的冷卻水會減少大部份火力發電廠的產生的電力<a href="#cite_note-van_VlietWiberg2016-6">[6]</a>。在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%B9%E7%94%A8%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="船用蒸汽機（页面不存在）">船用蒸汽機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" class="extiw" title="en:Marine steam engine">Marine steam engine</a>）上冷卻水的來源不是問題，但在陸地上的系統就有許多的限制。 在二十世紀起，已針對沒有足夠水源的地區開發了幾種以蒸發方式冷卻水的方式，這些方式也可以用在水源供應可能不足的城市地區<a href="#cite_note-ICS1902a-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Engineer_1906-5">[5]</a>。若是有足夠可用土地的地區，可能會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="冷卻池">冷卻池</a>的方式冷卻，若是土地不足，可能就會用冷卻塔<a href="#cite_note-Heck_1911-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snow_1908-7">[7]</a>。 早期的冷卻塔會放在建築物的屋頂，或是獨立的建築物，其冷卻是用風扇進行風冷，或是用自然風冷進行冷卻<a href="#cite_note-Heck_1911-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snow_1908-7">[7]</a>。有一本1911年的美國工程教科書中曾提到一種設計是「圓柱形或長方體的輕形殼狀建築物，類似煙囪，但高度較短（六公尺到十三公尺），寬度寬很多。頂部是一組分配槽，要冷卻的水需要先泵到最上方的分配槽內，由分配槽流到冷卻塔中的木條或編織網上。」<a href="#cite_note-Snow_1908-7">[7]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙曲結構（页面不存在）">雙曲形</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hyperboloid_structure" class="extiw" title="en:hyperboloid structure">hyperboloid structure</a>）冷卻塔是荷蘭工程師Frederik van Iterson和Gerard Kuypers在1918年的專利<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。第一個雙曲冷卻塔是在1918年建在荷蘭的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%80%AB" title="海爾倫">海爾倫</a>附近。英國的第一個雙曲冷卻塔是在1924年建在英國<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="利物浦">利物浦</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="李斯特發電塔（页面不存在）">李斯特發電塔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lister_Drive_power_station" class="extiw" title="en:Lister Drive power station">Lister Drive power station</a>），是要冷卻火力發電廠的冷卻水<a href="#cite_note-PopMech1930-9">[9]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="依用途分類">依用途分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：依用途分類">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="暖通空調（HVAC）">暖通空調（HVAC）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：暖通空調（HVAC）">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg/220px-Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg/330px-Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg/440px-Loop_Shopping_Centre_Exterior_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>在德國購物中心屋頂的二個空調冷卻水塔</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg/220px-Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg/330px-Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg/440px-Cooling_Tower_Fill_Material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>橫流式冷卻塔的單元，可看到其中的填充材料以及循環冷卻水</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a>（暖氣、通風及空氣調節，簡稱HVAC）的冷卻水塔是用來排除<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰水主機（页面不存在）">冰水主機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chiller" class="extiw" title="en:chiller">chiller</a>）的廢熱。水冷的冰水主機排熱溫度在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="湿球温度">湿球温度</a>附近，而氣冷的冰水主機排熱溫度是在溫度較高的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="乾球温度">乾球温度</a>，因此後者的平均反<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="卡諾循環">卡諾循環</a>效率較低。若是氣溫較高的地區、大型辦公大樓、醫院或學校，其空調系統中一般會有一個或是多個冷卻水塔。空調用的冷卻水塔一般會比工業用的要小。暖通空調會用冷卻水塔配合水冷的冰水主機或是水冷的冷凝器。<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E5%99%B8" title="冷凍噸">冷凍噸</a>定義為移除12,000<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%86%B1%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="英熱單位">英熱單位</a>每<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="小時">小時</a>（3,500<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">瓦特</a>）的功率。, 但因為驅動冰水主機壓縮機需要額外的能量，在冷卻塔端的「等效冷凍噸」是移除15,000英熱單位每小時（4,400瓦特）的功率。若假設冰水主機<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" title="性能係數">性能係數</a>（COP）為4.0（等效於EER 14），其「等效冷凍噸」定義為冷卻1,500英磅每小時（680公斤每小時）的水，使其降10 °F (6 °C)，約等於15,000英熱單位每小時（4,400瓦特）<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>。 若HVAC系統中有多個共用水泵管路的水源<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5" title="熱泵">熱泵</a>，也會使用冷卻水塔。在這類的系統中，只要熱泵運作在冷卻模式下，水環路內的循環水就會移除熱泵中冷凝器中的熱量，而冷卻水塔是冷卻水環路內的循環水，將熱量排到大氣中。相反的，若熱泵是在供暖模式下，冷凝器會抽取水環路中的熱量，排到需要加熱的位置。若熱泵主要是用在大樓供暖，一般會關閉冷卻水塔（並且將水排乾以避免因液體冷凍造成的設備損壞），此時會用其他方式加熱水環路，例如獨立<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%85%E7%82%89" title="锅炉">锅炉</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工業冷卻塔">工業冷卻塔</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：工業冷卻塔">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG/220px-Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG/330px-Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG/440px-Cenk_Endustri_Field_Erected_Industrial_Cooling_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>電廠的工業冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg/220px-Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg/330px-Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg/440px-Industrial_Counterflow_Cooling_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>水果加工廠的工業冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> 工業冷卻塔也會用在移除許多工業程序中的廢熱，例如機械加工的發熱或是加熱材料產生的熱。大型工業冷卻塔的主要用途是用來冷卻在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%86%B7" title="水冷">水冷</a>系統中的循環水，水冷系統可能是用在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="發電廠">發電廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠">煉油廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81" title="石油化工产品">石化廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94" title="天然气">天然气</a>製造廠、食品加工廠、半導體廠，或是其他的工業設備中，例如蒸餾塔的冷凝器中，結晶製程中的冷卻液等<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。若是典型 700 MW的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E7%85%A4%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃煤火力發電廠（页面不存在）">燃煤火力發電廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coal-fired_power_plant" class="extiw" title="en:coal-fired power plant">coal-fired power plant</a>），冷卻水的循環用量約為每小時71,600立方公尺<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>，循環水需要的補水供應量約為5%（每小時3,600立方公尺）。 若相同規模的發電廠沒有冷卻塔，使用單流冷卻（once-through cooling）的水冷系統，需要的冷卻水量是每小時100,000立方公尺<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>。大量的冷卻水若流入會造成每年殺死上百萬的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼">鱼</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E4%BD%93" title="幼体">幼体</a>，因為這些生物會撞擊到進水口的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%9A%E5%B1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魚屏（页面不存在）">魚屏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fish_screen" class="extiw" title="en:fish screen">fish screen</a>）<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>。而且冷卻系統也需要持續地將大量的水排入海洋、湖泊或河流，也就是取得冷卻水源的水體。冷卻系統會排出大量的熱水，會使河流或湖泊水溫上昇，進而影響生態系統，可能會殺死其他水中的生物（參見<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="熱污染">熱污染</a>）或是造成其他不想要的物種或是入侵物種的繁殖（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%A6%AC%E8%B2%BD%E8%B2%9D" title="斑馬貽貝">斑馬貽貝</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a>）。冷卻塔的廢熱會散失到空氣中，會透過風和空氣對流擴散到更廣的區域，其溫度影響也較小，不會像冷卻系統的廢熱水，對一區域的水域有較大的影響。蒸發的冷卻水無法在後續回收利用，只有表面冷卻的水可以回收使用。有些在海邊的燃煤火力發電廠以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="核电厂">核电厂</a>會用海水來單流冷卻，而離岸冷卻水的放流口也需要謹慎設計，以免造成環境問題。 煉油廠也有很大型的冷卻系統。典型每天處理四萬公噸原油的大型煉油廠，若用冷卻塔冷卻，其冷卻水需求是每小時80,000立方公尺。 世界上最高的冷卻塔是印度拉賈斯坦邦<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="贾拉瓦尔">贾拉瓦尔</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE%E5%BE%B7%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡里森德火力發電廠（页面不存在）">卡里森德火力發電廠</a>（英语：[Kalisindh Thermal Power Station]]）中，二座202公尺的冷卻塔熱電站<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG/220px-Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG/330px-Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG/440px-Field_erected_cooling_tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>正在架設的冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="依興建方式的分類">依興建方式的分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：依興建方式的分類">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="封裝型">封裝型</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：封裝型">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg/220px-Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg/330px-Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg/440px-Field_Errected_Cooling_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>現場架設的冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg/220px-Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg/330px-Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg/440px-Brotep_Eco_coolin_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Brotep-Eco冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG/220px-Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG/330px-Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG/440px-Package_type_cooling_tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption>封裝型冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> 封裝型（Package type）冷卻塔是小型冷卻塔，在工廠先組裝好，可以直接用卡車運送。其降溫能力較低，只適用在散熱需求較低的應用，例如食品加工廠、紡織廠、部份的化工廠，汽車工廠以及像醫院、旅館、商場等建築物中。 封裝型冷卻塔常常裝設在住宅區內，或是住宅區附近，因此其噪音音量控制就會是比較重要的議題之一。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現場架設的冷卻塔">現場架設的冷卻塔</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：現場架設的冷卻塔">编辑</a>]</div> 像發電廠、鋼鐵加工廠、煉油廠或是石化廠的散熱需求較高，因此會使用現場架設的冷卻塔。其體積和散熱能力都比封裝型冷卻塔要高。 典型的現場架設的冷卻塔是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%93%A0%E6%88%90%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉擠成型（页面不存在）">拉擠成型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pultrusion" class="extiw" title="en:Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0" title="纖維強化塑膠">纖維強化塑膠</a>（FRP）結構、FRP<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%86%E5%B1%A4_(%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="覆層 (建築)（页面不存在）">覆層</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" class="extiw" title="en:Cladding (construction)">Cladding (construction)</a>）、鼓風冷卻的機械模組，以及擋水器（drift eliminator）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱交換方式">熱交換方式</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：熱交換方式">编辑</a>]</div> 冷卻塔可以依<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%83%AD" title="传热">传热</a>方式分類： <ul><li>濕式冷卻塔（wet cooling towers）：其運作的原理是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒸發冷卻（页面不存在）">蒸發冷卻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evaporative_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:evaporative cooling">evaporative cooling</a>）。蒸發流體（通常是水）也是工作流體。</li> <li>閉路冷卻塔（closed circuit cooling towers）也稱為流體冷卻器（fluid coolers），會讓工作流體經由管路流進大型的熱交換器中，熱交換器外再噴灑清水並且用風扇通風。其傳熱性能類濕式冷卻塔，好處是工作流體不會暴露在環境中，也不會受到外界的污染。</li> <li>乾型冷卻塔（dry cooling towers）是封閉管路的冷卻塔，工作流體會接到<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="散热器">散热器</a>內，由散热器的空氣產生的對流熱傳散熱，沒有用到流體的蒸發。</li> <li>混合冷卻塔（hybrid cooling towers）是可以在乾式和濕式之間切換的封閉管路冷卻塔，可以在不同的氣候下使用，設法作到水和能量之間的節約達到平衡。</li></ul> 若是濕式冷卻塔（或開路冷卻塔），而且在空氣較乾燥的情形下，可以將冷卻水降溫到較室溫乾球温度更低的温度。因為有部份的水會蒸發，蒸發時需要的熱能是由冷卻水提供，因此冷卻水會降溫。水蒸發時需要吸收的熱能是每公斤420kJ。蒸發後會使冷卻水的溫度接近<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="湿球温度">湿球温度</a>，此溫度較<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="乾球温度">乾球温度</a>低，兩者的溫差視原來空氣的濕度而定。 為了提高散熱效果，會在冷卻塔中加入散熱材（fill），以增加水和空氣的接觸面積，以及接觸的時間。濺水散熱材（Splash fill）可以中斷水流，產生濺水。薄膜散熱材用薄膜材料（多半是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯">聚氯乙烯</a>）製成，放置在水流中。兩者都可以增加流體（水）和氣體（空氣）的接觸面積及接觸時間，以提昇散熱。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="通風方式">通風方式</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：通風方式">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg/220px-Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg/330px-Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg/440px-Stairway_to_nowhere%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_455003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>英國大型雙曲面冷卻塔底部的通道樓梯，可以以樓梯為比例尺來看冷卻塔的大小</figcaption></figure> 依照冷卻塔的通風方式，可以將冷卻塔分為以下三種： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E5%9B%AA%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="煙囪效應">自然通風</a>（Natural draft）：本身是高的煙囪，利用浮力通風。溫暖、濕潤的空氣其密度比外界較乾冷的空氣要低，因此自然會往上昇。在相同的壓力下，溫暖的濕空氣比乾空氣要輕。濕空氣的浮力會在塔中產生向上的氣流。</li> <li>機械通風：利用風扇通風，使冷卻塔中產生氣流。 <ul><li>誘導通風（Induced draft）：冷卻塔的機械通風是在冷卻塔上方，由風扇將空氣由塔中排出。風扇讓濕熱的空氣排出塔外，此作法的排氣風速較大，進氣風速較小，比較不會有回流（recirculation，排出的熱空氣又從進氣端進入冷卻塔）的情形。這種風扇／鰭片設計稱為draw-through。</li> <li>強制通風（Forced draft）：冷卻塔的機械通風是在冷卻塔下方，風扇在進氣口將空氣送入冷卻塔內，此作法的進氣風速較大，排氣風速較小。較小的排氣風速比較可能會造成回流的問題。而風扇在較低溫空氣的進氣端，在氣溫較低時風扇比較容易會受到結凍的影響。強制通風的另一個缺點是相較於誘導通風，強制通風需要比較大功率的風扇。強制通風的好處是可以在高<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9C%E5%A3%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靜壓（页面不存在）">靜壓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/static_pressure" class="extiw" title="en:static pressure">static pressure</a>）下運作。這種設計可以用在空氣較受限的場合，甚至是一些室內的應用中。這種風扇／鰭片設計稱為blow-through。</li></ul></li> <li>風扇輔助自然通風：主要還是靠自然通風，但再加上風扇的輔助氣流。</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%A2" title="雙曲面">雙曲面</a>是自然通風冷卻塔常見的設計方式，原因是結構強度以及材料的最小化。雙曲面也可以加速上昇的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>氣流，提昇冷卻效率。此建築常讓人聯想到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="核电厂">核电厂</a>，不過這是誤解，因為大型的火力發電廠也會用雙曲結構的冷卻塔。而且不是所有的核電廠都需要冷卻塔，核電廠也可能用湖水、河水或海水進行冷卻。 雙曲結構冷卻塔的熱效率最高可以到92%<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="依空氣和水流的關係分類">依空氣和水流的關係分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：依空氣和水流的關係分類">编辑</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="橫流式">橫流式</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：橫流式">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossflow_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crossflow_diagram.svg/220px-Crossflow_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crossflow_diagram.svg/330px-Crossflow_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crossflow_diagram.svg/440px-Crossflow_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg/220px-Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg/330px-Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg/440px-Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>HVAC應用中使用的機械通風橫流式冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg/220px-Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg/330px-Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg/440px-Crossflow_cooling_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>封裝型橫流式冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> 橫流（Crossflow）式冷卻塔是指氣流和水流垂直的冷卻塔設計（如圖左）。氣流由冷卻塔的一個或多個垂直面進入冷卻塔，吹到散熱材上，水流（和氣流垂直）會因重力沿著散熱材往下流。空氣持續流經散熱材，會越過水流進入開放的通風空間。最後會由風扇將空氣排到大氣中。 橫流式冷卻塔的布水器（distribution）或熱水盆（hot water basin）中會包括深的水盆，下方有洞或噴嘴，水盆在橫流式冷卻塔的上方。水會因為重力透過噴嘴均勻的分佈在散熱材上。 橫流式冷卻塔的優點： <ul><li>因為用重力來讓水均勻分佈，可以使用較小的水泵，運行時需要的維護也比較少。</li> <li>不需加壓噴霧，簡化了水流量的變化。</li> <li>其初期成本以及長期成本都不高。</li></ul> 橫流式冷卻塔的缺點： <ul><li>相較於逆流式的設計，橫流式冷卻塔比較會有結凍的問題。</li> <li>在一些情形下，無法使用變化流量。</li> <li>相較於逆流式的設計，橫流式冷卻塔的散熱材比較容易堆積灰塵，尤其是在塵土或砂石較多的環境。</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逆流式">逆流式</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：逆流式">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg/220px-Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg/330px-Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg/440px-Cooling_tower_-_showers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>在冷卻塔內有加壓噴頭</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Counterflow_diagram.svg/220px-Counterflow_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Counterflow_diagram.svg/330px-Counterflow_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Counterflow_diagram.svg/440px-Counterflow_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg/220px-Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg/330px-Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg/440px-Crossflow_Cooling_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>強制對流封裝型逆流式冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> 逆流式（counterflow）冷卻塔的氣流方向和水流恰好相反。氣流會從散熱材下方進入冷卻塔，垂直往上吹。水會從上方透過加壓噴頭從冷卻塔上方往下噴灑，和氣流方向恰好相反。 逆流式冷卻塔的優點： <ul><li>用加壓噴灑方式布水，比較不會有結凍的問題。</li> <li>用噴灑方式布水，讓熱傳會比較有效率。</li></ul> 逆流式冷卻塔的缺點： <ul><li>由於水泵的需求，初期成本以及長期成本都比較高。</li> <li>不容易使用變化水流量，因為會受到噴嘴特徵的限制</li> <li>散熱材下方到冷水盆的距離較長，因此一般而言會比較吵。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="共同的特點">共同的特點</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：共同的特點">编辑</a>]</div> 兩種設計的共同特點： <ul><li>水流和氣流的交互作用，讓溫度可以局部均衡，也讓水可以蒸發。</li> <li>帶有飽和水蒸氣的空氣，會從冷卻塔的上方排出。</li> <li>會設計集水盆（collection basin）或冷水盆（cold water basin）來收集並儲存和氣流交互作用後的冷氷。</li></ul> 橫流式和逆流式冷卻塔都可以用在自然對流以及機械對流的冷卻塔中。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡">濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：濕式冷卻塔的質量平衡">编辑</a>]</div> 以量化的觀點，濕式蒸發冷卻塔的質量平衡是淡水補充<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D%E6%B5%81%E7%8E%87" title="體積流率">體積流率</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a>損失、風損失、出汽率和濃縮倍數（concentration cycles）等操作變數所控制<a href="#cite_note-Beychok-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beychok2-18">[18]</a>。 在旁邊的圖中，從tower basin抽到的水是流經工廠的製程冷卻器以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%99%A8" title="表面冷凝器">表面冷凝器</a>的冷卻水。冷水會從熱的、需要冷卻或是冷凝的製程蒸氣中吸熱，吸收的熱會使冷卻水（C）加溫。溫水會回到冷卻塔的上方，再往下滴入下方塔內的填充材料中。在水滴下來的過程中，會和經由自然通風或因風扇強制通風而上昇的室溫空氣接觸。接觸會使得一部份的水因為風而損失（windage drift loss，W），也有一些水會<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a>（E）。蒸發水需要吸熱，會使其他的水降溫，可以繼續冷卻循環。不過水蒸發後會留下其中溶解的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="盐 (化学)">盐</a>，因此會使得循環水的鹽濃度提高。為了避免循環水中鹽的濃度過高，需要將部份的水排出（D），另外再補充淡水（M），以補償蒸發、風損以及排出的水。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:CoolingTower.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/CoolingTower.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="369" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>風扇誘導通風，逆流式的冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> 以下是流率以及濃度的單位： <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">M </td> <td align="left">= 需補充淡水率，單位是m3/h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">C </td> <td align="left">= 單位時間循環水量，單位是m3/h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">D </td> <td align="left">= 排水率，單位是m3/h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">E </td> <td align="left">= 蒸發率，單位是m3/h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">W </td> <td align="left">= 水風損損失率，單位是m3/h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">X </td> <td align="left">= 濃度，單位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" title="分率">ppmw</a>）（針對完全可溶的鹽，一般是氯化鈉） </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58896141">.mw-parser-output .serif{font-family:Times,serif}</style>XM </td> <td align="left">= 補充水（M）<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯化物">氯化物</a>的濃度，單位是ppmw </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">XC </td> <td align="left">= 循環水（C）氯化物的濃度，單位是ppmw </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Cycles </td> <td align="left">= 濃縮倍數= XC / XM（無因次量） </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">ppmw </td> <td align="left">= 重量的百萬分之一 </td></tr></tbody></table> 整個系統的水平衡可得<a href="#cite_note-Beychok2-18">[18]</a>： <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><var>M</var> = <var>E</var> + <var>D</var> + <var>W</var></dd></dl> 蒸發水（E）中沒有鹽，因此氯化物的平衡如下<a href="#cite_note-Beychok2-18">[18]</a>： <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><var>MXM</var> = <var>DXC</var> + <var>WXC</var> = <var>XC</var>(<var>D</var> + <var>W</var>)</dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MX_{M}=DX_{C}+WX_{C}=X_{C}(D+W)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>D</mi> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>W</mi> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MX_{M}=DX_{C}+WX_{C}=X_{C}(D+W)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a0572a6fd9599f88d435490da8975b40fe54cec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.948ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MX_{M}=DX_{C}+WX_{C}=X_{C}(D+W)}"></dd></dl> 因此<a href="#cite_note-Beychok2-18">[18]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {X_{C} \over X_{M}}={\text{Cycles of concentration}}={M \over (D+W)}={M \over (M-E)}=1+{E \over (D+W)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Cycles of concentration</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {X_{C} \over X_{M}}={\text{Cycles of concentration}}={M \over (D+W)}={M \over (M-E)}=1+{E \over (D+W)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34d91165594d5ce94b687f6bf9e2f073ae2ead6c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:73.909ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {X_{C} \over X_{M}}={\text{Cycles of concentration}}={M \over (D+W)}={M \over (M-E)}=1+{E \over (D+W)}}"></dd></dl> 用簡化的冷卻塔熱平衡式： <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={C\Delta Tc_{p} \over H_{V}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={C\Delta Tc_{p} \over H_{V}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f488a9206fdce530a37387d18c37ae370257cddf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.115ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={C\Delta Tc_{p} \over H_{V}}}"></dd></dl> <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">HV </td> <td align="left">= 水蒸發的潛熱，2260 kJ / kg </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141">ΔT </td> <td align="left">= 從塔頂到塔底的溫度差，單位°C </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">cp </td> <td align="left">= 水的比熱，4.184 kJ / (kg<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cdot }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cdot }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba2c023bad1bd39ed49080f729cbf26bc448c9ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.439ex; margin-bottom: -0.61ex; width:0.647ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cdot }">°C) </td></tr></tbody></table> 風損（W）是因為氣流而減少的水量。若沒有製造商的數據，大型的工業冷卻塔，可以假設如下： <dl><dd>若是自然通風，沒有風損消除器（windage drift eliminators），W = C的0.3%至1.0%。</dd> <dd>若是誘導通風，沒有風損消除器，W = C的0.1%至0.3%。</dd> <dd>若有風損消除器，W = C的0.005%以下。</dd> <dd>若有風損消除器，且用海水作為補充水，W = C的0.0005%以下。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="濃縮倍數">濃縮倍數</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：濃縮倍數">编辑</a>]</div> 濃縮倍數表示循環水中溶解礦物質的累積程度。一般會用排放冷卻水來控制這些礦物質的生成。 補充水的化學特性（包括溶解礦物質的量），其變化範圍很廣。若是從表面水體（湖水、河水）取得的補充水，比較容易腐蝕金屬，若是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a>（例如水井）取得的補充水，礦物質較高，比較容易有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9E%A2" title="水垢">水垢</a>的問題。若增加水中礦物質的量，比較不容易腐蝕管路，不過可能會有水垢。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycles-Of-Concentration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cycles-Of-Concentration.png/220px-Cycles-Of-Concentration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cycles-Of-Concentration.png/330px-Cycles-Of-Concentration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cycles-Of-Concentration.png/440px-Cycles-Of-Concentration.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>冷卻塔中，濃縮倍數和流率的關係</figcaption></figure> 當濃縮倍數增加時，水中溶解的礦物質可能會超過其溶解度，因而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80" title="沉淀">沉淀</a>礦物質固體，會因此而結垢，也會造成冷卻塔或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A2%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="换热器">换热器</a>的問題。循環水的溫度、管路以及熱交換器的表面都會決定循環水的礦物質是否會沈澱，以及在何處沈澱。專業的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工業水處理（页面不存在）">工業水處理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_water_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Industrial water treatment">Industrial water treatment</a>）顧問可以評估冷卻塔的工作條件以及補充水量，並且建議適當的濃縮倍數。使用水處理化合物、進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AF%E5%8C%96" title="硬水软化">硬水软化</a>、<a href="/wiki/PH%E5%80%BC" title="PH值">PH值</a>調整等預處理等技術，都會影響濃縮倍數的允許範圍。 冷卻塔的濃縮倍數多半是在3到7之間，美國許多的供水是使用井水，其溶解礦物質較多。另外，紐約最大的供水系統是用雨水，其溶解礦物質很低，因此其濃縮倍數可以到7，甚至可以超過7。 因為濃縮倍數高表示補充水可以較少，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E6%B0%B4" title="節水">節水</a>措施一般會著重在提高濃縮倍數<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>。若在飲用水稀缺的地區，冷卻水使用高度處理的循環水，可以減少在飲用水上的使用<a href="#cite_note-Diego-20">[20]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="維護">維護</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：維護">编辑</a>]</div> 冷卻塔的冷水盤和表面需清潔，去除可見的塵土和碎屑，並且去肉眼可見的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C" title="生物薄膜">生物薄膜</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>。 需維持冷卻塔及熱水管中的消毒劑以及其他化學物的含量，並且持續監控<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>。 需要定期用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B8%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浸片（页面不存在）">浸片</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_slide" class="extiw" title="en:Dip slide">Dip slide</a>）針對水質（特別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%B0%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="好氧生物">好氧菌</a>）進行檢查，因為其他的生物可能會產生營養物質，讓<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="軍團菌">軍團菌</a>可以存活<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水處理">水處理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：水處理">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工業水處理（页面不存在）">工業水處理</a></div> 在大型的工業冷卻系統中，除了處理循環水以減少水垢外，循環水也需要經過過濾，以去除雜質，也會加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%91" title="殺生物劑">殺生物劑</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%A4%E8%97%BB%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="除藻劑（页面不存在）">除藻劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/algaecide" class="extiw" title="en:algaecide">algaecide</a>），以避免這些生物的滋長，進而影響水的連續流動<a href="#cite_note-Beychok-17">[17]</a>。在一些特定條件下，冷卻水中可能會生成由細菌、真菌或藻類形成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C" title="生物薄膜">生物薄膜</a>，若這類生物迅速生長，會降低冷卻塔的熱傳效率。利用氯或是其他的化學物質，可以減少或是預防生物薄膜的生成。工業上常見的作法是用二種的殺生物劑，例如一種是氧化型的，另一個是非氧化型，二種殺生物劑可以截長補短，以確保有較廣的防護範圍。大部份的情形，會持續使用少量的氧化型殺生物劑，再週期性的加入大量的非氧化型殺生物劑<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>。 冷卻水會因為排水、氣損及蒸發而散失。因此會預備補充水以維持水量，其目的是讓機械及設備可以安全穩定運轉。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="军团病">军团病</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：军团病">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legionella_pneumophila_(SEM)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Legionella_pneumophila_%28SEM%29_2.jpg/220px-Legionella_pneumophila_%28SEM%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Legionella_pneumophila_%28SEM%29_2.jpg/330px-Legionella_pneumophila_%28SEM%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Legionella_pneumophila_%28SEM%29_2.jpg/440px-Legionella_pneumophila_%28SEM%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E8%82%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E8%8F%8C" title="嗜肺军团菌">嗜肺军团菌</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F%E5%BC%8F%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="掃描式電子顯微鏡">掃描式電子顯微鏡</a>放大5000倍攝影）</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E7%97%85" title="军团病">军团病</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="軍團菌屬">軍團菌屬</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg/250px-Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg/375px-Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg/500px-Cooling_Tower_Algal_Mat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>許多微生物（例如菌群、真菌或藻類）可以在冷卻塔中的高溫下存活。</figcaption></figure> 冷卻塔使用殺生物劑的另一個原因是避免<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="軍團菌屬">軍團菌屬</a>細菌的生長，特別是會造成<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E7%97%85" title="军团病">军团病</a>（退伍軍人症）的菌種，<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E8%82%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E8%8F%8C" title="嗜肺军团菌">嗜肺军团菌</a>（Legionella pneumophila）<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>，或是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B3%A5%E5%9E%8B%E7%B5%90%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%9D%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鳥型結核分枝桿菌（页面不存在）">鳥型結核分枝桿菌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium" class="extiw" title="en:Mycobacterium avium">Mycobacterium avium</a>）<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>。軍團菌屬細菌會造成军团病，此疾病可以透過空氣中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="懸浮粒子">懸浮粒子</a>傳播，因此吸入含有病菌液滴的空氣即可能感染。軍團菌屬細菌的常見來源包括開放循環蒸發的冷卻水系統，家用熱水系統、噴泉，或是其他公用給水系統。自然的來源可能包括淡水池或是溪流<a href="#cite_note-Cun2016-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Start-25">[25]</a>。 法國研究者指出在法國加来海峡省的石化廠冷卻塔中，其中的冷卻水含有軍團菌屬細菌，細菌可以透過空氣傳播6公里（3.7英里）的距離。曾經爆發感染，86人經實驗室檢驗，判斷確診，其中有21人死亡<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>。 風損（Drift或windage）是指冷卻塔排出，在空氣中以液滴形式散失的水份。風損消除器可以讓風損維持在循環水流量的0.001–0.005%。標準的風損消除器會讓氣流有多方向的變化，避免液滴從冷卻塔排出。設計良好，而且適合冷卻塔的風損消除器可以大幅降低風損，也可以降低軍團菌屬細菌暴露或是水處理化學藥暴露的風險。每六個月需要檢查風損消除器，確定其中沒有縫隙，以避免污物自由流動<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心">美国疾病控制与预防中心</a>（CDC）不建議醫療機構定期針對軍團菌屬細菌進行檢查。是否要針對軍團菌屬細菌定期進行微生物監控，仍有爭議，因為有軍團菌屬細菌不代表會產生疾病。針對已知會傳播軍團菌屬細菌的設備，美国疾病控制与预防中心建議進行積極的消毒措施，但不建議對細菌進行定期的微生物檢測。不過若醫院中的病患在特殊的條件（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%80%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="造血干细胞">造血干细胞</a>移植中心、器官移植中心）容易受到軍團菌屬細菌感染而患病甚至死亡，需考慮對飲用水進行定期的監測。另外，在軍團菌屬暴發後，衛生官員同意有必要監控以來識別感染源，並且評估殺生物劑或是其他預防措施的效果<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">與來源不符</a>]。 研究指出冷卻塔中有40%至60%含有軍團菌屬細菌<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="產生的霧">產生的霧</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：產生的霧">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clouds,_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clouds%2C_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg/220px-Clouds%2C_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clouds%2C_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg/330px-Clouds%2C_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clouds%2C_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg/440px-Clouds%2C_natural_and_otherwise_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778331.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E5%8B%92%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃格伯勒電廠（页面不存在）">埃格伯勒電廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggborough_power_station" class="extiw" title="en:Eggborough power station">Eggborough power station</a>）產生的霧</figcaption></figure> 在特定的環境條件下，會看到水蒸氣的氣流從冷卻塔的排氣口排出，可能會誤認為是火災產生的煙。若室外空氣的水蒸氣已飽和或接近飽和，冷卻塔又增加空氣中的水氣，會排出帶有水液滴及飽和水蒸氣的空氣，即為霧。此現象一般會發生在濕冷的天氣，不過在許多氣候下都很少見。和冷卻塔有關的雲和霧其特點是其均質性，就像其他人造的雲一樣（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="飛機雲">飛機雲</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%B9%E8%B7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="船跡（页面不存在）">船跡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ship_track" class="extiw" title="en:ship track">ship track</a>））<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。 若是降低排放飽和空氣的相對濕度，可以避免此一情形。因此，在混合式冷卻塔中，會將排放飽和空氣和較熱、濕度較低的空氣混合。會在風損消除器的上方導入一些空氣，使其在熱交換器中流動。相對濕度較低的乾空氣在進入塔內後，會因為加熱而讓相對濕度進一步降低。排出的混合氣體相對濕度較低，也不會形成肉眼可見的霧。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="排放鹽類及其他物質的污染">排放鹽類及其他物質的污染</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：排放鹽類及其他物質的污染">编辑</a>]</div> 若在海邊（或靠近海邊），用海水作為補充水的濕式冷卻塔，冷卻塔排放的水液滴中會含有6%的氯化鈉，會散播在附近的陸地上。鈉鹽在附近農地上的沈積，可能會將會將土壤變為鹽化鈉質土或<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%B0" title="盐碱地">盐碱地</a>，並且增加地下水以及表面水的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%89%E5%90%B8%E8%91%97%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈉吸著比（页面不存在）">鈉吸著比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_adsorption_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Sodium adsorption ratio">Sodium adsorption ratio</a>）。在沒有國家級污染控制標準的地區，或是沒有採取措施來降低濕式冷卻塔風損的地區，若使用海水作為補充水，其鹽分沉積的問題會更嚴重<a href="#cite_note-wet_cooling-31">[31]</a>。 若使用淡水補充水，不會有排放鹽類的問題，可是會有其他問題。冷卻塔的風損水液滴中，可能會有直徑小於10<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="微米">微米</a>（µm）的可吸入<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="懸浮粒子">懸浮粒子</a>。10微米以上的懸浮粒子會在鼻子和喉嚨中被纖毛和粘液過濾，但較小的粒子（PM10）會進入支氣管以及肺部，因而形成健康問題。大小小於2.5 µm（PM2.5）的粒子會進入肺部的氣體交換區域。非常小的粒子（小於100奈米）會經由肺部進入體內循環，影響其他器官。雖用淡水補充水的總粒子排放會少很多，但其中PM10和PM2.5的比例會比以海水為補充水時要多很多。這是淡水為補充水的風損鹽份（小於2,000 ppm）較用海水時（60,000 ppm）要少<a href="#cite_note-wet_cooling-31">[31]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用作排氣煙囪">用作排氣煙囪</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：用作排氣煙囪">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg/170px-Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg/255px-Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg/340px-Chimney_included_in_cooling_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3642" /></a><figcaption>自然通風濕式冷卻塔內的排氣煙囪</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG/220px-Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG/330px-Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG/440px-Power_station_Duisburg_Walsum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>連接到自然通風濕式冷卻塔的排氣煙囪</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>在烏克蘭由結構鋼製成的電廠大型<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%A2" title="雙曲面">雙曲面</a>冷卻塔</figcaption></figure> 有些現代的發電廠有配置<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E6%B0%A3%E8%84%AB%E7%A1%AB" title="煙氣脫硫">煙氣脫硫</a>設備，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9Fkrotzenburg%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Großkrotzenburg發電廠（页面不存在）">Großkrotzenburg發電廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fkrotzenburg_Power_Station" class="extiw" title="en:Großkrotzenburg Power Station">Großkrotzenburg Power Station</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="羅斯托克發電廠">羅斯托克發電廠</a>，也會用冷卻塔當成排氣煙囪，因此可以節省獨立煙囪結構的費用。若發電廠沒有煙氣淨化設備，煙氣和水可以會反應產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸">酸</a>，因此會出現腐蝕的問題。 有時自然通風的冷卻塔會用結構鋼來代替鋼筋凝混凝土（RCC）來建造，多半是在自然通風冷卻塔的建造時間超過其他設備建造時間時，或是當時的土壤強度不足，無法承載結構鋼和混凝土結構的重量，也有可能因為混凝土價格昂貴，為了成本考量，因此用結構鋼來製作冷卻塔。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="火災危害">火災危害</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：火災危害">编辑</a>]</div> 若冷卻塔中的部份材料（或全部材料）有可燃物質，可能會助長內部火災的擴散。因為冷卻塔內部的高<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表面體積比（页面不存在）">表面體積比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/surface-volume_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:surface-volume ratio">surface-volume ratio</a>），再加上自然通風或強制通風的影響，其火勢會相當的強。其損害會相當嚴重，需要更換冷卻塔內的所有元件。因此有些製作規模或標準<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>會要求可燃的冷卻塔需加裝<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E7%81%91%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="自動灑水系統">自動灑水系統</a>。若冷卻塔沒有運作（例如正在興建中，或因維修原因沒有運作），內部的火災可能會蔓延，甚至在冷卻塔有運作時，針對誘導通風的系統，可能會因為部份區域相對來說較乾，而可能產生火災<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="低溫環境下的處理">低溫環境下的處理</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：低溫環境下的處理">编辑</a>]</div> 有些冷卻塔（例如較小型的大樓空調系統）為了避免結凍造成的損害，會在冬季關機、將水排空並且防凍。 在冬季時，有些持續運作的冷卻塔會使流出的水溫度在4 °C（39 °F）。針對寒冷的天氣，會使用Basin加熱器等防凍的對策。在運作中的冷卻塔在天氣非常寒冷時也可能會誤動作。一般來說，結凍會先出現在冷卻塔的中央，在熱負載較小，或是沒有熱負載時出現。嚴重的結凍會讓水變成冰，其體積膨脹，因此會增加結構上的受力，可能會造成結構受損或是倒塌。 為了避免結凍，可以採取以下的措施： <ul><li>在寒冷的天氣中，不建議使用水量調節的旁路（by-pass）系統。此時需要有變速馬達的控制可變性、雙速馬達、或是雙速馬達多芯冷卻塔<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>。</li> <li>不要在沒有監控的情形下運作冷卻塔。若無人看守，需要加裝感測器及遠端的警報器以監控運作情形。</li> <li>不要在沒有水壓的情形下運作冷卻塔。可以用讓冷卻塔中的水維持在凝固點以上。加熱管是電阻性的發熱元件，可以裝在水管上以避免結凍。</li> <li>讓水的流量可以超過塔內的填充料。</li> <li>控制或減少氣流，以維持水溫在凝固點以上<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結構穩定性">結構穩定性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：結構穩定性">编辑</a>]</div> 非常大的冷卻塔很容易因風力而受損，過去也曾發生過大型結構的失效。英國西约克郡的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A1%E6%A9%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E7%AB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渡橋發電站（页面不存在）">渡橋發電站</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_station" class="extiw" title="en:Ferrybridge power station">Ferrybridge power station</a>）在1965年11月1日，因為85 mph（137 km/h）強風造成的振動，造成三座冷卻塔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結構失效（页面不存在）">結構失效</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/structural_failure" class="extiw" title="en:structural failure">structural failure</a>）而倒塌<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>。此結構的設計是可以承受較高的風速，但冷卻塔的形狀導致西風漏斗狀的繞著塔旋轉，形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E6%97%8B" title="渦旋">渦旋</a>。八座冷卻塔中有三座倒塌，另外五座也嚴重受損。後來八座冷卻塔都已重建，而且有強化，可以承受惡劣的天候。後來也有修改建築法規，其中包括改善結構支撐，以及為了確認冷卻塔的結構和組態，需進行<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%B4%9E" title="风洞">风洞</a>測試<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目">相關條目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：相關條目">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建筑工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="火力發電廠">火力發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="核電廠">核電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="發電廠">發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%86%B7" title="水冷">水冷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A1%94" title="水塔">水塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%8D%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="退伍軍人症">退伍軍人症</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> CleanEnergy Footprints (cleanenergy.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2012/12/31/identifying-nuclear-reactors-in-google-earth/">Identifying Nuclear Reactors in Google Earth</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141023052158/http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2012/12/31/identifying-nuclear-reactors-in-google-earth/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Retrieved 5/19/2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS1902a-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICS1902a_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICS1902a_2-1">2.1</a> <cite class="citation book">International Correspondence Schools. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbookonsteame04inteiala">A 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New York: McGraw-Hill. 1922: 283–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.aufirst=Terrell&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.btitle=Steam-Engine+Principles+and+Practice&rft.date=1922&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=283-286&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteamengineprinc00crofrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Heck_1911-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heck_1911_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heck_1911_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heck_1911_4-2">4.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Heck, Robert Culbertson Hays. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steamengineturbi00heck">The Steam Engine and Turbine: A Text-Book for Engineering Colleges</a>. New York: D. Van Nostrand. 1911: 569–570.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.aufirst=Robert+Culbertson+Hays&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.btitle=The+Steam+Engine+and+Turbine%3A+A+Text-Book+for+Engineering+Colleges&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=569-570&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteamengineturbi00heck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Engineer_1906-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Engineer_1906_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Engineer_1906_5-1">5.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Watson, Egbert P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKUiAQAAMAAJ">Power plant and allied industries</a>. The Engineer (With Which is Incorporated Steam Engineering) (Chicago: Taylor Publishing Co.). 1906, 43 (1): 69–72 [2021-02-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729162538/https://books.google.com/books?id=cKUiAQAAMAAJ">存档</a>于2020-07-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.atitle=Power+plant+and+allied+industries&rft.aufirst=Egbert+P.&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.date=1906&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Engineer+%28With+Which+is+Incorporated+Steam+Engineering%29&rft.pages=69-72&rft.volume=43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKUiAQAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-van_VlietWiberg2016-6"><a href="#cite_ref-van_VlietWiberg2016_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">van Vliet, Michelle T. H.; Wiberg, David; Leduc, Sylvain; Riahi, Keywan. 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Chicago: American School of Correspondence. 1908: 43–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.btitle=The+Steam+Engine%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+the+Construction%2C+Operation%2C+and+care+of+Steam+Engines%2C+Steam+Turbines%2C+and+Their+Accessories&rft.date=1908&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=43-46&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=American+School+of+Correspondence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteamenginepract00amerrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19180411&NR=108863A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_V3&CC=GB&FT=D">UK Patent No. 108,863</a>. [2021-02-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205201218/http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A&date=19180411&NR=108863A&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_V3&CC=GB&FT=D">存档</a>于2009-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.btitle=UK+Patent+No.+108%2C863&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2Fbiblio%3FKC%3DA%26date%3D19180411%26NR%3D108863A%26DB%3DEPODOC%26locale%3Den_V3%26CC%3DGB%26FT%3DD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PopMech1930-9"><a href="#cite_ref-PopMech1930_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA201">Power Plant Cooling Tower Like Big Milk Bottle</a>. Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines). February 1930: 201 [2021-02-13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">ISSN 0032-4558</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729170619/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA201">存档</a>于2020-07-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.atitle=Power+Plant+Cooling+Tower+Like+Big+Milk+Bottle&rft.date=1930-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0032-4558&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.pages=201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-IDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Cheremisinoff, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookchemical00libg">Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment</a>. 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Washington, D.C. 1997 [2021-02-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405122613/http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/notebooks/fossil.html">存档</a>于2011-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.au=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29.&rft.btitle=Profile+of+the+Fossil+Fuel+Electric+Power+Generation+Industry&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=report&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcompliance%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fassistance%2Fsectors%2Fnotebooks%2Ffossil.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Document No. EPA/310-R-97-007. p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/presentations/maulbetsch.pdf">Cooling System Retrofit Costs</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080309155008/http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/presentations/maulbetsch.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） EPA Workshop on Cooling Water Intake Technologies, John Maulbetsch, Maulbetsch Consulting, May 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Thomas J. Feeley, III, Lindsay Green, James T. Murphy, Jeffrey Hoffmann, and Barbara A. Carney (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://204.154.137.14/technologies/coalpower/ewr/pubs/IEP_Power_Plant_Water_R&D_Final_1.pdf">"Department of Energy/Office of Fossil Energy’s Power Plant Water Management R&D Program."</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104349/http://204.154.137.14/technologies/coalpower/ewr/pubs/IEP_Power_Plant_Water_R%26D_Final_1.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期27 September 2007. U.S. Department of Energy, July 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Indian Point Energy Center的冷卻系統每年會殺死十億個魚卵及幼体<cite class="citation news">McGeehan, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/nyregion/fire-prompts-renewed-calls-to-close-the-indian-point-nuclear-plant.html">Fire Prompts Renewed Calls to Close the Indian Point Nuclear Plant</a>. 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NFPA 214, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=214">Standard on Water-Cooling Towers</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100617095816/http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=214">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> NFPA 214, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=214">Standard on Water-Cooling Towers.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100617095816/http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=214">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Section A1.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-35927009">Ferrybridge C Power Station officially closes after 50 years</a>. [2021-03-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612124430/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-35927009">存档</a>于2020-06-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&rft.btitle=Ferrybridge+C+Power+Station+officially+closes+after+50+years&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leeds-35927009&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/cooling_tower?uselang=zh">冷卻塔</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cti.org/whatis/coolingtowerdetail.shtml">What is a cooling tower?</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100507124703/http://www.cti.org/whatis/coolingtowerdetail.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – Cooling Technology Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nucleartourist.com/systems/ct.htm">"Cooling Towers" – includes diagrams</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100304001332/http://www.nucleartourist.com/systems/ct.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – Virtual Nuclear Tourist</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403110105/http://www.ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/default.asp?lang=En&n=2ED8CFA7-1">Wet cooling tower guidance for particulate matter, Environment Canada.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/02/15/photographer-europes-abandoned-cooling-towers/">Striking pictures of Europe’s abandoned cooling towers</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180620124723/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/02/15/photographer-europes-abandoned-cooling-towers/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by Reginald Van de Velde, Lonely Planet, 15 February 2017 (see also excerpt from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-38029636/see-inside-giant-cooling-towers">radio interview</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181123064538/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-38029636/see-inside-giant-cooling-towers">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, World Update, BBC, 21 November 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="供電" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB" title="Template:供電"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB" title="Template talk:供電"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:供電"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="供電" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">供電</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">電學概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="電力">電力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E9%A2%91" title="工频">工频</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="電功率">電功率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="交流电功率">交流電功率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B0" title="功率因数">功率因數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓電">高壓電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電">直流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流電</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="單相電">單相電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="三相電">三相電</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="額定容量">額定容量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%A6)" title="三相 (电学)">三相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="中性導體">中線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="接地">接地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E6%AF%94_(%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F)" title="短路比 (發電機)">短路比</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需求因數（页面不存在）">需求因數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_factor" class="extiw" title="en:Demand factor">Demand factor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="供電質素（页面不存在）">供電質素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_quality" class="extiw" title="en:Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81" title="電力潮流">電力潮流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">能量來源</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="不可再生能源">不可再生</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94" title="天然气">天然气</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核動力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E8%AE%8A%E5%8B%95%E6%80%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高變動性再生能源（页面不存在）">高變動性再生能源</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Variable renewable energy">Variable renewable energy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="生物质">生物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="生物燃料">生物燃料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="地熱能發電">地熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%83%BD" title="海洋能">海洋能</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%81%E8%83%BD" title="海流能">海流能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E9%B9%BD%E5%B7%AE%E8%83%BD" title="海水鹽差能">海水鹽差能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%AB%E5%B7%AE%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="海水溫差發電">海水溫差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E8%83%BD" title="潮汐能">潮汐能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%B5%AA%E8%83%BD" title="波浪能">波浪能</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="太陽能發電">太陽能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="發電">發電</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">發電廠及設備</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="火力發電廠">火力發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="核能發電廠">核能發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="风力发电场">風力發電場</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能發電場（页面不存在）">太陽能發電場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" class="extiw" title="en:Photovoltaic power station">Photovoltaic power station</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="潮汐發電">潮汐發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="基本負載發電廠">基本負載發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%B3%B0%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="尖峰負載發電廠">尖峰負載發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E8%BF%BD%E9%9A%A8%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負載追隨發電廠（页面不存在）">負載追隨發電廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_following_power_plant" class="extiw" title="en:Load following power plant">Load following power plant</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%B0%B4%E8%93%84%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99" title="抽水蓄能电站">抽水蓄能电站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="虛擬電廠">虛擬電廠</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">冷卻塔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E6%AD%A5%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異步發電機（页面不存在）">異步發電機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_generator" class="extiw" title="en:Induction generator">Induction generator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="微型發電">微型發電</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">發電理論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7" title="热电联产">热电联产</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E7%83%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7" title="微型热电联产">微型热电联产</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="联合循环">联合循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="朗肯循环">朗肯循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="分散式發電">分散式發電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可用率因數（页面不存在）">可用率因數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factor" class="extiw" title="en:Availability factor">Availability factor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自動發電控制（页面不存在）">自動發電控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" class="extiw" title="en:Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%95%9F%E5%81%9C%E9%A0%86%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發電機啟停順序（页面不存在）">發電機啟停順序</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_order" class="extiw" title="en:Merit order">Merit order</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%82%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="下垂速度控制">下垂速度控制</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%8A%95%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%9E%E5%A0%B1%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源投入回報比（页面不存在）">能源投入回報比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" class="extiw" title="en:Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E6%AF%94_(%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短路比 (電網)（页面不存在）">短路比 (電網)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit_ratio_(electrical_grid)" class="extiw" title="en:Short circuit ratio (electrical grid)">Short circuit ratio (electrical grid)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8" title="負載因數">負載因數</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%9E%E5%AE%B9%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="增容改造（页面不存在）">增容改造</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repowering" class="extiw" title="en:Repowering">Repowering</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%82%E5%B3%B0%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頂峰需求（页面不存在）">頂峰需求</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_demand" class="extiw" title="en:Peak demand">Peak demand</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="容量因子">容量因子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">輸電</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="電力系統">電力系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="輸電系統">輸電系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="配電系統">配電系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="輸電網路">輸電網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="需量反應">需求反應</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動態需求（页面不存在）">動態需求</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" class="extiw" title="en:Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand (electric power)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%8A%B7%E5%94%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力銷售（页面不存在）">電力銷售</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_retailing" class="extiw" title="en:Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B)" title="母线 (电力)">匯流排</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓直流輸電">高壓直流輸電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%B8%E9%9B%BB_(%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岸電 (輸電)（页面不存在）">岸電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" class="extiw" title="en:High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負載管理（页面不存在）">負載管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_management" class="extiw" title="en:Load management">Load management</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E9%9B%BB%E6%BA%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="家用電源列表">家用電源列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%B6%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C" title="架空電纜">架空電纜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="储能技术">储能技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="智慧電網">智慧電網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80" title="變電所">變電所</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%B4%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單線地迴路（页面不存在）">單線地迴路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" class="extiw" title="en:Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="超級電網">超級電網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8E%8B%E5%99%A8" title="变压器">变压器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%95%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸電系統操作商（页面不存在）">輸電系統操作商</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" class="extiw" title="en:Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸電塔（页面不存在）">輸電塔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_tower" class="extiw" title="en:Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%BA%BF%E6%9D%86" title="电线杆">电线杆</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E5%8F%8D%E9%A5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電流反饋（页面不存在）">電流反饋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backfeeding" class="extiw" title="en:Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%AA%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="經濟調度">經濟調度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="能源需求管理">能源需求管理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家用儲能（页面不存在）">家用儲能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage" class="extiw" title="en:Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD" title="電網儲能">電網儲能</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%88%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力守則（页面不存在）">電力守則</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_code" class="extiw" title="en:Grid code">Grid code</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81" title="電力潮流">電力潮流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">故障</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C" title="電力系統故障">電力系統故障</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93%E9%A9%9F%E9%99%8D" title="電壓驟降">電壓驟降</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="停電">停電</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%8D%80%E8%BC%AA%E6%B5%81%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分區輪流供電（页面不存在）">分區輪流供電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_blackout" class="extiw" title="en:Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a>）)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="限電">限電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E9%BB%91%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全黑啟動（页面不存在）">全黑啟動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_start" class="extiw" title="en:Black start">Black start</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連鎖故障（页面不存在）">連鎖故障</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_failure" class="extiw" title="en:Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="接地系统">接地系統</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">繼電保護</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%BC%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="繼電保護（页面不存在）">繼電保護</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-system_protection" class="extiw" title="en:Power-system protection">Power-system protection</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E7%BB%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8" title="保护继电器">保护继电器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8" title="斷路器">斷路器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六氟化硫斷路器（页面不存在）">六氟化硫斷路器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" class="extiw" title="en:Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%A7%E5%88%87%E6%96%B7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電弧切斷器（页面不存在）">電弧切斷器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" class="extiw" title="en:Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%8F%E9%9B%BB%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8_(%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漏電斷路器 (斷路器)（页面不存在）">漏電斷路器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_leakage_circuit_breaker" class="extiw" title="en:Earth leakage circuit breaker">Earth leakage circuit breaker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0%E6%BC%8F%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%8F%92%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="接地漏电保护插座">接地漏电保护插座</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">經濟與政策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E7%B4%84%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="節約能源">節約能源</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E6%8A%B5%E6%B6%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳抵消（页面不存在）">碳抵消</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon offset">Carbon offset</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="发电成本">发电成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%A8%85" title="生態稅">生態稅</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%A3%9C%E8%B2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源補貼（页面不存在）">能源補貼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidy" class="extiw" title="en:Energy subsidy">Energy subsidy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7%E8%A1%A5%E8%B4%B4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="上网电价补贴政策">上网电价补贴政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E6%B7%98%E6%B1%B0" title="化石燃料淘汰">化石燃料淘汰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7" title="净计量电价">净计量电价</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E5%8F%A4%E7%A8%8E" title="庇古税">庇古税</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6" title="可再生能源证书">可再生能源證書</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%B6%E8%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可再生能源收費（页面不存在）">可再生能源收費</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" class="extiw" title="en:Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" title="可再生能源商业化">可再生能源商业化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E8%8A%B1%E5%83%B9%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火花價差（页面不存在）">火花價差</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_spread" class="extiw" title="en:Spark spread">Spark spread</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%94%E6%B7%A8%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潔淨電力計畫（页面不存在）">潔淨電力計畫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" class="extiw" title="en:Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="各国核能政策">各国核能政策</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">統計</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國電力行業（页面不存在）">各國電力行業</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" class="extiw" title="en:List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力使用量（页面不存在）">電力使用量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" class="extiw" title="en:Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />主題：<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="Portal:可持续发展">可持續發展</a></li> <li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />分類：<a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="Category:电力分配">電力分配</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="Category:發電方式">發電方式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Category:发电站技术">發電站技術</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="暖通空調" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="Template:暖通空調"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="Template talk:暖通空調"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:暖通空調"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="暖通空調" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B0" title="换气次数">换气次数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%98%E5%B9%B2" title="烘干">烘干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%A4%96%E6%AE%BC" title="建築外殼">建築外殼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E9%87%8A" title="稀释">稀释</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭能源消耗（页面不存在）">家庭能源消耗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" class="extiw" title="en:Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="流體動力學">流體動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%9C%BA" title="压缩机">压缩机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="熱泵及冷凍循環">熱泵及冷凍循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%83%AD" title="传热">传热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="湿度">湿度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F_(%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滲透 (暖通空調)（页面不存在）">滲透</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" class="extiw" title="en:Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration (HVAC)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%AA%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噪音控制（页面不存在）">噪音控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_control" class="extiw" title="en:Noise control">Noise control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E6%B0%A3" title="釋氣">釋氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="懸浮粒子">颗粒物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%B8" title="測濕學">測濕學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E7%86%B1" title="顯熱">顯熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E5%9B%AA%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="煙囪效應">煙囪效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%88%92%E9%81%A9%E6%80%A7" title="熱舒適性">熱舒適性</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%84%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱脱層化作用（页面不存在）">熱脱層化作用</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_destratification" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱質量（页面不存在）">熱質量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="水蒸气压">水蒸气压</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">技術</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7" title="吸收式制冷">吸收式制冷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣密層（页面不存在）">氣密層</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_barrier" class="extiw" title="en:Air barrier">Air barrier</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80" title="空氣調節">空氣調節</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%87%8D%E5%8A%91" title="防凍劑">防凍劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83" title="汽车空调">汽车空调</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自主性建築（页面不存在）">自主性建築</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_building" class="extiw" title="en:Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E4%BF%9D%E6%BA%AB%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築保溫材料（页面不存在）">建築保溫材料</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulation_materials" class="extiw" title="en:Building insulation materials">Building insulation materials</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BE%9B%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="中央供暖系统">中央供暖系统</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E4%BE%9B%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中央太陽能供熱（页面不存在）">中央太陽能供熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_solar_heating" class="extiw" title="en:Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E6%A8%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷樑（页面不存在）">冷樑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilled_beam" class="extiw" title="en:Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷卻水（页面不存在）">冷卻水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilled_water" class="extiw" title="en:Chilled water">Chilled water</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%A2%A8%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定風量系統（页面不存在）">定風量系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_air_volume" class="extiw" title="en:Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%B4%E5%89%82" title="冷却剂">冷却剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="新風系統">獨立式外氣空調系統</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%90%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深層水源冷卻（页面不存在）">深層水源冷卻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%96%E6%B0%A3%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需量控制外氣量（页面不存在）">需量控制外氣量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand-controlled_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Demand-controlled ventilation">Demand-controlled ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%AE%E6%8F%9B%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="置換通風（页面不存在）">置換通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="區域製冷（页面不存在）">區域製冷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:District cooling">District cooling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E4%BE%9B%E6%9A%96" title="區域供暖">區域供暖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%86%B1" title="電熱">電熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="全熱交換機">全熱交換機</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火系統（页面不存在）">防火系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestop" class="extiw" title="en:Firestop">Firestop</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E4%BE%9B%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強制供熱（页面不存在）">強制供熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced-air" class="extiw" title="en:Forced-air">Forced-air</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E4%BE%9B%E7%86%B1%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強制供熱氣體（页面不存在）">強制供熱氣體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced-air_gas" class="extiw" title="en:Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然冷卻（页面不存在）">自然冷卻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:Free cooling">Free cooling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱回收通風系統（页面不存在）">熱回收通風系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱混合（页面不存在）">熱混合</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_heat" class="extiw" title="en:Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="循環加熱冷卻系統（页面不存在）">循環加熱冷卻系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronics" class="extiw" title="en:Hydronics">Hydronics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E8%93%84%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰蓄製冷空調系统（页面不存在）">冰蓄製冷空調系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" class="extiw" title="en:Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%9A%E6%88%BF%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廚房通風（页面不存在）">廚房通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混合式通風（页面不存在）">混合式通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="微型發電">微型發電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然通風（页面不存在）">自然通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Natural ventilation">Natural ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB" title="無動力冷卻">無動力冷卻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%8F%E8%8A%82%E8%83%BD%E5%B1%8B" title="被动式节能屋">被动式节能屋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射加熱和冷卻系統（页面不存在）">輻射加熱和冷卻系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling_system" class="extiw" title="en:Radiant heating and cooling system">Radiant heating and cooling system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB" title="輻射冷卻">輻射冷卻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射加熱（页面不存在）">輻射加熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="extiw" title="en:Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A1%E6%B0%A3%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氡氣降低系統（页面不存在）">氡氣降低系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon_mitigation" class="extiw" title="en:Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7" title="制冷">制冷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="再生熱能（页面不存在）">再生熱能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_heat" class="extiw" title="en:Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="室內空調分配（页面不存在）">室內空調分配</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_air_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能空氣加熱（页面不存在）">太陽能空氣加熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_air_heat" class="extiw" title="en:Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能複合式系統（页面不存在）">太陽能複合式系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_combisystem" class="extiw" title="en:Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83" title="太阳能空调">太阳能空调</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能加熱系統（页面不存在）">太陽能加熱系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heating" class="extiw" title="en:Solar heating">Solar heating</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E7%BB%9D%E7%BC%98" title="热绝缘">热绝缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9D%BF%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%81%E9%A3%8E%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地板式送风空调系统">地板式送风空调系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="地暖系統">地暖系統</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E6%BD%AE%E8%86%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防潮膜（页面不存在）">防潮膜</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_barrier" class="extiw" title="en:Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7" title="蒸氣壓縮製冷">蒸氣壓縮製冷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E9%A2%A8%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變風量系統（页面不存在）">變風量系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_air_volume" class="extiw" title="en:Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%8A%E5%86%B7%E5%AA%92%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可變冷媒流量（页面不存在）">可變冷媒流量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" class="extiw" title="en:Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8" title="通風">通風</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">設備</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%AE%8A%E5%99%A8" title="逆變器">變頻式空調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%96%80" title="空氣門">空氣門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%BB%A4%E6%B8%85%E5%99%A8" title="空气滤清器">空气滤清器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空氣調節器（页面不存在）">空氣調節器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handler" class="extiw" title="en:Air handler">Air handler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2%E5%99%A8" title="空氣電離器">空氣離子產生器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空氣混合室（页面不存在）">空氣混合室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" class="extiw" title="en:Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E5%87%80%E5%8C%96%E5%99%A8" title="空气净化器">空气净化器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%90%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空氣源熱泵（页面不存在）">空氣源熱泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_source_heat_pumps" class="extiw" title="en:Air source heat pumps">Air source heat pumps</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自動平衡閥（页面不存在）">自動平衡閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E5%AE%A4%E9%8D%8B%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃室鍋爐（页面不存在）">燃室鍋爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_boiler" class="extiw" title="en:Back boiler">Back boiler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%8F%E9%9A%9C%E7%AE%A1%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屏障管線（页面不存在）">屏障管線</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_pipe" class="extiw" title="en:Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80%E9%98%BB%E5%B0%BC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風門阻尼器（页面不存在）">風門阻尼器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_damper" class="extiw" title="en:Blast damper">Blast damper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%85%E7%82%89" title="锅炉">锅炉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%A2%E5%BF%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%A2%A8%E6%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="離心式風扇（页面不存在）">離心式風扇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" class="extiw" title="en:Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷卻機（页面不存在）">冷卻機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiller" class="extiw" title="en:Chiller">Chiller</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷凝泵（页面不存在）">冷凝泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensate_pump" class="extiw" title="en:Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%99%A8" title="冷凝器">冷凝器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%BC%8F%E9%8D%8B%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷凝式鍋爐（页面不存在）">冷凝式鍋爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensing_boiler" class="extiw" title="en:Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流加熱器（页面不存在）">對流加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Convection heater">Convection heater</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">冷卻塔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%80%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="節風門（页面不存在）">節風門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damper_(flow)" class="extiw" title="en:Damper (flow)">Damper (flow)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E6%BF%95%E6%A9%9F" title="除濕機">除湿机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風道（页面不存在）">風道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(flow)" class="extiw" title="en:Duct (flow)">Duct (flow)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8" title="廢氣加熱器">廢氣加熱器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%98" title="静电除尘">静电除尘</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒸發式冷卻器（页面不存在）">蒸發式冷卻器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" class="extiw" title="en:Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91%E5%99%A8" title="蒸发器">蒸发器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%B2%B9%E7%83%9F%E6%9C%BA" title="吸油烟机">吸油烟机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%94%E6%89%87" title="排气扇">排气扇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E6%A7%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膨脹槽（页面不存在）">膨脹槽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_tank" class="extiw" title="en:Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E6%A9%9F%E7%9B%A4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A9%9F%E7%B5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風機盤管機組（页面不存在）">風機盤管機組</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" class="extiw" title="en:Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E6%89%87%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風扇加熱器（页面不存在）">風扇加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Fan heater">Fan heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火風門（页面不存在）">防火風門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_damper" class="extiw" title="en:Fire damper">Fire damper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%88%90" title="壁爐">壁爐</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E5%B5%8C%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%81%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內嵌式壁爐（页面不存在）">內嵌式壁爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace_insert" class="extiw" title="en:Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E6%81%92%E6%B8%A9%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低温恒温器（页面不存在）">低温恒温器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_stat" class="extiw" title="en:Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%99%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煙道（页面不存在）">煙道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue" class="extiw" title="en:Flue">Flue</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="氟利昂">氟利昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%A3%8E%E6%9F%9C" title="通风柜">通风柜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%89" title="炉">炉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E5%AE%A4_(%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃燒室 (暖通空調)（页面不存在）">燃燒室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_room" class="extiw" title="en:Furnace room">Furnace room</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%9C%BA" title="压缩机">压缩机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤氣加熱器（页面不存在）">煤氣加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Gas heater">Gas heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汽油加熱器（页面不存在）">汽油加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%BA%90%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="地源熱泵系統">地源熱泵系統</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1_(%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="油管 (暖通空調)（页面不存在）">油管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_duct" class="extiw" title="en:Grease duct">Grease duct</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%9F%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格柵（页面不存在）">格柵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille" class="extiw" title="en:Grille">Grille</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地面耦合熱交換器（页面不存在）">地面耦合熱交換器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" class="extiw" title="en:Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A2%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="换热器">换热器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%AE%A1" title="熱導管">熱導管</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5" title="熱泵">熱泵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%83%AD%E8%86%9C" title="电热膜">电热膜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%96%E6%B0%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暖氣系統（页面不存在）">暖氣系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_system" class="extiw" title="en:Heating system">Heating system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E7%84%A1%E8%BB%B8%E5%B0%81%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高效率無軸封循環泵（页面不存在）">高效率無軸封循環泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" class="extiw" title="en:High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E6%BB%A4%E7%BD%91" title="高效滤网">高效滤网</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E5%88%87%E6%96%B7%E9%96%8B%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高壓切斷開關（页面不存在）">高壓切斷開關</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_pressure_cut_off_switch" class="extiw" title="en:High pressure cut off switch">High pressure cut off switch</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B9%BF%E5%99%A8" title="加湿器">加湿器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="红外加热器">红外加热器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E9%A0%BB%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變頻壓縮機（页面不存在）">變頻壓縮機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_compressor" class="extiw" title="en:Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E6%B2%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤油加熱器（页面不存在）">煤油加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%91%89_(%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E7%89%A9)" title="百葉 (結構物)">百葉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%89%87" title="风扇">风扇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="機械室（页面不存在）">機械室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_room" class="extiw" title="en:Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="油加熱器（页面不存在）">油加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Oil heater">Oil heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%BC%8F%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一體式空調（页面不存在）">一體式空調</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" class="extiw" title="en:Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%9E%E5%A3%93%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="增壓空間（页面不存在）">增壓空間</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenum_space" class="extiw" title="en:Plenum space">Plenum space</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%A3%93%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加壓管道（页面不存在）">加壓管道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" class="extiw" title="en:Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排氣管道（页面不存在）">排氣管道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_duct_work" class="extiw" title="en:Process duct work">Process duct work</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E6%B0%A3%E7%89%87" title="暖氣片">散熱器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射反射器（页面不存在）">輻射反射器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_reflector" class="extiw" title="en:Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A9%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="復熱器（页面不存在）">復熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recuperator" class="extiw" title="en:Recuperator">Recuperator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%89%82" title="制冷剂">制冷剂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%BF%E9%A2%A8%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="調風器（页面不存在）">調風器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" class="extiw" title="en:Register (air and heating)">Register (air and heating)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E5%8B%95%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回動閥（页面不存在）">回動閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversing_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E8%BF%B4%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="循環迴路（页面不存在）">循環迴路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-around_coil" class="extiw" title="en:Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A6%E6%8D%B2%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渦捲式壓縮機（页面不存在）">渦捲式壓縮機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressor" class="extiw" title="en:Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%85%99%E5%9B%AA" title="太陽能煙囪">太陽能煙囪</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能輔助熱泵（页面不存在）">太陽能輔助熱泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" class="extiw" title="en:Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%8A%A0%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="空间加热器">空间加热器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E7%85%99%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排煙管道系統（页面不存在）">排煙管道系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" class="extiw" title="en:Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱膨脹閥（页面不存在）">熱膨脹閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E5%BC%8F%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉輪式熱交換器（页面不存在）">轉輪式熱交換器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_wheel" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%99%B9%E5%90%B8%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱虹吸管（页面不存在）">熱虹吸管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon" class="extiw" title="en:Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8%E6%81%86%E6%BA%AB%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散熱器恆溫閥（页面不存在）">散熱器恆溫閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%93%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="涓流通風口（页面不存在）">涓流通風口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle_vent" class="extiw" title="en:Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%91%E9%99%BD%E4%BF%9D%E6%BA%AB%E7%89%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="向陽保溫牆（页面不存在）">向陽保溫牆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombe_wall" class="extiw" title="en:Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8E%E6%B5%81%E7%BF%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="導流翼（页面不存在）">導流翼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" class="extiw" title="en:Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes (HVAC)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BD%8E%E7%A9%BF%E9%80%8F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%8E%E6%BF%BE%E7%B6%B2" title="超低穿透空氣過濾網">超低穿透空氣過濾網</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%8B%E9%80%81%E9%A2%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全屋送風系統（页面不存在）">全屋送風系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-house_fan" class="extiw" title="en:Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E6%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風斗（页面不存在）">風斗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher" class="extiw" title="en:Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E6%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F%E7%81%AB%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃木式火爐（页面不存在）">燃木式火爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" class="extiw" title="en:Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">測量與控制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣流計（页面不存在）">氣流計</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_flow_meter" class="extiw" title="en:Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%AB%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水溫調節器（页面不存在）">水溫調節器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquastat" class="extiw" title="en:Aquastat">Aquastat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">建築自動化控制網路通訊協定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%93%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼓風門（页面不存在）">鼓風門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blower_door" class="extiw" title="en:Blower door">Blower door</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="智能建筑">智能建筑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二氧化碳感應器（页面不存在）">二氧化碳感應器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADR%E5%80%BC" title="CADR值">清淨空氣輸出率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="控制閥（页面不存在）">控制閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Control valve">Control valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%95%8F%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8" title="气敏传感器">气敏传感器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E7%9B%A3%E8%A6%96%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭能源監視器（页面不存在）">家庭能源監視器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" class="extiw" title="en:Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%BA%BC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆溼器（页面不存在）">恆溼器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidistat" class="extiw" title="en:Humidistat">Humidistat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暖通空調控制系統（页面不存在）">暖通空調控制系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC_control_system" class="extiw" title="en:HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最低效率值（页面不存在）">最低效率值</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" class="extiw" title="en:Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenTherm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenTherm（页面不存在）">OpenTherm</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenTherm" class="extiw" title="en:OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E5%9E%8B%E6%BA%AB%E6%8E%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可編程通訊型溫控器（页面不存在）">可編程通訊型溫控器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" class="extiw" title="en:Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E6%BA%AB%E6%8E%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可編程溫控器（页面不存在）">可編程溫控器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" class="extiw" title="en:Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%B8" title="測濕學">空氣線圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%B8%A9" title="常温">常温</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%81%92%E6%B8%A9%E5%99%A8" title="智能恒温器">智能恒温器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%BF%E6%BA%AB%E5%99%A8" title="自動調溫器">自動調溫器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8%E6%81%86%E6%BA%AB%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散熱器恆溫閥（页面不存在）">散熱器恆溫閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">職業、行業與服務</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑声学">建筑声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建筑工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%8A%80%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築技師（页面不存在）">建築技師</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_technologist" class="extiw" title="en:Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%AE%87%E8%A3%9D%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="屋宇裝備工程">屋宇裝備工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="建築信息模型">建築信息模型</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E7%AF%80%E8%83%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深度節能改造（页面不存在）">深度節能改造</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" class="extiw" title="en:Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E7%AE%A1%E6%B4%A9%E6%BC%8F%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風管洩漏測試（页面不存在）">風管洩漏測試</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E7%AE%A1%E6%B8%85%E6%BD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風管清潔（页面不存在）">風管清潔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Duct_Cleaning" class="extiw" title="en:Air Duct Cleaning">Air Duct Cleaning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">环境工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水力平衡（页面不存在）">水力平衡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" class="extiw" title="en:Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%9A%E6%88%BF%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%A3%E6%B8%85%E6%BD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廚房排氣清潔（页面不存在）">廚房排氣清潔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" class="extiw" title="en:Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E3%80%81%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93" title="机械、电气和管道">机械、电气和管道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%B4%E8%8F%8C%E7%94%9F%E9%95%B7%E3%80%81%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0%E5%8F%8A%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黴菌生長、評估及修復（页面不存在）">黴菌生長、評估及修復</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="extiw" title="en:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%8A%91%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="製冷劑回收（页面不存在）">製冷劑回收</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" class="extiw" title="en:Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E3%80%81%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E5%8F%8A%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="測試、調整及平衡（页面不存在）">測試、調整及平衡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" class="extiw" title="en:Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工業組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%95%86%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國空調承包商協會（页面不存在）">美國空調承包商協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Conditioning_Contractors_of_America" class="extiw" title="en:Air Conditioning Contractors of America">Air Conditioning Contractors of America</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%81%E9%A2%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國送風機協會（页面不存在）">美國送風機協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Air Movement and Control Association">Air Movement and Control Association</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%87%E6%9A%96%E3%80%81%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会">美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="美國材料和試驗協會">美國材料和試驗協會</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國建築研究所（页面不存在）">英國建築研究所</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" class="extiw" title="en:Building Research Establishment">Building Research Establishment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国建筑服务研究与信息协会（页面不存在）">英国建筑服务研究与信息协会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSRIA" class="extiw" title="en:BSRIA">BSRIA</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E5%B1%8B%E5%AE%87%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特許屋宇設備工程師學會（页面不存在）">特許屋宇設備工程師學會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" class="extiw" title="en:Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國製冷學會（页面不存在）">英國製冷學會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" class="extiw" title="en:Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="国际制冷学会">国际制冷学会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%85%88%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="領先能源與環境設計">領先能源與環境設計</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%88%91%E9%87%91%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%95%86%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國鈑金空調承包商協會（页面不存在）">美國鈑金空調承包商協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統一機械規範（页面不存在）">統一機械規範</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" class="extiw" title="en:Uniform Mechanical Code">Uniform Mechanical Code</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="美国绿色建筑委员会">美国绿色建筑委员会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康與安全性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="室內空氣品質">室內空氣品質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E7%85%99" title="二手煙">二手烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%80%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="病态建筑综合征">病态建筑综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A5%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="挥发性有机化合物">挥发性有机化合物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%8E%A1%E6%9A%96%E3%80%81%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E8%88%87%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國採暖、製冷與空調工程師學會手冊（页面不存在）">美國採暖、製冷與空調工程師學會手冊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" class="extiw" title="en:ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築科學（页面不存在）">建築科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_science" class="extiw" title="en:Building science">Building science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火設計（页面不存在）">防火設計</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofing" class="extiw" title="en:Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暖通空調術語列表（页面不存在）">暖通空調術語列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96%E6%88%BF%E5%B1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:自動化房屋（页面不存在）">Template:自動化房屋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Home_automation" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD" title="Template:太阳能">Template:太阳能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="汙水" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Wastewater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Wastewater（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="汙水" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%B0%B4" title="廢水">汙水</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">來源與種類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_mine_drainage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid mine drainage（页面不存在）">酸性礦山廢水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" class="extiw" title="en:Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment（页面不存在）">壓艙水排放與環境</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" class="extiw" title="en:Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water discharge and the environment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B4%E5%AE%A4" title="浴室">浴室</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(coal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwater (coal)（页面不存在）">黑水 (煤礦處理)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" class="extiw" title="en:Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwater (waste)（页面不存在）">黑水 (生活污水)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" class="extiw" title="en:Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiler_blowdown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boiler blowdown（页面不存在）">鍋爐排污</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" class="extiw" title="en:Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F)" title="卤水 (水域)">鹵水</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_sewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combined sewer（页面不存在）">合流排污水系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewer" class="extiw" title="en:Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">冷卻塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%86%B7" title="水冷">水冷卻法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fecal_sludge_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fecal sludge management（页面不存在）">糞便管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" class="extiw" title="en:Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greywater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greywater（页面不存在）">灰水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywater" class="extiw" title="en:Greywater">Greywater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infiltration/Inflow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infiltration/Inflow（页面不存在）">污水滲入及流入</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" class="extiw" title="en:Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%BA%9F%E6%B0%B4%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="工业废水处理">工业废水处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="離子交換">離子交換</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leachate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leachate（页面不存在）">滲濾液</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate" class="extiw" title="en:Leachate">Leachate</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation（页面不存在）">集中式動物飼養作業</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operation" class="extiw" title="en:Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation">Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%B4%99%E5%B0%8D%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF#水污染" title="造紙對環境的影響">造紙對環境的影響</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Produced_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produced water（页面不存在）">採出水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produced_water" class="extiw" title="en:Produced water">Produced water</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Return_flow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Return flow（页面不存在）">回流</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_flow" class="extiw" title="en:Return flow">Return flow</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F" title="逆滲透">逆滲透</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanitary_sewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanitary sewer（页面不存在）">衛生下水道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" class="extiw" title="en:Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="生活污水">生活污水</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage_sludge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sewage sludge（页面不存在）">污水淤泥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge" class="extiw" title="en:Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%A1%B6" title="馬桶">馬桶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%BE%84%E6%B5%81" title="城市径流">城市径流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%99%E6%B0%B4%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%AA%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汙水水質指標（页面不存在）">汙水水質指標</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" class="extiw" title="en:Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adsorbable_organic_halides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adsorbable organic halides（页面不存在）">可吸收有机卤化物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" class="extiw" title="en:Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A7%E9%87%8F" title="生化需氧量">生化需氧量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A7%E9%87%8F" title="化学需氧量">化学需氧量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coliform_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coliform index（页面不存在）">大腸菌指數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_index" class="extiw" title="en:Coliform index">Coliform index</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygen_saturation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxygen saturation（页面不存在）">溶氧飽和度</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" class="extiw" title="en:Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%AF%92%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="有毒重金屬">重金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH%E5%80%BC" title="PH值">pH值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD%E5%BA%A6" title="鹽度">鹽度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="总溶解固体">总溶解固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="總懸浮固體">總懸浮固體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%BA%A6" title="濁度">濁度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wastewater_surveillance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wastewater surveillance（页面不存在）">污水監測</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" class="extiw" title="en:Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wastewater_treatment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wastewater treatment（页面不存在）">污水處理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Wastewater treatment">Wastewater treatment</a>）方式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%B3%A5%E6%B3%95" title="活性污泥法">活性污泥法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerated_lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerated lagoon（页面不存在）">曝氣池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" class="extiw" title="en:Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="農業污水處理">農業污水處理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=API_oil-water_separator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="API oil-water separator（页面不存在）">API油水分離器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separator" class="extiw" title="en:API oil-water separator">API oil-water separator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_filtering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon filtering（页面不存在）">活性碳過濾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filtering" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96" title="氯化">氯化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarifier（页面不存在）">沉澱池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarifier" class="extiw" title="en:Clarifier">Clarifier</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="人工湿地">人工濕地</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decentralized_wastewater_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decentralized wastewater system（页面不存在）">分散式污水處理系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" class="extiw" title="en:Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_aeration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extended aeration（页面不存在）">延長曝氣</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_aeration" class="extiw" title="en:Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facultative_lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facultative lagoon（页面不存在）">兼性沉澱池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" class="extiw" title="en:Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fecal_sludge_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fecal sludge management（页面不存在）">糞便管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" class="extiw" title="en:Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%BB%A4" title="过滤">过滤</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imhoff_tank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imhoff tank（页面不存在）">伊姆霍夫處理池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhoff_tank" class="extiw" title="en:Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%BA%9F%E6%B0%B4%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="工业废水处理">工业废水处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="離子交換">離子交換</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_bioreactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membrane bioreactor（页面不存在）">薄膜活性污泥法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" class="extiw" title="en:Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F" title="逆滲透">逆滲透</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotating_biological_contactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotating biological contactor（页面不存在）">旋轉生物薄膜污水處理法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" class="extiw" title="en:Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_treatment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary treatment（页面不存在）">二次處理（污水）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)（页面不存在）">沉澱法（污水處理）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" class="extiw" title="en:Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation (water treatment)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%9E%E6%B1%A0" title="化糞池">化糞池</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settling_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settling basin（页面不存在）">靜置池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" class="extiw" title="en:Settling basin">Settling basin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage_sludge_treatment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sewage sludge treatment（页面不存在）">污水淤泥處理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="污水處理">污水處理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_stabilization_pond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waste stabilization pond（页面不存在）">污水穩定池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_stabilization_pond" class="extiw" title="en:Waste stabilization pond">Waste stabilization pond</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trickling_filter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trickling filter（页面不存在）">滴濾池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filter" class="extiw" title="en:Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation（页面不存在）">紫外線殺菌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" class="extiw" title="en:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E5%BC%8F%E5%8E%8C%E6%B0%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%B3%A5%E5%BA%8A" title="上流式厌氧污泥床">上流式厌氧污泥床</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermifilter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermifilter（页面不存在）">蠕蟲過濾器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermifilter" class="extiw" title="en:Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wastewater_treatment_plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wastewater treatment plant（页面不存在）">污水處理廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="extiw" title="en:Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">處置方式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_sewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combined sewer（页面不存在）">合流排污水系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewer" class="extiw" title="en:Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporation_pond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evaporation pond（页面不存在）">蒸發池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation_pond" class="extiw" title="en:Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E8%A3%9C%E7%B5%A6" title="地下水補給">地下水補給</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infiltration_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infiltration basin（页面不存在）">滲濾池</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_basin" class="extiw" title="en:Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_well&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Injection well（页面不存在）">注入井</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_well" class="extiw" title="en:Injection well">Injection well</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%BA%89" title="灌溉">灌溉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E5%80%BE%E5%80%92%E5%BA%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约">防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_outfall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine outfall（页面不存在）">海洋排水口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_outfall" class="extiw" title="en:Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4" title="中水">中水</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanitary_sewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanitary sewer（页面不存在）">衛生下水道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" class="extiw" title="en:Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septic_drain_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septic drain field（页面不存在）">化糞流出物排放場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_drain_field" class="extiw" title="en:Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage_farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sewage farm（页面不存在）">污水排放場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_farm" class="extiw" title="en:Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storm_drain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storm drain（页面不存在）">雨雪水下水道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drain" class="extiw" title="en:Storm drain">Storm drain</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A8%E9%80%95%E6%B5%81" title="地表逕流">地表逕流</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_sewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum sewer（页面不存在）">真空排污系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" class="extiw" title="en:Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193886#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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