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unknown viruses</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: detecting unknown viruses"> <meta name="keywords" content="detecting unknown viruses"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="detecting unknown viruses"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1850</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: detecting unknown viruses</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1850</span> An Approach to Make an Adaptive Immunoassay to Detect an Unknown Disease</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josselyn%20Mata%20Calidonio">Josselyn Mata Calidonio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arianna%20I.%20Maddox"> Arianna I. Maddox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kimberly%20Hamad-Schifferli"> Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rapid diagnostics are critical infectious disease tools that are designed to detect a known biomarker using antibodies specific to that biomarker. However, a way to detect unknown viruses has not yet been achieved in a paper test format. We describe here a route to make an adaptable paper immunoassay that can detect an unknown biomarker, demonstrating it on SARS-CoV-2 variants. The immunoassay repurposes cross-reactive antibodies raised against the alpha variant. Gold nanoparticles of two different colors conjugated to two different antibodies create a colorimetric signal, and machine learning of the resulting colorimetric pattern is used to train the assay to discriminate between variants of alpha and Omicron BA.5. By using principal component analysis, the colorimetric test patterns can pick up and discriminate an unknown that it has not encountered before, Omicron BA.1. The test has an accuracy of 100% and a potential calculated discriminatory power of 900. We show that it can be used adaptively and that it can be used to pick up emerging variants without the need to raise new antibodies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20immunoassay" title="adaptive immunoassay">adaptive immunoassay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detecting%20unknown%20viruses" title=" detecting unknown viruses"> detecting unknown viruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title=" gold nanoparticles"> gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paper%20immunoassay" title=" paper immunoassay"> paper immunoassay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repurposing%20antibodies" title=" repurposing antibodies"> repurposing antibodies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180474/an-approach-to-make-an-adaptive-immunoassay-to-detect-an-unknown-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1849</span> A Comparative Study of Virus Detection Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulaiman%20Al%20amro">Sulaiman Al amro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alkhalifah"> Ali Alkhalifah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The growing number of computer viruses and the detection of zero day malware have been the concern for security researchers for a large period of time. Existing antivirus products (AVs) rely on detecting virus signatures which do not provide a full solution to the problems associated with these viruses. The use of logic formulae to model the behaviour of viruses is one of the most encouraging recent developments in virus research, which provides alternatives to classic virus detection methods. In this paper, we proposed a comparative study about different virus detection techniques. This paper provides the advantages and drawbacks of different detection techniques. Different techniques will be used in this paper to provide a discussion about what technique is more effective to detect computer viruses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20viruses" title="computer viruses">computer viruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus%20detection" title=" virus detection"> virus detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signature-based" title=" signature-based"> signature-based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behaviour-based" title=" behaviour-based"> behaviour-based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heuristic-based" title=" heuristic-based "> heuristic-based </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28688/a-comparative-study-of-virus-detection-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28688.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">484</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1848</span> Diverse Sensitivity to Ultraviolet Radiation of DNA and RNA Viruses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nickolay%20Nosik">Nickolay Nosik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitry%20Nosik"> Dmitry Nosik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Bochkova"> Marina Bochkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nina%20Kondrashina"> Nina Kondrashina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Lobach"> Olga Lobach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bactericidal effect of UV radiation is known for long time and widely used for inactivation of pathogens but for viruses it is not so uniform. Due to a wide variety of viruses their sensitivity to UV radiation is quite different and not quite predictable. The goal of the study was to determine the inactivation kinetics of UV radiation ( 254 nm) of the viruses of social importance (HIV), as well as test-viruses (poliovirus, adenovirus) used for the evaluation of the viral inactivation efficacy of germicides. Methods: DNA viruses- adenovirus, type 5; Herpes simplex virus (HSV), type 1, and RNA viruses–human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), type 1 and poliovirus, type 1 (Sabin strain) were obtained from State collection of viruses ( The D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology). The source of UV radiation was a 15-watt low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (over 60% 254nm). The samples of 5cm2 were placed direct under the UV lamp flow (h-0.3m). Log reduction value was used as a marker for the rate of virus inactivation. Results: The data obtained indicate that poliovirus (one of the viruses most resistant to chemical germicides) and HSV are rather sensitive to UV radiation ( D90 =250-311 J/m2). Adenovirus is much more resistant to UV radiation (750 J/m2 ). The kinetics of adenovirus inactivation : 0 min- 5.0 lg TCID50, 10 min - 5,0, 15 min -4,0, 30 min – 3.5, 60 min – 1,0, 75 min -0,5 lg TCID50, 90 min –virus not detectable. HIV is most resistant to UV radiation among the studied viruses. It takes more than 4 hrs to inactivate the virus on the surface. D90 = 2000 J/m2 Conclusion: The results of the study show that there is no direct dependence between sensitivity to UV light and the size of the virion or presence\absence of the envelope of the virus. Poliovirus and adenovirus are small viruses (20-30nm poliovirus and 70-90nm adenovirus) and both are non-enveloped viruses but adenovirus 3-fold more resistant to UV radiation than poliovirus. It can be expected that viruses with more complicate structure, like Herpes virus (200nm) or HIV (80-100 nm), would be more sensitive to UV light. However, the very high resistance of HIV to UV radiation needs further investigation. The diverse resistance of the different viruses to UV radiation should be taken into the account when UV light is used to inactivate infectious viruses in hospitals and other public environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HSV" title="HSV">HSV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibition%20of%20viruses" title=" inhibition of viruses"> inhibition of viruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20radiation" title=" UV radiation"> UV radiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29580/diverse-sensitivity-to-ultraviolet-radiation-of-dna-and-rna-viruses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1847</span> Rapid Detection System of Airborne Pathogens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigenori%20Togashi">Shigenori Togashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kei%20Takenaka"> Kei Takenaka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We developed new processes which can collect and detect rapidly airborne pathogens such as the avian flu virus for the pandemic prevention. The fluorescence antibody technique is known as one of high-sensitive detection methods for viruses, but this needs up to a few hours to bind sufficient fluorescence dyes to viruses for detection. In this paper, we developed a mist-labeling can detect substitution viruses in a short time to improve the binding rate of fluorescent dyes and substitution viruses by the micro reaction process. Moreover, we developed the rapid detection system with the above 'mist labeling'. The detection system set with a sampling bag collecting patient’s breath and a cartridge can detect automatically pathogens within 10 minutes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viruses" title="viruses">viruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sampler" title=" sampler"> sampler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mist" title=" mist"> mist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorescent%20dyes" title=" fluorescent dyes"> fluorescent dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microreaction" title=" microreaction"> microreaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2700/rapid-detection-system-of-airborne-pathogens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1846</span> Enhanced Near-Infrared Upconversion Emission Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Background-Free Detection of Avian Influenza Viruses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaeyoung%20Kim">Jaeyoung Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heeju%20Lee"> Heeju Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huijin%20Jung"> Huijin Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heesoo%20Pyo"> Heesoo Pyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seungki%20Kim"> Seungki Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joonseok%20Lee"> Joonseok Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are the primary cause of highly contagious respiratory diseases caused by type A influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. AIV are categorized on the basis of types of surface glycoproteins such as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Certain H5 and H7 subtypes of AIV have evolved to the high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, which has caused considerable economic loss to the poultry industry and led to severe public health crisis. Several commercial kits have been developed for on-site detection of AIV. However, the sensitivity of these methods is too low to detect low virus concentrations in clinical samples and opaque stool samples. Here, we introduced a background-free near-infrared (NIR)-to-NIR upconversion nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (NNLFA) platform to yield a sensor that detects AIV within 20 minutes. Ca²⁺ ion in the shell was used to enhance the NIR-to-NIR upconversion photoluminescence (PL) emission as a heterogeneous dopant without inducing significant changes in the morphology and size of the UCNPs. In a mixture of opaque stool samples and gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which are components of commercial AIV LFA, the background signal of the stool samples mask the absorption peak of GNPs. However, UCNPs dispersed in the stool samples still show strong emission centered at 800 nm when excited at 980 nm, which enables the NNLFA platform to detect 10-times lower viral load than a commercial GNP-based AIV LFA. The detection limit of NNLFA for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 and HPAI H5N6 viruses was 10² EID₅₀/mL and 10³.⁵ EID₅₀/mL, respectively. Moreover, when opaque brown-colored samples were used as the target analytes, strong NIR emission signal from the test line in NNLFA confirmed the presence of AIV, whereas commercial AIV LFA detected AIV with difficulty. Therefore, we propose that this rapid and background-free NNLFA platform has the potential of detecting AIV in the field, which could effectively prevent the spread of these viruses at an early stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avian%20influenza%20viruses" title="avian influenza viruses">avian influenza viruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20flow%20immunoassay%20on-site%20detection" title=" lateral flow immunoassay on-site detection"> lateral flow immunoassay on-site detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upconversion%20nanoparticles" title=" upconversion nanoparticles"> upconversion nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88973/enhanced-near-infrared-upconversion-emission-based-lateral-flow-immunoassay-for-background-free-detection-of-avian-influenza-viruses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88973.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1845</span> Efficiency on the Enteric Viral Removal in Four Potable Water Treatment Plants in Northeastern Colombia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raquel%20Amanda%20Villamizar%20Gallardo">Raquel Amanda Villamizar Gallardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oscar%20Orlando%20Ort%C3%ADz%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> Oscar Orlando Ortíz Rodríguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Enteric viruses are cosmopolitan agents present in several environments including water. These viruses can cause different diseases including gastroenteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, respiratory problems among others. Although in Colombia there are not regulations concerning to routine viral analysis of drinking water, an enhanced understanding of viral pollution and resistance to treatments is desired in order to assure pure water to the population. Viral detection is often complex due to the need of specialized and time-consuming procedures. In addition, viruses are highly diluted in water which is a drawback from the analytical point of view. To this end, a fast and selective detection method for detection enteric viruses (i.e. Hepatitis A and Rotavirus) were applied. Micro- magnetic particles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies anti-Hepatitis and anti-Rotavirus and they were used to capture, concentrate and separate whole viral particles in raw water and drinking water samples from four treatment plants identified as CAR-01, MON-02, POR-03, TON-04 and located in the Northeastern Colombia. Viruses were molecularly by using RT-PCR One Step Superscript III. Each plant was analyzed at the entry and exit points, in order to determine the initial presence and eventual reduction of Hepatitis A and Rotavirus after disinfection. The results revealed the presence of both enteric viruses in a 100 % of raw water analyzed in all plants. This represents a potential health hazard, especially for those people whose use this water for agricultural purposes. However, in drinking water analysis, enteric viruses was only positive in CAR-01, where was found the presence of Rotavirus. As a conclusion, the results confirm Rotavirus as the best indicator to evaluate the efficacy of potable treatment plant in eliminating viruses. CAR potable water plant should improve their disinfection process in order to remove efficiently enteric viruses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinking%20water" title="drinking water">drinking water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20A" title=" hepatitis A"> hepatitis A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotavirus" title=" rotavirus"> rotavirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus%20removal" title=" virus removal"> virus removal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63420/efficiency-on-the-enteric-viral-removal-in-four-potable-water-treatment-plants-in-northeastern-colombia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1844</span> The New Insight about Interspecies Transmission of Iranian H9N2 Influenza Viruses from Avian to Human</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Soltanialvar">Masoud Soltanialvar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Bagherpour"> Ali Bagherpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Documented cases of human infection with H9N2 avian influenza viruses, first detected in 1999 in Hong Kong and China, indicate that these viruses can be directly transmitted from birds to humans. In this study, we characterized the mutation in the Hemagglutinin (HA) genes and proteins that correlates with a shift in affinity of the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein from the “avian” type sialic receptors to the “human” type in 10 Iranian isolates. We delineated the genomes and receptor binding profile of HA gene of some field isolates and established their phylogenetic relationship to the other Asian H9N2 sub lineages. A total of 1200 tissue samples collected from 40 farms located in various states of Iran during 2008 – 2010 as part of a program to monitor Avian Influenza Viruses (AIV) infection. To determine the genetic relationship of Iranian viruses, the Hemagglutinin (HA) genes from ten isolates were amplified and sequenced (by RT-PCR method). Nucleotide sequences (orf) of the (HA) genes were used for phylogenetic tree construction. Deduced amino acid sequences showed the presence of L226 (234 in H9 numbering) in all ten Iranian isolates which indicates a preference to binding of α (2–6) sialic acid receptors, so these Iranian H9N2 viruses have the potential to infect human beings. These isolates showed high degree of homology with 2 human H9N2 isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. Phylogenetic analysis of showed that all the HA genes of the Iranian H9N2 viruses fall into a single group within a G1-like sublineage which had contributed as donor of six internal genes to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. The results of this study indicated that all Iranian viruses have the potential to emerge as highly pathogenic influenza virus, and considering the homology of these isolates with human H9N2 strains, it seems that the potential of these avian influenza isolates to infect human should not be overlooked. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influenza%20virus" title="influenza virus">influenza virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemagglutinin" title=" hemagglutinin"> hemagglutinin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuraminidase" title=" neuraminidase"> neuraminidase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34227/the-new-insight-about-interspecies-transmission-of-iranian-h9n2-influenza-viruses-from-avian-to-human" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34227.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1843</span> A Review Paper for Detecting Zero-Day Vulnerabilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tshegofatso%20Rambau">Tshegofatso Rambau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonderai%20Muchenje"> Tonderai Muchenje</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zero-day attacks (ZDA) are increasing day by day; there are many vulnerabilities in systems and software that date back decades. Companies keep discovering vulnerabilities in their systems and software and work to release patches and updates. A zero-day vulnerability is a software fault that is not widely known and is unknown to the vendor; attackers work very quickly to exploit these vulnerabilities. These are major security threats with a high success rate because businesses lack the essential safeguards to detect and prevent them. This study focuses on the factors and techniques that can help us detect zero-day attacks. There are various methods and techniques for detecting vulnerabilities. Various companies like edges can offer penetration testing and smart vulnerability management solutions. We will undertake literature studies on zero-day attacks and detection methods, as well as modeling approaches and simulations, as part of the study process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero-day%20attacks" title="zero-day attacks">zero-day attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exploitation" title=" exploitation"> exploitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerabilities" title=" vulnerabilities"> vulnerabilities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154312/a-review-paper-for-detecting-zero-day-vulnerabilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1842</span> Genome Characterization and Phylogeny Analysis of Viruses Infected Invertebrates, Parvoviridae Family</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niloofar%20Fariborzi">Niloofar Fariborzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamzeh%20Alipour"> Hamzeh Alipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kourosh%20Azizi"> Kourosh Azizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neda%20Eskandarzade"> Neda Eskandarzade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abozar%20Ghorbani"> Abozar Ghorbani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The family Parvoviridae consists of a large diversity of single-stranded DNA viruses, which cause mild to severe diseases in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The Parvoviridae are classified into three subfamilies: Parvovirinae infect vertebrates, Densovirinae infects invertebrates, while Hamaparovirinae infects both vertebrates and invertebrates. Except for the NS1 region, which is the prime criterion for phylogeny analysis, other parts of the parvoviruses genome, such as UTRs, are diverse even among closely related viruses or within the same genus. It is believed that host switching in parvoviruses may be related to genetic changes in regions other than NS1; therefore, whole-genome screening is valuable for studying parvoviruses' host-virus interactions. The aim of this study was to analyze genome organization and phylogeny of the complete genome sequence of the 132 Paroviridae family members, focusing on viruses that infect invertebrates. The maximum and minimum divergence within each subfamily belonged to Densovirinae and Parvovirinae, respectively. The greatest evolutionary divergence was between Hamaparovirinae and Parvovirinae. Unclassified viruses were mostly from Parovirinae and had the highest divergence to densoviruses and the lowest divergence to Parovirinae viruses. In a phylogenetic tree, all hamparoviruses were found in the center of densoviruses, with the exception of Syngnathid Ichthamaparvovirus 1 (NC_055527), which was positioned between two Parvovirinae members (NC _022089 and NC_038544). The proximity of hamparoviruses members to some densoviruses strengthens the possibility that densoviruses may be the ancestors of hamaparoviruses or vice versa. Therefore, examination and phylogeny analysis of the whole genome is necessary to understand Parvoviridae family host selection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=densoviruses" title="densoviruses">densoviruses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parvoviridae" title=" parvoviridae"> parvoviridae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics" title=" bioinformatics"> bioinformatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phylogeny" title=" phylogeny"> phylogeny</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156943/genome-characterization-and-phylogeny-analysis-of-viruses-infected-invertebrates-parvoviridae-family" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1841</span> Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza A (H1N1) Pdm 09 in Post Pandemic Period in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazish%20Badar">Nazish Badar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In early 2009, Pandemic type A (H1N1) Influenza virus emerged globally. Since then, it has continued circulation causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evolutionary changes in Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 viruses from 2009-15 and their relevance with the current vaccine viruses. Methods: Respiratory specimens were collected with influenza-like illness and Severe Acute Respiratory Illness. Samples were processed according to CDC protocol. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes was carried out comparing representative isolates from Pakistan viruses. Results: Between Jan2009 - Feb 2016, 1870 (13.2%) samples were positive for influenza A out of 14086. During the pandemic period (2009–10), Influenza A/ H1N1pdm 09 was the dominant strain with 366 (45%) of total influenza positives. In the post-pandemic period (2011–2016), a total of 1066 (59.6%) cases were positive Influenza A/ H1N1pdm 09 with co-circulation of different Influenza A subtypes. Overall, the Pakistan A(H1N1) pdm09 viruses grouped in two genetic clades. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses only ascribed to Clade 7 during the pandemic period whereas viruses belong to clade 7 (2011) and clade 6B (2015) during the post-pandemic years. Amino acid analysis of the HA gene revealed mutations at positions S220T, I338V and P100S specially associated with outbreaks in all the analyzed strains. Sequence analyses of post-pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses showed additional substitutions at antigenic sites; S179N,K180Q (SA), D185N, D239G (CA), S202A (SB) and at receptor binding sites; A13T, S200P when compared with pandemic period. Substitution at Genetic markers; A273T (69%), S200P/T (15%) and D239G (7.6%) associated with severity and E391K (69%) associated with virulence was identified in viruses isolated during 2015. Analysis of NA gene revealed outbreak markers; V106I (23%) among pandemic and N248D (100%) during post-pandemic Pakistan viruses. Additional N-Glycosylation site; HA S179N (23%), NA I23T(7.6%) and N44S (77%) in place of N386K(77%) were only found in post-pandemic viruses. All isolates showed histidine (H) at position 275 in NA indicating sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. Conclusion: This study shows that the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from Pakistan clustered into two genetic clades, with co-circulation of some variants. Certain key substitutions in the receptor binding site and few changes indicative of virulence were also detected in post-pandemic strains. Therefore, it is imperative to continue monitoring of the viruses for early identification of potential variants of high virulence or emergence of drug-resistant variants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Influenza%20A%20%28H1N1%29%20pdm09" title="Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09">Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolutionary%20analysis" title=" evolutionary analysis"> evolutionary analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post%20pandemic%20period" title=" post pandemic period"> post pandemic period</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57598/evolutionary-analysis-of-influenza-a-h1n1-pdm-09-in-post-pandemic-period-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57598.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1840</span> Kalman Filter Design in Structural Identification with Unknown Excitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Masoumi">Z. Masoumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Moaveni"> B. Moaveni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article is about first step of structural health monitoring by identifying structural system in the presence of unknown input. In the structural system identification, identification of structural parameters such as stiffness and damping are considered. In this study, the Kalman filter (KF) design for structural systems with unknown excitation is expressed. External excitations, such as earthquakes, wind or any other forces are not measured or not available. The purpose of this filter is its strengths to estimate the state variables of the system in the presence of unknown input. Also least squares estimation (LSE) method with unknown input is studied. Estimates of parameters have been adopted. Finally, using two examples advantages and drawbacks of both methods are studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter%20%28KF%29" title="Kalman filter (KF)">Kalman filter (KF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=least%20square%20estimation%20%28LSE%29" title=" least square estimation (LSE)"> least square estimation (LSE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20health%20monitoring%20%28SHM%29" title=" structural health monitoring (SHM)"> structural health monitoring (SHM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20system%20identification" title=" structural system identification"> structural system identification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49817/kalman-filter-design-in-structural-identification-with-unknown-excitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1839</span> Inactivation Kinetics of DNA and RNA Viruses by Ozone-Air Mixture in a Flow Mixer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolai%20Nosik">Nikolai Nosik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladislav%20Podmasterjev"> Vladislav Podmasterjev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nina%20Kondrashina"> Nina Kondrashina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Chataeva"> Marina Chataeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Lobach"> Olga Lobach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitry%20Noosik"> Dmitry Noosik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergei%20Razumovskii"> Sergei Razumovskii</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Virucidal activity of ozone is well known: dissolved in water it kill viruses very fast. The virucidal capacity of ozone in ozone-air mixture is less known. The goal of the study was to investigate the virucidal potentials of the ozone–air mixture and kinetics of virus inactivation. Materials and methods. Ozone (O3 ) was generated from oxygen with ozonizer ( 1.0 – 75.0 mg\l). The ozone concentration was determined by the spectrophotometric methods. Virus contaminated samples were placed into the flowing reactor. Viruses: poliovirus type 1, vaccine strain (Sabin) and adenovirus, type 5, were obtained from the State virus collection. Titrations of viruses were carried out in appropriate cell cultures. CxT value ( mg\l x min) was calculated. Results. Metallic, polycarbonic and fiber “Kevlar” samples were contaminated with virus, dried and treated with ozone-air mixture in the flowing reactor. Kinetics of poliovirus inactivation: in 15 min at 5.0 mg\l -2.0 lg TCID50 inhibition , in 15 min at 10 mg\l – 2.5 lg TCID50 , 4.0 lg TCID50 inactivation of poliovirus was achieved after 75min at ozone concentration 20.0mg\l (99.99%). ( CxT = 75, 150 and 1500 mg\l x min on all three types of surfaces). It was found that the inactivation of poliovirus was more effective when the virus contaminated samples were wet (in 15 min at 20mg\l inhibition of virus in dry samples was 2.0 TCID50 , in wet samples – 4.0 TCID50). Adenovirus was less resistant to ozone treatment then poliovirus: 4.0 lg TCID50 inhibition was observed after 30 min of the treatment with ozone at 20mg\l ( CxT mg\l x min = 300 for adenovirus as for poliovirus it was 1500). Conclusion. It was found that ozone-air mixture inactivates viruses at rather high concentrations (compared to the reported effect of ozone dissolved in water). Despite of that there is a difference in the resistance to ozone action between viruses – poliovirus is more resistant then adenovirus-ozone-air mixture can be used for disinfection of large rooms. The maintaining of the virus-contaminated surfaces in wet condition allow to decrease the ozone load for virus inactivation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adenovirus" title="adenovirus">adenovirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disinfection" title=" disinfection"> disinfection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ozone" title=" ozone"> ozone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poliovirus" title=" poliovirus"> poliovirus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68910/inactivation-kinetics-of-dna-and-rna-viruses-by-ozone-air-mixture-in-a-flow-mixer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1838</span> Cellular RNA-Binding Domains with Distant Homology in Viral Proteomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=German%20Hernandez-Alonso">German Hernandez-Alonso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Lazcano"> Antonio Lazcano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arturo%20Becerra"> Arturo Becerra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Until today, viruses remain controversial and poorly understood; about their origin, this problem represents an enigma and one of the great challenges for the contemporary biology. Three main theories have tried to explain the origin of viruses: regressive evolution, escaped host gene, and pre-cellular origin. Under the perspective of the escaped host gene theory, it can be assumed a cellular origin of viral components, like protein RNA-binding domains. These universal distributed RNA-binding domains are related to the RNA metabolism processes, including transcription, processing, and modification of transcripts, translation, RNA degradation and its regulation. In the case of viruses, these domains are present in important viral proteins like helicases, nucleases, polymerases, capsid proteins or regulation factors. Therefore, they are implicated in the replicative cycle and parasitic processes of viruses. That is why it is possible to think that those domains present low levels of divergence due to selective pressures. For these reasons, the main goal for this project is to create a catalogue of the RNA-binding domains found in all the available viral proteomes, using bioinformatics tools in order to analyze its evolutionary process, and thus shed light on the general virus evolution. ProDom database was used to obtain larger than six thousand RNA-binding domain families that belong to the three cellular domains of life and some viral groups. From the sequences of these families, protein profiles were created using HMMER 3.1 tools in order to find distant homologous within greater than four thousand viral proteomes available in GenBank. Once accomplished the analysis, almost three thousand hits were obtained in the viral proteomes. The homologous sequences were found in proteomes of the principal Baltimore viral groups, showing interesting distribution patterns that can contribute to understand the evolution of viruses and their host-virus interactions. Presence of cellular RNA-binding domains within virus proteomes seem to be explained by closed interactions between viruses and their hosts. Recruitment of these domains is advantageous for the viral fitness, allowing viruses to be adapted to the host cellular environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics%20tools" title="bioinformatics tools">bioinformatics tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distant%20homology" title=" distant homology"> distant homology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNA-binding%20domains" title=" RNA-binding domains"> RNA-binding domains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viral%20evolution" title=" viral evolution"> viral evolution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85324/cellular-rna-binding-domains-with-distant-homology-in-viral-proteomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1837</span> Molecular Diagnosis of Influenza Strains Was Carried Out on Patients of the Social Security Clinic in Karaj Using the RT-PCR Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ferasat">A. Ferasat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Rostampour%20Yasouri"> S. Rostampour Yasouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Seasonal flu is a highly contagious infection caused by influenza viruses. These viruses undergo genetic changes that result in new epidemics across the globe. Medical attention is crucial in severe cases, particularly for the elderly, frail, and those with chronic illnesses, as their immune systems are often weaker. The purpose of this study was to detect new subtypes of the influenza A virus rapidly using a specific RT-PCR method based on the HA gene (hemagglutinin). In the winter and spring of 2022_2023, 120 embryonated egg samples were cultured, suspected of seasonal influenza. RNA synthesis, followed by cDNA synthesis, was performed. Finally, the PCR technique was applied using a pair of specific primers designed based on the HA gene. The PCR product was identified after purification, and the nucleotide sequence of purified PCR products was compared with the sequences in the gene bank. The results showed a high similarity between the sequence of the positive samples isolated from the patients and the sequence of the new strains isolated in recent years. This RT-PCR technique is entirely specific in this study, enabling the detection and multiplication of influenza and its subspecies from clinical samples. The RT-PCR technique based on the HA gene, along with sequencing, is a fast, specific, and sensitive diagnostic method for those infected with influenza viruses and its new subtypes. Rapid molecular diagnosis of influenza is essential for suspected people to control and prevent the spread of the disease to others. It also prevents the occurrence of secondary (sometimes fatal) pneumonia that results from influenza and pathogenic bacteria. The critical role of rapid diagnosis of new strains of influenza is to prepare a drug vaccine against the latest viruses that did not exist in the community last year and are entirely new viruses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influenza" title="influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20diagnosis" title=" molecular diagnosis"> molecular diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patients" title=" patients"> patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RT-PCR%20technique" title=" RT-PCR technique"> RT-PCR technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177300/molecular-diagnosis-of-influenza-strains-was-carried-out-on-patients-of-the-social-security-clinic-in-karaj-using-the-rt-pcr-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1836</span> Some Tips for Increasing Online Services Safety</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Rezaee">Mohsen Rezaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although robust security softwares, including anti-viruses, anti-spywares, anti-spam and firewalls are amalgamated with new technologies such as safe zone, hybrid cloud, sand box and etc., and although it can be said that they have managed to prepare highest level of security against viruses, spywares and other malwares in 2012, in fact, hacker attacks to websites are increasingly becoming more and more complicated. Because of security matters developments it can be said it was expected to happen so. Here in this work we try to point out some functional and vital notes to enhance security on the web, enabling the user to browse safely in unlimited web world and to use virtual space securely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firewalls" title="firewalls">firewalls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20services" title=" web services"> web services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20science" title=" computer science"> computer science</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4394/some-tips-for-increasing-online-services-safety" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1835</span> Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Camel Pox, Contagious Ecthyma and Papilloma Viruses in Clinical Samples of Camels Using a Multiplex PCR</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20I.%20Khalafalla">A. I. Khalafalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Al-Busada"> K. A. Al-Busada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20M.%20El-Sabagh"> I. M. El-Sabagh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. They may be caused by three distinct viruses: camelpox virus (CMPV), camel contagious ecthyma virus (CCEV) and camel papillomavirus (CAPV). These diseases are difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. Molecular methods such as PCR targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify CMPV and CCEV, but not simultaneously in a single tube. Recently, multiplex PCR has gained reputation as a convenient diagnostic method with cost- and time–saving benefits. In the present communication, we describe the development, optimization and validation a multiplex PCR assays able to detect simultaneously the genome of the three viruses in one single test allowing for rapid and efficient molecular diagnosis. The assay was developed based on the evaluation and combination of published and new primer sets, and was applied to the detection of 110 tissue samples. The method showed high sensitivity, and the specificity was confirmed by PCR-product sequencing. In conclusion, this rapid, sensitive and specific assay is considered a useful method for identifying three important viruses in specimens from camels and as part of a molecular diagnostic regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiplex%20PCR" title="multiplex PCR">multiplex PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pox%20and%20pox-like%20diseases" title=" pox and pox-like diseases"> pox and pox-like diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=camels" title=" camels "> camels </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23894/rapid-detection-and-differentiation-of-camel-pox-contagious-ecthyma-and-papilloma-viruses-in-clinical-samples-of-camels-using-a-multiplex-pcr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1834</span> The Prevalence of Blood-Borne Viral Infections among Autopsy Cases in Jordan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emad%20Al-Abdallat">Emad Al-Abdallat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faris%20G.%20Bakri"> Faris G. Bakri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azmi%20Mahafza"> Azmi Mahafza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayyan%20Al%20Ali"> Rayyan Al Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidaa%20Ababneh"> Nidaa Ababneh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Idhair"> Ahmed Idhair </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Morgues are high-risk areas for the spread of infection from the cadavers to the staff during the postmortem examination. Infection can spread from corpses to workers by the airborne route, by direct contact, or from needle and sharp object injuries. Objective: Knowledge about the prevalence of these infections among autopsies is prudent to appreciate any risk of transmission and to further enforce safety measures. Method: A total of 242 autopsies were tested. Age ranged from 3 days to 94 years (median 75.5 years, mean 45.3 (21.9 ± SD)). There were 172 (71%) males. Results: The cause of death was considered natural in 137 (56.6%) cases, accidental in 89 (36.8%), homicidal in 9 (3.7%), suicidal in 4 (1.7%), and unknown in 3 (1.2%). Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 5 (2.1%) cases. Hepatitis C virus antibody was detected in 5 (2.1%) cases and the hepatitis C virus polymerase chain reaction was positive in 2 of them (0.8%). HIV antibody was not detected in any of the cases. Conclusions: Autopsies can be associated with exposure to blood borne viruses. Autopsies performed during the study period were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C virus antibody, and human immunodeficiency virus antibody. Positive tests were subsequently confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. There is low prevalence of infections with these viruses in our autopsy cases. However, the risk of transmission remains a threat. Healthcare workers in the forensic departments should adhere to standard precautions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autopsy" title="autopsy">autopsy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20B%20virus" title=" hepatitis B virus"> hepatitis B virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20C%20virus" title=" hepatitis C virus"> hepatitis C virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20immunodeficiency%20virus" title=" human immunodeficiency virus"> human immunodeficiency virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jordan" title=" Jordan"> Jordan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52932/the-prevalence-of-blood-borne-viral-infections-among-autopsy-cases-in-jordan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1833</span> Exploring Emerging Viruses From a Protected Reserve</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nemat%20Sokhandan%20Bashir">Nemat Sokhandan Bashir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Threats from viruses to agricultural crops could be even larger than the losses caused by the other pathogens because, in many cases, the viral infection is latent but crucial from an epidemic point of view. Wild vegetation can be a source of many viruses that eventually find their destiny in crop plants. Although often asymptomatic in wild plants due to adaptation, they can potentially cause serious losses in crops. Therefore, exploring viruses in wild vegetation is very important. Recently, omics have been quite useful for exploring plant viruses from various plant sources, especially wild vegetation. For instance, we have discovered viruses such as Ambrossia asymptomatic virus I (AAV-1) through the application of metagenomics from Oklahoma Prairie Reserve. Accordingly, extracts from randomly-sampled plants are subjected to high speed and ultracentrifugation to separated virus-like particles (VLP), then nucleic acids in the form of DNA or RNA are extracted from such VLPs by treatment with phenol—chloroform and subsequent precipitation by ethanol. The nucleic acid preparations are separately treated with RNAse or DNAse in order to determine the genome component of VLPs. In the case of RNAs, the complementary cDNAs are synthesized before submitting to DNA sequencing. However, for VLPs with DNA contents, the procedure would be relatively straightforward without making cDNA. Because the length of the nucleic acid content of VPLs can be different, various strategies are employed to achieve sequencing. Techniques similar to so-called "chromosome walking" may be used to achieve sequences of long segments. When the nucleotide sequence data were obtained, they were subjected to BLAST analysis to determine the most related previously reported virus sequences. In one case, we determined that the novel virus was AAV-l because the sequence comparison and analysis revealed that the reads were the closest to the Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV). AAV—l had an RNA genome with 7408 nucleotides in length and contained six open reading frames (ORFs). Based on phylogenies inferred from the replicase and coat protein ORFs of the virus, it was placed in the genus Mandarivirus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wild" title="wild">wild</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant" title=" plant"> plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel" title=" novel"> novel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metagenomics" title=" metagenomics"> metagenomics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176207/exploring-emerging-viruses-from-a-protected-reserve" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176207.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1832</span> Simple Ways to Enhance the Security of Web Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Azarniush">Majid Azarniush</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soroush%20Mokallaei"> Soroush Mokallaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although robust security software, including anti-viruses, anti spy wares, anti-spam and firewalls, are amalgamated with new technologies such as Safe Zone, Hybrid Cloud, Sand Box etc., and it can be said that they have managed to prepare highest level of security against viruses, spy wares and other malwares in 2012, but in fact hackers' attacks to websites are increasingly becoming more and more complicated. Because of security matters and developments, it can be said that it was expected to happen so. Here in this work, we try to point out to some functional and vital notes to enhance security on the web enabling the user to browse safely in no limit web world and to use virtual space securely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firewalls" title="firewalls">firewalls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20services" title=" web services"> web services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software" title=" software "> software </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1698/simple-ways-to-enhance-the-security-of-web-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1698.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1831</span> Analysis and Design Modeling for Next Generation Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nareshkumar%20Harale">Nareshkumar Harale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20B.%20Meshram"> B. B. Meshram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The continued exponential growth of successful cyber intrusions against today’s businesses has made it abundantly clear that traditional perimeter security measures are no longer adequate and effective. We evolved the network trust architecture from trust-untrust to Zero-Trust, With Zero Trust, essential security capabilities are deployed in a way that provides policy enforcement and protection for all users, devices, applications, data resources, and the communications traffic between them, regardless of their location. Information exchange over the Internet, in spite of inclusion of advanced security controls, is always under innovative, inventive and prone to cyberattacks. TCP/IP protocol stack, the adapted standard for communication over network, suffers from inherent design vulnerabilities such as communication and session management protocols, routing protocols and security protocols are the major cause of major attacks. With the explosion of cyber security threats, such as viruses, worms, rootkits, malwares, Denial of Service attacks, accomplishing efficient and effective intrusion detection and prevention is become crucial and challenging too. In this paper, we propose a design and analysis model for next generation network intrusion detection and protection system as part of layered security strategy. The proposed system design provides intrusion detection for wide range of attacks with layered architecture and framework. The proposed network intrusion classification framework deals with cyberattacks on standard TCP/IP protocol, routing protocols and security protocols. It thereby forms the basis for detection of attack classes and applies signature based matching for known cyberattacks and data mining based machine learning approaches for unknown cyberattacks. Our proposed implemented software can effectively detect attacks even when malicious connections are hidden within normal events. The unsupervised learning algorithm applied to network audit data trails results in unknown intrusion detection. Association rule mining algorithms generate new rules from collected audit trail data resulting in increased intrusion prevention though integrated firewall systems. Intrusion response mechanisms can be initiated in real-time thereby minimizing the impact of network intrusions. Finally, we have shown that our approach can be validated and how the analysis results can be used for detecting and protection from the new network anomalies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20intrusion%20detection" title="network intrusion detection">network intrusion detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20intrusion%20prevention" title=" network intrusion prevention"> network intrusion prevention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rule%20mining" title=" association rule mining"> association rule mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20analysis%20and%20design" title=" system analysis and design"> system analysis and design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56014/analysis-and-design-modeling-for-next-generation-network-intrusion-detection-and-prevention-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1830</span> Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections Among Prisoners in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belaynesh%20Tsegay">Belaynesh Tsegay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teklay%20Gebrecherkos"> Teklay Gebrecherkos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsebaha%20Gebrekidan%20Kahsay"> Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Abdulkader"> Mahmud Abdulkader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses are important health and socioeconomic problem across the globe, with a remarkable number of diseases and deaths in sub-Saharan African countries. The burden of hepatitis is unknown in the prison settings of Tigray. Therefore, we aimed to describe the seroprevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among prisoners in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2020 to May 2020 at the prison facilities of Tigray. Demographics and associated factors were collected from 315 prisoners prospectively. Five milliliters of blood were collected and tested using rapid tests kits of HBsAg (Zhejiang orient Gene Biotech Co., Ltd., China) and HCV antibodies (Volkan Kozmetik Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd. STI, Turkey). Positive samples were confirmed using ELISA (Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co. Ltd). Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall seroprevalence of HBV and HCV were 25 (7.9%) and 1 (0.3%), respectively. The majority of hepatitis B viral infections were identified from the age groups of 18–25 years (10.7%) and unmarried prisoners (11.8%). Prisoners greater than 100 per cell (AOR=3.95, 95% CI=1.15–13.6, p=0.029) and with a history of alcohol consumption (AOR=3.01, 95% CI=1.17–7.74, p=0.022) were significantly associated with HBV infections. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HBV among prisoners was nearly high or borderline, with a very low HCV prevalence. HBV was most prevalent among young adults, those housed with a large number of prisoners per cell, and those who had a history of alcohol consumption. This study recommends that there should be prison-focused intervention, including regular health education, with the emphasis on the mode of transmission and introducing HBV screening policy for prisoners, especially when they enter the prison. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seroprevalence" title="seroprevalence">seroprevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HBV" title=" HBV"> HBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HCV" title=" HCV"> HCV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prisoners" title=" prisoners"> prisoners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray" title=" tigray"> tigray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168596/seroprevalence-and-associated-factors-of-hepatitis-b-and-hepatitis-c-viral-infections-among-prisoners-in-tigray-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1829</span> Kernel Parallelization Equation for Identifying Structures under Unknown and Periodic Loads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Sadegh%20Naseralavi">Seyed Sadegh Naseralavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a Kernel parallelization equation for damage identification in structures under unknown periodic excitations. Herein, the dynamic differential equation of the motion of structure is viewed as a mapping from displacements to external forces. Utilizing this viewpoint, a new method for damage detection in structures under periodic loads is presented. The developed method requires only two periods of load. The method detects the damages without finding the input loads. The method is based on the fact that structural displacements under free and forced vibrations are associated with two parallel subspaces in the displacement space. Considering the concept, kernel parallelization equation (KPE) is derived for damage detection under unknown periodic loads. The method is verified for a case study under periodic loads. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kernel" title="Kernel">Kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unknown%20periodic%20load" title=" unknown periodic load"> unknown periodic load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20detection" title=" damage detection"> damage detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kernel%20parallelization%20equation" title=" Kernel parallelization equation "> Kernel parallelization equation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75655/kernel-parallelization-equation-for-identifying-structures-under-unknown-and-periodic-loads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75655.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1828</span> Logistic Model Tree and Expectation-Maximization for Pollen Recognition and Grouping</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Endrick%20Barnacin">Endrick Barnacin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Luc%20Henry"> Jean-Luc Henry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jack%20Molini%C3%A9"> Jack Molinié</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jimmy%20Nagau"> Jimmy Nagau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne%20Delatte"> Hélène Delatte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%A9rard%20Lebreton"> Gérard Lebreton</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Palynology is a field of interest for many disciplines. It has multiple applications such as chronological dating, climatology, allergy treatment, and even honey characterization. Unfortunately, the analysis of a pollen slide is a complicated and time-consuming task that requires the intervention of experts in the field, which is becoming increasingly rare due to economic and social conditions. So, the automation of this task is a necessity. Pollen slides analysis is mainly a visual process as it is carried out with the naked eye. That is the reason why a primary method to automate palynology is the use of digital image processing. This method presents the lowest cost and has relatively good accuracy in pollen retrieval. In this work, we propose a system combining recognition and grouping of pollen. It consists of using a Logistic Model Tree to classify pollen already known by the proposed system while detecting any unknown species. Then, the unknown pollen species are divided using a cluster-based approach. Success rates for the recognition of known species have been achieved, and automated clustering seems to be a promising approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollen%20recognition" title="pollen recognition">pollen recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20model%20tree" title=" logistic model tree"> logistic model tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectation-maximization" title=" expectation-maximization"> expectation-maximization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20binary%20pattern" title=" local binary pattern"> local binary pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111314/logistic-model-tree-and-expectation-maximization-for-pollen-recognition-and-grouping" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1827</span> Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections among Prisoners in Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belaynesh%20Tsegay%20Beyene">Belaynesh Tsegay Beyene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teklay%20Gebrecherkos"> Teklay Gebrecherkos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsebaha%20Gebrekidan%20Kahsay"> Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Abdulkader"> Mahmud Abdulkader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses are of important health and socioeconomic problem of the globe with remarkable diseases and deaths in Sub-Saharan African countries. The burden of hepatitis is unknown in the prison settings of Tigrai. Therefore, we aimed to describe the seroprevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among prisoners of Tigrai, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2020 to May 2020 at the prison facilities of Tigrai. Demographics and associated factors were collected from 315 prisoners prospectively. Five milliliter of blood was collected and tested using rapid tests kits of HBsAg (Zhejiang orient Gene Biotech Co., Ltd., China) and HCV antibodies (Volkan Kozmetik Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd. STI, Turkey). Positive samples were confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co. Ltd). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall seroprevalence of HBV and HCV were 25 (7.9%) and 1(0.3%), respectively. The majority of hepatitis B viral infections were identified from the age groups of 18-25 years (10.7%) and unmarried prisoners (11.8%). Prisoners greater than 100 per cell [AOR =3.95, 95% CI= (1.15, 13.6, p =0.029)] and having history of alcohol consumption [AOR =3.01, 95% CI= (1.17, 7.74, p =0.022)] were significantly associated with HBV infections. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of HBV among prisoners was nearly high or borderline (7.9%) with a very low HCV prevalence (0.3%). HBV was most prevalent among young adults, large number of prisoners per cell and those who had history of alcohol consumption. This study recommends that there should be prison-focused intervention including regular health education by emphasis on the mode of transmission and introducing HBV screening policy for prisoners especially when they enter to the prison. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seroprevalence" title="seroprevalence">seroprevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HBV" title=" HBV"> HBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HCV" title=" HCV"> HCV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prisoners" title=" prisoners"> prisoners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigrai" title=" Tigrai"> Tigrai</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168231/seroprevalence-and-associated-factors-of-hepatitis-b-and-hepatitis-c-viral-infections-among-prisoners-in-tigrai-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1826</span> The Involvement of Viruses and Fungi in the Pathogenesis of Dental Infections</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20Khalil">Wael Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elias%20Rahal"> Elias Rahal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghassan%20Matar"> Ghassan Matar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tooth related infections or commonly named dental infections have been described as the most common causes of tooth loss in adults. These pathologies were mostly periodontitis, pericoronitis, and periapical infection. The involvement of various bacteria in the pathogenesis of these pathologies has been thoroughly mentioned and approved in the literature. However, the variability in the severity and prognosis of these lesions among patients suggests the association of other pathogens, like viruses and fungi, in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Several studies in the literature investigated the association of multiple viruses and fungi with the above-mentioned lesions, yet, a vast controversy was reached concerning this subject.Aim: Our study aims to fill the gap in the literature concerning the contribution of adenovirus, HPV-16, EBV, fungi, and candida in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, pericoronitis, and periapical infection. For this purpose, we utilized the quantitative PCR for pathogen detection in saliva, gingival, and lesions samples of involved subjects. Results: Some of these pathogens appeared to have an association with the investigated dental pathologies, while others showed no contribution to the pathogenesis of these lesions. Further investigation is required in order to identify the subtype of the involved pathogens in these tooth related oral pathology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodontitis" title="periodontitis">periodontitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pericoronitis" title=" pericoronitis"> pericoronitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20abscess" title=" dental abscess"> dental abscess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCR" title=" PCR"> PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiology" title=" microbiology"> microbiology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149650/the-involvement-of-viruses-and-fungi-in-the-pathogenesis-of-dental-infections" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1825</span> Identifying Unknown Dynamic Forces Applied on Two Dimensional Frames</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Katkhuda">H. Katkhuda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A time domain approach is used in this paper to identify unknown dynamic forces applied on two dimensional frames using the measured dynamic structural responses for a sub-structure in the two dimensional frame. In this paper a sub-structure finite element model with short length of measurement from only three or four accelerometers is required, and an iterative least-square algorithm is used to identify the unknown dynamic force applied on the structure. Validity of the method is demonstrated with numerical examples using noise-free and noise-contaminated structural responses. Both harmonic and impulsive forces are studied. The results show that the proposed approach can identify unknown dynamic forces within very limited iterations with high accuracy and shows its robustness even noise- polluted dynamic response measurements are utilized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20force%20identification" title="dynamic force identification">dynamic force identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20responses" title=" dynamic responses"> dynamic responses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-structure" title=" sub-structure"> sub-structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20domain" title=" time domain"> time domain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8992/identifying-unknown-dynamic-forces-applied-on-two-dimensional-frames" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1824</span> Development of Bioactive Medical Textiles by Immobilizing Nanoparticles at Cotton Fabric</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munir%20Ashraf">Munir Ashraf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shagufta%20Riaz"> Shagufta Riaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Personal protective equipment (PPE) and bioactive textiles are highly important for the health care of front line hospital workers, patients, and the general population to be safe from highly infectious diseases. This was even more critical in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak. Most of the medical textiles are inactive against various viruses and bacteria, hence there is a need to wash them frequently to avoid the spread of microorganisms. According to survey conducted by the world health organization, more than 500 million people get infected from hospitals, and more than 13 million died due to these hospitals’ acquired deadly diseases. The market available PPE are though effective against the penetration of pathogens and to kill bacteria but, they are not breathable and active against different viruses. Therefore, there was a great need to develop textiles that are not only effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses but also are comfortable to the medical personnel and patients. In the present study, waterproof breathable, and biologically active textiles were developed using antiviral and antibacterial nanomaterials. These nanomaterials like TiO₂, ZnO, Cu, and Ag were immobilized at the surface of cotton fabric by using different silane coupling agents and electroless deposition that they retained their functionality even after 30 industrial laundering cycles. Afterwards, the treated fabrics were coated with a waterproof breathable film to prevent the permeation of liquid droplets, any particle or microorganisms greater than 80 nm. The developed cotton fabric was highly active against bacteria and viruses. The good durability of nanomaterials at the cotton surface after several industrial washing cycles makes this fabric an ideal candidate for bioactive textiles used in the medical field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title="antibacterial">antibacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiviral" title=" antiviral"> antiviral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton" title=" cotton"> cotton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durable" title=" durable"> durable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145734/development-of-bioactive-medical-textiles-by-immobilizing-nanoparticles-at-cotton-fabric" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1823</span> Correlation between Resistance to Non-Specific Inhibitor and Mammalian Pathogenicity of an Egg Adapted H9N2 Virus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung-Young%20Lee">Chung-Young Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se-Hee%20Ahn"> Se-Hee Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun-Gu%20Choi"> Jun-Gu Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youn-Jeong%20Lee"> Youn-Jeong Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyuk-Joon%20Kwon"> Hyuk-Joon Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Hong%20Kim"> Jae-Hong Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A/chicken/Korea/01310/2001 (H9N2) (01310) was passaged through embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) by 20 times (01310-E20), and it has been used for an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine in Korea. After sequential passages, 01310-E20 showed higher pathogenicity in ECEs and acquired multiple mutations including a potential N-glycosylation at position 133 (H3 numbering) in HA and 18aa-deletion in NA stalk. To evaluate the effect of these mutations on the mammalian pathogenicity and resistance to non-specific inhibitors, we generated four PR8-derived recombinant viruses with different combinations of HA and NA from 01310-E2 and 01310-E20 (rH2N2, rH2N20, rH20N2, and rH20N20). According to our results, recombinant viruses containing 01310 E20 HA showed higher growth property in MDCK cells and higher virulence on mice than those containing 01310 E2 HA regardless of NA. The hemagglutination activity of rH20N20 was less inhibited by egg white and mouse lung extract than that of other recombinant viruses. Thus, the increased pathogenicity of 01310-E20 may be related to both higher replication efficiency and resistance to non-specific inhibitors in mice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avian%20influenza%20virus" title="avian influenza virus">avian influenza virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egg%20adaptation" title=" egg adaptation"> egg adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H9N2" title=" H9N2"> H9N2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N-glycosylation" title=" N-glycosylation"> N-glycosylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stalk%20deletion%20of%20neuraminidase" title=" stalk deletion of neuraminidase"> stalk deletion of neuraminidase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74841/correlation-between-resistance-to-non-specific-inhibitor-and-mammalian-pathogenicity-of-an-egg-adapted-h9n2-virus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74841.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1822</span> Controller Design for Active Suspension System of 1/4 Car with Unknown Mass and Time-Delay </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Al-Zughaibi">Ali Al-Zughaibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling and control of the quarter car active suspension system with unknown mass, unknown time-delay and road disturbance. The objective of designing the controller by deriving a control law to achieve stability of the system and convergence that can considerably improve the ride comfort and road disturbance handling. Thus is accomplished by using Routh-Herwitz criterion and based on some assumptions. A mathematical proof is given to show the ability of the designed controller to ensure stability and convergence of the active suspension system and dispersion oscillation of system with unknown mass, time-delay and road disturbances. Simulations were also performed for controlling quarter car suspension, where the results obtained from these simulations verify the validity of the proposed design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20suspension%20system" title="active suspension system">active suspension system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-delay" title=" time-delay"> time-delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disturbance%20rejection" title=" disturbance rejection"> disturbance rejection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20uncertainty" title=" dynamic uncertainty"> dynamic uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33796/controller-design-for-active-suspension-system-of-14-car-with-unknown-mass-and-time-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1821</span> Conservativeness of Probabilistic Constrained Optimal Control Method for Unknown Probability Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto">Tomoaki Hashimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent decades, probabilistic constrained optimal control problems have attracted much attention in many research field. Although probabilistic constraints are generally intractable in an optimization problem, several tractable methods haven been proposed to handle probabilistic constraints. In most methods, probabilistic constraints are reduced to deterministic constraints that are tractable in an optimization problem. However, there is a gap between the transformed deterministic constraints in case of known and unknown probability distribution. This paper examines the conservativeness of probabilistic constrained optimization method with the unknown probability distribution. The objective of this paper is to provide a quantitative assessment of the conservatism for tractable constraints in probabilistic constrained optimization with the unknown probability distribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title="optimal control">optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20systems" title=" stochastic systems"> stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20time%20systems" title=" discrete time systems"> discrete time systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20constraints" title=" probabilistic constraints"> probabilistic constraints</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35585/conservativeness-of-probabilistic-constrained-optimal-control-method-for-unknown-probability-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">581</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detecting%20unknown%20viruses&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detecting%20unknown%20viruses&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detecting%20unknown%20viruses&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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