CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hesse - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )afwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januarie","Februarie","Maart","April","Mei","Junie","Julie","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"0f530109-beac-45ae-a1c9-9852dc7cb738","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hesse","wgTitle":"Hesse","wgCurRevisionId":2723609,"wgRevisionId":2723609,"wgArticleId":11879,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders","Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders","Artikels met CINII-identifiseerders","Artikels met GND-identifiseerders","Artikels met ISNI-identifiseerders","Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders","Artikels met MusicBrainz area-identifiseerders","Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders","Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders","Artikels met NLI-identifiseerders","Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders","Artikels met VIAF-identifiseerders","Artikels met WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders","Normdata met 12 elemente","Voorbladartikels","Hesse"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"af","wgPageContentLanguage":"af","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hesse","wgRelevantArticleId":11879,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"af","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"af"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1199","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.24"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/800px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/640px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="384"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hesse - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Wysig" href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (af)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//af.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.af"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atoomvoer" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hesse rootpage-Hesse skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Hoofkieslys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Gaan na die tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>Inligting oor Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>Kontakblad</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-SEARCH_" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-SEARCH_--_doen_dit_iets_-- emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> SEARCH  </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Interaksie" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Interaksie" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Interaksie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Hulp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hulp"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Leer-hoe-om-te-wysig" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Welkom_nuwelinge"><span>Leer hoe om te wysig</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard"><span>Laai lêer</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-TOOLBOX_" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-TOOLBOX_--_doen_dit_iets_-- emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> TOOLBOX  </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Hesse" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Hesse" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Hesse" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Hesse" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_en_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_en_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flora en fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_en_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Flora en fauna subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_en_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bosgebiede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosgebiede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bosgebiede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosgebiede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biodiversiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hesse_as_historiese_Duitse_landskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hesse_as_historiese_Duitse_landskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hesse as historiese Duitse landskap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hesse_as_historiese_Duitse_landskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vroeë geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brons-_en_Ystertydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brons-_en_Ystertydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Brons- en Ystertydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brons-_en_Ystertydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelte_en_Chatte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelte_en_Chatte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kelte en Chatte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelte_en_Chatte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romeinse_heerskappy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romeinse_heerskappy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Romeinse heerskappy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romeinse_heerskappy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisering_onder_Philipp_die_Grootmoedige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisering_onder_Philipp_die_Grootmoedige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Modernisering onder Philipp die Grootmoedige</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisering_onder_Philipp_die_Grootmoedige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_19de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_19de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Die 19de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_19de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_eerste_demokratiese_bedeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_eerste_demokratiese_bedeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Die eerste demokratiese bedeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_eerste_demokratiese_bedeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasionaalsosialistiese_diktatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasionaalsosialistiese_diktatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Nasionaalsosialistiese diktatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasionaalsosialistiese_diktatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigting_van_die_deelstaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigting_van_die_deelstaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Stigting van die deelstaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigting_van_die_deelstaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_opswaai_ná_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_opswaai_ná_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Ekonomiese opswaai ná 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_opswaai_ná_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bevolkingsverspreiding_en_-digtheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolkingsverspreiding_en_-digtheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bevolkingsverspreiding en -digtheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bevolkingsverspreiding_en_-digtheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bevolkingsontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolkingsontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bevolkingsontwikkeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bevolkingsontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Politiek subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_Hessiese_grondwet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Hessiese_grondwet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Die Hessiese grondwet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Hessiese_grondwet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeringstelsel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeringstelsel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Regeringstelsel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeringstelsel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algemeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Algemeen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetgewende_gesag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetgewende_gesag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Wetgewende gesag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetgewende_gesag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitvoerende_gesag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitvoerende_gesag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Uitvoerende gesag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitvoerende_gesag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amptelike_simbole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amptelike_simbole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Amptelike simbole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amptelike_simbole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanente_sending_in_Berlyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanente_sending_in_Berlyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Permanente sending in Berlyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanente_sending_in_Berlyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanente_sending_in_Brussel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanente_sending_in_Brussel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Permanente sending in Brussel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanente_sending_in_Brussel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kantore_vir_ekonomiese_samewerking_in_die_buiteland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kantore_vir_ekonomiese_samewerking_in_die_buiteland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Kantore vir ekonomiese samewerking in die buiteland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kantore_vir_ekonomiese_samewerking_in_die_buiteland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eerste_ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eerste_ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Eerste ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eerste_ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administratiewe_distrikte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administratiewe_distrikte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Administratiewe distrikte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administratiewe_distrikte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susterstreke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susterstreke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Susterstreke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susterstreke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ekonomie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ekonomiese struktuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grootste_ondernemings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grootste_ondernemings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Grootste ondernemings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grootste_ondernemings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klein_en_middelgroot_ondernemings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klein_en_middelgroot_ondernemings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Klein en middelgroot ondernemings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klein_en_middelgroot_ondernemings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kultuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kultuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kookkuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kookkuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Kookkuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kookkuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 158 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%84%E1%88%A0" title="ሄሠ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሄሠ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetwaraland" title="Hetwaraland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hetwaraland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen_suyu" title="Hessen suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hessen suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Һессен – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һессен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessn" title="Hessn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hessn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гесэн – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гесэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гэсэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэсэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хесен – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хесен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হেসেন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen_(estado_pederal_sa_Alemanya)" title="Hessen (estado pederal sa Alemanya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hessen (estado pederal sa Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ھێسن – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesensko" title="Hesensko – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hesensko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse%C5%84ska" title="Hesseńska – Nedersorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hesseńska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Έσση – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έσση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80sia" title="Àsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Àsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesio" title="Hesio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hesio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse_(Land)" title="Hesse (Land) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hesse (Land)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8ssa_(Land)" title="Hèssa (Land) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hèssa (Land)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assie" title="Assie – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Assie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="הסן – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="हेसे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेसे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessenska" title="Hessenska – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hessenska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հեսսեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեսսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesia" title="Hesia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hesia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="ヘッセン州 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘッセン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰესენი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰესენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%84%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="헤센주 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤센주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassia" title="Hassia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hassia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Liguries" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ss%C9%9Bn%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Héssɛnɛ́ – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Héssɛnɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesenas" title="Hesenas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hesenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesene" title="Hesene – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hesene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гэссэн – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гэссэн" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хесен – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хесен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хессен – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хессен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="हेसेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेसेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="हेस्न् – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेस्न्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesia" title="Hesia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hesia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ssa" title="Èssa – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èssa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈੱਸਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈੱਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesja" title="Hesja – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hesja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%92" title="ہیسے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیسے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessa" title="Hessa – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hessa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ssia" title="Àssia – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àssia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ھيسن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھيسن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesensko" title="Hesensko – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hesensko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesia" title="Hesia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hesia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хесен – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хесен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹெஸென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹெஸென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ҳессен – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳессен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐเฮ็สเซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเฮ็สเซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%92" title="ہیسے – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیسے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%A4n" title="Hesän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hesän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑森" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A2" title="העסע – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="העסע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Joroeba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Joroeba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑森" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%87%8A" title="希燊 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希燊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Hesse" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hesse"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hesse"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Hesse" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Hesse" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&oldid=2723609" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Hesse&id=2723609&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHesse"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHesse"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hesse"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hesse&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hessen" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1199" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table cellpadding="2" style="float: right; width: 307px; background: #e3e3e3; margin-left: 1em; border-spacing: 1px;"> <caption style="font-size:large; padding:0.5em;"><i>Land Hessen</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>)</small><br />Deelstaat Hesse </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Landsvlag </th> <th>Landswapen </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/225px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/300px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffffff;" align="center"> <td>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlag_van_Hesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlag van Hesse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Besonderhede</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wapen_van_Hesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wapen van Hesse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Besonderhede</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Basiese gegewens </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">Ampstaal</a>:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a>:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Stigting:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/19_September" title="19 September">19 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a> (<i>Landeshymne</i>):</td> <td><i>Hessenlied</i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a>:</td> <td>21 114,94 km² <small>(7de)</small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Bevolking:</td> <td>6 420 729<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(5de) <i>(31 Desember 2023)</i></small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Bevolkingsdigtheid</a>:</td> <td>304 inwoners / km² <small>(7de)</small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a><br /> - Totaal <small>(5de)</small><br /> - % Verandering teenoor vorige jaar<br /> - per inwoner </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a><br />351,139 miljard €<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />7,8%<br />54 688 € </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Totale skuldlas:</td> <td>44,053 miljard €<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small><i>(30 Junie 2024)</i></small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Skuldlas per inwoner:</td> <td>6 861 € <small><i>(30 Junie 2024)</i></small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Werkloosheid:</td> <td>5,5%<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small><i>(November 2024)</i></small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">ISO 3166-2</a>:</td> <td><code>DE-HE</code> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Amptelike webwerf:</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hessen.de/">hessen.de</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Politiek </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">Eerste minister</a>:</td> <td>Boris Rhein (<a href="/wiki/Christelik-Demokratiese_Unie" title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie">CDU</a>)<br /><small><i>(sedert 31 Mei 2022)</i></small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>President van die <i>Landtag</i>:</td> <td>Astrid Wallmann (CDU) </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Regerende partye:</td> <td>CDU en <a href="/wiki/Sosiaal-Demokratiese_Party" title="Sosiaal-Demokratiese Party">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Setels in die parlement (<i>Landtag</i>)<br />(133 setels) <small>(2018: 137 setels)</small>: </td> <td>CDU 52 <small>(2018: 40)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Alternative_f%C3%BCr_Deutschland" title="Alternative für Deutschland">AfD</a> 27 <small>(19)</small><br />SPD 23 <small>(29)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Alliansie_90/Die_Groenes" title="Alliansie 90/Die Groenes">B90/Grüne</a> 22 <small>(29)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Vrye_Demokratiese_Party" title="Vrye Demokratiese Party">FDP</a> 8 <small>(11)</small><br />Onafhanklik 1 <small>(–)</small> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Laaste verkiesing:</td> <td>8 Oktober 2023 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Volgende verkiesing:</td> <td>Oktober 2028 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Parlementêre verteenwoordiging </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td>Stemme in die Federale Raad (<i>Bundesrat</i>):</td> <td>5 (van 69) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Kaart </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Locator_map_Hesse_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Locator_map_Hesse_in_Germany.svg/250px-Locator_map_Hesse_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Locator_map_Hesse_in_Germany.svg/500px-Locator_map_Hesse_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hesse</b> (<a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>: <i>Hessen</i>, [ˈhɛsn̩], <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/De-Hessen.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Hessen.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De-Hessen.ogg" title="Lêer:De-Hessen.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>), amptelik die <b>Deelstaat Hesse</b> (<i>Land Hessen</i>, afkorting: HE), is met 'n oppervlakte van meer as 21 000 km² die sewende grootste <a href="/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">deelstaat</a> van <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>. Sy bevolking van ses miljoen is in die Ryn-Main-streek van Suid-Hesse saamgetrek. Hier is ook vier van Hesse se vyf grootste stede geleë – die administratiewe hoofstad <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> en <a href="/wiki/Offenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Offenbach">Offenbach</a>. Noord-Hesse het 'n meer landelike karakter met 'n laer bevolkingsdigtheid. Die grootste nedersetting in die noordelike landsdeel is <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurt_am_Main_(9277249711)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frankfurt_am_Main_%289277249711%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_am_Main_%289277249711%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frankfurt_am_Main_%289277249711%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_am_Main_%289277249711%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frankfurt_am_Main_%289277249711%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_am_Main_%289277249711%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5103" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption>Frankfurt am Main</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg/250px-Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg/330px-Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg/500px-Wiesbaden_Herbstpanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>Panorama van Wiesbaden, die hoofstad van Hesse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg/250px-HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg/330px-HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg/500px-HE-Michelstadt-marktpl-rath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Die markplein van Michelstadt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rathaus_(Melsungen).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_%28Melsungen%29.JPG/250px-Rathaus_%28Melsungen%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_%28Melsungen%29.JPG/330px-Rathaus_%28Melsungen%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_%28Melsungen%29.JPG/500px-Rathaus_%28Melsungen%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>Vakwerkboukuns in Melsungen</figcaption></figure> <p>Die vroegste spore van menslike gemeenskappe dateer van die Würm-ystydperk sowat 50 000 jaar gelede. Die Romeine, wat die gebied van die huidige Suid-Hesse by hul ryk ingelyf het, het diep spore gelaat, onder andere met die <i><a href="/wiki/Limes" title="Limes">Limes Germanicus</a></i>, die versterkte noordelike grens van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> met vestings, forte en wagtorings wat oor 'n afstand van 500 kilometer tussen die <a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Donau" title="Donau">Donau</a> geloop het. Een van die grensforte, die <i>Kastell Saalburg</i> in die <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus-bergreeks</a>, is in die <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_van_Duitsland" title="Wilhelm II van Duitsland">Wilhelminiese tydperk</a> as museum herbou. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> leef voort in die vakwerkboukuns en nou straatjies van klein stede en dorpe. Middeleeuse stadskerne het onder meer in Marburg, Limburg, Alsfeld en Michelstadt bewaar gebly, net soos sakrale geboue soos die 13de eeuse Elisabethkerk in Marburg wat as die oudste <a href="/wiki/Gotiese_argitektuur" title="Gotiese argitektuur">Gotiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerk_(gebou)" title="Kerk (gebou)">kerk</a> in Duitsland beskou word. Belangrike domkerke het ook in <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg</a>, Fulda en <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a> ontstaan. Frankfurt se Paulskerk het met die demokratiese nasionale vergadering van 1848 bekendheid verwerf. Darmstadt in Suid-Hesse het omstreeks 1900 onder andere met die <a href="/wiki/Kunstenaarskolonie" title="Kunstenaarskolonie">kunstenaarskolonie</a> Mathildenhöhe tot een van die belangrikste sentra van die <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil-kunsbeweging</a> in Duitsland ontwikkel. </p><p>Ná die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> het Frankfurt am Main tot een van die beduidendste ekonomiese en finansiële metropole van Duitsland gegroei. Sy stadsilhoeët met talle <a href="/wiki/Wolkekrabber" title="Wolkekrabber">wolkekrabbers</a> is uniek in Duitsland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Duitse naam <i>Hessen</i> is soos die ander Duitse streeksname <i>Schwaben</i>, <i>Franken</i>, <i>Bayern</i>, <i>Sachsen</i> (asook verskeie landsnaame soos <i>Ungarn</i>, <i>Polen</i>, <i>Schweden</i>) afgelei van die datiewe meervoudsvorm van die inwoners se naam of die gelyknamige <a href="/wiki/Germane" title="Germane">Germaanse stam</a>, die Hesse (<i>Hessen</i>, enkelvoud <i>Hesse</i>). Die geografiese naam is 'n verkorte vorm van die ouer saamgestelde naam <i>Hessenland</i> ("land van die Hesse"). Die Oud-Hoogduitse vorm van die naam is opgeteken as <i>Hessun</i> (datiewe meervoud van <i>Hessi</i>); in <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> verskyn dit as <i>Hassonia</i>, <i>Hassia</i>, <i>Hessia</i>. Die naam van die Hesse gaan uiteindelik terug op die stamnaam van die Chatte.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die antieke naam <i>Chatti</i> verskyn in die 7de eeu as <i>Chassi</i> en van die 8ste eeu af as <i>Hassi</i> of <i>Hessi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Inwoner van Hesse word ook "Hesse" genoem (Duits: <i>Hesse</i> (manlik), meervoud <i>Hessen</i>, of <i>Hessin</i> (vroulik), meervoud <i>Hessinnen</i>). Die Amerikaans-Engelse term <a href="/wiki/Hesse_(soldate)" title="Hesse (soldate)">"Hessian"</a> vir 18de-eeuse Britse hulptroepe het sy oorsprong by landgraaf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederik_II_van_Hesse-Kassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederik II van Hesse-Kassel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Frederik II</a> van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landgraafskap_Hesse-Kassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landgraafskap Hesse-Kassel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hesse-Kassel</a> wat gereelde weermageenhede verhuur het aan die regering van Groot-Brittanje om in die <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_Onafhanklikheidsoorlog" title="Amerikaanse Onafhanklikheidsoorlog">Amerikaanse Onafhanklikheidsoorlog</a> te veg. </p><p>Die Engelse vorm <i>Hesse</i> is teen die 18de eeu algemeen gebruik, eers in die koppeltekenname van die state <i>Hesse-Kassel</i> en <i>Hesse-Darmstadt</i>, maar die Latynse vorm <i>Hessia</i> het tot in die 19de eeu in algemene Engelse gebruik gebly.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Kommissie" title="Europese Kommissie">Europese Kommissie</a> gebruik weens sy beleid om streeksname onvertaal te laat die Duitse vorm <i>Hessen</i>, self in 'n Engelstalige konteks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ná 'n voorstel in 1992 het die Latynse streeksnaam in 1997 ook as basis vir die benaming van die element <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a> gedien.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg/250px-Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg/330px-Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg/500px-Kinzigstausee_Ahl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Die Kinzigdam naby Bad Soden in die najaar wanneer watervlakke laer is</figcaption></figure> <p>Die gebied van Hesse maak deel uit van die warm-gematigde reënklimaatsone van die middel-breedtegrade. Winde waai merendeels uit westelike rigting sodat dwarsdeur die jaar vogtige lug vanaf die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese Oseaan</a> na Hesse beweeg wat vir neerslae sorg. Die oseaniese invloed neem af hoe verder 'n mens vanuit die noordweste in suidoostelike rigting beweeg, maar is orals groot genoeg om uitermatige winterkoue of hoë somertemperature te verhoed. Gemiddelde jaarlikse temperature wissel van tussen 6 en 7 °C in die berggebiede van Noord-Hesse tot tussen 10 en 11 °C in die laer geleë Ryn-Maingebied in die suide. </p><p>As gevolg van die topografiese struktuur met middelgebergtes, wat verskillende laer geleë landskappe insluit, is die klimaat in die deelstaat sterk gestruktureer. Mikroklimate word sterk beïnvloed deur die hoogte bo seevlak, veral wat temperature betref. Neerslae word hoofsaaklik deur die ligging van bergreekse in verhouding tot die hoofwindrigting bepaal. Aan die <a href="/wiki/Loefkant" class="mw-redirect" title="Loefkant">loef-</a> of windkant van die berge styg lug sodat wolke vorm en reën val, terwyl die benedewindse kant, waar lugstrome daal en wolke oplos, relatief droog is. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse reënval wissel van 1000 millimeter of meer in bergagtige terrein tot slegs 500-600 millimeter in die Rynvallei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_en_fauna">Flora en fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Flora en fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Flora en fauna"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosgebiede">Bosgebiede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Bosgebiede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bosgebiede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg/220px-Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg/330px-Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg/440px-Reinhardswald_im_Mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Sowat 'n vyfde van Hesse se bosgebiede is natuurlike bosse of oerwoude. Die foto toon een van die deelstaat se oerwoude, die Reinhardswald, gedurende Mei</figcaption></figure> <p>Bosgebiede beslaan byna 895 000 hektaar of 42 persent van die deelstaat se oppervlakte. Dit maak van Hesse die mees beboste deelstaat van Duitsland (naas Rynland-Palts) – nog voor die Saarland (39 persent), Baden-Württemberg (38 persent) en Beiere (36 persent). 40 persent van Hesse se bosgebiede is in besit van die deelstaat, terwyl 'n verdere 35 persent in besit van 418 stede en munisipaliseite is. Slegs agt Hessiese munisipaliteite beskik nie oor hul eie bosgebiede nie.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Kwart van Hessiese bosse is in privaat of gemeenskaplike besit. Daar is altesaam 60 000 privaat boseienaars wat merendeels klein bosgebiede besit. 'n Derde van alle privaat bosgebiede maak deel uit van boerderye. </p><p>Hesse se bosgebiede is oneweredig oor die deelstaat versprei. So is streke soos die Wetterau of die Gießen-bekken yl bebos. Hierdie landskappe word oorheers deur vrugbare landbougrond wat al in die vroeë geskiedenis van Hesse bewerk is, terwyl bosgebiede slegs vyftien persent beslaan. </p><p>In die Ryn-Main-vlakte, waar nog slegs sowat 26 persent van die oppervlakte bebos is, is bosse veral deur die uitbreiding van beboude gebiede, nywerheidsaanlegte en vervoerstelsels verdring. Daarenteen is berggebiede soos die Odenwald, Spessart, Taunus en Weserbergland dig bebos. Bosgebiede beslaan hier meer as vyftig persent van die oppervlakte en groei nog steeds, veral omdat minder vrugbare grond deur boere herbebos word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversiteit">Biodiversiteit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Biodiversiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Biodiversiteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG/220px-Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG/330px-Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG/440px-Bythinella_compressa_A_MRKVICKA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Die Rhön-slak (<i>Bythinella compressa</i>), 'n bedreigde slakspesie wat uitsluitlik in twee Hessiese bergreekse, Rhön en Vogelsberg, voorkom</figcaption></figure> <p>Sedert die laat 18de eeu is in Hesse meer as 140 plantspesies as uitgestorwe verklaar, terwyl die broeigetalle van sommige voëlspesies afgeneem het – dié van die kiewiet (<i>Vanellus vanellus</i>) met 85 persent sedert die middel van die 1980's. Ook veldhamsterbevolkings het sedert die 1970's drasties gekrimp. Die varswater-pêreloester (<i>Margaritifera margaritifera</i>), wat vroeër volop was in die waterliggame van bergreekse soos die Vogelsberg, Rhön, Spessart en Odenwald, word intussen in Hesse as uitgestorwe geklassifiseer. Die edel- of Europese rivierkreef (<i>Astacus astacus</i>) en die vlagsalm (<i>Thymallus thymallus</i>), 'n varswatervis, word as bedreigde spesies beskou wat tans nog slegs in enkele waterliggame aangetref word.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naas dier- en plantspesies, wat wêreldwyd of ook in ander dele van Europa voorkom, is daar ook spesies waarvan die habitat min of meer beperk tot Hesse is, waaronder die Rhön-slak (<i>Bythinella compressa</i>, Duits: <i>Rhönquellschnecke</i>) wat hier endemies is. Daar is ook spesies wat ná eeue of dekades na Hesse teruggekeer het, soos die <a href="/wiki/Eurasiese_rooikat" title="Eurasiese rooikat">Eurasiese rooikat</a>, of spesies wat vroeër as bedreig beskou is en tans weer konstant in getalle toeneem, soos die <a href="/wiki/Europese_wildekat" title="Europese wildekat">Europese wildekat</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Swerfvalk" title="Swerfvalk">swerfvalk</a> (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) en die Europese oehoe (<i>Bubo bubo</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hesse_as_historiese_Duitse_landskap">Hesse as historiese Duitse landskap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Hesse as historiese Duitse landskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Hesse as historiese Duitse landskap"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hessen_1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hessen_1900.svg/250px-Hessen_1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hessen_1900.svg/330px-Hessen_1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hessen_1900.svg/500px-Hessen_1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3652" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van die Hessiese lande tydens die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk" title="Duitse Keiserryk">Duitse Keiserryk</a> rondom 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Met 'n oppervlakte van 21 115 km² en 'n bevolking van ses miljoen is Hesse vandag een van die middelgroot deelstate van Duitsland. Anders as byvoorbeeld Beiere of Sakse het Hesse geen eeue lange tradisie as politieke entiteit nie, maar het sy ontstaan aan 'n besluit van die Amerikaanse militêre administrasie kort ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog te danke. Die gebiede, wat op 19 September 1945 as deelstaat <i>Groß-Hessen</i> verenig is (Keurhesse, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, Waldeck en Frankfurt am Main) het daarenteen elkeen 'n lang geskiedenis van relatiewe politieke onafhanklikheid. Dat hierdie gebiede nie al vroeër tot 'n gemeenskaplike Hessiese staat verenig is nie, was aan erfdeling, dinastiese belange, godsdienstige onenigheid, oorlogsvoering en die inmenging en die begerigheid van vreemde moondhede te danke.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maar ondanks die feit dat Hesse eeue lank in kleiner politieke eenhede verdeel was, het sy bewoners 'n gemeenskaplike geskiedenis wat terugstrek na die hoë middeleeue toe Hesse 'n kernland van die <a href="/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a> was, en die tyd van die <a href="/wiki/Protestantse_Hervorming" title="Protestantse Hervorming">Protestantse Hervorming</a> toe die Nassauiese landsdele gesamentlik die Calvinisties-Protestantse geloof aanvaar het. In die volgende eeue het die twee linies van die Huis van Hesse, Kassel en Darmstadt, in politieke opsig van mekaar wegbeweeg, maar die gemeenskaplike identiteit van die Hessiese bevolking is deur hierdie proses nie aangetas nie. Sodoende kan na Hesse voor 1945 as 'n historiese Duitse landskap verwys word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_geskiedenis"><span id="Vroe.C3.AB_geskiedenis"></span>Vroeë geskiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vroeë geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg/250px-Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg/330px-Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg/500px-Wetteraumuseum_Altsteinzeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Argeologiese vondse uit die Ou Steentydperk in die Wetteraumuseum, Friedberg</figcaption></figure> <p>Die vroegste spore van menslike bewoners, wat deur argeoloë in Hesse gevind is, dateer uit die <a href="/wiki/Steentydperk" title="Steentydperk">Ou Steentydperk</a> (sowat 500 000 jaar gelede). In streke soos Wetterau en die Schwalm-Eder-gebied, wat ook gedurende die Ystydperk vry van vergletsering was, het prehistoriese steengroewe ontstaan. </p><p>Gedurende die Middel-Steentydperk (tussen 8 000 en 5 000 v.C.) is die Hessiese gebied net soos ander streke in Europa deur klein gemeenskappe van jagters, versamelaars en vissers bewoon, soos deur argeologiese vondse rondom Arolsen en Hofgeismar, in die Vogelsbergstreek en die mondingsgebied van die Main bevestig is. In die oorgangstydperk tussen Middel- en Jong Steentydperk (omstreeks 5 000 tot 1 800 v.C.) het steeds meer gemeenskappe hul nomadiese leefwyse laat vaar en hulle in dorpsagtige nedersettings met boerderye gevestig waar hulle akkerbou bedryf en vee geteel het. </p><p>Vroeë boeregemeenskappe het onder meer in die Laer Lahnvallei, die Ryn-Mainstreek, die Amöneburgse Bekken en in die gebied rondom Fritzlar bestaan. Hier is byvoorbeeld gebruiksvoorwerpe opgegrawe wat vanweë hul kenmerkende versierings as snoerkeramiek bekend staan. Navorsers neem aan dat die draers van die snoerkeramiese beskawing hul oorsprong in Wes-Hongarye gehad het.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanweë sy ligging by die kruispunt van belangrike roetes was Hesse gedurende die hele Steentydperk 'n deurgangsgebied waardeur mense getrek het, waar handel met goedere gedryf en nuwe gewoontes gevestig is. Dit was Hesse se besondere rol as deurgangsland waardeur die land se geskiedenis ook in die volgende eeue bepaal is.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brons-_en_Ystertydperk">Brons- en Ystertydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Brons- en Ystertydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Brons- en Ystertydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a> (tussen 1 800 en 750 v.C.) val die bloeifase van die sogenaamde Urneveldbeskawing wat sy naam aan sy besondere begrafnispraktyke te danke het. Oorledenes is <a href="/wiki/Verassing" title="Verassing">veras</a> en in urne, soms saam met ryk grafgiftes, begrawe. Die grafte van vorste wys op sosiale verskille. So is hooggeplaastes saam met wapens en bronsgereedskappe begrawe. Ander vondse uit die 1ste eeu. v.C. wys op praktyke soos menseoffers en kannibalisme wat indertyd nog bestaan het. </p><p>Die Ystertydperk (omstreeks 750 tot 50 v.C.) is die laaste periode in die Hessiese geskiedenis waar argeologiese opgrawings skriftelike oorlewerings moet vervang. Bewoners het in hierdie tydoperk weer oorgegaan na die tradisionele begrafnispraktyk van teraardebestelling. Oorledenes is dikwels saam met hul sieraad, veral ringe, begrawe. Kenmerkend is die vestiging van nedersettings op hoër geleë plekke soos heuwels – een van die karakteristieke van 'n nuwe tydperk wat destyds aangebreek het: 'n tydperk wat met die Kelte verbind word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelte_en_Chatte">Kelte en Chatte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Kelte en Chatte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kelte en Chatte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG/250px-Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG/330px-Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG/500px-Keltenf%C3%BCrst_Glauberg_vorne_links_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption>Die Kelte-vors van Glauberg, 'n standbeeld wat in die gelyknamige Keltiese <i><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a></i> opgegrawe is</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/250px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/330px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/500px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Gerekonstrueerde wapens, uitrusting en klere van 'n Keltiese kryger. <br /><small>Museum KeltenKeller, Rodheim-Bieber</small></figcaption></figure> <p>In die 4de eeu v.C. het <a href="/wiki/Kelte" title="Kelte">Keltiese</a> bewoners in Suidwes-Hesse, in die Ryn-Maingebied, in die Wetterau en op die Glauberg elemente van 'n hoogs ontwikkelde beskawing gevestig wat met 'n verskeidenheid innovasies in die goudsmeekuns en op ander velde verbind word. In die sosiale orde van Keltiese stamme het vorste 'n prominente rol gespeel, soos uit hul ryk grafgifte blyk. Vorste is in wa- of ruitergrafte met goudsieraad, wapens, gereedskappe en keramiek ter ruste gelê. Argeologiese vondse bevestig dat die Keltiese bewoners ook reeds gebruik gemaak het van warmbaddens in die gebied van die huidige Wiesbaden en Alzey. </p><p>Hoe ver die Hessiese gebiede onder Keltiese heerskappy gestrek het, is steeds omstrede onder geskiedkundiges. Terwyl die suide en sentrale gebiede van die huidige deelstaat Hesse deur Kelte bewoon is, het Germaanse stamme, waaronder die Chatte as beduidendste groep, vanuit Noord-Hesse in suidelike rigting beweeg. Die tweede eeu v.C. is reeds gekenmerk deur Kelties-Germaanse gevegte waartydens die Kelte uiteindelik 'n nederlaag gely het. Blykbaar kon nóg hul hoogs ontwikkelde beskawing nóg hul gesofistikeerde stelsel van versterkings en forte die Kelte in Hesse van ondergang red. </p><p>Dikwels word na die Kelte as 'n "vlugtende volk" verwys wat meestal niks meer agtergelaat het as die spore van hul vlug. In die laaste dekades voor die begin van die Christelike jaartelling het die Chatte hulle in die berg- en heuwellandskap van Neder-Hesse gevestig. Die middelpunt van hul magsgebied was rondom Fulda, Eder en Lahn geleë, alhoewel Chattiese gemeenskappe hulle ook in die gebied van Kassel en Wetzlar en aan die Middelryn gevestig het. Die belangrikste Chattiese nedersettings, wat tegelykertyd as godsdienstige sentra en sentrale begrafnisplekke gedien het, was Geismar, Metze en Gudensberg. Nou verwante Germaanse stamme soos die Cheruskers en Mattiakers het net tydelik 'n rol as bondgenote vervul voordat hulle uitgeskakel is. </p><p>Die Chatte was volgens antieke oorlewerings (onder meer <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> se <i>Germania</i> en <i>Annales</i>) 'n baie strydlustige volk, maar in elk geval teen die einde van die 1ste eeu n.C. die Germaanse kernvolk in die gebied. As sulks was hulle die belangrikste teenstaanders van Rome en sy kolonies aan die linkeroewer van die Ryn. Tacitus beskryf die Chatte as liggaamlik en geestelik sterk en verbind hierdie eienskappe met hul leefstyl as bergbewoners waardeur hulle van die meeste ander Germane verskil het. Hul gedissiplineerdheid en organisasievermoë was volgens hom vergelykbaar met dié van Romeine. Die digter Marcus Valerius Martiali merk op dat die Chatte, net soos die Bataviërs, 'n rooi skuim, die sogenaamde <i>spuma chattica</i>, vervaardig het waarmee hulle hul hare vuurrooi geverf het. Hierdie skuim was ook in Rome baie gewild en het 'n belangrike rol in die ruilhandel met Romeine gespeel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deskundiges soos die Duitse filoloog Ludwig Rübekeil, wat navorsing oor die kontaksones tussen Germane en Kelte doen, bevraagteken die stelling dat die Chatte 'n suiwer Germaanse stam was. So het onder meer Caesar na die Volcae Tectosages verwys, 'n Galliese volk wat hom in die Hercyniese Woud gevestig het, die digte bosgebiede wat vanaf die Ryn in ooswaartse rigting gestrek en die grootste deel van die huidige Suid-Duitsland bedek het. Vir Romeinse en Griekse skrywers het hierdie oerbos die noordelike grens van die bekende Europa gevorm. </p><p>Navorsers vermoed dat die Volcae Tectosages gebiede in die huidige Noord-Baden, Noord-Württemberg, Hesse, Noord-Beiere en <a href="/wiki/Boheme" title="Boheme">Boheme</a> bewoon het. Taalkundige navorsing en argeologiese opgrawings bevestig dat die bevolking in hierdie streek van gemengde Kelties-Germaanse afkoms was. Interessant genoeg het die Germane later die naam van hierdie Kelties-Germaanse mengvolk, Volcae Tectosages, gebruik om na alle Kelte en Romane te verwys. Uit die oorspronklike <i>Walha</i> het later <i>Welsch</i> geword (vergelyk die terme <i>Waal</i>, <i>Waals</i> en <i>Wallonië</i> vir die nie-Germaanse deel van die huidige België). <i>Welsche</i> as sambreelterm vir Romaanssprekende volke word tans in Duits nie meer gebruik nie, maar wél in <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a> – vergelyk die Poolse naam vir <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>, <i>Włochy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romeinse_heerskappy">Romeinse heerskappy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Romeinse heerskappy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Romeinse heerskappy"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Saalburg_Main_Gate_(Porta_Praetoria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saalburg_Main_Gate_%28Porta_Praetoria%29.jpg/250px-Saalburg_Main_Gate_%28Porta_Praetoria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saalburg_Main_Gate_%28Porta_Praetoria%29.jpg/330px-Saalburg_Main_Gate_%28Porta_Praetoria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saalburg_Main_Gate_%28Porta_Praetoria%29.jpg/500px-Saalburg_Main_Gate_%28Porta_Praetoria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Porta Praetoria</i> (hoofpoort) van die gerekonstrueerde Romeinse fort Saalburg naby <a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg_vor_der_H%C3%B6he" title="Bad Homburg vor der Höhe">Bad Homburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_(DerHexer)_2012-09-29_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_%28DerHexer%29_2012-09-29_013.jpg/250px-R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_%28DerHexer%29_2012-09-29_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_%28DerHexer%29_2012-09-29_013.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_%28DerHexer%29_2012-09-29_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_%28DerHexer%29_2012-09-29_013.jpg/500px-R%C3%B6mische_Villa_Haselburg_%28DerHexer%29_2012-09-29_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4035" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption>'n Gerekonstrueerde Romeinse villa in Haselburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:A_richly_decorated_triclinium_(officer%E2%80%99s_dining_room),_the_most_complete_Roman_wall-painting_of_all_the_limes,_found_in_the_Limes_fort_at_Echzell,_Saalburg_Roman_Fort,_Limes_Germanicus,_Germania_(Germany)_(7957570540).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_richly_decorated_triclinium_%28officer%E2%80%99s_dining_room%29%2C_the_most_complete_Roman_wall-painting_of_all_the_limes%2C_found_in_the_Limes_fort_at_Echzell%2C_Saalburg_Roman_Fort%2C_Limes_Germanicus%2C_Germania_%28Germany%29_%287957570540%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_richly_decorated_triclinium_%28officer%E2%80%99s_dining_room%29%2C_the_most_complete_Roman_wall-painting_of_all_the_limes%2C_found_in_the_Limes_fort_at_Echzell%2C_Saalburg_Roman_Fort%2C_Limes_Germanicus%2C_Germania_%28Germany%29_%287957570540%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_richly_decorated_triclinium_%28officer%E2%80%99s_dining_room%29%2C_the_most_complete_Roman_wall-painting_of_all_the_limes%2C_found_in_the_Limes_fort_at_Echzell%2C_Saalburg_Roman_Fort%2C_Limes_Germanicus%2C_Germania_%28Germany%29_%287957570540%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4209" data-file-height="3069" /></a><figcaption>Die ryklik versierde <i>triclinium</i> (eetkamer) van 'n Romeinse offisier te Limes-fort Saalburg, Echzell</figcaption></figure> <p>Romeinse legioene, wat in die versterkte militêre basis van <a href="/wiki/Mogontiacum" title="Mogontiacum">Mogontiacum</a> (die moderne <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>) gestasioneer was, het in 10 v.C. die Ryn oorgesteek om vir die eerste keer voet op Hessiese bodem te sit. Rome was destyds van voorneme om sy provinsie Germania verder uit te brei en sy oostelike grens tot by die <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elberivier</a> te verskuif. Die Chatte was die eerste Germaanse volk wat in gevegte met Romeinse magte gewikkel was. Dit was ook moontlik ook die rede hoekom hulle 'n fokuspunt in die Romeinse geskiedskrywing was en 'n hele reeks outeurs, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, Florus, <a href="/wiki/Plinius_die_ouere" title="Plinius die ouere">Plinius</a> en <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, na hulle verwys het. </p><p>Die Romeins-Chattiese konflik het die hele Romeinse keisertyd voortgeduur. Rome het uiteindelik daarin geslaag om sy besittings langs die regteroewer van die Ryn uit te brei en die nuut verowerde gebiede deur 'n reeks grensforte in die huidige Wiesbaden, Hofheim en Friedberg te beveilig. Laasgenoemde was die Romeinse Ryk se noordelikste voorpos in Hesse, maar desondanks is die Romeinse <i>castellum</i> Saalburg naby <a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg_vor_der_H%C3%B6he" title="Bad Homburg vor der Höhe">Bad Homburg</a> tans die bekendste Romeinse vesting in die gebied. In 1900 het die imperiale selfbeeld van keiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_van_Duitsland" title="Wilhelm II van Duitsland">Wilhelm II</a> die aanleiding tot die rekonstruksie van hierdie <i>castellum</i> gegee. </p><p>Die voortdurende grenskonflik het verdere versterkings genoodsaak. Vanaf 83 n.C. het die Romeine met die bou van die Limes begin, 'n versterkte en bewaakte grenslyn. Hiervoor is aanvanklik net 'n smal strokie land van bome en bosse skoongemaak om 'n grenspad aan te lê. Hierdie pad het dikwels oor bergkamme geloop wat 'n goeie uitsig oor die onveilige Chattiese grensstreek gebied het. Dit is gaandeweg versterk en tot een van die beduidendste en invloedrykste kulturele grenslyne in die geskiedenis van Europa uitgebou.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terwyl dit heel waarskynlik nie sou deug om 'n grootskaalse aanval af te weer nie, het die Limes nietemin die doeltreffende polisiëring van die grens bewerkstellig sodat migrasie- en handelsverkeer gereguleer kon word. </p><p>Die Limes het die gebied van Hesse in twee dele verdeel. Suid-Hesse het deel uitgemaak van die Romeinse provinsie Bo-Germanië (<i>Germania superior</i>) met sy hoofstad Mogontiacum. Die gebied is gaandeweg geromaniseer – 'n proses wat hom op administratiewe, stedeboukundige en infrastrukturele gebied voltrek het. Latyn het die algemene omgangstaal geword. In administratiewe opsig is die provinsie in <i>civitates</i> verdeel – nedersettings of munisipaliteite wat dikwels deur 'n bepaalde stamgroep bewoon is en oor sy eie plaaslike administrasie beskik het. In Hesse was daar drie <i>civitates</i>: die <i>civitas Taunensium</i> (met Nida – tans Frankfurt-Heddernheim – as administratiewe setel), die <i>civitas Mattiacorum</i> (Aquae Mattiacorum, die moderne Wiesbaden) en die <i>civitas Audeniensium</i> (Dieburg). </p><p>Alle bewoners van Bo-Germanië was belastingpligtig, maar het tegelykertyd voordeel getrek uit die doeltreffende Romeinse administrasie. So is vaste paaie aangelê en steenbrûe gebou om die ekonomiese mobiliteit van bewoners en handelsverkeer te bevorder. Die versterkte handel- en marksentrum (<i>forum</i>) in Waldgirmes naby Lahnau getuig van Romeinse aktiwiteite in hierdie verband. Die <i>forum</i>, wat vanaf 4 v.C. ontstaan het, is een van die vroegste voorbeelde van Romeinse steengeboue in die besette Germaanse gebiede aan die regteroewer van die Ryn (<i>Germania magna</i>). </p><p>'n Groot aantal landgoede (<i>villae rusticae</i>) het die bevolking in stedelike nedersettings van landbouprodukte voorsien. Akkerbou en veeteelt het voordeel getrek uit nuut ingevoerde, tot dusver in die gebied onbekende vrugtesoorte, veerasse en landboukundige toerusting. Die warm Rynvallei was 'n goeie ligging vir die vestiging van 'n wynboubedryf. Warmbaddens, wat vir geneeskundige en ontspanningsdoeleindes gebruik is, was 'n lokpunt vir bewoners van Wiesbaden, Bad Nauheim en Bad Vilbel en hul uitheemse gaste, soos tewens ook die plaaslike gashuise. Fonteine en <a href="/wiki/Akwaduk" title="Akwaduk">akwadukte</a> het die bevolking van vars water voorsien. </p><p>Al het die Romeinse heerskappy in Suid-Hesse sowat 400 jaar geduur, was Germaanse aanvalle 'n konstante bedreiging vir sy bewoners. Die Chatte het vanuit hul stamland noord van die Limes verskeie kere die Romeinse grens oorgesteek. Aanvanklik is hul aanvalle suksesvol afgeweer, maar vanaf die vroeë 3de eeu het 'n tweede Germaanse volk, die <a href="/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne">Alemanne</a>, na die ryksgrens opgeruk. Omstreeks 260 het hulle vir die eerste keer die Limes deurbreek. </p><p>Rome was genoodsaak om alle gebiede van die provinsie Bo-Germanië, wat langs die Ryn se regteroewer geleë was, te ontruim. Die besittings aan die linkeroewer is hergeorganiseer as <i>Germania prima</i>, terwyl Mogontiacum sy status as administratiewe setel gehandhaaf het. Danksy magtige versterkings het die Romeinse bewind aan die Ryn se linkeroewer nog sowat honderd jaar voortgeduur voordat ook hierdie gebiede gereeld teikens van Alemanniese invalle geword het. Omstreeks 400 is die Romeinse verdedigingslinies aan flarde geskeur, en kort daarna het die laaste Romeinse groepe die gebied ontruim. Vierhonderd jaar se Romeinse heerskappy het hul stempel op Suid-Hesse afgedruk sodat die streek ook in die volgende eeue sterk verskil het van die noorde wat nooit onder Romeinse bewind gekom het nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg/250px-Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg/330px-Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg/500px-Marburg_-_Elisabethkirche_05_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Standbeeld van Sint Elisabeth in die Elisabethkerk te Marburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Gedurende die Frankiese heerskappy in Hesse het die bewoners die Christelike geloof aangeneem. Ook die eerste verwysing na die Hesse as <i>Hessi</i> dateer uit die vroeë middeleeue. 'n Brief wat in 738 deur die pous aan Bonifatius gestuur is, 'n sendeling wat aanvanklik in Fritzlar en later in Fulda gepreek het, bevat dié term. Bonifatius het kerke opgerig en vroeë strukture van 'n <a href="/wiki/Kerk_(organisasie)" title="Kerk (organisasie)">kerkorganisasie</a> gevestig. </p><p>Onder <a href="/wiki/Karel_die_Grote" title="Karel die Grote">Karel die Grote</a>, wat in 800 tot keiser gekroon is, het die Ryn-Maingebied tot een van die kernstreke van die <a href="/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a> ontwikkel, veral nadat keiserlike <a href="/wiki/Palts" title="Palts">paltse</a> naby biskopsetels soos Mainz en Worms ontstaan het. Ná die opsplitsing van die Ryk onder Karel se kleinseun <a href="/wiki/Lodewyk_die_Duitser" title="Lodewyk die Duitser">Lodewyk die Duitser</a>, wat in die klooster van Lorsch ter ruste gelê is, het Frankfurt die keiser se gunsteling-regeringsetel geword. In die regeringstyd van die Staufer-keiser Frederik Barbarossa, wat in 1152 deur die ryksvorste in Frankfurt as koning verkies is, het die Ryn-Maingebied nog eens 'n kerngebied van die Ryk geword. </p><p>So het Frankfurt gaandeweg die stad geword waar Duitse konings verkies en gekroon is. Die stad het tot een van die belangrikste ekonomiese en handelsentra in Europa ontwikkel nadat keiser Frederik II in 1240 aan Frankfurt die voorreg verleen het om jaarbeurse (belangrike handelskoue) te hou.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die geskiedenis van Hesse as politieke entiteit het in die Staufertydperk begin toe Elisabeth, die weduwee van die Thüringiese landgraaf Lodewyk IV, haar amptelike residensie in die somer van 1228 na Marburg verskuif het. Haar betrokkenheid by die armes en siekes, haar ontydige afsterwe in 1231, haar latere heiligspreking en die opspraakwekkende pelgrimstoer van keiser Frederik II het van haar graf 'n sakrale sentrum in Hesse gemaak. </p><p>Haar dogter Sophie het ná 'n hewige stryd met haar Thüringiese familie en die streeksmoondhede oor die politieke en dinastie toekoms van Hesse daarin geslaag om die land as erfdeel aan haar seun Hendrik van Brabant te laat val. In 1264 is Hendrik I ná die einde van die Thüringies-Hessiese Suksessieoorlog as landgraaf van Hesse erken. Dertien jaar later het hy Kassel as sy regeringsetel gekies. Dit was die laaste in 'n reeks uitgangspunte vir die ontwikkeling van Hesse as selfstandige politieke entiteit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisering_onder_Philipp_die_Grootmoedige">Modernisering onder Philipp die Grootmoedige</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Modernisering onder Philipp die Grootmoedige" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Modernisering onder Philipp die Grootmoedige"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wartburg-Philipp.von.Hessen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wartburg-Philipp.von.Hessen.JPG/250px-Wartburg-Philipp.von.Hessen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wartburg-Philipp.von.Hessen.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Philipp die Grootmoedige</figcaption></figure> <p>Gedurende die regeringstyd van landgraaf Philipp die Grootmoedige (1518–1567) het hierdie ontwikkeling 'n hoogtepunt bereik. Philipp het al vroeg die godsdienstige en politieke belangrikheid van <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> se leerstellings besef. As een van Luther se oortuigde aanhangers het hy daarin geslaag om van Hesse binne 'n kort tydperk een van die leidende Protestantse Duitse en Europese moondhede van die vroeë 16de eeu te maak. Philipp het die beginsels van sy beleid binne die Europese konteks geformuleer, selfs al het dit in konflik gestaan met die beleid van die keiser en die Habsburgse wêreldmoondheid. </p><p>Met sy hervormingsbeleid het hy die Hessiese administrasie, onderwysstelsel en navorsingsbedryf gemoderniseer en met die daarstelling van sosiale instellings begin. Die stigting van die Universiteit van Marburg, die oudste akademiese instelling in Hesse, en die bou van nuwe skole en hospitale het sentraal gestaan in sy moderniseringsprogram. </p><p>Ná sy afsterwe het politieke en godsdienstige geskille tot die verdeling van Hesse gelei wat voortaan uit twee deelstate – Hesse-Kassel en Hesse-Darmstadt – bestaan het. Godsdienstige geskille het die dinastiese konflikte en verdeling in die 17de eeu verder verskerp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_19de_eeu">Die 19de eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 19de eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Die 19de eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die politieke stelsel en landkaart in Hesse is eers in die vroeë 19de eeu as gevolg van <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> se Europese magsbeleid weer ingrypend verander. Hesse-Kassel is in 1803 tot keurvorstedom verhef. Hesse-Darmstadt, wat die status van groothertogdom gekry het, en die Nassauiese vorstedomme, wat in die Hertogdom Nassau verenig het, het in 1806 tot die Rynbond toegetree. Ook ander grense is in die Napoleontiese tydperk nuut getrek. Frankfurt, Wetzlar, Aschaffenburg, Fulda en Hanau is enkele jare lank in die Groothertogdom Frankfurt saamgesluit, terwyl Keurhesse, Brunswyk asook dele van Hannover en Pruise tydelik deel uitgemaak het van die Koninkryk Wesfale, met Kassel as regeringsetel van Napoléon se broer Jérôme. </p><p>Met Napoléon se militêre nederlaag het ook die Koninkryk Wesfale verbrokkel. Die keurvorstedom Hesse-Nassau is herstel en groot dele van die vorsbisdom Fulda en Hanau daarby ingesluit. Gebiede aan die linkeroewer van die Ryn rondom Mainz en Worms is as <a href="/wiki/Rynhesse" title="Rynhesse">Rynhesse</a> by Hesse-Darmstadt ingelyf. Nassau het voortbestaan as hertogdom. Kleiner selfstandige state soos die landgraafskap Hesse-Homburg en die prinsdom Waldeck het by die Duitse Bond aangesluit. Frankfurt het sy status as Vrye Rykstad herwin (tot en met 1866) nadat die gelyknamige groothertogdom weer ontbind is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_eerste_demokratiese_bedeling">Die eerste demokratiese bedeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Die eerste demokratiese bedeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Die eerste demokratiese bedeling"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hessen1930.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hessen1930.png/250px-Hessen1930.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hessen1930.png/330px-Hessen1930.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hessen1930.png/500px-Hessen1930.png 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2738" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Hesse in die <a href="/wiki/Republiek_van_Weimar" title="Republiek van Weimar">Republiek van Weimar</a>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Ná die afskaffing van die monargie en die stigting van die <a href="/wiki/Republiek_van_Weimar" title="Republiek van Weimar">Republiek van Weimar</a> in 1918 is die Groothertogdom Hesse-Darmstadt omgevorm tot die Volksstaat Hesse. Die eerste algemene verkiesing is op 26 Januarie 1919 gehou, en net soos op nasionale vlak is ook in die deelstaat 'n koalisieregering deur die Sosiaaldemokratiese, die Demokratiese en die Sentrumparty. Darmstadt is as setel van die nuwe deelstaatregering gekies. </p><p>Die deelstaat se eerste demokratiese grondwet is op 20 Februarie 1919 aanvaar. Die politieke en ekonomiese instabiliteit, wat op die Eerste Wêreldoorlog gevolg het, was 'n groot uitdaging vir die jong Hessiese republiek. Nogtans het die Hessiese minister van binnelandse sake, Wilhelm Leuschner, wat die amp vanaf 1928 beklee het, Hesse as "die wegbereider vir 'n herordening van die Ryk" beskou – 'n rol wat volgens hom uit die politieke tradisies van Hesse voortgespruit het. Leuschner het die groeiende <a href="/wiki/Nazi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-party">Nasionaalsosialistiese beweging</a> betyds as 'n bedreiging vir die demokratiese stelsel raakgesien en dit van die begin af bestry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasionaalsosialistiese_diktatuur">Nasionaalsosialistiese diktatuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Nasionaalsosialistiese diktatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Nasionaalsosialistiese diktatuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg/250px-Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg/500px-Frankfurt_am_Main_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Die bouvalle van Frankfurt se middestad in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In die verkiesing van November 1931 het die Nasionaalsosialistiese Duitse Werkersparty (NSdAP) 27 van die 70 setels in die Hessiese deelstaatparlement verower, maar kon nie daarin slaag om die verkose demokratiese regering te ontsetel nie. Eers met die Nasionaalsosialistiese magsoorname in die Duitse Ryk in 1933 het die "Wet oor die heropbou van die Ryk" voorsiening gemaak vir 'n diktatoriese bewind op deelstaatvlak. Die NSdAP-streeksleier in Hesse-Nassau is as Ryksstadhouer benoem. Binne sy bevoegdhede en funksies het die ontbinding van bestaande departemente geval wat in administratiewe afdelings omgevorm is. Alle deelstaatstrukture is aan die NS-bewind op nasionale vlak gelykgeskakel en demokratiese partye onderdruk. </p><p>Nogtans was daar aktiewe weerstand teen die NS-bewind. Naas Wilhelm Leuschner het ook ander personlikhede soos Heinrich Fulda, Ernst von Harnack, Theodor Haubach, Johanna Kirchner, Carlo Mierendorff, Adolf Reichwein en Ludwig Schwamb teen die diktatuur verset. Almal het Wilhelm Leuschner se politieke oortuiging gevolg dat "ons is, wat ons gewees het" en hul stryd vir 'n demokratiese Duitsland met hul lewens betaal. Hul vryheidsgees en politieke beginsels was egter rigtinggewend vir die nuwe Hessiese deelstaat wat ná die Tweede Oorlog gestig is. </p><p>Gedurende die oorlog het duisende bewoners van Hessiese stede soos Frankfurt, Kassel en Darmstadt in vernietigende Britse en Amerikaanse lugaanvalle gesterf. Die aanval op Darmstadt, wat snags op 11 September 1944 begin het, het na ramings meer as 12 000 menselewens geëis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plaaslike NS-leiers het massabegrafnisse vir propagandadoeleindes misbruik en die bevolking opgeroep om in die oorlogstryd teen die geallieerde magte te volhou. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg/250px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg/330px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg/500px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949_amerikanisch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Die Amerikaanse besettingsone in Duitsland ná die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In die lente van 1945 het geallieerde magte die grootste deel van die Duitse Ryk beset. Op 25 Maart het Amerikaanse eenhede Darmstadt ingeneem, op 28 Maart Wiesbaden en een dag later ook Frankfurt am Main. Op 4 April is Kassel in Noord-Hesse bevry. Nog in die lente van 1945 het die Amerikaanse militêre administrasie in Kassel en Wiesbaden nuwe regeringspresidente en 'n "Duitse regering van die deelstaat Hesse" met sy setel in Darmstadt benoem. Die nuwe regering onder leiding van professor Ludwig Bergsträsser het by die demokratiese tradisies van die voormalige Volksstaat Hesse aangesluit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigting_van_die_deelstaat">Stigting van die deelstaat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Stigting van die deelstaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Stigting van die deelstaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die deelstaat Groot-Hesse (<i>Groß-Hessen</i>) is volgens die Amerikaanse militêre bewind se Proklamasie nommer 2 op 19 September 1945 gevorm. Wiesbaden het op 12 Oktober die administratiewe hoofstad geword. Die Hessiese staatsgebied het die voormalige Pruisiese distrikte Kassel en Wiesbaden en die vroeëre Volksstaat Hesse behels. Die distrikte Ober- en Unterwesterwald, Unterlahn en St. Goarshausen het, net soos die streek Rynhesse aan die linkeroewer van die Ryn, deel van die Franse besettingsone geword en is later by die nuwe deelstaat Rynland-Palts ingesluit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_opswaai_ná_1945"><span id="Ekonomiese_opswaai_n.C3.A1_1945"></span>Ekonomiese opswaai ná 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese opswaai ná 1945" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese opswaai ná 1945"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg/250px-Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg/500px-Frankfurt_Bankenviertel.20130616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5999" data-file-height="3239" /></a><figcaption>Bankdistrik in Frankfurt am Main</figcaption></figure> <p>Hesse het ná die verdeling van Duitsland tot die geografiese middelpunt van die nuutgestigte Federale Republiek van Duitsland geword en binne enkele jare tot 'n welvarende streek ontwikkel wat vanaf 1957 selfs in staat was om finansiële bystand aan armer Wes-Duitse deelstate te verleen. Met sy ekonomiese beleid, wat onder meer voorsiening vir die sosiale ontwikkeling van landelike gebiede gemaak het, het Hesse as voorbeeld vir ander deelstate gedien. In die 1960's het Frankfurt am Main tot die enjin van ekonomiese groei in die Ryn-Main-streek ontwikkel. </p><p>Met sy sterk ekonomiese posisie het Hesse, wat in die dekades ná die oorlog tradisioneel deur die Sosiaaldemokratiese Party geregeer is, sy invloed in die Federale Raad, die tweede kamer en verteenwoordiging van die Duitse deelstate, laat geld. So is 'n aantal hofstukke by die Wes-Duitse konstitusionele hof ingedien om omstrede wetsontwerpe van die konserwatiewe federale regering onder leiding van bondskanselier <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (CDU), waaronder die beplande invoering van 'n regeringsstelevisiekanaal, te betwis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bevolkingsverspreiding_en_-digtheid">Bevolkingsverspreiding en -digtheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Bevolkingsverspreiding en -digtheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Bevolkingsverspreiding en -digtheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cityscape_Frankfurt_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cityscape_Frankfurt_2010.jpg/500px-Cityscape_Frankfurt_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cityscape_Frankfurt_2010.jpg/960px-Cityscape_Frankfurt_2010.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6478" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>Frankfurt am Main is die grootste stad in Hesse met naastenby 700 000 inwoners</figcaption></figure> <p>Met 'n bevolking van 6,25 miljoen neem Hesse die vyfde plek van alle Duitse deelstate in, terwyl dit met 'n oppervlakte van 21 000 km² sowat ses persent van die gebied van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland beslaan en die sewende plek van alle deelstate inneem. Hesse is die vierde mees digbevolkte deelstaat ná Noordryn-Wesfale, Saarland en Baden-Württemberg. Die getal buitelanders het in 2012 meer as 704 000 of 11,7 persent van die totale bevolking beloop.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drie vyfdes van Hesse se bevolking is in die suide saamgetrek, terwyl een vyfde elk in Sentraal- en Noord-Hesse woon. 'n Kwart van alle Hesse is in een van die deelstaat se vyf selfregerende stede met meer as 100 000 inwoners woonagtig, 29 persent in middelgroot stede met 'n bevolking tussen 20 000 en 100 000, en die helfte van die bevolking woon in 367 munisipaliteite met minder as 20 000 inwoners. Die bevolkingsgrootte van Hessiese stede varieer tussen meer as 757 000 in Frankfurt am Main en slegs 1 100 in Schwarzenborn. </p><p>Die grootste Hessiese stede is merendeels in die suidelike Ryn-Maingebied geleë – Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt en Offenbach am Main. Drie van altesaam sewe stede met tussen 50 000 en 100 000 inwoners – Hanau, Rüsselsheim en Bad Homburg vor der Höhe – is eweneens in Suid-Hesse geleë. Vier stede, wat in dieselfde kategorie val, is in Sentraal-Hesse geleë (Marburg, Gießen, Fulda en Wetzlar). Noord-Hesse word, met uitsondering van Kassel, deur kleiner nedersettings en 'n oorwegend landelike struktuur gekenmerk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bevolkingsontwikkeling">Bevolkingsontwikkeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Bevolkingsontwikkeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Bevolkingsontwikkeling"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Schwarzenborn_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schwarzenborn_view.jpg/220px-Schwarzenborn_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schwarzenborn_view.jpg/330px-Schwarzenborn_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schwarzenborn_view.jpg/440px-Schwarzenborn_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Schwarzenborn in Noord-Hesse is met 1 100 inwoners die kleinste nedersetting met stadstatus</figcaption></figure> <p>Die bevolking van Hesse het sedert die stigting van die deelstaat in 1945 met meer as twee miljoen gegroei. Hierdie groeiproses het in verskillende fases plaasgevind wat deur politieke en ekonomiese omstandighede bepaal is. Ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het byna een miljoen vlugtelinge uit die verlore Duitse Oosgebiede 'n nuwe tuiste in Hesse gevind. Teen die middel van die 1960's het die deelstaat se florerende nywerhede 'n mannekragtekort ondervind wat slegs deur 'n groot stroom van Suid-Europese immigrante verlig kon word. </p><p>In die laat 1980's en vroeë 1990's het die Hessiese bevolking danksy die Duitse hereniging en die val van die <a href="/wiki/Ystergordyn" title="Ystergordyn">Ystergordyn</a> tussen Wes- en Oos-Europa nog eens sterk groei getoon toe duisende Oos-Duitsers en Oos-Europeërs hulle in die deelstaat gevestig het. In die laat negentigerjare het die groeiproses geleidelik verstadig. Die natuurlike bevolkingsaanwas was sedert die 1970's selfs negatief sodat die bevolkingsgetal vanaf 2003 gestagneer of selfs afgeneem het. </p><p>Tussen 1988 en 1996 het die inwonertal met meer as 'n halfmiljoen gestyg. Hierdie groei het tussen 1997 en 2000 verstadig tot 40 800, met 'n totale bevolking van 6 068 100 in 2000. In die volgende jare het dit verder gegroei 6 097 800 in 2004 om daarna in 2009 weer af te neem tot die vlak van 2000 (6 062 000). Vervolgens het dit selfs tydelik gekrimp tot minder as ses miljoen, en net danksy die hoër getal immigrante het dit intussen weer by die sesmiljoenkerf verbygesteek. </p><p>Die getal lewende geboortes het in 2016 teenoor die vorige jaar met 6,7 persent gestyg tot 60 700 – die hoogste syfer wat sedert 1997 (63 124) aangeteken is (die laagste getal is in 2006 aangeteken met 51 404). Gelyktydig het die getal sterfgevalle met 3,7 persent gedaal tot 64 100. Die demografiese bevolkingsafname het sodoende in 2016 gedaal tot 3 300 persone (teenoor 9 645 in 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiek">Politiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Politiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Politiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Hessiese_grondwet">Die Hessiese grondwet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Hessiese grondwet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Die Hessiese grondwet"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg/220px-0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg/330px-0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg/440px-0569_70_71R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4277" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption>Vergadersaal van die Hessiese kabinet in die <i>Staatskanzlei</i> te Wiesbaden</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Hessiese grondwet, wat op 1 Desember afgekondig is, is die oudste van enige Duitse deelstaat wat steeds van krag is. Die grondwet bestaan uit twee hoofdele met altesaam 161 artikels. Die basiese regte van Hessiese burgers is in die eerste 63 artikels vervat, terwyl die tweede hoofdeel die deelstaatstruktuur bepaal. Hier word alle deelstaatliggame met eie bevoegdhede genoem en hul funksies, regte en pligte beskryf. </p><p>Die deelstaat Hesse se grondwet waarborg vrede, vryheid en goeie betrekkinge met ander state en nasies. 'n Verdere onderliggende beginsel is die verbondenheid tot nasionale eenheid in 'n Duitse republiek – 'n doelwit wat nog nie verwesenlik was toe die grondwet in 1946 afgekondig is nie. </p><p>Die Hessiese grondwet veroordeel oorlog en waarborg die reg om weerstand te bied teen wette en handelinge wat die grondwetlike regte en beginsels bedreig. Dit is die enigste deelstaatgrondwet wat nog voorsiening maak vir die toepassing van die <a href="/wiki/Doodstraf" title="Doodstraf">doodstraf</a> – 'n <a href="/wiki/Anachronisme" title="Anachronisme">anachronisme</a> wat weens die voorrang van federale reg (die doodstraf is in Duitsland op nasionale vlak lankal afgeskaf) geen regsgelding meer het nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regeringstelsel">Regeringstelsel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Regeringstelsel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Regeringstelsel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algemeen">Algemeen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Algemeen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Algemeen"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg/250px-Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg/330px-Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg/500px-Stadtschloss_Wiesbaden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Die Hessiese deelstaatparlement of <i>Landtag</i> vergader in die stadskasteel van Wiesbaden</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens sy grondwet is Hesse 'n lidstaat van die Duitse republiek. So het Hesse nog voor die daarstelling van 'n verenigde Duitse republiek aanspraak daarop gemaak om later deelstaat van 'n sodanige politieke entiteit te wees. Die Hessiese grondwet maak voorsiening vir 'n demokratiese, parlementêre en republikeinse staatsvorm vir die deelstaat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wetgewende_gesag">Wetgewende gesag</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Wetgewende gesag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Wetgewende gesag"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die wetgewende gesag word deur die deelstaatparlement of <i>Landtag</i> uitgeoefen, behalwe vir sekere politieke aangeleenthede waaroor die Hessiese volk self in 'n referendum kan beslis. Die Hessiese <i>Landtag</i> bestaan uit afgevaardigdes wat deur die volk vir 'n ampstermyn van vyf jaar (voor 2003: vier jaar) verkies word. Die grondwet gee passiewe stemreg aan alle stemgeregtigdes bo die ouderdom van 21 jaar. Alle partye, wat meer as vyf persent van die uitgebragte stemme op hulle verenig, word in die deelstaatparlement verteenwoordig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uitvoerende_gesag">Uitvoerende gesag</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Uitvoerende gesag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Uitvoerende gesag"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg/220px-Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg/330px-Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg/440px-Kabinett_Bouffier_II-Ernennung-Totale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Die eerste minister Volker Bouffier het op 18 Januarie 2014 die lede van sy tweede kabinet benoem</figcaption></figure> <p>Die uitvoerende gesag berus by die Hessiese deelstaatregering en die deelstaatadministrasie wat aan die regering ondergeskik is. Die deelstaatregering bestaan uit die eerste minister van Hesse en sy kabinet. Die beginsels en riglyne van die regeringsbeleid word deur die eerste minister vasgelê wat aan die deelstaatparlement verantwoordelik is. </p><p>Volgens die basiese riglyne van regeringsbeleid verrig die ministers hul amptelike pligte selfstandig en is hiervoor verantwwordelik aan die deelstaatparlement. </p><p>Die eerste minister word deur 'n geheime stemming deur die deelstaatparlement verkies. 'n Suksesvolle kandidaat moet meer as die helfte van die uitgebragte stemme van alle afgevaardigdes op hom verenig. Hy benoem vervolgens sy kabinetslede. Die Hessiese eerste minister tree as die verkose verteenwoordiger van die burgers van Hesse op. </p><p>Die Hessiese grondwet bevat 'n besondere bepaling waarvolgens lede van adellike dinastieë en gesinne, wat tot en met 1918 in Duitsland of enige ander land regeringsgesag uitgeoefen het of steeds uitoefen, nie as lede van die deelstaatregering verkies mag word nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amptelike_simbole">Amptelike simbole</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Amptelike simbole" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Amptelike simbole"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die amptelike simbole van die deelstaat Hesse sluit in: die deelstaatwapen, die deelstaatvlag, die deelstaatdiensvlag, die deelstaatseël, die wapenskild van deelstaatliggame en die rooi-wit deelstaatkokarde.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deelstaatwapen"><img alt="Deelstaatwapen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deelstaatvlag"><img alt="Deelstaatvlag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/100px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/200px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hesse_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deelstaatdiensvlag"><img alt="Deelstaatdiensvlag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Hesse_%28state%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hesse_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Hesse_%28state%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hesse_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hessische_Landesregierung.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regeringskenteken"><img alt="Regeringskenteken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hessische_Landesregierung.svg/100px-Hessische_Landesregierung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hessische_Landesregierung.svg/150px-Hessische_Landesregierung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hessische_Landesregierung.svg/200px-Hessische_Landesregierung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="790" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Landeszeichen_Hessen_rot.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapenkenteken (rooi)"><img alt="Wapenkenteken (rooi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landeszeichen_Hessen_rot.svg/120px-Landeszeichen_Hessen_rot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landeszeichen_Hessen_rot.svg/250px-Landeszeichen_Hessen_rot.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hessenl%C3%B6we_weiss.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapenkenteken (wit)"><img alt="Wapenkenteken (wit)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hessenl%C3%B6we_weiss.svg/120px-Hessenl%C3%B6we_weiss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hessenl%C3%B6we_weiss.svg/250px-Hessenl%C3%B6we_weiss.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"> <td>Deelstaatwapen </td> <td>Deelstaatvlag </td> <td>Deelstaatdiensvlag </td> <td>Regeringskenteken </td> <td>Wapenkenteken (rooi) </td> <td>Wapenkenteken (wit) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanente_sending_in_Berlyn">Permanente sending in Berlyn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: Permanente sending in Berlyn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Permanente sending in Berlyn"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG/250px-LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG/330px-LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG/500px-LV_Hessen_Juni_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3958" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption>Die nuwe kantoorgebou van Hesse se Deelstaatsending in die Ministergärten-buurt van Berlyn is in 2001 ingewy. 'n Klein restaurant, <i>Bistro Mainhattan</i>, staan oop vir die publiek en bedien onder meer Hessiese spesialiteite. Buite die kantoorgebou is simboliese wingerde langs 'n sypaadjie aangeplant</figcaption></figure> <p>Op 31 Mei 2001 is die nuwe Hessiese Deelstaatsending in die federale hoofstad Berlyn ingewy. Die kantoorgebou is in die vroeëre Ministergärten ("Ministertuine") tussen <i>Brandenburger Tor</i> en <i>Potsdamer Platz</i> geleë – nie ver van federale liggame en instellings soos die Duitse federale parlement (<i>Deutscher Bundestag</i>), Federale Raad (<i>Bundesrat</i>, as verteenwoordiging van die sestien deelstate), die kantoor van die Duitse bondskanselier en meerdere federale departemente nie. </p><p>Duitse deelstate het reeds voor die stigting van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland op 23 Mei 1949 sendings in Berlyn gevestig. Voorlopers van die huidige deelstaatsendings was meestal permanente verteenwoordigings by die hof van die Pruisiese koning in Berlyn. Dr. Karl von Hofmann het tussen 1866 en 1876 die amp van Hessiese gevolmagtigde by die destydse Duitse Federale Raad, die verteenwoordiging van deelstate in die Duitse Keiserryk, beklee. </p><p>Die Sosiaaldemokratiese politikus Wilhelm Apel het tussen 1949 en 1963 as Hesse se amptelike verteenwoordiger gefungeer – aanvanklik vanaf 1947 by die Raad van Duitse Deelstate (<i>Länderrat</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> waar hy ook lid van die Parlementêre Raad was. In die volgende jaar is hy as Hessiese gevolmagtigde by die administrasie van die Britse en Amerikaanse besettingsone in Frankfurt am Main benoem. Vanaf die stigting van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland het hy veertien jaar lank die amp van Hessiese gevolmagtigde by die federale regering beklee en Hesse se permanente sending in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> gevestig. Ná die Duitse hereniging in 1990 en die federale parlement se besluit om regeringsinstellings na Berlyn te verskuif is ook die Hessiese Deelstaatsending hierheen verskuif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanente_sending_in_Brussel">Permanente sending in Brussel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Permanente sending in Brussel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Permanente sending in Brussel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg/250px-Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg/500px-Frankfurt_EZB.Nordwest-2.20141228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4507" data-file-height="3166" /></a><figcaption>Setel van die Europese Sentrale Bank in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse</figcaption></figure> <p>Sedert 1989 is daar 'n permanente sending van die Deelstaat Hesse by die Europese Unie in Brussel. Dit val onder die Departement van Europese en Federale Sake onder leiding van Lucia Puttrich, minister van federale en Europese sake en gevolmagtigde van die Deelstaat Hesse by die federale Duitse regering, en die staatssekretaris van Europese sake, Mark Weinmeister. </p><p>Meer as twee derdes van alle politieke besluite, wat die alledaagse lewe van die bewoners van Hesse raak, word deesdae in Brussel geneem. So is dit ook vir Hesse as deelstaat van groot belang om sy eie verteenwoordigers by instellings van die Europese Unie in Brussel, <a href="/wiki/Straatsburg" title="Straatsburg">Straatsburg</a> en <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> te hê, sy belange te bevorder en Europese besluitnemingsprosesse sodanig te beïnvloed dat hulle geen nadelige uitwerkings op die deelstaat het nie. Hesse se Europese sending verskaf inligting oor politieke ontwikkelinge op Europese vlak aan die Hessiese deelstaatregering te Wiesbaden.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedert Mei 2013 word Hesse se Europese sending saam met dié van sy drie Europese susterstreke – <a href="/wiki/Akwitani%C3%AB" title="Akwitanië">Akwitanië</a> (Frankryk), <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> (Italië) en <a href="/wiki/Woiwodskap_Groot-Pole" title="Woiwodskap Groot-Pole">Woiwodskap Groot-Pole</a> (Pole) – in 'n gemeenskaplike kantoorgebou in die Europese Kwartier van Brussel gehuisves. So is Hesse tans die enigste Duitse deelstaat wat sy Europese belange in noue samewerking met die verteenwoordigers van sy Europese susterstreke waarneem. Intussen het ook ander Hessiese instellings – waaronder die Hessiese deelstaatparlement, banke en ekonomiese instellings en verenigings uit die Frankfurt-Ryn-Main-streek, die Goethe-universiteit in Frankfurt am Main en Fraport, die bestuursmaatskappy van Frankfurt se Ryn-Main-lughawe, kantore in die gebou gehuur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kantore_vir_ekonomiese_samewerking_in_die_buiteland">Kantore vir ekonomiese samewerking in die buiteland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Wysig afdeling: Kantore vir ekonomiese samewerking in die buiteland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Kantore vir ekonomiese samewerking in die buiteland"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die deelstaat Hesse het kantore vir ekonomiese samewerking in sommige buitelandse metropole en streke gevestig, waaronder <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Stad">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sjanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjanghai">Sjanghai</a>, die provinsie Hunan (<a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boedapest" title="Boedapest">Boedapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslawl" title="Jaroslawl">Jaroslawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> en <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a>, wat raad en advies aan voornemende beleggers verskaf.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eerste_ministers">Eerste ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Wysig afdeling: Eerste ministers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Eerste ministers"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg/250px-BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg/330px-BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg/500px-BORIS-RHEIN-4363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Die huidige eerste minister Boris Rhein</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1945–1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Geiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Geiler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karl Geiler</a> (onafhanklik)</li> <li>1946–1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Stock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Stock (bladsy bestaan nie)">Christian Stock</a> (SPD)</li> <li>1950–1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg-August_Zinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg-August Zinn (bladsy bestaan nie)">Georg-August Zinn</a> (SPD)</li> <li>1969–1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Osswald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Osswald (bladsy bestaan nie)">Albert Osswald</a> (SPD)</li> <li>1976–1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holger_B%C3%B6rner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holger Börner (bladsy bestaan nie)">Holger Börner</a> (SPD)</li> <li>1987–1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Wallmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Wallmann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Walter Wallmann</a> (CDU)</li> <li>1991–1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Eichel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Eichel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hans Eichel</a> (SPD)</li> <li>1999–2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Koch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Roland Koch</a> (CDU)</li> <li>2010–2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volker_Bouffier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volker Bouffier (bladsy bestaan nie)">Volker Bouffier</a> (CDU)</li> <li>2022–<i>hede</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Rhein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Rhein (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boris Rhein</a> (CDU)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administratiewe_distrikte">Administratiewe distrikte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Wysig afdeling: Administratiewe distrikte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Administratiewe distrikte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_(with_numbers).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg/200px-Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg/300px-Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg/400px-Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Administratiewe distrikte van Hesse<br />Distrikte word met syfers (1-21), selfregerende stede met letters aangedui</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:FRAEsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/FRAEsch.jpg/250px-FRAEsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/FRAEsch.jpg/330px-FRAEsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/FRAEsch.jpg/500px-FRAEsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Distrikte soos Hochtaunus en Main-Taunus maak deel uit van Frankfurt am Main se metropolitaanse gebied. Hier is kleiner welvarende ekonomiese spilpunte soos <a href="/wiki/Eschborn" title="Eschborn">Eschborn</a> (foto), <a href="/wiki/Kronberg_im_Taunus" title="Kronberg im Taunus">Kronberg am Taunus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Schwalbach_am_Taunus" title="Schwalbach am Taunus">Schwalbach im Taunus</a> geleë</figcaption></figure> <p>Administratief word Hesse sedert 1981 in drie administratiewe geweste (<i>Regierungsbezirke</i>) verdeel wat na hulle regeringsetels vernoem is – Darmstadt, Gießen en Kassel. Die administratiewe geweste word op hulle beurt in vyf selfregerende stede (<i>kreisfreie Städte</i>, stede met meer as 100 000 inwoners wat nie deel uitmaak van 'n distrik nie) en 21 administratiewe distrikte (<i>Landkreise</i>) met 426 munisipaliteite (<i>Gemeinden</i>). </p><p>(Die area-afkortings word tussen hakies aangedui) </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%"><br /> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Darmstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Darmstadt</a> </p> </th> <th width="31%"><br /> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Gie%C3%9Fen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Gießen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gießen</a> </p> </th> <th width="36%"><br /> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Kassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Kassel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kassel</a> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ol start="1"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Bergstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Bergstraße (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bergstraße</a> (HP) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Darmstadt-Dieburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Darmstadt-Dieburg</a> (DA) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Gro%C3%9F-Gerau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Groß-Gerau (bladsy bestaan nie)">Groß-Gerau</a> (GG) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Hochtaunuskreis" title="Hochtaunuskreis">Hochtaunuskreis</a> (HG) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main-Kinzig-Kreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main-Kinzig-Kreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Main-Kinzig-Kreis</a> (MKK) (HU) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Main-Taunus-Kreis" title="Main-Taunus-Kreis">Main-Taunus-Kreis</a> (MTK) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odenwaldkreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odenwaldkreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Odenwaldkreis</a> (ERB) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Offenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Offenbach (bladsy bestaan nie)">Offenbach</a> (OF) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis</a> (RÜD) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetteraukreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetteraukreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetteraukreis</a> (FB)<br /> Selfregerend:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> (DA)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> (F)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Offenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Offenbach">Offenbach am Main</a> (OF)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> (WI) </li></ol> </td> <td valign="top"> <ol start="11"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Gie%C3%9Fen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Gießen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gießen</a> (GI) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahn-Dill-Kreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahn-Dill-Kreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lahn-Dill-Kreis</a> (LDK) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Limburg-Weilburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Limburg-Weilburg</a> (LM) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Marburg-Biedenkopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marburg-Biedenkopf</a> (MR) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogelsbergkreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogelsbergkreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vogelsbergkreis</a> (VB) </li></ol> </td> <td valign="top"> <ol start="16"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Fulda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Fulda (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fulda</a> (FD) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Hersfeld-Rotenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hersfeld-Rotenburg</a> (HEF) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Kassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Kassel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kassel</a> (KS) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwalm-Eder-Kreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwalm-Eder-Kreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwalm-Eder-Kreis</a> (HR) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werra-Meißner-Kreis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Werra-Meißner-Kreis</a> (ESW) </li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Waldeck-Frankenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Waldeck-Frankenberg</a> (KB)<br /> Selfregerend:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> (KS) </li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susterstreke">Susterstreke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Wysig afdeling: Susterstreke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Susterstreke"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="hintergrundfarbe5" colspan="5">Susterstreke van Hesse<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Wisconsin"><img alt="Vlag van Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a></td> <td>1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hunan_in_China_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Hunan in die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Ligging van Hunan in die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/20px-Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/40px-Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Jiangxi_in_China_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Jiangxi in die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Ligging van Jiangxi in die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jiangxi_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/20px-Jiangxi_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jiangxi_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/40px-Jiangxi_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_(de_facto).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Emilia-Romagna"><img alt="Vlag van Emilia-Romagna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Italië"><img alt="Vlag van Italië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a></td> <td>1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Yaroslavl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Jaroslawl"><img alt="Vlag van Jaroslawl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Yaroslavl.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yaroslavl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Yaroslavl.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yaroslavl.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaroslawl" title="Jaroslawl">Jaroslawl</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a></td> <td>1991 (opgeskort) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Akwitanië"><img alt="Vlag van Akwitanië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwitani%C3%AB" title="Akwitanië">Akwitanië</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Frankryk"><img alt="Vlag van Frankryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a></td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapen van Groot-Pole"><img alt="Wapen van Groot-Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg/20px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg/40px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woiwodskap_Groot-Pole" title="Woiwodskap Groot-Pole">Groot-Pole</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a></td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bursa_in_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Bursa in Turkye"><img alt="Ligging van Bursa in Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bursa_in_Turkey.svg/20px-Bursa_in_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bursa_in_Turkey.svg/40px-Bursa_in_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></td> <td>Bursa</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a></td> <td>2010 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_struktuur">Ekonomiese struktuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese struktuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese struktuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg/250px-Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg/500px-Frankfurt_Taunusturm_Umgebung.West.20140219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption>Wolkekrabbers in die finansiële distrik van Frankfurt am Main</figcaption></figure> <p>Die dienstesektor, wat in 2009 74 persent tot die deelstaat se bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) bygedra het, vorm die ruggraat van die Hessiese ekonomie. Belangrike dienstebedrywe sluit banke en versekeringsmaatskappye, handel, vervoer, inligting en korporatiewe dienste in.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesse is die finansiële sentrum van Duitsland en die Europese vasteland waar die Europese Sentrale Bank, die Duitse Federale Reserwebank (<i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a></i>), die Duitse Effektebeurs en meer as 300 banke hul hoofkwartiere het. </p><p>Die nywerheidsektor se aandeel aan Hesse se BBP het 26 persent beloop. Die grootse industriële bedrywe is chemiese en farmaseutiese nywerhede, motorvervaardiging, elektriese en elektroniese goedere en meganiese ingenieurswese. Die grootste motoraanlegte is in Rüsselsheim (<i>Opel</i>) en Baunatal naby Kassel (<i>Volkswagen</i>) gevestig. Kassel het ook 'n belangrike rol in die geskiedenis van die Duitse spoorbedryf gespeel. Hier het <i>Henschel</i> in 1848 sy eerste <a href="/wiki/Stoomlokomotief" title="Stoomlokomotief">stoomlokomotief</a> <i>Drache</i> ("Draak") gebou. 'n Ander groot Hessiese lokomotief-vervaardiger, <i>Thyssen</i>, het tot en met 1987 meer as 30 000 lokomotiewe vervaardig.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hesse se vervaardigingsbedryf is sterk uitvoergerig – sowat 50 persent van alle vervaardigde goedere word na die buiteland uitgevoer. Die deelstaat speel tradisioneel 'n belangrike rol as gasheerland vir handelskoue. Meer as 100 000 ondernemings is in dié bedryf geregistreer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grootste_ondernemings">Grootste ondernemings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Wysig afdeling: Grootste ondernemings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Grootste ondernemings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Braun_8995_shaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Braun_8995_shaver.jpg/250px-Braun_8995_shaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Braun_8995_shaver.jpg/330px-Braun_8995_shaver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Braun_8995_shaver.jpg/500px-Braun_8995_shaver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Braun" title="Braun">Braun</a></i>, 'n internasionaal bekende vervaardiger van elektriese skeerapparate en ander huishoudelike toestelle, is in <a href="/wiki/Kronberg_im_Taunus" title="Kronberg im Taunus">Kronberg im Taunus</a> gesetel</figcaption></figure> <p>Met meer as 70 000 werknemers in 500 ondernemings is Frankurt se internasionale lughawe die grootste enkele werkverskaffer in Duitsland. Die tweede grootste werkgewers met elkeen meer as 45 000 personeellede is die Federale Spoorweë (<i>Deutsche Bahn AG</i>) en die posdiens <i>Deutsche Post Group</i>. Ander belangrike ondernemings is die kleinhandelgroep <i>REWE Group</i> met 20 000 werknemers en drie ondernemings uit die motorbedryf: <i>Adam Opel AG</i>, <i>Volkswagen AG</i> en <i>Continental AG</i>. </p><p>'n Aantal multinasionale ondernemings het filiale in die deelstaat, waaronder <i>ABB</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a></i>, <i>Canon</i>, <i>Dunlop</i>, <i>Ferrero</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a></i>, <i>Nikon</i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></i>. Die <a href="/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Suid-Korea">Suid-Koreaanse</a> elektronikareuse <i>Samsung Electronics</i> en <i>LG</i> het hul Duitse hoofkwartiere in respektiewelik <a href="/wiki/Schwalbach_am_Taunus" title="Schwalbach am Taunus">Schwalbach am Taunus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eschborn" title="Eschborn">Eschborn</a>, net buite Frankfurt am Main. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klein_en_middelgroot_ondernemings">Klein en middelgroot ondernemings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Wysig afdeling: Klein en middelgroot ondernemings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Klein en middelgroot ondernemings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dit is egter klein en middelgroot ondernemings met 250 of minder werknemers – waarvan baie in familiebesit is – wat die ruggraat van die Hessiese ekonomie vorm. Hulle verteenwoordig meer as 90 persent van alle ondernemings wat in die deelstaat geregistreer is en dra met hulle bestellings en beroepsopleiding van jongmense tot die groei van nywerhede, handel en finansiële dienste by. Sowat twee derdes van alle werksgeleenthede in Hesse word deur middelgroot ondernemings beskikbaar gestel, en hulle verskaf die beroepsopleiding van 80 persent van alle vakleerlinge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Wysig afdeling: Kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Kultuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kookkuns">Kookkuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Wysig afdeling: Kookkuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Kookkuns"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurter_Kranz,_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frankfurter_Kranz%2C_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg/220px-Frankfurter_Kranz%2C_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frankfurter_Kranz%2C_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg/330px-Frankfurter_Kranz%2C_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frankfurter_Kranz%2C_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg/440px-Frankfurter_Kranz%2C_Gef%C3%BCllt_mit_Buttercreme_und_Sauerkirschmarmelade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Frankfurter Kranz</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Die bekendste Hessiese spesialiteite het hul oorsprong in Frankfurt am Main: <i>Frankfurter Würstchen</i> (worsies), <i>Grüne Soße</i> ('n groen sous wat van sewe kruie, asyn, olie en suurroom berei word) en <i>Frankfurter Kranz</i> ('n koek met botterroom en rooi vrugtrejellie as vulsel). Appelwynliefhebbers is veral in Frankfurt en Suid-Hesse te vinde. Dié verfrissende vrugtewyn, wat in die Hessiese dialek as <i>Ebbelwoi</i> of <i>Stöffche</i> bekend staan, het sy oorsprong heel waarskynlik in die Romeinse tyd. </p><p>Vir voortreflike appelwyn word appels met 'n hoë suurgehalte gebruik. Om in die hoë vraag te kan voorsien, word appelwyn deesdae ook van ingevoerde appels gemaak. Appelwyn word tradisioneel saam met <i>Handkäs mit Musik</i> geniet, 'n suurmelkkaas wat in asyn met speserye en uie gemarineer word, of met <i>Spundekäs</i>, 'n smeerkaas wat met sout, peper en paprika verfyn word. Die kaas word met baie klein uieblokkies bedien. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aartappel" title="Aartappel">Aartappels</a> was 'n tradisionele <a href="/wiki/Stapelvoedsel" title="Stapelvoedsel">stapelvoedsel</a> in landelike gebiede van Hesse en vorm steeds die basis vir 'n verskeidenheid pikante geregte. <i>Ahle Wurst</i> ("ou wors") is 'n spesialiteit uit Noord-Hesse waarvoor slegs vleis van 'n hoë gehalte gebruik word. Die wors word met <a href="/wiki/Spesery" title="Spesery">speserye</a>, rum of <a href="/wiki/Brandewyn" title="Brandewyn">brandewyn</a> verfyn en daarna ryp gemaak deur dit baie lank te droog. </p><p>Brood- of gisdeeg wat uitgerol, gebak en met spek en uie bedien is, is van oudsher 'n gewilde dis. Wanneer Hessiese boerevroue vroeër brood gebak het, het hulle die warm bakoond nog gebruik om hierdie ligte maaltyd te bak. Dit word vandag gewoonlik saam met wyn bedien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Wysig afdeling: Sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: Sport"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg/250px-130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg/330px-130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg/500px-130919-Commerzbank-Arena-Europa-League.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Die Waldstadion is die vernaamste stadion in Hesse</figcaption></figure> <p>Die bekendste en belangrikste Hessiese sportklub is die vir sy sokkerafdeling bekende <a href="/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt" title="Eintracht Frankfurt">Eintracht Frankfurt</a> wat aan die <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> deelneem. Van die ander vername sokkerklubs sluit in <a href="/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98" title="SV Darmstadt 98">SV Darmstadt 98</a>, <a href="/wiki/FSV_Frankfurt" title="FSV Frankfurt">FSV Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/SG_Rooiwit_Frankfurt" title="SG Rooiwit Frankfurt">SG Rooiwit Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/KSV_Hessen_Kassel" title="KSV Hessen Kassel">KSV Hessen Kassel</a> en <a href="/wiki/SV_Wehen" title="SV Wehen">SV Wehen</a>. Frankfurt am Main was ook een van die Duitse gasheerstede tydens die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1974" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-Konfederasiebeker_in_2005" title="FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2005">FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2005</a> en <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2006" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006</a>. Die stad is ook die setel van die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_sokkerbond" title="Duitse sokkerbond">Duitse sokkerbond</a> (<i>Deutscher Fußball-Bund</i>, <i>DFB</i>). </p><p>Hesse is een van die groot rugbyvestings in Duitsland, saam met <a href="/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover">Hannover</a> en <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Duitsland" title="Heidelberg, Duitsland">Heidelberg</a>. Die SC Frankfurt 1880 het Duitsland tydens die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1900" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1900">Olimpiese Somerspele 1900</a> se rubgytoernooi verteenwoordig. Dit is ook een van die suksesvolste spanne in die Rugby-Bundesliga, waaraan ook die RK Heusenstamm deelneem. Die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Rugbybond" title="Duitse Rugbybond">Duitse Rugbybond</a> (<i>Deutscher Rugby-Verband</i>, <i>DRV</i>) is in 1900 in Kassel gestig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/155150/umfrage/entwicklung-der-bevoelkerung-von-hessen-seit-1961/">"Einwohnerzahl in Hessen von 1960 bis 2023"</a>. Statista. 21 Junie 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerzahl+in+Hessen+von+1960+bis+2023&rft.pub=Statista&rft.date=2024-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F155150%2Fumfrage%2Fentwicklung-der-bevoelkerung-von-hessen-seit-1961%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/5016/umfrage/entwicklung-des-bruttoinlandsprodukts-von-hessen-seit-1970/">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt von Hessen von 1970 bis 2023"</a>. Statista. 7 Mei 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt+von+Hessen+von+1970+bis+2023&rft.pub=Statista&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F5016%2Fumfrage%2Fentwicklung-des-bruttoinlandsprodukts-von-hessen-seit-1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Staat/Oeffentliche-Finanzen/Schulden-Finanzvermoegen/Tabellen/liste-vorlaeufiger-schuldenstand-laender.html">"Vorläufiger Schuldenstand der Länder"</a>. destatis. 30 Junie 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vorl%C3%A4ufiger+Schuldenstand+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.pub=destatis&rft.date=2024-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FStaat%2FOeffentliche-Finanzen%2FSchulden-Finanzvermoegen%2FTabellen%2Fliste-vorlaeufiger-schuldenstand-laender.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/DE/Navigation/Statistiken/Statistiken-nach-Regionen/Politische-Gebietsstruktur-Nav.html">"Arbeitslosenquoten im November 2024 – Länder und Kreise"</a>. Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arbeitslosenquoten+im+November+2024+%E2%80%93+L%C3%A4nder+und+Kreise&rft.pub=Statistik+der+Bundesagentur+f%C3%BCr+Arbeit&rft.date=2024-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.arbeitsagentur.de%2FDE%2FNavigation%2FStatistiken%2FStatistiken-nach-Regionen%2FPolitische-Gebietsstruktur-Nav.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFGudmund_Schütte1933" class="citation book cs1">Gudmund Schütte (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000712/https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191"><i>Our forefathers : The Gothonic nations : A manual of the ethnography of the Gothic, German, Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, Frisian and Scandinavian peoples</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 191. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+forefathers+%3A+The+Gothonic+nations+%3A+A+manual+of+the+ethnography+of+the+Gothic%2C+German%2C+Dutch%2C+Anglo-Saxon%2C+Frisian+and+Scandinavian+peoples&rft.pages=191&rft.date=1933&rft.au=Gudmund+Sch%C3%BCtte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0R9aAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Presche2013" class="citation book cs1">Christian Presche (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413014858/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZfbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Kassel im Mittelalter: Zur Stadtentwicklung bis 1367</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. 41. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZfbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">die oorspronklike</a> op 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kassel+im+Mittelalter%3A+Zur+Stadtentwicklung+bis+1367&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Christian+Presche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZfbAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> "The Hessians, called, in the early history of Germany, Catti, lived in the present Hessia". <i>The Popular Encyclopedia: Or, Conversations Lexicon</i> vol. 3 (1862), bl. 720. Occasional English use of <i>Hessia</i> is found until the present day, e.g. P. J. J. Welfens, <i>Stabilizing and Integrating the Balkans</i>, Springer Science & Business Media (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHByuEAKQkC&pg=PA119">bl. 119.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115440/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHByuEAKQkC&pg=PA119">Geargiveer</a> 6 April 2023 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Hessia%2CHesse&year_start=1700&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3">"Chart of usage frequency: Hessia, Hesse"</a>. <i>Google Books Ngram Viewer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books+Ngram+Viewer&rft.atitle=Chart+of+usage+frequency%3A+Hessia%2C+Hesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DHessia%252CHesse%26year_start%3D1700%26year_end%3D2019%26corpus%3D26%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Leonhard_ilpert1857" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Leonhard ilpert (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B944AQAAMAAJ&q=Hessia+dictionary&pg=PA548"><i>A Dictionary of the English and German and the German and English Language</i></a>. B. Hermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901193530/https://books.google.com/books?id=B944AQAAMAAJ&q=Hessia+dictionary&pg=PA548#v=snippet&q=Hessia%20dictionary&f=false">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+English+and+German+and+the+German+and+English+Language&rft.pub=B.+Hermann&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Joseph+Leonhard+ilpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB944AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DHessia%2Bdictionary%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205092625/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">"European Commission English Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Europese_Kommissie" title="Europese Kommissie">Europese Kommissie</a>. paragraphs 1.31 and 1.35. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 5 Desember 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Desember</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+English+Style+Guide&rft.pages=paragraphs+1.31+and+1.35&rft.pub=Europese+Kommissie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftranslation%2Fwriting%2Fstyle_guides%2Fenglish%2Fstyle_guide_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> "Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)". <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. 69.12 (1997), bl. 2471. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199769122471">10.1351/pac199769122471</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/108/hassium">"Hassium"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hassium&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F108%2Fhassium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umweltministerium.hessen.de/umwelt-natur/wald/wald-hessen"><i>Hessiese Departement van Omgewingsake: Bosse in Hesse</i></a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umweltministerium.hessen.de/umwelt-natur/naturschutz/hessische-biodiversitaetsstrategie"><i>Hessiese Departement van Omgewingsake: Hessiese strategie vir biodiversiteit</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506202115/https://umweltministerium.hessen.de/umwelt-natur/naturschutz/hessische-biodiversitaetsstrategie">Geargiveer</a> 6 Mei 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Frank-Lothar Kroll: <i>Geschichte Hessens</i>. Tweede uitgawe. München: C.H. Beck Wissen 2011, bl. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huettenberg.de/rathaus-und-buergerservice/huettenberg-in-der-steinzeit-/"><i>www.huettenberg.de: Hüttenberg in der Steinzeit</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005150/http://huettenberg.de/rathaus-und-buergerservice/huettenberg-in-der-steinzeit-/">Geargiveer</a> 5 Maart 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Kroll (2011), bl. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> D. H. Green: <i>Language and history in the early Germanic world</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998, bl. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Kelly Olson: <i>Dress and the Roman Woman: Self-Presentation and Society</i>. Abingdon: Routledge 2008, bl. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Manfred Jehle, Erich Hafner, Lothar Kölm, Michael Schippan en Alfred S. Wunsch: <i>Die Deutschen. Geschichte und Tradition</i>. Keulen: Lingen 2012, bl. 53-54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Kroll (2011), bl. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/geschichte-des-landes-hessen/von-den-roemern-bis-ins-mittelalter"><i>www.hessen.de: Geschichte des Landes Hessen – Von den Römern bis ins Mittelalter</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816134658/https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/geschichte-des-landes-hessen/von-den-roemern-bis-ins-mittelalter">Geargiveer</a> 16 Augustus 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/geschichte-des-landes-hessen/die-erste-demokratie"><i>www.hessen.de: Geschichte des Landes Hessen – Die erste Demokratie. Besoek op 21 April 2014</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816122823/https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/geschichte-des-landes-hessen/die-erste-demokratie">Geargiveer</a> 16 Augustus 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Dietmar Süß: <i>Tod aus der Luft. Kriegsgesellschaft und Luftkrieg in Deutschland und England</i>. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) 2011, bl. 475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/geschichte-des-landes-hessen/nationalsozialistische-gewaltherrschaft"><i>www.hessen.de: Geschichte des Landes Hessen – Nationalsozialistische Gewaltherrschaft</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816095046/https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/geschichte-des-landes-hessen/nationalsozialistische-gewaltherrschaft">Geargiveer</a> 16 Augustus 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik-hessen.de/themenauswahl/bevoelkerung-gebiet/landesdaten/auslaendische-bevoelkerung-in-hessen/nichtdeutsche-bevoelkerung-hessen/index.html"><i>Statistik Hessen: Nichtdeutsche Bevölkerung in Hessen 1970 bis 2012</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.hessen.de/pressemitteilungen/pm_1682.html"><i>Statistik Hessen – Pressemitteilungen, 23 November 2017: Höchste Geburtenzahl seit 1997 — Zahl der Geburten in Hessen steigt im Jahr 2016 um 6,7 Prozent. Besoek op 22 Maart 2018</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517055509/https://statistik.hessen.de/pressemitteilungen/pm_1682.html">Geargiveer</a> 17 Mei 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rv.hessenrecht.hessen.de/jportal/portal/t/214t/page/bshesprod.psml?action=controls.jw.ActivateTOC&activate=false"><i>Gesetz über die Hoheitszeichen des Landes Hessen vom 4. August 1948 in der geltenden Fassung</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staatskanzlei.hessen.de/berlin-europa/hessen-europa/landesvertretung-bruessel/die-vertretung-des-landes-hessen-bei-der"><i>Die Vertretung des Landes Hessen bei der Europäischen Union. Besoek op 23 April 2015</i></a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hessen-yaroslavl.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15154"><i>www.hessen-yaroslavl.de: Kooperations- und Vertretungsbüros des Landes Hessen im Ausland. Besoek op 22 April 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823090345/http://www.hessen-yaroslavl.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15154">Geargiveer</a> 23 Augustus 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staatskanzlei.hessen.de/berlin-europa-und-die-welt/hessen-in-europa/partnerregionen">"Partnerregionen – Interregionale Zusammenarbeit"</a>. Hessische Staatskanzlei<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partnerregionen+%E2%80%93+Interregionale+Zusammenarbeit&rft.pub=Hessische+Staatskanzlei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstaatskanzlei.hessen.de%2Fberlin-europa-und-die-welt%2Fhessen-in-europa%2Fpartnerregionen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invest-in-hessen.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=8933"><i>www.invest-in-hessen.de: Company strcture: Hessen – a productive mixture. Besoek op 7 Mei 2014</i></a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Derek Lewis: <i>Contemporary Germany. A Handbook</i>. London: Hodder Arnold 2001, bl. 44</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;Susterprojek/styl.css"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hesse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hesse">Hesse</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hesse">Hesse</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Amptelike webwerwe</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hessen.de/"><i>Amptelike webwerf</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hessischer-landtag.de/"><i>Webwerf van die Landtag (Parlement van Hesse)</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ensiklopediese inligting</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hessen">"Hessen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hessen&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHessen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geografie</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hlnug.de/?id=490"><i>Umweltatlas Hessen</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geskiedenis</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hessen-limes.de/sites/Home.html"><i>Der Limes in Hessen</i></a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center" rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0" rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rynland-Palts" title="Rynland-Palts">Rynland-Palts</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span>   <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesse</a></b>    <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rynland-Palts" title="Rynland-Palts">Rynland-Palts</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Bavaria_(striped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere">Beiere</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em; margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#ccccff; width:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">Deelstate van Duitsland</a></th> <th><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 100%;" colspan="2"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Bavaria_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere">Beiere</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Bremen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vrye_Hansestad_Bremen" title="Vrye Hansestad Bremen">Bremen</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesse</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Voorpommere" title="Mecklenburg-Voorpommere">Mecklenburg-Voorpommere</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rynland-Palts" title="Rynland-Palts">Rynland-Palts</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Saarland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sakse" title="Sakse">Sakse</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sakse-Anhalt" title="Sakse-Anhalt">Sakse-Anhalt</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/20px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sleeswyk-Holstein" title="Sleeswyk-Holstein">Sleeswyk-Holstein</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a><br /><br /><b>Voormalige deelstate</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_(1891%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> | <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wes-Berlyn" title="Wes-Berlyn">Wes-Berlyn</a> (<i>de facto</i>) | <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/20px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/40px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> | <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575773">XX4575773</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940944s">cb11940944s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940944s">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01460265?l=en">DA01460265</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024729-6">4024729-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000123591171">0000 0001 2359 1171</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83009487">n83009487</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1b761636-6166-4dec-af7f-48c506f4e24d">1b761636-6166-4dec-af7f-48c506f4e24d</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044796">10044796</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129247&CON_LNG=ENG">ge129247</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000998097&local_base=nlx10">000998097</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026385457">026385457</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153145963">153145963</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/153145963">153145963</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. Klik gerus hier vir meer inligting."><img alt="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. Klik gerus hier vir meer inligting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesse&oldid=2723609">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesse&oldid=2723609</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Hesse" title="Kategorie:Hesse">Hesse</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNE-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_CINII-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met CINII-identifiseerders">Artikels met CINII-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_GND-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met GND-identifiseerders">Artikels met GND-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_ISNI-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met ISNI-identifiseerders">Artikels met ISNI-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LCCN-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders">Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_MusicBrainz_area-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met MusicBrainz area-identifiseerders">Artikels met MusicBrainz area-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NARA-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders">Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NKC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders">Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NLI-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NLI-identifiseerders">Artikels met NLI-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_SUDOC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders">Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_VIAF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met VIAF-identifiseerders">Artikels met VIAF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders">Artikels met WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Normdata_met_12_elemente" title="Kategorie:Normdata met 12 elemente">Normdata met 12 elemente</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Voorbladartikels" title="Kategorie:Voorbladartikels">Voorbladartikels</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 18 Desember 2024 om 21:55 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. Aanvullende voorwaardes kan moontlik ook van toepassing wees. Sien die <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Algemene Voorwaardes</a> vir meer inligting.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privaatheidsbeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oor">Inligting oor Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorwaardes">Vrywaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragskode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/af.wikipedia.org">Statistieke</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Koekieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesse&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Selfoonweergawe</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesse</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>158 tale</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nuwe onderwerp</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-p88t7","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.499","walltime":"0.768","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2546,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":54852,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3672,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":67186,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 376.772 1 -total"," 55.96% 210.860 1 Sjabloon:Verwysings"," 35.30% 133.016 9 Sjabloon:Cite_web"," 16.35% 61.600 1 Sjabloon:Normdata"," 13.37% 50.359 1 Sjabloon:CommonsKategorie"," 6.00% 22.617 8 Sjabloon:Vlagland"," 6.00% 22.606 3 Sjabloon:Cite_book"," 3.84% 14.479 1 Sjabloon:DOI"," 3.56% 13.413 1 Sjabloon:Commons"," 3.26% 12.286 8 Sjabloon:Webarchive"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.163","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3832082,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6cc95f5b-gxtr4","timestamp":"20250408105947","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hesse","url":"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hesse","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1199","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1199","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-01-08T20:49:30Z","dateModified":"2024-12-18T21:55:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/Flag_of_Hesse.svg"}</script> </body> </html>