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id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Internal classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chalcotongo_Mixtec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcotongo_Mixtec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chalcotongo Mixtec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcotongo_Mixtec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoneme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoneme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Phoneme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoneme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Nasalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Glottalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoloxóchitl_Mixtec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoloxóchitl_Mixtec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Yoloxóchitl Mixtec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoloxóchitl_Mixtec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Sound inventory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_and_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_and_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar and syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar_and_syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar and syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar_and_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_and_second_person_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_second_person_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.1</span> <span>First and second person pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_second_person_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_person_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_person_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.2</span> <span>Third person pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_person_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixtec_verb_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixtec_verb_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Mixtec verb tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixtec_verb_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Verb classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_moods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_moods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Verb moods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_moods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order_in_the_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order_in_the_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Word order in the clause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order_in_the_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixtec_influence_on_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixtec_influence_on_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mixtec influence on Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixtec_influence_on_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixtec_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixtec_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mixtec literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixtec_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixtec languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixteeks" title="Mixteeks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mixteeks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_mixteques" title="Llingües mixteques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües mixteques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мищекски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мищекски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikstekeg" title="Mikstekeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mikstekeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixteca" title="Mixteca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mixteca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtekisch" title="Mixtekisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mixtekisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_mixtecas" title="Lenguas mixtecas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas mixtecas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%9Dteka_lingvaro" title="Miŝteka lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miŝteka lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_mixt%C3%A8ques" title="Langues mixtèques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues mixtèques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mixteca" title="Lingua mixteca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua mixteca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Mixtec (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mixtec (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixteeks" title="Mixteeks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mixteeks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtekisk" title="Mixtekisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mixtekisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtekisk" title="Mixtekisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mixtekisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_mixtec" title="Język mixtec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język mixtec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_mixtecas" title="Línguas mixtecas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas mixtecas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishtika_simi" title="Mishtika simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mishtika simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Миштекские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миштекские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misteekkien_kielet" title="Misteekkien kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Misteekkien kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Mixtec" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Mixtec – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Mixtec" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="米斯特克語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米斯特克語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Mixtec</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixtecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtecs">Mixtecs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">530,000 in Mexico (2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto-Manguean">Oto-Manguean</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Mixtec</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Mixtec_Language" title="Academy of the Mixtec Language">Academy of the Mixtec Language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas">Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(<a href="/wiki/Mixtec_dialects#Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec dialects">fifty-two individual codes</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mixt1427">mixt1427</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixtec_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mixtec_map.svg/320px-Mixtec_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mixtec_map.svg/480px-Mixtec_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mixtec_map.svg/640px-Mixtec_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Extent of the Mixtec languages: prior to contact (olive green) and current (red)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg/320px-Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg/480px-Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg/640px-Detailed_Mixtec_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The distribution of various Mixtec languages and their classification per Glottolog</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a><br /><small>ñuù savi, nayívi savi,<br />ñuù davi, nayivi davi</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixtec</a><br /><small>sa'an davi, da'an davi, tu'un savi,..</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Mixteca" title="La Mixteca">Mixteca</a><br /><small>Ñuu Savi, Ñuu Djau, Ñuu Davi,..</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mixtec</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> languages belong to the <a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a> language family. Mixtec is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a>. The varieties of Mixtec are spoken by over half a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-2000_census_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000_census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identifying how many Mixtec languages there are in this complex <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> poses challenges at the level of linguistic theory. Depending on the criteria for distinguishing dialects from languages, there may be as few as a dozen<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as many as fifty-three Mixtec languages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_name">Language name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Mixteco" is a <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, from <i>mixtecatl</i>, from <i>mixtli</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[miʃ.t͡ɬi]</a></span> ("cloud") + <i>-catl</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[kat͡ɬ]</a></span> ("inhabitant of place of").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of Mixtec use an expression (which varies by dialect) to refer to their own language, and this expression generally means "sound" or "word of the rain": <i><b>dzaha dzavui</b></i> in Classical Mixtec; or "word of the people of the rain", <i><b>dzaha Ñudzahui</b> (Dzaha Ñudzavui)</i> in Classical Mixtec. </p><p>Denominations in various modern Mixtec languages include <i>tu'un savi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="zap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tũʔũ<span class="wrap"> </span>saβi]</a></span>, <i>tu'un isasi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tũʔũ<span class="wrap"> </span>isasi]</span> or <i>isavi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[isaβi]</span>, <i>tu'un va'a</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tũʔũ<span class="wrap"> </span>βaʔa]</span>, <i>tnu'u ñuu savi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tnũʔũ<span class="wrap"> </span>nũʔũ<span class="wrap"> </span>saβi]</span>, <i>tno'on dawi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tnõʔõ<span class="wrap"> </span>sawi]</span>, <i>sasau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sasau]</span>, <i>sahan sau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sãʔã<span class="wrap"> </span>sau]</span>, <i>sahin sau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[saʔin<span class="wrap"> </span>sau]</span>, <i>sahan ntavi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sãʔã<span class="wrap"> </span>ndavi]</span>, <i>tu'un dau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tũʔũ<span class="wrap"> </span>dau]</span>, <i>dahan davi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðãʔã<span class="wrap"> </span>ðaβi]</span>, <i>dañudavi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daɲudaβi]</span>, <i>dehen dau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðẽʔẽ<span class="wrap"> </span>ðau]</span>, and <i>dedavi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dedavi]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">which languages are these?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg/350px-Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg/525px-Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg/700px-Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Mixtec languages within the state of Oaxaca, showing neighboring languages.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional range of the Mixtec languages is the region known as <a href="/wiki/La_Mixteca" title="La Mixteca">La Mixteca</a>, which is shared by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican states">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>. Because of migration from this region, mostly as a result of extreme poverty, the Mixtec languages have expanded to Mexico's main urban areas, particularly the <a href="/wiki/State_of_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="State of México">State of México</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Federal District">Federal District</a>, to certain agricultural areas such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Quint%C3%ADn,_Baja_California" title="San Quintín, Baja California">San Quintín</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 2012, Natividad Medical Center of <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_California" title="Salinas, California">Salinas, California</a> had trained medical interpreters bilingual in Mixtec as well as in Spanish;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America", including Mixtec, <a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf" title="File:Arte leng mixteca y confess.pdf"><img resource="/wiki/File:Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf?page=3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf/page3-220px-Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf/page3-330px-Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf/page3-440px-Arte_leng_mixteca_y_confess.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript about the language with religious texts from the 16th century, author unknown</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Mixtec_languages" title="Classification of Mixtec languages">Classification of Mixtec languages</a></div> <p>The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional dialects which were already in place at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Conquest">Spanish Conquest</a> of the Mixteca region. The varieties of Mixtec are sometimes grouped by geographic area, using designations such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_Alta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca Alta">Mixteca Alta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_Baja" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca Baja">Mixteca Baja</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_de_la_Costa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca de la Costa">Mixteca de la Costa</a>. However, the dialects do not actually follow the geographic areas, and the precise historical relationships between the different varieties have not been worked out.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation is far more complex than a simple <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> because dialect boundaries are often abrupt and substantial, some likely due to population movements both before and after the Spanish conquest. The number of varieties of Mixtec depends in part on what the criteria are for grouping them, of course; at one extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a> to identify more than <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec dialects">50 varieties</a> which have been assigned distinct ISO codes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to carry out literacy programs in Mixtec which cross these dialect boundaries have not met with great success. The varieties of Mixtec have functioned as <i>de facto</i> separate languages for hundreds of years with virtually none of the characteristics of a single "language". As the differences are typically as great as between members of the Romance language family, and since unifying sociopolitical factors do not characterize the linguistic complex, they are often referred to as separate languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section describes the sound systems of Mixtec by each variety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcotongo_Mixtec">Chalcotongo Mixtec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chalcotongo Mixtec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the phonemic inventory of a selected Mixtec language, Chalcotongo Mixtec.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phoneme">Phoneme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phoneme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of the Chalcotongo Mixtec language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Labial </th> <th>Alveolar </th> <th>Palato-<br />alveolar </th> <th>Palatal </th> <th>Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nasal </th> <td>m </td> <td>n, nᵈ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɲ [j̃]¹ </td> <td>(ŋᵍ) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stop </th> <td>b </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>k, kʷ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Affricate </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tʃ, ⁿtʃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fricative </th> <td> </td> <td>s </td> <td>ʃ, ʒ </td> <td> </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <th>Approximant </th> <td>w </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tap </th> <td> </td> <td>ɾ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup>Most commonly actually a <a href="/wiki/Nasalized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized palatal approximant">nasalized palatal approximant</a>.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels of the Mixtec languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Middle </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Not all varieties of Mixtec have the sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>. Some do not have the interdental fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>. Some do not have the velar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>. A few have the affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span>. By some analyses, the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>) are allophones conditioned by nasalization (see below), as are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nᵈ/</span>, also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone">Tone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most characteristic features of Mixtec is its use of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, a characteristic it shares with all other Otomanguean languages. Despite its importance in the language, the tonal analyses of Mixtec have been many and quite different one from another. Some varieties of Mixtec display complex <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Another Mixtecan language, <a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a>, has one of the most complex tonal systems in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one variety, <a href="/wiki/Chicahuaxtla_Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicahuaxtla Trique language">Chicahuaxtla Trique</a>, having at least ten tones and, according to some observers, as many as 16.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is commonly claimed that Mixtec distinguishes three different tones: high, middle, and low. Tones may be used lexically; for example: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b>K<u>u</u>u</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kùū]</span> <i>to be</i></dd> <dd><b>Ku<u>u</u></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kūù]</span> <i>to die</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In some varieties of Mixtec, tone is also used grammatically since the vowels or whole syllables with which they were associated historically have been lost. </p><p>In the practical writing systems the representation of tone has been somewhat varied. It does not have a high functional load generally, although in some languages tone is all that indicates different aspects and distinguishes affirmative from negative verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasalization">Nasalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nasalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisation">nasalisation</a> of vowels and consonants in Mixtec is an interesting phenomenon that has had various analyses. All of the analyses agree that nasalization is contrastive and that it is somewhat restricted. In most varieties, it is clear that nasalization is limited to the right edge of a morpheme (such as a noun or verb root), and spreads leftward until it is blocked by an obstruent (plosive, affricate or fricative in the list of Mixtec consonants). A somewhat more abstract analysis of the Mixtec facts claims that the spreading of nasalization is responsible for the surface "contrast" between two kinds of bilabials (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span>, with and without the influence of nasalization, respectively), between two kinds of palatals (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> and nasalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>—often less accurately (but more easily) transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>—with and without nasalization, respectively), and even two kinds of coronals (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nᵈ/</span>, with and without nasalization, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasalized vowels which are contiguous to the nasalized variants are less strongly nasalized than in other contexts. This situation is known to have been characteristic of Mixtec for at least the last 500 years since the earliest colonial documentation of the language shows the same distribution of consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glottalization">Glottalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Glottalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The glottalization of vowels (heard as a glottal stop after the vowel, and analyzed as such in early analyses) is a distinctive and interesting contrastive feature of Mixtec languages, as it is of other Otomanguean languages.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoloxóchitl_Mixtec"><span id="Yolox.C3.B3chitl_Mixtec"></span>Yoloxóchitl Mixtec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yoloxóchitl Mixtec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sound system of Yoloxóchitl Mixtec (of Guerrero Mixtec) is described below.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_inventory">Sound inventory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sound inventory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Yoloxóchitl Mixtec Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Bilabial</th> <th>Dental</th> <th>Alveolar</th> <th>Post-<br />Alveolar</th> <th>Palatal</th> <th>Velar</th> <th>Labial-<br />Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nasal </th> <td>m</td> <td></td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stop & Affricate </th> <td>p</td> <td>t̪</td> <td></td> <td>tʃ</td> <td></td> <td>k</td> <td>kʷ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pre-nasalised Stop </th> <td>(ᵐb)</td> <td></td> <td>(ⁿd)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᵑɡ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fricative </th> <td></td> <td>s̪</td> <td></td> <td>ʃ</td> <td></td> <td>(x)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Flap </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(ɾ)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Approximant </th> <td>β</td> <td></td> <td>l</td> <td></td> <td>j</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Yoloxóchitl Mixtec Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Front</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td>i • ĩ</td> <td></td> <td>u • ũ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td>e • ẽ</td> <td></td> <td>o • õ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td></td> <td>a • ã</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ol><li>The syllable structure is (C)V(V); no consonant cluster or consonant coda allowed.</li> <li>Oral and nasal vowels are contrastive.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone_2">Tone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoloxóchitl Mixtec has nine tones: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/˥<span class="wrap"> </span>˦<span class="wrap"> </span>˨<span class="wrap"> </span>˩<span class="wrap"> </span>˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>˥˩<span class="wrap"> </span>˧˩<span class="wrap"> </span>˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>˩˧/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mixtecs, like many other <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> peoples, developed <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">their own writing system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec codices">their codices</a> that have survived are one of the best sources for knowledge about the pre-Hispanic culture of the Oaxacan region prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. With the defeat of the lordship of <a href="/wiki/Tututepec" title="Tututepec">Tututepec</a> in 1522, the Mixtecs were brought under Spanish colonial rule, and many of their relics were destroyed. However, some codices were saved from destruction, and are today mostly held by European collections, including the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Zouche-Nuttall" title="Codex Zouche-Nuttall">Codex Zouche-Nuttall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Mexicanus_I" title="Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I">Codex Vindobonensis</a>; one exception is the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Colombino" title="Codex Colombino">Codex Colombino</a>, kept by the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Anthropology">National Museum of Anthropology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. </p><p>The missionaries who brought the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> to the Mixtecs set about learning their language and produced several grammars of the Mixtec language, similar in style to <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija" title="Antonio de Nebrija">Antonio de Nebrija</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_Castellana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramática Castellana">Gramática Castellana</a></i>. They also began work on transcribing the Mixtec languages into the Latin alphabet. In recent decades small changes in the alphabetic representation of Mixtec have been put into practice by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Mixtec_Language" title="Academy of the Mixtec Language">Academy of the Mixtec Language</a>. Areas of particular interest include the following: </p> <ul><li>The representation of the feature that distinguishes glottalized vowels (or glottal stop, as in some earlier analyses). Some earlier alphabets used <i>h</i>; more commonly today a special kind of apostrophe is used.</li> <li>The representation of the high central unrounded vowel. Some earlier alphabets used <i>y</i>; today a barred-i <i>(ɨ)</i> is used.</li> <li>The representation of the voiceless velar stop. Most earlier alphabets used <i>c</i> and <i>qu</i>, in line with earlier government policies; today <i>k</i> is more commonly used.</li> <li>The representation of tone. Most non-linguistic transcriptions of Mixtec do not fully record the tones. When tone is represented, acute accent over the vowel is typically used to indicate high tone. Mid tone is sometimes indicated with a macron over the vowel, but it may be left unmarked. Low tone is sometimes indicated with a grave accent over the vowel, but it might be left unmarked, or it might be indicated with an underscore to the vowel.</li></ul> <p>The alphabet adopted by the Academy of the Mixtec Language and later by the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Public_Education" title="Secretariat of Public Education">Secretariat of Public Education</a> (SEP), contains the following letters (indicated below with their corresponding phonemes). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Alphabet of the Mixtec languages <i>(ndusu tu'un sávi)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Approximate pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td><i><b>a</b>ndívi</i> </td> <td><i>sky</i> </td> <td>Similar to the English <i>a</i> in <i>father</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td>tʃ </td> <td><i><b>c</b>hitia</i> </td> <td><i>banana</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>ch</i> in <i>chocolate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>ð </td> <td><i><b>d</b>e</i> </td> <td><i>he</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>th</i> in <i>father</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td><i>v<b>e'</b>e</i> </td> <td><i>home</i> </td> <td>Like Spanish <i>e</i> in <i>este</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td><i><b>g</b>a̱</i> </td> <td><i>more</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>g</i> in <i>go</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td><i><b>i</b>ta̱</i> </td> <td><i>flower</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>i</i> in <i>machine</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɨ </td> <td>ɨ </td> <td><i>k<b>ɨ</b>ni</i> </td> <td><i>pig</i> </td> <td>Like Russian ы or Romanian <i>î</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td>x </td> <td><i><b>j</b>i̱'in</i> </td> <td><i>shall drop</i> </td> <td>Like the <i>j</i> in Mexican Spanish </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td><i><b>k</b>úmi</i> </td> <td><i>four</i> </td> <td>Hard <i>c</i>, like English <i>cool</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td><i><b>l</b>uu</i> </td> <td><i>beautiful</i> </td> <td>Like Spanish <i>l</i> in <i>letra</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td><i>ña'<b>m</b>a̱</i> </td> <td><i>shall confess</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>m</i> in <i>mother</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td><i>ku<b>n</b>á'ín</i> </td> <td><i>shall cease</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>n</i> in <i>no</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd </td> <td>nᵈ </td> <td><i>ita <b>nd</b>eyu̱</i> </td> <td><i>orchid</i> </td> <td>Pronounced similar to an <i>n</i> followed by a slight non-nasal <i>d</i>-like transition to the oral vowel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td><i>sú<b>ng</b>o̱o</i> </td> <td><i>to settle</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>ng</i> in <i>eating</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ñ </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td><i><b>ñ</b>uuyivi</i> </td> <td><i>world</i> </td> <td>Similar to Spanish <i>ñ</i> in <i>caña</i>, but typically without letting the tongue actually touch the hard palate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td><i>chis<b>o</b></i> </td> <td><i>sister-in-law</i> </td> <td>Similar to English <i>o</i> in <i>toe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td><i><b>p</b>i'lu</i> </td> <td><i>piece</i> </td> <td>Similar to English <i>p</i> in <i>pin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>ɾ </td> <td><i><b>r</b>u'u</i> </td> <td><i>I</i> </td> <td>Is sometimes trilled. </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td><i><b>s</b>á'a</i> </td> <td><i>cunningness</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>s</i> in <i>sit</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td><i><b>t</b>ájí</i> </td> <td><i>shall send</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>t</i> in <i>tin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ts </td> <td>ts </td> <td><i><b>ts</b>i'ina</i> </td> <td><i>puppy-dog</i> </td> <td>Like <i>ț</i> in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> or ц in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td><i>N<b>u</b>uyoo</i> </td> <td><i>Mexico</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>u</i> in <i>tune</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td>β </td> <td><i><b>v</b>ilu</i> </td> <td><i>cat</i> </td> <td>Similar to Spanish <i>v</i> in <i>lava</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td><i>yu<b>x</b>é'é</i> </td> <td><i>door</i> </td> <td>Like the initial sound in English <i>shop</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td>ʒ </td> <td><i><b>y</b>uchi</i> </td> <td><i>dust</i> </td> <td>Like English <i>ge</i> in <i>beige</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>' </td> <td>ˀ </td> <td><i>ndá'a</i> </td> <td><i>hand</i> </td> <td>When a vowel is glottalized it is pronounced as if it ends in a glottal stop. It is not uncommon for a glottalized vowel to have an identical but non-glottalized vowel after it. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the main obstacles in establishing an alphabet for the Mixtec language is its status as a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> tongue. The social domain of the language is eminently domestic, since federal law requires that all dealings with the state be conducted in Spanish, even though the country's indigenous languages enjoy the status of "national languages". Few printed materials in Mixtec exist and, up to a few years ago, written literature in the language was practically non-existent. There is little exposure of Mixtec in the media, other than on the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Development_of_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples">CDI</a>'s indigenous radio system – <a href="/wiki/XETLA" class="mw-redirect" title="XETLA">XETLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/XEJAM" class="mw-redirect" title="XEJAM">XEJAM</a> in Oaxaca; <a href="/wiki/XEZV-AM" title="XEZV-AM">XEZV-AM</a> in Guerrero; and <a href="/wiki/XEQIN-AM" title="XEQIN-AM">XEQIN-AM</a> in Baja California – and a bilingual radio station based in the US in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, where a significant Mixtec community can be found. </p><p>At the same time, the fragmentation of the Mixtec language and its varieties means that texts published in one variety may be utterly incomprehensible to speakers of another. In addition, most speakers are unaware of the official orthography adopted by the SEP and the Mixtec Academy, and some even doubt that their language can lend itself to a written form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar_and_syntax">Grammar and syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar and syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a> are richly represented in Mixtec. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns in Atatláhuca Mixtec<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Independent </th> <th>Dependent </th> <th>Used for </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person exclusive </th> <th>Formal </th> <td>sa̱ñá </td> <td>ná </td> <td>I (form.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Informal </th> <td>ru'u̱ </td> <td>ri </td> <td>I (inform.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st person inclusive </th> <th> </th> <td>yó'ó </td> <td>yó </td> <td>we (incl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>Formal </th> <td>ní'ín </td> <td>ní </td> <td>you (form.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Informal </th> <td>ró'ó </td> <td>ró </td> <td>you (inform.) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">3rd person </th> <th rowspan="6"> </th> <td> </td> <td>de </td> <td>he </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ña </td> <td>she </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>i </td> <td>s/he (child) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ya̱ </td> <td>s/he (god) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>tɨ </td> <td>it (animal) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>te </td> <td>it (water) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="First_and_second_person_pronouns">First and second person pronouns</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First and second person pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many varieties (but not all) have distinct "formal" and "informal" pronouns for first person and second person (except in the first person plural inclusive). If addressing a person of his own age or older, the speaker uses the formal pronouns. If addressing a younger person, the speaker uses the informal pronouns. The first person exclusive pronouns may be interpreted as either singular or plural. The second person pronouns may also be interpreted as either singular or plural. </p><p>It is common to find a first person inclusive form that is interpreted as meaning to include the hearer as well as the speaker. </p><p>First and second person pronouns have both independent forms and dependent (enclitic) forms. The dependent forms are used when the pronoun follows a verb (as subject) and when it follows a noun (as possessor). The independent forms are used elsewhere (although there are some variations on this rule). </p> <ul><li>Personal pronoun as direct object</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Jiní</p><p style="margin: 0px;">knows</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">3m</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>sa̱ñá</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Jiní de <b>sa̱ñá</b></p><p style="display: none;">knows 3m 1.EX</p><p style="clear: left;">"He knows me."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Personal pronoun in preverbal position</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ró'ó</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kí'i̱n</p><p style="margin: 0px;">will.go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">va̱'a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">more</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ró'ó</b> kí'i̱n va̱'a ga</p><p style="display: none;">2 will.go good more</p><p style="clear: left;">"It will be better if you go."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Personal pronoun in normal subject position</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Va̱ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">well</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nisá'a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">did</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ró</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Va̱ni nisá'a <b>ró</b></p><p style="display: none;">well did 2</p><p style="clear: left;">"You did well."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Third_person_pronouns">Third person pronouns</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Third person pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the third person pronouns, Mixtec has several pronouns that indicate whether the referent is a man, a woman, an animal, a child or an inanimate object, a sacred or divine entity, or water. Some languages have respect forms for the man and woman pronouns. Some languages have other pronouns as well (such as for trees.) (These pronouns show some etymological affinity to nouns for 'man', 'woman', 'tree', etc., but they are distinct from those nouns.) These may be pluralized (in some varieties, if one wishes to be explicit) by using the common plural marker <i>de</i> in front of them, or by using explicit plural forms that have evolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mixtec_languages" title="Talk:Mixtec languages">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mixtec has two <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogatives</a>, which are <i>na vé</i> ([²na ³ve]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">what do the digits mean?</span></a></i>]</sup> = "what/which"?) and <i>nasaa</i> ([²na.²saa]= "how much/many?"). The tone of these does <i>not</i> change according to the tense, person, or tone of the surrounding phrase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mixtec_languages" title="Talk:Mixtec languages">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixtec_verb_tenses">Mixtec verb tenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mixtec verb tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em"> <table class="wikitable" width="300px"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center"><b>Verb conjugation in Mixtec</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">what do the digits mean?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;" align="center">Future </th> <th style="background:#efefef;" align="center">Present </th> <th style="background:#efefef;" align="center">Past </th> <th style="background:#efefef;" align="center">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>stéén<br />[s.³teẽ] </td> <td>stéén<br />[s.³teẽ] </td> <td>ni-steén<br />[²ni s.²te³ẽ] </td> <td><i>to teach</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>skáji<br />[s.³ka.²xi] </td> <td>skáji<br />[s.³ka.²xi] </td> <td>ni-skáji<br />[²ni s.³ka.²xi] </td> <td><i>to feed</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>skɨvɨ<br /> [s.³kɨ.²vɨ] </td> <td>skɨ́vɨ<br /> [s.³kɨ.²vɨ] </td> <td>ni-skɨ́vɨ<br /> [²ni s.³kɨ.²vɨ] </td> <td><i>to put</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stá<u>a</u>n<br />[s.³ta¹ã] </td> <td>stá<u>a</u>n<br />[s.³ta¹ã] </td> <td>ni-stá<u>a</u>n<br />[²ni s.³ta¹ã] </td> <td><i>to destroy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ndukú<br />[²ndu.³ku] </td> <td>ndúkú<br />[³ndu.³ku] </td> <td>ni-ndukú<br />[²ni ²ndu.³ku] </td> <td><i>to seek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kunu<br />[²ku.²nu] </td> <td>kúnu<br />[³ku.²nu] </td> <td>ni-kunu<br />[²ni ²ku.²nu] </td> <td><i>to sew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kata<br />[²ka.²ta] </td> <td>jíta<br />[³ji.²ta] </td> <td>ni-jita<br />[²ni ²ji.²ta] </td> <td><i>to sing</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kasɨ<br />[²ka.²sɨ] </td> <td>jésɨ<br />[³xe.²sɨ] </td> <td>ni-jésɨ<br />[²ni ³xe.²sɨ] </td> <td><i>to close</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kua̱'a<br />[²ku¹a'.²a] </td> <td>jé'e<br />[²xe.²e] </td> <td>ni-je̱'e<br />[²ni ¹xe'.²e] </td> <td><i>to give</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kusu̱<br />[²ku.¹su] </td> <td>kíxí<br />[³ki.³ʃi] </td> <td>ni-kixi̱<br />[²ni ²ki.¹ʃi] </td> <td><i>to sleep</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Mixtec verbs have no <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> form. The basic form of the Mixtec verb is the <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a>, and many conjugated future verb forms are also used for the present tense. To obtain the present of an irregular verb, the tone is modified in accordance with set of complicated <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> rules. Another class of irregular verbs beginning with [k] mutate that sound to either [xe] or [xi] in the present tense. To form the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> (past) tense, the particle <i>ni-</i> ([²ni]) is added. That particle causes a shift in the tone of the following verb and, while the particle itself may be omitted in informal speech, the tonal modification invariably takes place. </p><p>Mixtec lacks an <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>, and all the compound tenses found in other languages. In addition, Mixtec verb conjugations do not have indicators of person or number (resembling, in this, English more than Spanish). A selection of Mixtec sentences exemplifying the three verbal tenses appears below: </p> <ul><li>Future</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">And</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">máá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">same</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ró</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sanaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">perhaps</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kusɨɨ ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-be–happy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiji</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ró</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɨɨn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jínu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">time</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nájnu'un</p><p style="margin: 0px;">as</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">domingu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sunday</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kinu'un</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-return</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro̱.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><p style="display: none;">Te máá ró sanaa te {kusɨɨ ni} ro̱ te kiji ró ɨɨn jínu nájnu'un domingu te kinu'un ro̱.</p><p style="display: none;">And same you perhaps and shall-be–happy you and shall-come you one time as Sunday and shall-return you</p><p style="clear: left;">"And perhaps you shall be happy, shall come on Sunday, and shall return home"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Present</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jíní-yo̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-we</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ndese</p><p style="margin: 0px;">how</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">skánda-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">moves-he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jíka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">advances</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kamión</p><p style="margin: 0px;">truck</p></div><p style="display: none;">Tu jíní-yo̱ ndese skánda-de te jíka kamión</p><p style="display: none;">Not know-we how moves-he and advances truck</p><p style="clear: left;">"We don't know what he does to make the truck go"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Preterite</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ni-steén-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Past-taught-he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuu̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ná.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ni-steén-de nuu̱ ná.</p><p style="display: none;">Past-taught-he to I</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Steén-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Taught-he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuu̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ná.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><p style="display: none;">Steén-de nuu̱ ná.</p><p style="display: none;">Taught-he to I</p><p style="clear: left;">"He taught me"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_classes">Verb classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Verb classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Causative verbs</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">Causative</a> verbs are verb forms modified by a <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> indicating that the action is performed by the agent of the phrase. Mixtec causative verbs are indicated by the prefix <i>s-</i>. Like other Mixtec particles, the causative prefix leads to a shift in the orthography and pronunciation of the related verb. When the verb to which the prefix is added begins with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿd]</span>, that phoneme is transformed into a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>. Verbs beginning with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> shift to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. There is no difference in future and present causative verbs, but the past tense is invariably indicated by adding the particle <i>ni-</i>. </p> <table bgcolor="white" align="top" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; border: solid thin #ffffff; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Regular causative </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Normal verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tɨ̱vɨ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-decompose</p></div><p style="display: none;">tɨ̱vɨ́</p><p style="display: none;">shall-decompose</p><p style="clear: left;">It shall decompose, decomposes</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><i>Causative verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>s</b>tɨ̱vɨ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">it–shall-decompose</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>s</b>tɨ̱vɨ́</p><p style="display: none;">it–shall-decompose</p><p style="clear: left;">"He shall damage it, he damages it"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Irregular causative: nd → t shift </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Normal verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nd</b>o'o-ña</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-suffer–she</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>nd</b>o'o-ña</p><p style="display: none;">shall-suffer–she</p><p style="clear: left;">She shall suffer, she suffer</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><i>Causative verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>st</b>ó'o-ña</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-do–shall-suffer–she</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>st</b>ó'o-ña</p><p style="display: none;">shall-do–shall-suffer–she</p><p style="clear: left;">"She shall cause to suffer, she causes to suffer"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Irregular causative: y → i shift </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Normal verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>y</b>u̱'ú-tɨ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-fear–animal</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>y</b>u̱'ú-tɨ́</p><p style="display: none;">shall-fear–animal</p><p style="clear: left;">"The animal shall fear, the animal fears"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><i>Causative verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>si</b>ú'ú-tɨ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-cause-fear–animal</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>si</b>ú'ú-tɨ́</p><p style="display: none;">shall-cause-fear–animal</p><p style="clear: left;">"The animal shall cause fear, the animal causes fear"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Repetitive verbs</dt></dl> <p>The prefix <i>na-</i> indicates that the action of the related verb is being performed for a second occasion. This means that there is a repetition of the action, made by the subject of the sentence or another unidentified agent. </p><p>The pronunciation of some irregular verbs changes in the repetitive form. For example, certain verbs beginning with [k] take [ⁿd] o [n] the instead of <i>na-</i> particle. In addition, there are some verbs that never appear without this prefix: in other words, it is part of their structure. </p> <table bgcolor="white" align="top" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; border: solid thin #ffffff; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Regular repetitive verb </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Normal verb:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ki̱ku-ña</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-sew–she</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sa'ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clothes</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ki̱ku-ña sa'ma</p><p style="display: none;">shall-sew–she clothes</p><p style="clear: left;">"She shall sew the clothes"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><i>Repetitive verb:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na</b>ki̱ku-ña</p><p style="margin: 0px;">again–shall-sew–she</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sa'ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clothes</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na</b>ki̱ku-ña sa'ma</p><p style="display: none;">again–shall-sew–she clothes</p><p style="clear: left;">"She shall repair the clothes"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Regular repetitive verb: k → nd shift </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Normal verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>K</b>aa-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-ascend–he</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>K</b>aa-de</p><p style="display: none;">shall-ascend–he</p><p style="clear: left;">"He shall rise"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><i>Causative verb</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Nd</b>aa-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">again–shall-ascend–he</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Nd</b>aa-de</p><p style="display: none;">again–shall-ascend–he</p><p style="clear: left;">"He shall rise again"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Copulative verbs</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copulative</a> verbs ("linking verbs") establish links between two nouns, a noun and an adjective, or a noun and a pronoun. Mixtec has four such verbs: </p> <ul><li><i>kuu</i> (to be)</li> <li><i>nduu</i> (to be again; the repetitive form of <i>kuu</i>)</li> <li><i>koo</i> (to exist)</li> <li><i>káá</i> (to appear; present and preterite only)</li></ul> <p><i>Káá</i> is only used with adjectives that describe a thing's appearance. The other three can be used with practically any adjective, albeit with slight semantic shifts. </p> <table bgcolor="white" align="top" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; border: solid thin #ffffff; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Copulative verbs </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Maéstru</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Teacher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kúu</b>-te̱e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is–man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ún.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a</p></div><p style="display: none;">Maéstru <b>kúu</b>-te̱e ún.</p><p style="display: none;">Teacher is–man a</p><p style="clear: left;">"The man is a teacher"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Maestru</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Teacher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kúu</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is–man</p></div><p style="display: none;">Maestru <b>kúu</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">Teacher is–man</p><p style="clear: left;">"He is a teacher"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ndíchí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">intelligent</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>koo</b>-ró</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-be–you</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ndíchí <b>koo</b>-ró</p><p style="display: none;">intelligent shall-be–you</p><p style="clear: left;">"You will be intelligent"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Va̱ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Good</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>íyó</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">itu.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">crop</p></div><p style="display: none;">Va̱ni <b>íyó</b> itu.</p><p style="display: none;">Good is crop</p><p style="clear: left;">"The crop is fine"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Káa</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">appears</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">likuxi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">grey</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sɨkɨ̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">back</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tɨ̱.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">its-(animal's)</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Káa</b> likuxi sɨkɨ̱ tɨ̱.</p><p style="display: none;">appears grey back its-(animal's)</p><p style="clear: left;">The animal's back is grey"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kúká</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Rich</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ní-i̱yo</b>-de.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">past–was-he</p></div><p style="display: none;">Kúká <b>ní-i̱yo</b>-de.</p><p style="display: none;">Rich past–was-he</p><p style="clear: left;">"He was rich but is no longer"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Descriptive verbs</dt></dl> <p>Descriptive verbs are a special class that can be used as either verbs or adjectives. One of these verbs followed by a pronoun is all that is needed to form a complete sentence in Mixtec. Descriptives are not conjugated: they always appear in the present tense. To give the same idea in the past or future tenses, a copulative verb must be used. </p> <table bgcolor="white" align="top" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; border: solid thin #ffffff; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><i>Descriptive verbs</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Kúká</b>-de.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-enrich-he</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Kúká</b>-de.</p><p style="display: none;">shall-enrich-he</p><p style="clear: left;">"He is rich"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ve̱yɨ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-weigh</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuní.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">maize</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ve̱yɨ</b> nuní.</p><p style="display: none;">shall-weigh maize</p><p style="clear: left;">"The maize is heavy"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i>Descriptives with contracted copulas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Vijna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kúkúká</b>-de.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is-rich–he</p></div><p style="display: none;">Vijna te <b>kúkúká</b>-de.</p><p style="display: none;">now and is-rich–he</p><p style="clear: left;">"Now he is rich"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ni-<b>ndukuká</b>-de.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">again–grew-rich–he</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ni-<b>ndukuká</b>-de.</p><p style="display: none;">again–grew-rich–he</p><p style="clear: left;">"He became rich again"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Modal verbs</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal verbs</a> are a small group that may be followed by another verb. Only the relative pronoun <i>jee̱</i> can occasionally appear between a modal and its associated verb, except in sentences involving <i>kuu</i> (can, to be able). </p> <ul><li>Modal <i>kuu</i> ("can")</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Kuu</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">can</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka'u-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-read–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tatu.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">paper</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Kuu</b> ka'u-de tatu.</p><p style="display: none;">can shall-read–he paper</p><p style="clear: left;">"He will be able to read a book"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Modal <i>kánuú</i> ("must")</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Kánuú</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">must</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">je̱é</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ki'ín-de.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-go–he</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Kánuú</b> je̱é ki'ín-de.</p><p style="display: none;">must that shall-go–he</p><p style="clear: left;">"He must go"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_moods">Verb moods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verb moods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Indicative mood</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a> describes actions in real life that have occurred, are occurring, or will occur. The verb forms of the indicative mood are described above, in the section on verb tenses. </p> <dl><dt>Imperative mood</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperatives</a> are formed by adding the particle <i>-ni</i> to the future indicative form of the verb. In informal speech, the simple future indicative is frequently used, although the pronoun <i>ró</i> may be appended. There are three irregular verbs with imperative forms different from their future indicative. Negative imperatives are formed by adding the word <i>má</i>, the equivalent of "don't". </p> <table bgcolor="white" align="top" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; border: solid thin #ffffff; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4">Imperative mood </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Formal</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Informal</i> </td> <td><i>Negative</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="150px">Kaa̱n <b>ní</b>.<br /> <p>"Speak!" </p> </td> <td width="150px">Kaa̱n. <br /> <p>"Speak!" </p> </td> <td width="150px">Kaa̱n <b>ro̱</b>.<br /> <p>"Speak!" </p> </td> <td width="150px">Má kaa̱n <b>ro̱</b>.<br /> <p>"Don't speak!" </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Subjunctive mood</dt></dl> <p>In Mixtec, the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> serves as a mild command. It is formed by placing the particle <i>na</i> before the future form of the verb. When used in the first person, it gives the impression that the speaker closely reflects on the action before performing it. </p> <table bgcolor="white" align="top" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; border: solid thin #ffffff; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Third-person subjunctive </td> <td>First-person subjunctive </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subjunctive mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SJV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɨ́vɨ-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-enter–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ve'e.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na</b> kɨ́vɨ-de ve'e.</p><p style="display: none;">SJV shall-enter–he house</p><p style="clear: left;">"Let him enter the house"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subjunctive mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SJV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kí'ín-na.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shall-go–I</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na</b> kí'ín-na.</p><p style="display: none;">SJV shall-go–I</p><p style="clear: left;">"Then I shall go"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Counter-factual mood</dt></dl> <p>The counter-factual <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> indicates that the action was not performed or remained incomplete. To form the past counter-factual, <i>ní</i> is added and the tones of the verb change from preterite to present. A counter-factual statement not accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clause">subordinate clause</a> acquires the meaning "If only..." The particle <i>núú</i> can be added at the end of the main or subordinate clauses, should the speaker wish, with no change in meaning. Examples are shown below: </p> <ul><li>Use of counter-factual verbs, formed by changing the tone of the past indicative.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ní-jí'í</b>-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-took–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tajna̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">medicine</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">je</p><p style="margin: 0px;">already</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni-nduva̱'a-de.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">past–cured–he</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ní-jí'í</b>-de tajna̱ chi je ni-nduva̱'a-de.</p><p style="display: none;">CNTF-PST-took–he medicine and already past–cured–he</p><p style="clear: left;">"If he had taken the medicine, he would be better by now"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Use of a simple counter-factual sentence</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ní-jí'í</b>-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr>-PST–took–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tajna̱.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">medicine</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ní-jí'í</b>-de tajna̱.</p><p style="display: none;">CNTF-PST–took–he medicine</p><p style="clear: left;">"If only he had taken the medicine!"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Use of a simple counter-factual sentence, with <i>núú</i>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ní-jí'í</b>-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr>-PST–took–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tajna̱</p><p style="margin: 0px;">medicine</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>núú</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ní-jí'í</b>-de tajna̱ <b>núú</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">CNTF-PST–took–he medicine CNTF</p><p style="clear: left;">"If only he had taken the medicine!"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Núú</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ní-jí'í</b>-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr>-PST–took–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tajna̱.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">medicine</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Núú</b> <b>ní-jí'í</b>-de tajna̱.</p><p style="display: none;">CNTF CNTF-PST–took–he medicine</p><p style="clear: left;">"If only he had taken the medicine!"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Use of a simple counter-factual sentence, with <i>núu</i> (a conditional conjunction not to be confused with the mood particle described above)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Núu</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">if</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ní-jí'í</b>-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr>-took–he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tajna̱.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">medicine</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Núu</b> <b>ní-jí'í</b>-de tajna̱.</p><p style="display: none;">if CNTF-took–he medicine CNTF</p><p style="clear: left;">"If only he had taken the medicine!"<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 3 word(s) in line 1, 4 word(s) in line 2 (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#mismatch" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Use of a simple counter-factual with modal, in future tense</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Kiji</b>-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Counter-factual mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-shall-come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni-kúu.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">past-can</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Kiji</b>-de te tu ni-kúu.</p><p style="display: none;">CNTF-PST-shall-come and not past-can</p><p style="clear: left;">"He was going to come, but was unable to"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> indicate persons, animals, inanimate objects or abstract ideas. Mixtec has few nouns for abstract ideas; when they do not exist, it uses verbal constructions instead. When a noun is followed by another in a sentence, the former serves as the nucleus of the phrase, with the latter acting as a modifier. In many such constructions, the modifier possesses the nucleus. </p> <ul><li>Nouns as modifiers:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ndu̱yu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stake</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka̱a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">metal</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ndu̱yu ka̱a</p><p style="display: none;">stake metal</p><p style="clear: left;">"Nail"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Modifiers possessing the nucleus of the phrase:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ina</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te̱e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yúkuan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ina te̱e yúkuan</p><p style="display: none;">dog man that</p><p style="clear: left;">"That man's dog"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The base number of Mixtec nouns is singular. Pluralisation is effected by means of various grammatical and lexical tools. For example, a noun's number can be implicit if the phrase uses a plural pronoun (first person inclusive only) or if one of various verb affixes that modify the meaning are used: <i>-koo</i> and <i>-ngoo</i> (suffixes) and <i>ka-</i> (prefix). A third way to indicate a plural is the (untranslatable) particle <i>jijná'an</i>, which can be placed before or after verbs, pronouns, or nouns. </p> <ul><li>Pluralisation indicated by the presence of the first-person-inclusive pronoun</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">máá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">same</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>yó</b>-kúu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">we-are</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ñayuu</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yúku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">we-live</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ndé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">up-to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lugar</p><p style="margin: 0px;">place</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yá'a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><p style="display: none;">Te máá <b>yó</b>-kúu <b>ñayuu</b> yúku ndé lugar yá'a</p><p style="display: none;">and same we-are person we-live up-to place this</p><p style="clear: left;">"We are the ones who live in this place"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Pluralisation with affixes: prefix <i>ka-</i> before the verb</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">And</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sukúan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">so</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ká</b>ndo'o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-suffer</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ñayuu</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><p style="display: none;">Te sukúan <b>ká</b>ndo'o <b>ñayuu</b></p><p style="display: none;">And so PL-suffer person</p><p style="clear: left;">"In that way people suffer"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Pluralisation with affixes: suffix <i>-koo</i> after the verb</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">And</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni-ke<b>koo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-arrived-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te̱e</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ún</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><p style="display: none;">Te ni-ke<b>koo</b> <b>te̱e</b> <b>ún</b></p><p style="display: none;">And PST-arrived-PL man he</p><p style="clear: left;">"The men arrived"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deictic adverbs are often used in a noun phrase as demonstrative adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Mixtec languages distinguish two such demonstratives, others three (proximal, medial, distal), and some four (including one that indicates something out of sight). The details vary from variety to variety, as do the actual forms. In some varieties one of these demonstratives is also used anaphorically (to refer to previously mentioned nominals in the discourse), and in some varieties a special anaphoric demonstrative (with no spatial use) is found. These demonstratives generally occur at the end of the noun phrase (sometimes followed by a "limiter"). The demonstratives are also used (in some varieties) following a pronominal head as a kind of complex pronoun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Conjunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">Conjunctions</a> serve to join two words, two phrases, or two analogous sentences. Mixtec possesses twelve <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">coordinating conjunctions</a> and ten <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">subordinating conjunctions</a>. </p> <ul><li>Coordinating conjunctions:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>te</i> (and, but)</dd> <dd><i>te o</i> (but)</dd> <dd><i>jíín</i> (and)</dd> <dd><i>chi</i> (because, and)</dd> <dd><i>chí</i> (or)</dd> <dd><i>á... chí</i> (either... or)</dd> <dd><i>ni... ni...</i> (neither... nor)</dd> <dd><i>sa</i>/<i>sa su'va</i> (but rather that)</dd> <dd><i>yu̱kúan na</i> (then, so)</dd> <dd><i>yu̱kúan</i> (so)</dd> <dd><i>je̱e yu̱kúan</i> (for)</dd> <dd><i>suni</i> (also)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Subordinating conjunctions:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>náva̱'a</i> (so that)</dd> <dd><i>je̱e</i> (that)</dd> <dd><i>sɨkɨ je̱e</i> (because)</dd> <dd><i>nájnu̱n</i> (how)</dd> <dd><i>ve̱sú</i> (although)</dd> <dd><i>núu</i> (if)</dd> <dd><i>na/ níní na</i> (when)</dd> <dd><i>ná/ níní</i> (while)</dd> <dd><i>nde</i> (until, since)</dd> <dd><i>kue̱chi</i> (no more)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order_in_the_clause">Word order in the clause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Word order in the clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixtec is a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> language. Variations in this word order, particularly the use of the preverbal position, are employed to highlight information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixtec_influence_on_Spanish">Mixtec influence on Spanish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mixtec influence on Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most significant contribution of the Mixtec language to Mexican Spanish is in the field of place names, particularly in the western regions of the state of Oaxaca, where several communities are still known by Mixtec names (joined with a saint's name): <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_%C3%91um%C3%AD" title="San Juan Ñumí">San Juan Ñumí</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Bartolo_Yucua%C3%B1e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Bartolo Yucuañe (page does not exist)">San Bartolo Yucuañe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Itundujia" title="Santa Cruz Itundujia">Santa Cruz Itundujia</a>, and many more. In Puebla and Guerrero, Mixtec place names have been displaced by Nahuatl and Spanish names. An example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yucu_Yuxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yucu Yuxin (page does not exist)">Yucu Yuxin</a> (in Puebla), which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Gabino_Barreda" title="Gabino Barreda">Gabino Barreda</a>. </p><p>Spanish words used in Mixtec languages are also those that were brought by the Spanish like some fruits and vegetables. An example is <i>limun</i> (in San Martin Duraznos Oaxaca), which is known as <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> (<i>limón</i> in Spanish), also referred to as <i>tzikua Iya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sour_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour orange">sour orange</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixtec_literature">Mixtec literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mixtec literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish Conquest</a> in the early 16th century, the native peoples of Mesoamerica maintained several literary genres. Their compositions were transmitted orally, through institutions at which members of the elite would acquire knowledge of literature and other areas of intellectual activity. Those institutions were mostly destroyed in the aftermath of the Conquest, as a result of which most of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> was lost forever. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> used to record historical events or mythical understanding of the world were destroyed, and the few that remain were taken away from the peoples that created them. Four <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec codices">Mixtec codices</a> are known to survive, narrating the war exploits of the Lord <a href="/wiki/Eight_Deer_Jaguar_Claw" title="Eight Deer Jaguar Claw">Eight Deer Jaguar Claw</a>. Of these, three are held by European collections, with one still in Mexico. The key to deciphering these codices was rediscovered only in the mid-20th century, largely through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Caso" title="Alfonso Caso">Alfonso Caso</a>, as the Mixtec people had lost the understanding of their ancient rules of reading and writing. </p><p>However, the early Spanish missionaries undertook the task of teaching indigenous peoples (the nobility in particular) to read and write using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. Through the efforts of the missionaries and, perhaps more so, of the Hispanicized natives, certain works of indigenous literature were able to survive to the modern day. Of the half-dozen varieties of Mixtec <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Mixtec_languages#Colonial_divisions" title="Classification of Mixtec languages">recognized in the 16th century</a>, two in particular were preferred for writing, those of <a href="/wiki/Teposcolula_District" title="Teposcolula District">Teposcolula</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nochixtl%C3%A1n_District" title="Nochixtlán District">Tilantongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlaxiaco_District" title="Tlaxiaco District">Achiutla/Tlaxiaco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_Alta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca Alta">Mixteca Alta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the five centuries that followed the Conquest, Mixtec literature was restricted to the popular sphere. Through music or the way in which certain rituals are carried out, popular Mixtec literature has survived as it did for millennia: by means of oral transmission. </p><p>It was not until the 1990s that indigenous literature in Mexico took off again. At the vanguard were the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotecs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>, who had been recording their language in writing since at least the mid-19th century. Imitating the great cultural movement of the indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Juchit%C3%A1n_de_Zaragoza" title="Juchitán de Zaragoza">Juchitán de Zaragoza</a> in the 1980s, many native cultures reclaimed their languages as literary vehicles. In 1993 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Escritores_en_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asociación de Escritores en Lenguas Indígenas (page does not exist)">Asociación de Escritores en Lenguas Indígenas</a> was created and, three years later, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_del_Escritor_en_Lengua_Ind%C3%ADgena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa del Escritor en Lengua Indígena (page does not exist)">Casa del Escritor en Lengua Indígena</a>. At the same time, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nezahualc%C3%B3yotl_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nezahualcóyotl Prize (page does not exist)">Nezahualcóyotl Prize</a> for indigenous language literature was created, in order to promote writing in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a> tongues. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Spanish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="es" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/es:Yunu_Yukuninu" class="extiw" title="s:es:Yunu Yukuninu">Yunu Yukuninu</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <p>In the Mixteca region, the literary renaissance has been led by the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_Alta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca Alta">Mixteca Alta</a>, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxiaco" title="Tlaxiaco">Tlaxiaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juxtlahuaca" title="Juxtlahuaca">Juxtlahuaca</a>. The former has produced such notable writers as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%BAl_Gatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raúl Gatica (page does not exist)">Raúl Gatica</a>, who published works by several Mixtec poets in the book <i>Asalto a la palabra</i>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Dios_Ortiz_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Dios Ortiz Cruz (page does not exist)">Juan de Dios Ortiz Cruz</a>, who in addition to collecting the region's lyrical compositions has also produced notable pieces of his own, such as <i>Yunu Yukuninu</i> ("Tree, Hill of Yucuninu"). That piece was later set to music by <a href="/wiki/Lila_Downs" title="Lila Downs">Lila Downs</a>, one of the leading figures in contemporary Mixtec music; she has recorded several records containing compositions in Mixtec, a language spoken by her mother. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Mixtec_languages" title="Classification of Mixtec languages">Classification of Mixtec languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> (indigenous peoples of Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_the_Mixteca" title="Technological University of the Mixteca">Technological University of the Mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm">Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020</a> INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Mixtec" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Mixtec">"Mixtec"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mixtec&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DMixtec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2000_census-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2000_census_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of the total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660">http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660</a>, accessed 28 July 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/tabulados/interactivos/?pxq=LenguaIndigena_Lengua_05_7abe551f-bae7-4f8f-aa32-d4cf3c903c72">"Tabulados Interactivos-Genéricos"</a>. <i>www.inegi.org.mx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Tabulados+Interactivos-Gen%C3%A9ricos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fapp%2Ftabulados%2Finteractivos%2F%3Fpxq%3DLenguaIndigena_Lengua_05_7abe551f-bae7-4f8f-aa32-d4cf3c903c72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10538">"Western Baja Mixtec"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Baja+Mixtec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F10538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mixt1427">"Glottolog 4.4 – Mixtec"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glottolog+4.4+%E2%80%93+Mixtec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fmixt1427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1997:402)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">INALI, 2008: Segunda sección 84-Tercera sección 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Flores2012" class="citation web cs1">Melissa Flores (2012-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129042131/http://www.healthycal.org/archives/7042">"Salinas hospital to train indigenous-language interpreters"</a>. <i>Healthy Cal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthycal.org/archives/7042">the original</a> on 2012-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Healthy+Cal&rft.atitle=Salinas+hospital+to+train+indigenous-language+interpreters&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.au=Melissa+Flores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthycal.org%2Farchives%2F7042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313170313/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/natividad-medical-foundation-announces-indigenous-interpreting-community-medical-interpreting-1886553.htm">"Natividad Medical Foundation Announces Indigenous Interpreting+ Community and Medical Interpreting Business"</a>. <i>Market Wired</i>. 2014-03-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/natividad-medical-foundation-announces-indigenous-interpreting-community-medical-interpreting-1886553.htm">the original</a> on Mar 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Market+Wired&rft.atitle=Natividad+Medical+Foundation+Announces+Indigenous+Interpreting%2B+Community+and+Medical+Interpreting+Business&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwired.com%2Fpress-release%2Fnatividad-medical-foundation-announces-indigenous-interpreting-community-medical-interpreting-1886553.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmanzan2014" class="citation web cs1">Almanzan, Krista (2014-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kazu.org/post/indigenous-interpreting-program-aims-be-far-reaching">"Indigenous Interpreting Program Aims to be Far Reaching"</a>. <i>90.3 KAZU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=90.3+KAZU&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Interpreting+Program+Aims+to+be+Far+Reaching&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Almanzan&rft.aufirst=Krista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkazu.org%2Fpost%2Findigenous-interpreting-program-aims-be-far-reaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Josserand (1983) for one important attempt. Adaptations of Josserand's dialect maps are published in Macaulay 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language_index.asp?letter=M">"Ethnologue name language index"</a>, <i>Ethnologue</i> web site, accessed 28 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacauley1996" class="citation book cs1">Macauley, Monica (1996). <i>A grammar of Chalcatongo Mixtec</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Chalcatongo+Mixtec&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Macauley&rft.aufirst=Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKendry (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollenbach (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre (1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlett (1992), McKendry (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macaulay and Salmons (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DiCanio, C. T., Zhang, C., Whalen, D. H., & García, R. C. (2019). Phonetic structure in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec consonants. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0025100318000294" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0025100318000294">doi:10.1017/S0025100318000294</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DiCanio, C. T., Amith, J., & García, R. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~cdicanio/pdfs/Talk_SSILA_2012.pdf">Phonetic Alignment in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec Tone</a>. Presented at the <i>Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DiCanio, Christian & Ryan Bennett. (To appear). Prosody in Mesoamerican Languages (pre-publication version). In C. Gussenhoven & A. Chen (Eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Language Prosody</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander (1980:57ff)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley and Hollenbach (1988, 1990, 1991, 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terraciano (2004) <i>The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Ñudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.inali.gob.mx/Micrositios/estadistica_basica/estadisticas2015/V_familia_oto_mangue.html">"Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015"</a>. <i>site.inali.gob.mx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=site.inali.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADstica+b%C3%A1sica+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+hablante+de+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+nacionales+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.inali.gob.mx%2FMicrositios%2Festadistica_basica%2Festadisticas2015%2FV_familia_oto_mangue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixtec+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="display:none;"> <p>CNTF:Counter-factual mood </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradley, C. Henry & Barbara E. Hollenbach, eds. 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992. <i>Studies in the syntax of Mixtecan languages</i>, volumes 1–4. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics; [Arlington, Texas:] University of Texas at Arlington.</li> <li>Campbell, Lyle. 1997. <i>American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (2008). <i>Catálogo de Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales</i>. <i>Diario Oficial de la Nación</i>, January 14.</li> <li>Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto. 1962. <i>Estudios mixtecos</i>. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI); Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). (Reprint of the introduction to the <i>Vocabulario en lengua mixteca</i> by Fray Francisco de Alvarado.)</li> <li>Josserand, Judy Kathryn. 1983. <i>Mixtec Dialect History.</i> Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University.</li> <li>Macaulay, Monica & Joe Salmons. 1995. The phonology of glottalization in Mixtec. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i> 61(1):38–61.</li> <li>Marlett, Stephen A. 1992. Nasalization in Mixtec languages. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i> 58(4):425–435.</li> <li>McKendry, Inga. 2001. <i>Two studies of Mixtec languages.</i> M.A. thesis. University of North Dakota.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixtec_languages&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mxt" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/mxt">Jamiltepec Mixtec test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mixtec languages</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Mixtec_roots" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Mixtec roots">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixtec_languages" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mixtec languages">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910162601/http://virtual.utm.mx/mixteca/">Technological University of the Mixteca</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201201515/http://aulex.ohui.net/es-mix/">Spanish–Mixtec dictionary</a> AULEX (Mexico)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Oto-Manguean_languages">Comparative Mixtec Swadesh vocabulary list</a> (from Wiktionary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505205552/http://cdi.gob.mx/difusion/librostexto/4457_ok.pdf">SEP textbook in Guerrero Mountain Mixtec</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328110117/http://www.sil.org/mexico/mixteca/00e-mixteca.htm">Mixtec family</a> (SIL-Mexico)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521185551/http://es.tradupedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Categor%C3%ADa:Recursos_en_Idiomas_Ind%C3%ADgenas_de_M%C3%A9xico">Resources for certain varieties of Mixtec</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:128810">Digital edition of Josserand (1983)</a> at <a href="/wiki/AILLA" class="mw-redirect" title="AILLA">AILLA</a> (requires creation of free account)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec language">Mixtec language(s)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoltepec_Mixtec" title="Amoltepec Mixtec">Amoltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoala_Mixtec" title="Apoala Mixtec">Apoala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atatl%C3%A1huca%E2%80%93San_Miguel_Mixtec" title="Atatláhuca–San Miguel Mixtec">Atatláhuca–San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutla_Mixtec" title="Ayutla Mixtec">Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacaloxtepec_Mixtec" title="Cacaloxtepec Mixtec">Cacaloxtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayuco-Jamiltepec_Mixtec" title="Chayuco-Jamiltepec Mixtec">Chayuco-Jamiltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazumba_Mixtec" title="Chazumba Mixtec">Chazumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigmecatitl%C3%A1n_Mixtec" title="Chigmecatitlán Mixtec">Chigmecatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzospan_Mixtec" title="Coatzospan Mixtec">Coatzospan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyamecalco_Mixtec" title="Cuyamecalco Mixtec">Cuyamecalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetla_Mixtec" title="Estetla Mixtec">Estetla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtayutla_Mixtec" title="Ixtayutla Mixtec">Ixtayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi_Mixtec" title="Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi Mixtec">Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtepec_Mixtec" title="Mixtepec Mixtec">Mixtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91um%C3%AD_Mixtec" title="Ñumí Mixtec">Ñumí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxa%C3%A1_Mixtec" title="Nuxaá Mixtec">Nuxaá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyoo_Mixtec" title="Nuyoo Mixtec">Nuyoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1asco_Mixtec" title="Peñasco Mixtec">Peñasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinotepa_Mixtec" title="Pinotepa Mixtec">Pinotepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Piedras_Mixtec" title="San Miguel Piedras Mixtec">San Miguel Piedras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silacayoapan_Mixtec" title="Silacayoapan Mixtec">Silacayoapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindihui_Mixtec" title="Sindihui Mixtec">Sindihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Puebla_Mixtec" title="Southern Puebla Mixtec">Southern Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyaltepec_Mixtec" title="Soyaltepec Mixtec">Soyaltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tida%C3%A1_Mixtec" title="Tidaá Mixtec">Tidaá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilantongo_Mixtec" title="Tilantongo Mixtec">Tilantongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tututepec_Mixtec" title="Tututepec Mixtec">Tututepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolox%C3%B3chitl_Mixtec" title="Yoloxóchitl Mixtec">Yoloxóchitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Zacatepec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oto-Manguean languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oto-Manguean_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Otomian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otomian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomian languages">Otomian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Central Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Michoacán Mazahua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Otomi" title="Classical Otomi">Classical Otomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquital Otomi">Mezquital Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapa_Otomi" title="Tilapa Otomi">Tilapa Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acazulco_Otomi" title="Acazulco Otomi">Acazulco Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Otomi">Highland Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenango_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenango Otomi">Tenango Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro Otomi">Querétaro Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México Otomi">Estado de México Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoaya_Otomi" title="Temoaya Otomi">Temoaya Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texcatepec_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcatepec Otomi">Texcatepec Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtenco_Otomi" title="Ixtenco Otomi">Ixtenco Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matlatzincan_languages" title="Matlatzincan languages">Matlatzincan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlahuica_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlahuica language">Tlahuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamean languages">Pamean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Central Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Northern Pame</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Southern Pame</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec">Chinantec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec_Chinantec" title="Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec">Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Chinantec_language" title="Highland Chinantec language">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalana-Tepinapa_Chinantec" title="Lalana-Tepinapa Chinantec">Lalana-Tepinapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lealao_Chinantec" title="Lealao Chinantec">Lealao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_of_Ojitl%C3%A1n" title="Chinantec of Ojitlán">Ojitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_of_Ozumac%C3%ADn" title="Chinantec of Ozumacín">Ozumacín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palantla_Chinantec" title="Palantla Chinantec">Palantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochiapam_Chinantec" title="Sochiapam Chinantec">Sochiapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_of_Tepetotutla" title="Chinantec of Tepetotutla">Tepetotutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usila_Chinantec" title="Usila Chinantec">Usila</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tlapanecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlapanecan languages">Tlapanecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiapanec_language" title="Chiapanec language">Chiapanec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Chorotega/Mangue</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages#Languages" title="Mazatecan languages">varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chatino</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sierra Juárez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ixtl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" title="Ixtlán Zapotec">Ixtlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alo%C3%A1pam_Zapotec" title="Aloápam Zapotec">Aloápam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaves%C3%ADa_Zapotec" title="Yavesía Zapotec">Yavesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abejones_Zapotec" title="Abejones Zapotec">Abejones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rincón</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_Zapotec" title="Rincón Zapotec">Rincón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatee_Zapotec" title="Yatee Zapotec">Yatee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cajonos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajonos_Zapotec" title="Cajonos Zapotec">Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogocho_Zapotec" title="Zoogocho Zapotec">Zoogocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatzachi_Zapotec" title="Yatzachi Zapotec">Yatzachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%A1lag_Zapotec" title="Yalálag Zapotec">Yalálag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba%C3%A1_Zapotec" title="Tabaá Zapotec">Tabaá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cho%C3%A1pam_Zapotec" title="Choápam Zapotec">Choápam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cis-Yautepec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixtepec_Zapotec" title="Mixtepec Zapotec">Mixtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiegolani_Zapotec" title="Quiegolani Zapotec">Quiegolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapagu%C3%ADa_Zapotec" title="Lapaguía Zapotec">Lapaguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanagu%C3%ADa_Zapotec" title="Xanaguía Zapotec">Xanaguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1nica_Zapotec" title="Xánica Zapotec">Xánica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacolulita_Zapotec" title="Tlacolulita Zapotec">Tlacolulita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coatec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coatecas_Altas_Zapotec" title="Coatecas Altas Zapotec">Coatecas Altas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miahuatl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" title="Miahuatlán Zapotec">Miahuatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozolotepec_Zapotec" title="Ozolotepec Zapotec">Ozolotepec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans-Yautepec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevea_Zapotec" title="Guevea Zapotec">Guevea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petapa_Zapotec" title="Petapa Zapotec">Petapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachiguiri_Zapotec" title="Lachiguiri Zapotec">Lachiguiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiavicuzas_Zapotec" title="Quiavicuzas Zapotec">Quiavicuzas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichic%C3%A1pam_Zapotec" title="Chichicápam Zapotec">Chichicápam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCil%C3%A1_Zapotec" title="Güilá Zapotec">Güilá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tlacolula_Valley_Zapotec" title="Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec">Western Tlacolula Valley</a></li> <li>Extended Ocotepec <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Zapotec" title="Isthmus Zapotec">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" title="Ocotlán Zapotec">Ocotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaachila_Zapotec" title="Zaachila Zapotec">Zaachila</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Zapotec" title="Albarradas Zapotec">Albarradas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitla_Zapotec" title="Mitla Zapotec">Mitla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antequera_Zapotec" title="Antequera Zapotec">Antequera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayoquezco_Zapotec" title="Ayoquezco Zapotec">Ayoquezco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiatoni_Zapotec" title="Quiatoni Zapotec">Quiatoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Alto_Zapotec" title="El Alto Zapotec">El Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachix%C3%ADo_Zapotec" title="Lachixío Zapotec">Lachixío</a></li> <li>Papabuco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elotepec_Zapotec" title="Elotepec Zapotec">Elotepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texmelucan_Zapotec" title="Texmelucan Zapotec">Texmelucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaniza_Zapotec" title="Zaniza Zapotec">Zaniza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solteco_Zapotec" title="Solteco Zapotec">Solteco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amuzgoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuzgoan languages">Amuzgoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec language">Mixtec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoltepec_Mixtec" title="Amoltepec Mixtec">Amoltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoala_Mixtec" title="Apoala Mixtec">Apoala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atatl%C3%A1huca%E2%80%93San_Miguel_Mixtec" title="Atatláhuca–San Miguel Mixtec">Atatláhuca–San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutla_Mixtec" title="Ayutla Mixtec">Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacaloxtepec_Mixtec" title="Cacaloxtepec Mixtec">Cacaloxtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayuco-Jamiltepec_Mixtec" title="Chayuco-Jamiltepec Mixtec">Chayuco-Jamiltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazumba_Mixtec" title="Chazumba Mixtec">Chazumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigmecatitl%C3%A1n_Mixtec" title="Chigmecatitlán Mixtec">Chigmecatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzospan_Mixtec" title="Coatzospan Mixtec">Coatzospan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyamecalco_Mixtec" title="Cuyamecalco Mixtec">Cuyamecalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetla_Mixtec" title="Estetla Mixtec">Estetla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtayutla_Mixtec" title="Ixtayutla Mixtec">Ixtayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi_Mixtec" title="Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi Mixtec">Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtepec_Mixtec" title="Mixtepec Mixtec">Mixtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91um%C3%AD_Mixtec" title="Ñumí Mixtec">Ñumí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxa%C3%A1_Mixtec" title="Nuxaá Mixtec">Nuxaá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyoo_Mixtec" title="Nuyoo Mixtec">Nuyoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1asco_Mixtec" title="Peñasco Mixtec">Peñasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinotepa_Mixtec" title="Pinotepa Mixtec">Pinotepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Piedras_Mixtec" title="San Miguel Piedras Mixtec">San Miguel Piedras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silacayoapan_Mixtec" title="Silacayoapan Mixtec">Silacayoapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindihui_Mixtec" title="Sindihui Mixtec">Sindihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Puebla_Mixtec" title="Southern Puebla Mixtec">Southern Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyaltepec_Mixtec" title="Soyaltepec Mixtec">Soyaltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tida%C3%A1_Mixtec" title="Tidaá Mixtec">Tidaá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilantongo_Mixtec" title="Tilantongo Mixtec">Tilantongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tututepec_Mixtec" title="Tututepec Mixtec">Tututepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolox%C3%B3chitl_Mixtec" title="Yoloxóchitl Mixtec">Yoloxóchitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Zacatepec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oto-Manguean_languages" title="List of Oto-Manguean languages">List of Oto-Manguean languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Mixtec_languages" title="Classification of Mixtec languages">Classification of Mixtec languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official/<br />Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000-100,000<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojol-abʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal de Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Popoluca" title="Sierra Popoluca">Sierra Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_language" title="Tepehuán language">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehua_languages" title="Tepehua languages">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under 10,000<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Chontal of Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocholtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texistepec_language" title="Texistepec language">Texistepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Kikapú</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech" title="Kickapoo whistled speech">whistled speech</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Qatoʼk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Pápago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca" title="Oluta Popoluca">Olutec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayapa_Zoque" title="Ayapa Zoque">Ayapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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