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Task management - Wikipedia
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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3_de_tasques" title="Gestió de tasques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestió de tasques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufgabenmanagement" title="Aufgabenmanagement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufgabenmanagement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87" title="مدیریت وظیفه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت وظیفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Task_manager" title="Task manager">Task manager</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg/220px-Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg/330px-Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg/440px-Abstract_Kanban_Board.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Example of a <a href="/wiki/Kanban_board" title="Kanban board">kanban board</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tine_2.0_Calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tine_2.0_Calendar.png/220px-Tine_2.0_Calendar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tine_2.0_Calendar.png/330px-Tine_2.0_Calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tine_2.0_Calendar.png/440px-Tine_2.0_Calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">digital calendar</a> in <a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">week view</a> with <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour time</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Task management</b> is the process of overseeing a <a href="/wiki/Task_(project_management)" title="Task (project management)">task</a> through its lifecycle. It involves planning, testing, tracking, and reporting. Task management can help individuals achieve goals or enable groups of individuals to collaborate and share knowledge for the accomplishment of collective goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_of_UKM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_UKM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tasks are also differentiated by complexity, from low to high.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_of_UKM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_UKM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective task management requires overseeing all aspects of a task, including its status, priority, time, human and financial resource assignments, recurrence, <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(project_management)" title="Dependency (project management)">dependencies</a>, notifications, etc. These can be lumped together broadly as the fundamental activities of task management. </p><p>Managing tasks for multiple individuals or teams can be facilitated by specialized software, such as <a href="/wiki/Workflow_management_system" title="Workflow management system">workflow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Project_management_software" title="Project management software">project-management software</a>. This type of software is sometimes referred to as a <b>productivity system</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Task management may be a component of project management and <a href="/wiki/Process_management_(Project_Management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Process management (Project Management)">process management</a>, serving as the foundation for efficient <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> within an organization. Project managers adhering to task-oriented management have a detailed and up-to-date project schedule and are usually good at directing team members and moving the project forward.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Task_lifecycle">Task lifecycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Task_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Task lifecycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaskLifeCycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TaskLifeCycle.png/220px-TaskLifeCycle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TaskLifeCycle.png/330px-TaskLifeCycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TaskLifeCycle.png/440px-TaskLifeCycle.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Example of a finite-state diagram of a task over its lifecycle published by IBM<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The status of tasks can be described by these states: </p> <ul><li>Ready</li> <li>Assigned</li> <li>Terminated</li> <li>Expired</li> <li>Forwarded</li> <li>Started</li> <li>Finished</li> <li>Verified</li> <li>Paused</li> <li>Failed</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">state machine</a> diagram to the right is referenced from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and describes different states of a task over its lifecycle.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more up-to-date task-state machine diagram, which is applicable to the modern <a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">continuous delivery</a> method, has also been published.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_supported_by_tasks">Activities supported by tasks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Task_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities supported by tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a discipline, task management embraces several key activities. Various conceptual breakdowns exist, at a high level, these always include creative, functional, project, performance, and service activities. </p> <ul><li>Creative activities pertain to task creation. In this context, they should facilitate task planning, brainstorming, creation, elaboration, clarification, organization, reduction, targeting, and preliminary prioritization.</li> <li>Functional activities pertain to personnel, sales, quality, or other management areas, ultimately ensuring the production of final goods and services for delivery to customers. Within this context, these activities should enable planning, reporting, tracking, prioritizing, configuring, delegating, and managing tasks.</li> <li>Project activities pertain to planning and time and cost reporting. While these activities may involve multiple functional aspects, they are always more significant and purposeful than the sum of their parts. In context, project activities should support project task breakdown (also known as <a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">work breakdown structure</a>), task allocation, inventory across projects, and concurrent access to task databases.</li> <li>Service activities pertain to client and internal company-services provision, including <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a>. In context, they should support file attachments and links to tasks, <a href="/wiki/Document_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Document management">document management</a>, access rights management, inventory of client and employee records, orders and calls management, and annotating tasks.</li> <li>Performance activities pertain to tracking performance and fulfillment of assigned tasks. In context, these should allow for tracking by time, cost control, stakeholders, priority, charts, exportable reports, status updates, deadline adjustments, and activity logging.</li> <li>Report activities involve presenting information regarding the other five activities listed, including graphical displays.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Task_management_software">Task management software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Task_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Task management software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Task_management_software" title="Category:Task management software">Task management software</a></div> <p>Task management software tools abound in the marketplace. Some are free, while others are intended for enterprise-wide deployment purposes. Some are simple to-do lists, while others boast enterprise-wide task creation, visualization, and notification capabilities, among other features. Task management is used by small to <i>Fortune</i> 100-sized companies. It does support simple individual projects to corporate task management activities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Project_management_software" title="Project management software">Project management software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">calendaring software</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workflow_management_system" title="Workflow management system">workflow software</a> often include advanced task management features, supporting a variety of task-related activities within a comprehensive software environment. These functionalities complement the numerous project and performance tasks integrated into high-quality enterprise-level task management software products. </p><p>Key software dimensions that intersect across various lines of task management products include task creation, task visualization, notifications, resource assignment, compatibility, <a href="/wiki/Configurability" class="mw-redirect" title="Configurability">configurability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Report" title="Report">reporting</a>. </p> <ul><li>Task creation encompasses collaborative capabilities for turning ideas into actions (tasks). This includes activities involved in defining the task and encompasses the collaboration needed in the planning process.</li> <li>Task visualization involves presenting tasks, most often in time and list forms. Priority visualization encompasses classification (e.g., budget, time, stakeholder) and mechanism (e.g., color code or text). Calendaring covers scheduling (e.g., availability, meetings, appointments, and other potential conflicts) and notifications.</li> <li>Notifications encompass configurable settings for informing past, present, and pending deadlines.</li> <li>Assigning resources encompasses the ability to delegate tasks and tools to single or multiple people.</li> <li>Compatibility encompasses the ability of a task management environment to connect to other systems, software, and environments. It includes setting a structure and restrictions on communication going from the task management environment to other software, systems, and environments.</li> <li>Configurability encompasses the ability to add, remove, and manage functionality and usability in task management environments.</li> <li>Scalability encompasses the ability to perform a task properly when there is a change in the quantity of users to meet the specific task requirements.</li> <li>Reporting encompasses presenting information by displaying it either in a tabular or graphical display.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Task_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">Digital calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeblocking" title="Timeblocking">Time blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_tracking_system" title="Issue tracking system">Issue tracking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_(project_management)" title="Milestone (project management)">Milestone (project management)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-tracking_software" title="Time-tracking software">Time-tracking software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Task_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Journal_of_UKM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Journal_of_UKM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journal_of_UKM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maus, Heiko, M.P. van der Aalst, Wil, Rickayzen, Alan, Riss, Uwe. V. “Challenges for Business Processes and Task Management,” Journal of Universal Knowledge Management. Volume 0, Issue 2, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Cutting "Relationship vs. Task Oriented Management". 3 March 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pmhut.com/relationship-vs-task-oriented-management">http://www.pmhut.com/relationship-vs-task-oriented-management</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBM_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/baw/23.x?topic=instances-lifecycle-human-tasks">"Life Cycle of Human Tasks"</a>. <i>IBM WebSphere Process Server documentation</i>. IBM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Mar</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+WebSphere+Process+Server+documentation&rft.atitle=Life+Cycle+of+Human+Tasks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdocs%2Fen%2Fbaw%2F23.x%3Ftopic%3Dinstances-lifecycle-human-tasks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATask+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000230/https://www.binfire.com/blog/2018/02/anatomy-of-a-task/">"Anatomy of a task"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.binfire.com/blog/2018/02/anatomy-of-a-task/">the original</a> on 2018-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+task&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.binfire.com%2Fblog%2F2018%2F02%2Fanatomy-of-a-task%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATask+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniFocus" title="OmniFocus">OmniFocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_Matrix" title="Priority Matrix">Priority Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Milk" title="Remember the Milk">Remember the Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rework.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rework.com (page does not exist)">Rework.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShotGrid" title="ShotGrid">ShotGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TaskCracker_for_Outlook" title="TaskCracker for Outlook">TaskCracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TaskJuggler" title="TaskJuggler">TaskJuggler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskwarrior" title="Taskwarrior">Taskwarrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskworld" title="Taskworld">Taskworld</a></li> <li><a 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