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class="sr-only">Home</span></a></li><li><a href="/research">Research</a></li><li><a href="/archives">Archives & Collections</a></li></ul> <a id="main-content"></a> <h1 id="page-title" class="title">John Blacking: Venda Music</h1> <article id="node-1604" class="node node-facility view-mode-full"> <div class="view view-media-fields view-id-media_fields view-display-id-entity_view_5 media-view-gallery clearfix view-dom-id-f761da6475599e840d7d334dab979e12"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-main-image"> <div class="field-content"><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/blacking.jpg?itok=rT__O0UI" title="Performing group Thikundwi kha Sialala, Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2006" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Performing group Thikundwi kha Sialala, Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2006", "alt": "Performing group Thikundwi kha Sialala"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/blacking.jpg?itok=WUSjWInA" alt="Performing group Thikundwi kha Sialala" title="Performing group Thikundwi kha Sialala, Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2006" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/mdavhula.jpg?itok=d2xpv4UW" title="Mudzunga Davhula, University of Washington, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Mudzunga Davhula, University of Washington, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009", "alt": "Mudzunga Davhula"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/mdavhula.jpg?itok=OfbhBems" alt="Mudzunga Davhula" title="Mudzunga Davhula, University of Washington, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/kidsdancing.jpg?itok=g7I83jZ9" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007", "alt": "Kids dancing"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/kidsdancing.jpg?itok=nnMHkz07" alt="Kids dancing" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/girldancing.jpg?itok=ZHxDLKfd" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007", "alt": "Girl dancing"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/girldancing.jpg?itok=o0sHY4iz" alt="Girl dancing" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/davhulaandjulie.jpg?itok=brKLB880" title="Mudzunga Davhula with Julie Bannerman and Khadyja Reinhardt, University of Washington, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Mudzunga Davhula with Julie Bannerman and Khadyja Reinhardt, University of Washington, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009", "alt": "Mudzunga Davhula, Julie Bannerman, Khadyja Reinhardt"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/davhulaandjulie.jpg?itok=3xCTjUy9" alt="Mudzunga Davhula, Julie Bannerman, Khadyja Reinhardt" title="Mudzunga Davhula with Julie Bannerman and Khadyja Reinhardt, University of Washington, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/kidswithdrums.jpg?itok=rmQ75IRb" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007", "alt": "Children with drums"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/kidswithdrums.jpg?itok=7vD_MY3U" alt="Children with drums" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/auntie.jpg?itok=F115Bo3l" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007", "alt": "Woman waving"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/auntie.jpg?itok=Qmcv0_Hd" alt="Woman waving" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/teachingdrums.jpg?itok=MZ3Vdgrg" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007", "alt": "Teaching drums"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/teachingdrums.jpg?itok=O3SOVOQO" alt="Teaching drums" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/pounding.jpg?itok=zRNBN_jd" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007", "alt": "Man pounding"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/pounding.jpg?itok=QRVmVV1f" alt="Man pounding" title="Photo from Tshakhuma, Limpopo, South Africa, courtesy of Andrea Emberly, 2005-2007" /></a><a href="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/large/public/images/classreeds.jpg?itok=6nj3KoO6" title="Mudzunga Davhula with University of Washington students, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node-1604-3eNAJqkcXog" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Mudzunga Davhula with University of Washington students, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009", "alt": "Class learning reeds"}"><img src="https://music.washington.edu/sites/music/files/styles/medium-square/public/images/classreeds.jpg?itok=ZszSTYiq" alt="Class learning reeds" title="Mudzunga Davhula with University of Washington students, courtesy of Rob Watters, 2009" /></a></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-main-image-1"> <div class="field-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <div class="open-gallery button tiny secondary"><a href="#" id="open-colorbox-link">View gallery</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="body field"><div class="field-items" class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" class="field-item even"><p style="text-align: left;">In 1973 John Blacking’s <em>How Musical Is Man? </em>was published by University of Washington Press. Blacking, an English anthropologist and ethnomusicologist, had been invited to the University of Washington as a Jessie and John Danz Lecturer in 1971, and his series of talks became the basis for this published work. <em>How Musical Is Man? </em>explores the role of music in society and culture and, conversely, the role of culture and society in music. Blacking draws on his field research with the Venda people of the Northern Transvaal, South Africa as well as his own musical background to demonstrate the relationships between patterns of sound and patterns of human organization inherent to all societies.</p> <p style="text-align: left;">In response to requests for recordings of the musical examples in <em>How Musical Is Man?</em>, Blacking provided the University of Washington Ethnomusicology Archives with an audio tape of samples of his own recordings of Venda music to make available for distribution. This music, along with Blacking's accompanying notes, is now available here as streamed audio.</p> <p>Blacking's notes include the following explanation:</p> <p>"The items on this tape, mostly excerpts from longer recordings, have been selected to complement, not necessarily to duplicate, the musical examples in <em> How Musical Is Man?</em>....Thus alternative or "deviant" versions of songs that are in the book have been included, as well as music that is not in the book. In the following notes, the abbreviation HM stands for <em>How Musical Is Man? </em>; VC stands for <em> Venda Children's Songs </em> by John Blacking (Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967)."</p> <hr /> <p> </p> <h2>Track 1</h2> <p><em>Tshikona tsha Shakadza</em>, 1956. The Venda national drama for reed pipes, played by men, and drums, played by woman; performed at Thengwe by the people of Shakadza, who were called to the chief’s capital. (1:30)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/62847836&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 2</h2> <p><em>Nyimbo dza vhana</em> (children’s songs). See <em>VC</em>; also <em>HM</em>, pp. 90-97.</p> <p>a) <em>Ndo bva na tshidongo</em> (“I walked out with a small dish”), <em>VC</em>, No. 50, an unusually long and original version sung by Tshinakaho Phafula of Luvhimbi in 1957. (1:00)</p> <p>b) Two different versions of <em>Funguvhu, tanzwa mulomo!</em> (“Crow, wash your mouth!”), <em>VC</em>, No. 41, followed by <em>Kula kwe’ Ndi vho-nnyi vhala?</em> (“That little one said, ‘Who is that?’”), <em>VC</em>, No. 45, sung respectively by Johannes Tshikudo and Takalani Temudzani of Thengwe in 1957. See <em>HM</em>, p. 24. (1:20)</p> <p>c) <em>Maelele! Mapengo thi mu funi zwone (</em>“I love Mapengo very dearly”), <em>VC,</em> No. 38, sung by Matodzi Ne-Thengwe and Masindi Tshikudo of Thengwe in 1958. See <em>HM,</em> p. 70. (0:30)</p> <p>d) <em>Thoho yanga i a rema (</em>“My head aches”), <em>VC</em>, No. 36, sung by Miriam Netshilema of Duthuni in 1960. (0:41)</p> <p>e) <em>Thathatha!Tsindi i na nnda</em> (“Thathatha! The loincloth is full of lice”), <em>VC,</em> No. 56, a song without a melody sung by Zwodangani Ne-Thengwe of Thengwe in 1956. See <em>HM,</em> p. 28, for another song of the same type. (0:35)</p> <p>f) Two versions of <em>Inwi haee Nyamudzunga!</em> (“Hullo there, Nyamudzunga!”), <em>VC,</em> No. 34, sung by Zwodangani and Selina Ne-Thengwe of Thengwe and Gilbert Ligege of Duthuni in 1956. See <em>HM,</em> p. 70. (0:25)</p> <p>g) <em>Nde’ ndi ngei thavhani</em> (“When I was there on the mountainside”), <em>VC,</em> No. 47, sung by Nkhumeleni Ralushai of Ha Ralushai, near Mbilwi, in 1956. (0:30)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63541210&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 3</h2> <p><em>Mutshaini,</em> a melody for pentatonic reed pipes and drums, played in Meadowlands, Soweto, Johannesburg, by a team led by Petrus Liuvha and Johannes Doboro. Note the introductory call on the <em>phalaphala</em> (see <em>HM,</em> illus. following p. 50), a side-blown horn made from the horn of a sable antelope or kudu. See also <em>HM,</em> Fig. 12, p.97. (3:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63543067&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 4</h2> <p><em>Vho-mme vho ya ngafhi?</em> (“Where has your mother gone?”), a song for girls, <em>VC</em>, No. 33, sung by Tshenwane and Selina Ne-Thengwe of Thengwe in 1957. Cf. the melody of No. 5, following, <em>Mangovho</em>, and see <em>HM,</em> p. 97. (0:15)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63544192&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 5</h2> <p><em>Mangovho</em>, a melody for pentatonic reed pipes and drums, performed by the same group as No. 3. (1:30)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63544956&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 6</h2> <p><em>Ndo todou fa</em> (“I nearly died”), song for <em>tshipai</em> dancing, normally played on pentatonic reed pipes and drums and similar to <em>Mutshaini</em> and <em>Mangovho</em>, here played on a 13-note <em>mbira</em> (<em>mbila tshipai</em>, see <em>HM</em>, illus. facing p. 50), by Wilson Maduna of Ramadi, Tshakhuma, in 1956. (0:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63545197&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 7</h2> <p>Transformations of <em>tshikona</em> (Ex. 1), the Venda national dance.</p> <p>a) On <em>mbila tshipai,</em> played by Petrus Nengwani in 1956 at Tshakhuma. The <em>mbira</em> had 15 keys. (0:16)</p> <p>b) <em>Tshikona,</em> as played on reed pipes. (0:20)</p> <p>c) On <em>mbila dza madeza,</em> played by Mattheus Mutswaletswane of Vondo in Meadowlands, Soweto, in 1963. (0:15)</p> <p>d) Two versions on <em>tshihwana</em> musical bow (see <em>HM,</em> illus. following p. 50), played by Tshidavhula Madiya and Tshinanne Mashau of Tshakhuma, respectively, in 1956. (0:20)</p> <p>e) On <em>tshizambi</em> friction bow, played by Samson Redi of Lufule in 1957. (0:20)</p> <p>f) On <em>tshizambi</em> friction bow, played by Samson Redi of Lufule in 1957. (0:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63546015&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 8</h2> <p>Instrumental music: wind instruments.</p> <p>a) Solo for <em>dilitili</em> flute (see <em>HM,</em> illus. following p. 50), played by Ratshilumela Mufanadzo of Magidi in 1958; followed by “words” by which the melody is remembered, and then a second tune called <em>Tshitereke,</em> whose words are sung by Mboneni Ramaposwo. (2:15)</p> <p>b) Three tunes for ocarina (<em>tshipotoliyo)</em> duet played by Alfred Tshibalanganda and Flaubert Netshikwati of Gaba in 1957. See tunes A, C, and B in <em>HM</em>, Fig. 3, p. 20. (1:20)</p> <p>c) Tune for <em>tshitiringo</em> three-holed transverse flute played by Alfred Mukwevho of Ngwenani in 1956. (0:25)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63546360&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 9</h2> <p>Instrumental music: stringed instruments.</p> <p>a) Song with <em>galinga</em> earth bow, played by Tshitereke Mbengeni of Magidi in 1958. (0:45)</p> <p>b) A rare performance by a man on <em>lugube</em> musical bow, by Aaron Mulaudzi of Tshakhuma in 1956; followed by a version of the public song of the boys’ circumcision school (<em>murundu)</em> performed by a group of girls at Tshivhambe in 1956, accompanied on <em>lugube</em> by Nyamukamadi. (0:55)</p> <p>c) A well-known song for <em>tshihwana</em> musical bow played by Thivhiliheni Ne-Thengwe in 1958. The string broke and could not be satisfactorily repaired. The song is <em>Tshidudu tsha makhulu Matodzi</em> (“The small clay pot for my grandmother Matodzi”). (0:25)</p> <p>d) A song with <em>tshidzholo</em> one-stringed fiddle by Gena Mohali, a Pedi who lived in Tshakhuma in 1956. (0:30)</p> <p>e) A song with <em>dende</em> musical bow (see <em>HM,</em> illus. following p. 50), by Ramudzuli Magadagela in 1956 at Phiphidi. (1:00)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63550395&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 10</h2> <p>Instrumental music: <em>mbira</em> and xylophone.</p> <p>a) For <em>mbila tshipai:</em> (i) A walking tune for going to <em>amalaita</em> boxing at the cattle dip (see Pl. 5 in <em>VC)</em>, played in 1956 by Samuel Shipango of Lambani. (ii) and (iii) two <em>Amalaita</em> duets played in 1956 by Johannes Hanyani (Shangana-Tsonga) of Tshivhambe, assisted by Joseph Makungo (Venda). (2:00)</p> <p>b) For <em>mbila dza madeza</em>: (i) <em>Vho-Muzila</em> and (ii) <em>Tsha Madekwe,</em> played by Mattheus Mutswaletswane of Vondo in Meadowlands, Soweto, in 1963, accompanied by friends who sing the chorus. (2:25)</p> <p>c) For <em>mbila mtondo</em> xylophone: <em>Hu na Nya-mu-takala-nga-u-la</em> (“It is Madam Happy-whenever-she-is eating.”) This is an old song, said to be the original of <em>Vho-Muzila</em> (see <em>b</em>i, above), which was the name given to it in honor of Ramaremisa, Chief Tshivhase in the 1930s. Played by William Marubini Madobi and George Lugiseni Madobi of Mbaleni, in 1957. See photo taken during performance, <em>HM,</em> following p. 50. (2:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63550668&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 11</h2> <p>Story-songs for children (<em>ngano).</em></p> <p><em>a)</em> The story of a man and his wife and the fruit tree, told by Munzhedzi Mmbi of Gaba in 1958, accompanied by children and friends. (2:10)</p> <p>b) <em>Tshinoni tsha Musenzhe</em> (“The bird of Musenzhe”), a song from a story, sung by Munzhedzi Mmbi of Gaba and companions in 1958. (0:40)</p> <p>c) The song from a story about a girl who changed into a bird and warned a man not to eat, sung by Tshikale Munaka with girls from Thengwe in 1958. (0:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63648114&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 12</h2> <p>Children’s play-songs (<em>dzhombo)</em>.</p> <p>a) <em>Tshikhakhiso Romane,</em> sung by girls at Thengwe, led by Tshikale Munaka, in 1958. (1:15)</p> <p>b) <em>Phetha-tshigele,</em> sung by the same group as <em>a.</em> A version of this is sung at the <em>vhusha</em> initiation school. See <em>HM,</em> Ex. 8, p. 40. (0:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63650119&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 13</h2> <p>The girls’ play-dance, <em>tshigombela. </em> Three excerpts from a 20-minute performance by girls from Magidi, led by Tshidavhula Vhuromu at Tshivhambe, while on <em>bepha</em> musical expedition in 1958: (a) shortly after the beginning of the song <em>Nne ro betsha,</em> leg rattles are audible as the girls dance round in a circle; (b) the pitch has risen, and the chorus sounds different after about 10 minutes; (c) the whistles are blown energetically by girls who come out to dance in pairs and threes, and the end of the dance is signaled by an iambic beat on the drum. See <em>HM,</em> illus. following p. 18. (3:10)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63657821&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 14</h2> <p>Music of the girls’ initiation school, <em>sungwi</em> or <em>musevhetho. </em> See <em>HM,</em> pp. 40-41.</p> <p>a) <em>Luimbo lwa u sevhetha (</em>song for dancing round): <em>Ha Maguvhulele,</em> sung by Nyamulatshawe Rananga and novices and graduates of Lurale’s school, Mbaleni, in 1957. (2:05)</p> <p>b) <em>Luimbo lwa vhahwira</em> (song of the masked dancers): <em>Maovhelwana,</em> sung by Tshavhungwe Makuya and members of Lurale’s school in 1958. See <em>HM</em>, illus. following p. 18. (0:45)</p> <p>c) <em>Luimbo lwa dzingoma (</em>song for a special rite): <em>Phephenyane i a nnduma tswaroni</em> (“Phephenyane is biting me in the thighs”), sung by the same group as in <em>b. </em> While singing this, novices must walk along holding sharpened sticks between their thighs. (0:45)</p> <p>d) <em>Luimbo lwa milayo</em> (song of the laws of the school): <em>Sankwanye marunda</em> (“It presses down on my shoulders”), led by the spirit of the school (with kazoo-like instrument called <em>mufuni</em> or <em>sitlanjani),</em> who is called Nonyana, and sung by the same group as in <em>a</em> in 1957. (0:50)</p> <p>e) <em>Mutsha,</em> one of the masked dancers, speaks to the novices in whistle language. (0:35)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63660435&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 15</h2> <p>A modern school song, exhorting the Venda people to study hard and diligently, sung by pupils at the primary school at Thengwe in 1958, led by their teacher, Martin Simeli. (1:00)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63660918&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 16</h2> <p>A hymn of the Zionist Separatist Churches, sung early in the morning toward the end of an all–night service preceding the opening of a new shop in Sambandou on 29 November 1958. (1:00)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63680255&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 17</h2> <p>Music of the possession cult, Gaba, 1958.</p> <p>a) <em>Tshele,</em> sung by women accompanied with hand rattles, indoors, prior to the public dance of possession. (0:45)</p> <p>b) <em>Ngoma dza midzimu,</em> sung by members of the cult and others, accompanied by drums. See <em>HM</em>, illus. following p. 18. (1:45)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63680564&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 18</h2> <p>Songs of the <em>vhusha</em> and <em>tshikanda</em> initiation schools for girls.</p> <p>a) <em>Muulu,</em> sung with lower lips flapped with the forefinger to warn people that the school is in progress, at Lukau in 1958. See <em>HM</em>, p. 38, Ex. 6. (0:30)</p> <p>b) <em>Xaxaee! Ri toda mutei</em> (“Haha! We are looking for a novice”), the song by which girls are summoned and taken from their homes to the council hut for instruction, sung at Thengwe in 1958. (0:40)</p> <p>c) <em>Vhusha,</em> the ritual song of the school, sung at Thengwe in 1958. Note the characteristic rhythm and the <em>khulo</em> style of singing. (2:05)</p> <p>d) <em>Phetha-tshigele,</em> a song to accompany <em>ndayo</em> dancing, sung at Thengwe in 1958. See <em>HM,</em> p. 40 and illus. following p. 18. See also <em>dzhombo</em> song (12/<em>b</em>). (0:35)</p> <p>e) Rejoicing on the last night of <em>tshikanda</em> at Lukau in 1957. Sounds of <em>phalaphala</em> horn being blown by women, and also the <em>pembela</em> rhythm on the bass drum. (0:20)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63681148&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 19</h2> <p>The great song of the <em>domba</em> premarital initiation, performed by Jack Makumbila Nemukula and novices and graduates of <em>domba</em> at Thengwe, 1958. (4:10)</p> <p>a) Heard from a distance, with sounds of night insects. (0:30)</p> <p>b) The beginning of the song, leading to <em>khulo. </em> See <em>HM,</em> pp. 81-84 ff. (2:00)</p> <p>c) Close-up of <em>khulo.</em> (1:00)</p> <p>d) Last section of the song. (0:40)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63691955&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 20</h2> <p>Learning how to sing pounding songs (<em>mafhuwe)</em> at <em>domba</em>, instructed by Jack Makumbila at Thengwe in 1958. (0:35)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63692176&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 21</h2> <p>Two beer songs (<em>malende),</em> sung at Gaba in 1958.</p> <p>a) <em>Ri a shalela,</em> led by Piet Tshibalanganda. (1:10)</p> <p>b) <em>Vivho vha nalo</em> (“They are jealous”), led by Munzhedzi Mutshinyalo. (0:55)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63692409&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Track 22</h2> <p><em>Tshikona tsha Shakadza</em> in 1958. Some close-ups of the different players interacting to produce the whole pattern from combinations of single tones, each played on a separate pipe; performed at Shakadza, near the headman's home. (1:15)</p> <p><iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/63692649&color=39275b" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe></p> <hr /> <p> </p> <p><strong>The University of Washington Ethnomusicology Archives dedicates this page to the memory of John Blacking. It was made possible through the efforts of Cecilia Jezek, John Vallier, Andrea Emberly, and Mudzunga Junniah Davhula.</strong></p> </div></div></div> </article> <section class="block block-addtoany block-addtoany-addtoany-button"> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1"> <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.washington.edu%2Fcalendar%2Fday%2F2021-06-20&title=Events%20Calendar"> Share</a> </span> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </section> </div>  <aside role="complementary" aria-label="Sidebar 1" class="medium-3 medium-pull-9 sidebar-first columns sidebar"> <section class="block block-menu-block block-menu-block-3 clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="/research" class="active-trail">Research</a></h2> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1153"><a 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