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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Market_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Market history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_cassette_and_CDs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_cassette_and_CDs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Differences from cassette and CDs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_cassette_and_CDs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_data_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_data_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Audio data compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_data_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-skip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-skip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anti-skip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-skip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copy_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copy_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Copy protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copy_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Format extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Format_extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Format extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Format_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MD_Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MD_Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>MD Data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MD_Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MD_Data2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MD_Data2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>MD Data2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MD_Data2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MDLP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MDLP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>MDLP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MDLP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NetMD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NetMD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>NetMD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NetMD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hi-MD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hi-MD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hi-MD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hi-MD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_and_transfer_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_and_transfer_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recording and transfer modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_and_transfer_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MiniDisc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD-skyf" title="MD-skyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MD-skyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisko" title="Minidisko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minidisko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مینی‌دیسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینی‌دیسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miondiosca" title="Miondiosca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miondiosca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="미니디스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미니디스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="מינידיסק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינידיסק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="ミニディスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミニディスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidisc" title="Minidisc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minidisc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நுண்வட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுண்வட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Міні-диск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міні-диск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MiniDisc" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q275079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Sony storage format. For other similarly-named formats and other uses of the term, see <a href="/wiki/Minidisc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minidisc (disambiguation)">Minidisc (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">MiniDisc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MiniDiscLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MiniDiscLogo.svg/220px-MiniDiscLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MiniDiscLogo.svg/330px-MiniDiscLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MiniDiscLogo.svg/440px-MiniDiscLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="153" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg/220px-TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg/330px-TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg/440px-TDK_MiniDisc_and_Duracell_Ultra_M3_20070320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">MiniDisc by TDK, with <a href="/wiki/AA_battery" title="AA battery">AA battery</a> for scale</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto-optical">Magneto-optical</a> disc</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">60, 74, and 80 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">780 nm semiconductor laser diode</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">Magnetic field modulation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed<span class="nowrap"> </span>by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Audio storage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1992<span class="noprint">; 32 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1992-11</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-wb-minidisc-sony-mz-1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-minidisc-sony-mz-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">March 2013<span class="noprint">; 11 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2013-03</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Compact disc (<a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><b>Blu-ray Disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></b></li> <li><b>MiniDisc (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">MD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></b></li> <li><b>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg/220px-Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg/330px-Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg/440px-Sony_MZ-1_and_a_disc_20040221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>The Sony MZ1, the first MiniDisc player, released in 1992.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>MiniDisc</b> (<b>MD</b>) is an erasable <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto-optical">magneto-optical</a> disc-based <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">data storage</a> format offering a capacity of 60, 74, and later, 80 minutes of digitized <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> announced the MiniDisc in September 1992 and released it in November<sup id="cite_ref-sony-end_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sony-end-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of that year for sale in Japan and in December in Europe, North America, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music format was based on <a href="/wiki/ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">audio data compression</a>, Sony's own proprietary compression code. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a>, would later introduce the option of <a href="/wiki/Linear_PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear PCM">linear PCM</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> to meet audio quality comparable to that of a <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>. MiniDiscs were very popular in Japan and found moderate success in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was designed to succeed the <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a>, it did not manage to supplant it globally.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 2011 Sony had sold 22 million MD players, but halted further development.<sup id="cite_ref-Nni20110707D07JFN01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nni20110707D07JFN01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony ceased manufacturing and sold the last of the players by March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_history">Market history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Market history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, just a year after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Braat" title="Joseph Braat">Joseph Braat</a> presented the first experiments with erasable <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto-optical">magneto-optical</a> compact discs during the 73rd <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">AES</a> Convention in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took almost 10 years, however, before their idea was commercialized. </p><p>Sony's MiniDisc was one of two rival digital systems introduced in 1992 that were intended to replace the <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a> analog audio tape system: the other was the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (DCC), created by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Panasonic Corporation">Matsushita</a> (now Panasonic). Sony had originally intended the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (DAT) to be the dominant home digital audio recording format, replacing the analog cassette. Because of technical delays, the DAT was not launched until 1989, and by then the <a href="/wiki/U.S._dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. dollar">U.S. dollar</a> had fallen so far against the <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a> that the introductory DAT machine Sony had intended to market for about $400 in the late 1980s then had to retail for $800 or even $1,000 to break even, putting it out of reach of most users. </p><p>Relegating DAT to professional use, Sony set to work to come up with a simpler, more economical digital home format. By the time Sony came up with the MiniDisc in late 1992, Philips had introduced a competing system, DCC, on a magnetic tape cassette. This created marketing confusion very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Videotape_format_war" title="Videotape format war">videocassette format war</a> of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Sony licensed MD technology to other manufacturers, with <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> and others producing their own MD products. However, non-Sony machines were not widely available in North America, and companies such as <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Shack" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Shack">Radio Shack</a> tended to promote DCC instead. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG/220px-Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG/330px-Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG/440px-Pioneer_MiniDisc_car_receiver_MEM-P5500_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer MiniDisc <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">car receiver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite having a loyal customer base largely of musicians and audio enthusiasts,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the MiniDisc met with only limited success in the United States. It was very popular in Japan and parts of Asia, and relatively so in Europe during the 1990s and into the 2000s, but did not enjoy comparable sales success in other markets. Since then, recordable CDs, <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> and HDD and solid-state-based <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio players</a> such as <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPods</a> have become increasingly popular as playback devices. </p><p>The slow uptake of MiniDisc was attributed to the small number of pre-recorded albums available on MD, because relatively few record labels embraced the format. The initial high cost of equipment and blank media was also a factor. Additionally, home MiniDisc decks were less widely available, with most consumers instead connecting a portable MD device to their hi-fi system in order to record. </p><p>MiniDisc technology was faced with new competition from the recordable compact disc (<a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>) when it became more affordable to consumers beginning around 1996. Initially, Sony believed that it would take around a decade for CD-R prices to become affordable – the cost of a typical blank CD-R disc was around $12 in 1994 – but CD-R prices fell much more rapidly than envisioned, to the point where CD-R blanks sank below $1 per disc by the late 1990s, compared to at least $2 for the cheapest 80-minute MiniDisc blanks. </p><p>The biggest competition for MiniDisc came with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/MP3_players" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 players">MP3 players</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Rio_PMP300" title="Rio PMP300">Diamond Rio player</a> in 1998 and the <a href="/wiki/Apple_iPod" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple iPod">Apple iPod</a> in 2001, the mass market began to eschew physical media in favor of more convenient file-based systems. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_mz_rh1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sony_mz_rh1.jpg/220px-Sony_mz_rh1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sony_mz_rh1.jpg/330px-Sony_mz_rh1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sony_mz_rh1.jpg/440px-Sony_mz_rh1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Sony Hi-MD Recorder MZ-RH1, released 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2007, because of the waning popularity of the format and the increasing popularity of solid-state MP3 players, Sony was producing only one model, the <a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> MZ-RH1, available as the MZ-M200 in North America packaged with a Sony microphone and limited <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> software support.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MZ-RH1 allowed users to freely move uncompressed digital recordings back and forth from the MiniDisc to a computer without the copyright protection limitations previously imposed upon the NetMD series. This allowed the MiniDisc to better compete with HD recorders and MP3 players. However, most pro users like broadcasters and news reporters had already abandoned MiniDisc in favor of solid-state recorders, because of their extended recording time, open digital content sharing, high-quality digital recording capabilities and reliable, lightweight design. </p><p>On 7 July 2011, Sony announced that it would no longer ship MiniDisc Walkman products as of September 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Nni20110707D07JFN01_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nni20110707D07JFN01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively killing the format.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 February 2013, Sony issued a press release on the Nikkei stock exchange that it would cease shipment of all MD devices, with last of the players to be sold in March 2013. However, it would continue to sell blank discs and offer repair services.<sup id="cite_ref-sony-end_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sony-end-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other manufacturers continued to release MiniDisc players long after Sony stopped, with <a href="/wiki/TEAC_Corporation" title="TEAC Corporation">TEAC</a> & <a href="/wiki/TASCAM" title="TASCAM">TASCAM</a> producing new decks up until 2020 when both its consumer and professional products, TEAC MD-70CD and TASCAM MD-CD1MKIII, were discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorex-minidisc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Memorex-minidisc.jpg/220px-Memorex-minidisc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Memorex-minidisc.jpg/330px-Memorex-minidisc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Memorex-minidisc.jpg/440px-Memorex-minidisc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a> Mini-Disc</figcaption></figure> <p>The disc is fixed in a cartridge (68×72×5 mm) with a sliding door, similar to the casing of a 3.5" <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>. This shutter is opened automatically when inserted into a drive. MiniDiscs can either be blank or prerecorded. Recordable MiniDiscs use a magneto-optical system to write data: a laser below the disc heats a spot to its <a href="/wiki/Curie_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie point">Curie point</a>, making the material in the disc susceptible to a magnetic field. A magnetic head above the disc then alters the polarity of the heated area, recording the digital data onto the disk. Playback is accomplished with the laser alone: taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect" title="Magneto-optic Kerr effect">magneto-optic Kerr effect</a>, the player senses the polarization of the reflected light as a 1 or a 0. Recordable MDs can be rerecorded repeatedly, with Sony claiming up to one million times. By May 2005, there were 60-minute, 74-minute and 80-minute discs available. 60-minute blanks, which were widely available in the early years of the format's introduction, were phased out. </p><p>MiniDiscs use a mastering process and optical playback system that is very similar to CDs. The recorded signal of the premastered pits and of the recordable MD are also very similar. <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-Fourteen_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation">Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation</a> (EFM) and a modification of CD's <a href="/wiki/Cross-Interleaved_Reed-Solomon_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding">CIRC</a> code, called Advanced Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (ACIRC) are employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_cassette_and_CDs">Differences from cassette and CDs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Differences from cassette and CDs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/220px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/330px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/440px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks; green denotes start and red denotes end. Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.</figcaption></figure> <p>MiniDiscs use rewritable magneto-optical storage to store data. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">DCC</a> or the analog <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>, MiniDisc is a random-access medium, making seek time very fast. MiniDiscs can be edited very quickly even on portable machines. Tracks can be split, combined, moved or deleted with ease either on the player or uploaded to a PC with Sony's <a href="/wiki/SonicStage" title="SonicStage">SonicStage</a> V4.3 software and edited there. Transferring data from an MD unit to a non-Windows PC can only be done in real time, preferably via optical I/O, by connecting the audio out port of the MD to an available audio in port of the computer. With the release of the Hi-MD format, Sony began to use <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>-compatible software. However, the Mac OS X-compatible software was still not compatible with legacy MD formats (SP, LP2, LP4). This means that an MD recorded on a legacy unit or in a legacy format still requires a Windows PC for faster than real-time transfers. </p><p>The beginning of the disc has a table of contents (TOC, the System File area), which stores the start positions of the various tracks, as well as metadata (title, artist) and free blocks. Unlike a conventional cassette, a recorded song does not need to be stored as one piece on the disc, it can be scattered in fragments, similar to a hard drive. Early MiniDisc equipment had a fragment granularity of 4 seconds of audio. Fragments smaller than the granularity are not monitored, which may lead to the usable capacity of a disc shrinking over time. No means of defragmenting the disc is provided in consumer-grade equipment. </p><p>All consumer-grade MiniDisc devices have a copy-protection scheme called the <a href="/wiki/Serial_Copy_Management_System" title="Serial Copy Management System">Serial Copy Management System</a>. An unprotected disc or song can be copied without limit, but the copies can no longer be digitally copied. However, as a concession, the last Hi-MD players can upload to PC a digitally recorded file which can be resaved as a <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> (<a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a>) file and thus replicated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_data_compression">Audio data compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Audio data compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digitally encoded audio signal on a MiniDisc has traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">data-compressed</a> using the <a href="/wiki/ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a> (Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) format. </p><p>ATRAC was devised to allow MiniDisc to have the same runtime as a CD. ATRAC reduces the 1.4 Mbit/s of a CD to a 292 kbit/s data stream,<sup id="cite_ref-wb-minidisc-bitrate_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-minidisc-bitrate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly a 5:1 reduction. ATRAC was also used on nearly all flash memory <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> devices until the 8 series. </p><p>The ATRAC codec differs from uncompressed PCM in that it is a <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> audio data reduction scheme. Like other lossy audio compression formats, it is intended to be acoustically transparent, but some listeners claim to be able to hear audible artifacts. </p><p>There have been four versions of ATRAC, each claimed by Sony to more accurately reflect the original audio. Early players are guaranteed to play later version ATRAC audio. Version 1 could only be copied on consumer equipment three or four times before artifacts became objectionable, as the ATRAC on the recorder attempted to compress the already compressed data. By version 4, the potential number of generations of copy had increased to around 15 to 20 depending on audio content. </p><p>The latest versions of Sony's ATRAC are ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus. Original ATRAC3 at 132 kbit/s (also known as ATRAC-LP2 mode) was the format that was used by Sony's defunct Connect audio download store. ATRAC3plus was not used in order to retain backwards compatibility with earlier NetMD players. </p><p>In the MiniDisc's final iteration, Hi-MD, uncompressed <a href="/wiki/CD-quality" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-quality">CD-quality</a> linear PCM audio recording and playback is offered, placing Hi-MD on par with CD-quality audio. Hi-MD also supports both ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus at various bitrates, but not the original ATRAC (except for playback only). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-skip">Anti-skip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-skip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MiniDisc has a feature that prevents disc skipping under all but the most extreme conditions. Older CD players had been a source of annoyance to users as they were prone to mistracking from vibration and shock. MiniDisc solved this problem by reading the data into a memory buffer at a higher speed than was required before being read out to the digital-to-analog converter at the standard rate of the format. The size of the buffer varies by model. </p><p>If a MiniDisc player is bumped, playback continues unimpeded while the laser repositions itself to continue reading data from the disc. This feature allows the player to stop the spindle motor for significant periods, increasing battery life. </p><p>A buffer of at least six seconds is required on all MiniDisc players, whether portable or full-sized units. This ensures uninterrupted playback in the presence of file <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentation (computer)">fragmentation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg/220px-Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg/330px-Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg/440px-Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>MiniDisc Deck MDS-JE780 (2002–2005)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg/220px-Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg/330px-Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg/440px-Sony_MiniDisc_MD_Recorder_MDS-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>MiniDisc Recorder MDS-B1, normally used in <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording or broadcast radio studios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minidisc2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Minidisc2.jpg/220px-Minidisc2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Minidisc2.jpg/330px-Minidisc2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Minidisc2.jpg/440px-Minidisc2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8078" data-file-height="4922" /></a><figcaption>Detail view of the MZ-R30 MiniDisc recorder (Sony, 1996)</figcaption></figure> <p>The data structure and operation of a MiniDisc is similar to that of a computer's <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> drive. The bulk of the disc contains audio data, and a small section contains the table of contents (TOC), providing the playback device with vital information about the number and location of tracks on the disc. Tracks and discs can be named. Tracks may easily be added, erased, combined and divided, and their preferred order of playback modified. Erased tracks are not physically erased, but are only marked as deleted. When a disc becomes full, the recorder can simply direct the data into sections where erased tracks reside. This can lead to fragmentation but unless many erasures and replacements are performed, the only likely problem is excessive searching, reducing battery life. </p><p>The data structure of the MiniDisc, where music is recorded in a single stream of bytes while the TOC contains pointers to track positions, allows for <a href="/wiki/Gapless_playback" title="Gapless playback">gapless playback</a> of music, something which competing portable players such as most <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> players, fail to implement properly. Notable exceptions are <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> players, as well as all recent <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPods</a>. </p><p>At the end of recording, after the "Stop" button has been pressed, the MiniDisc may continue to write music data for a few seconds from its memory buffers. During this time, it may display a message ("Data Save", on at least some models) and the case will not open. After the audio data is written out, the final step is to write the TOC track denoting the start and endpoints of the recorded data. Sony points out in the manual that the power should not be interrupted or the unit exposed to undue physical shock during this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copy_protection">Copy protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Copy protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All MiniDisc recorders use the <a href="/wiki/Serial_Copy_Management_System" title="Serial Copy Management System">SCMS</a> copy protection system which uses two <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> in the S/PDIF digital audio stream and on disc to differentiate between "protected" vs. "unprotected" audio, and between "original" vs. "copy": </p> <ul><li>Recording digitally from a source marked "protected" and "original" (produced by a prerecorded MD or an MD that recorded an analogue input) was allowed, but the recorder would change the "original" bit to the "copy" state on the disc to prevent further copying of the copy. A CD imported via a digital connection does not have the SCMS bits (as the CD format predates SCMS), but the recording MD recorder treats any signal where the SCMS bits are missing as protected and original. The MD copy, therefore, cannot be further copied digitally.</li> <li>Recording digitally from a source marked "protected" and "copy" was not allowed: an error message would be shown on the display.</li> <li>Recording digitally from a source marked "unprotected" was also allowed; the "original/copy" marker was ignored and left unchanged.</li></ul> <p>Recording from an analogue source resulted in a disc marked "protected" and "original" allowing one further copy to be made (this contrasts with the SCMS on the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> where analogue recording was marked as "unprotected"). </p><p>In recorders that could be connected to a PC via <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, it was possible to transfer audio from the PC to the MiniDisc recorder, but for many years it was not possible to transfer audio in the other direction. This restriction existed in both the SonicStage software and in the MiniDisc player itself. SonicStage V3.4 was the first version of the software where this restriction was removed, but it still required a MiniDisc recorder/player that also had the restriction removed. The Hi-MD model MZ-RH1 was the only such player available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format_extensions">Format extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Format extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MD_Data">MD Data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: MD Data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data</a></div> <p>MD Data, a format for storing computer data, was announced by Sony in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its media were generally incompatible with standard audio MiniDiscs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MD Data can not write to audio MDs, but only the considerably more expensive data blanks. It did see some success in a small number of multi-track recorders such as Sony's MDM-X4, Tascam's 564 (which could also record using standard audio MD discs, albeit only two tracks), and Yamaha's MD8, MD4, & MD4S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MD_Data2">MD Data2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: MD Data2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, MD Data2 blanks were introduced with 650 MB. They were only implemented in Sony's short-lived MD-based camcorder, the DCM-M1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MDLP">MDLP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: MDLP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, Sony announced MDLP (MiniDisc Long Play), which added new recording modes based on the new codec ATRAC3. In addition to the standard, high-quality mode, now called SP, MDLP adds LP2 mode, which doubles the recording time – 160 minutes on an 80-minute disc – of good-quality stereo sound, and LP4, which allows four times more recording time – 320 minutes on an 80-minute disc – of medium-quality stereo sound. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitrate">bitrate</a> of the standard SP mode is 292 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>, and it uses separate stereo coding with discrete left and right channels. LP2 mode uses a bitrate of 132 kbit/s and also uses separate stereo coding. The third mode, LP4, has a bitrate of 66 kbit/s and uses <a href="/wiki/Joint_stereo_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stereo coding">joint stereo coding</a>. The sound quality is noticeably degraded compared to the other two modes, but is sufficient for many uses. </p><p>Tracks recorded in LP2 or LP4 mode play back as silence on non-MDLP players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NetMD">NetMD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: NetMD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg/220px-Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg/330px-Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg/440px-Sony-MZ-N707-MD-Walkman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>A NetMD Sony MiniDisc Recorder</figcaption></figure> <p>Debuting in late 2001, <b>NetMD</b> recorders allow music files to be transferred from a computer to a recorder (but not in the other direction) over a USB connection. In LP4 mode, speeds of up to 32× real-time are possible and three Sony NetMD recorders (MZ-N10, MZ-N910, and MZ-N920) are capable of speeds up to 64× real-time. NetMD recorders all support MDLP. </p><p>When transferring music in SP mode using NetMD with SonicStage, what is transferred is actually padded LP2. That is to say that the quality of the music is that of LP2 but recorded as SP. </p><p>NetMD is a proprietary protocol that initially required proprietary software such as <a href="/wiki/SonicStage" title="SonicStage">SonicStage</a>. A free <a href="/wiki/*nix" class="mw-redirect" title="*nix">*nix</a> based implementation, libnetmd, has been developed. The library allows the user to upload SP files in full quality. In 2019, a programmer named Stefano Brilli compiled the linux-minidisc CLI into a web browser-based application,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing users to transfer music via USB on modern devices.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hi-MD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></div> <p>Hi-MD is a further development of the MiniDisc format. Hi-MD media will not play on non-Hi-MD equipment, including NetMD players. The <a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> format, introduced in 2004, marked a return to the data storage arena with its 1 GB discs and ability to act as a <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB drive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hi-MD units allow the recording and playback of audio and data on the same disc, and can write both audio and data to standard MiniDisc media – an 80-minute MiniDisc blank could be formatted to store 305 MB of data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_and_transfer_modes">Recording and transfer modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recording and transfer modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modes marked in green are available for recordings made on the player, while those marked in red are available for music transferred from a PC. Capacities are official Sony figures; real world figures are usually slightly higher. Native MP3 support was added in second-generation Hi-MD players in the spring of 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SonicStage" title="SonicStage">SonicStage</a> version 3.4, released in Feb 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced ripping CDs in bitrates 320 and 352<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and added track transfer in ATRAC 192 kbit/s to Hi-MD devices. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Name </th> <th rowspan="3">Bitrate<br />(kbit/s) </th> <th rowspan="3">Codec </th> <th colspan="5">Availability and capacity (min) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Standard player </th> <th>MDLP player </th> <th colspan="3">Hi-MD player </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">80-minute disc </th> <th>80-minute disc<br /> (HiMD formatted) </th> <th>1 GB Hi-MD disc </th></tr> <tr> <th>Stereo SP </th> <td>292 </td> <td>ATRAC </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">80 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">80 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">80 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mono SP </th> <td>146 </td> <td>ATRAC </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">160 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">160 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">160 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <th>LP2 </th> <td>132 </td> <td>ATRAC3 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">160 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">160 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">290 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">990 </td></tr> <tr> <th>– </th> <td>105 </td> <td>ATRAC3 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">127 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">127 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">370 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">1250 </td></tr> <tr> <th>LP4 </th> <td>66 </td> <td>ATRAC3 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">320 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">320 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">590 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">1970 </td></tr> <tr> <th>– </th> <td>48 </td> <td>ATRAC3plus </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">810 </td> <td style="background:#fbb;">2700 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hi-LP </th> <td>64 </td> <td>ATRAC3plus </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">610 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">2040 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hi-SP </th> <td>256 </td> <td>ATRAC3plus </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">140 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">475 </td></tr> <tr> <th>PCM </th> <td>1411.2 </td> <td>Linear PCM </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">28 </td> <td style="background:#bfb;">94 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">Capacitance Electronic Disc</a> (SelectaVision) – an RCA-developed format that uses a disc inside a sleeve, like MD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a> (UMD) – a similar Sony format, but read-only. Used on the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> handheld game console.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Blu-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wb-minidisc-sony-mz-1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wb-minidisc-sony-mz-1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoudenberg" class="citation web cs1">Woudenberg, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minidisc.org/part_Sony_MZ-1.html">"Sony MZ-1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Guardian UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604004940/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2012/sep/24/sony-minidisc-20-years">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MiniDisc%2C+The+Forgotten+Format&rft.pub=The+Guardian+UK&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2012%2Fsep%2F24%2Fsony-minidisc-20-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-mars.co.jp/end_of_md_deck/">"Mdデッキ生産の終息について"</a>. <i>株式会社松本無線音響設備</i>. 27 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625090500/http://s-mars.co.jp/end_of_md_deck/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE+%E6%9D%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99&rft.atitle=Md%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%82%E6%81%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-mars.co.jp%2Fend_of_md_deck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-minidisc-bitrate-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wb-minidisc-bitrate_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoudenberg" class="citation web cs1">Woudenberg, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minidisc.org/faq_sec_4.html#_q21">"MiniDisc FAQ: Audio Topics - What is the bit rate of the Minidisc's ATRAC audio after compression?"</a>. <i>Minidisc Community Portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minidisc+Community+Portal&rft.atitle=MiniDisc+FAQ%3A+Audio+Topics+-+What+is+the+bit+rate+of+the+Minidisc%27s+ATRAC+audio+after+compression%3F&rft.aulast=Woudenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minidisc.org%2Ffaq_sec_4.html%23_q21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hifiengine.com/manual_library/sony/mds-je780.shtml">"Sony MDS-JE780 Minidisc Deck Manual"</a>. <i>HiFi Engine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003134556/https://www.hifiengine.com/manual_library/sony/mds-je780.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HiFi+Engine&rft.atitle=Sony+MDS-JE780+Minidisc+Deck+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hifiengine.com%2Fmanual_library%2Fsony%2Fmds-je780.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220103438/http://www.byte.com/art/9508/sec11/art11.htm">"Reviews / Sony's Mini-MO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a></i>. August 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byte.com/art/9508/sec11/art11.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=Reviews+%2F+Sony%27s+Mini-MO&rft.date=1995-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byte.com%2Fart%2F9508%2Fsec11%2Fart11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minidisc.org/md_data_table.html">"MiniDisc MD-Data Product Table"</a>. <i>The MiniDisc Community Portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MiniDisc+Community+Portal&rft.atitle=MiniDisc+MD-Data+Product+Table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minidisc.org%2Fmd_data_table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrilli2020" class="citation web cs1">Brilli, Stefano (26 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stefano.brilli.me/blog/web-minidisc/">"The Web MiniDisc App"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625050453/https://stefano.brilli.me/blog/web-minidisc/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Web+MiniDisc+App&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft.aulast=Brilli&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstefano.brilli.me%2Fblog%2Fweb-minidisc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219023141/https://www.techtelegraph.co.uk/remember-minidisc-heres-how-you-can-still-use-it-in-2020/">"Remember MiniDisc? Here's How You Can Still Use It in 2020"</a>. <i>TechTelegraph</i>. 25 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtelegraph.co.uk/remember-minidisc-heres-how-you-can-still-use-it-in-2020/">the original</a> on 19 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechTelegraph&rft.atitle=Remember+MiniDisc%3F+Here%27s+How+You+Can+Still+Use+It+in+2020&rft.date=2020-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtelegraph.co.uk%2Fremember-minidisc-heres-how-you-can-still-use-it-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040201212250/http://news.sel.sony.com/pressrelease/4270">"Sony introduces Hi-MD Walkman digital music players"</a>. <i>Sony</i>. 7 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sel.sony.com/pressrelease/4270">the original</a> on 1 February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sony&rft.atitle=Sony+introduces+Hi-MD+Walkman+digital+music+players&rft.date=2004-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sel.sony.com%2Fpressrelease%2F4270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415133121/http://bssc.sel.sony.com/BroadcastandBusiness/minisites/himd/index.shtml">"Sony Business Solutions & Systems - Featured"</a>. 15 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bssc.sel.sony.com/BroadcastandBusiness/minisites/himd/index.shtml">the original</a> on 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+Business+Solutions+%26+Systems+-+Featured&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbssc.sel.sony.com%2FBroadcastandBusiness%2Fminisites%2Fhimd%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060407092514/http://www.sony.jp/products/overseas/contents/support/download/index.html">"Overseas Model Customer Support"</a>. 7 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.jp/products/overseas/contents/support/download/index.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overseas+Model+Customer+Support&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.jp%2Fproducts%2Foverseas%2Fcontents%2Fsupport%2Fdownload%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205040106/https://www.sony.jp/products/overseas/contents/support/download/e_jeb_SS34ug.html">"Overseas Model Customer Support"</a>. 5 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sony.jp/products/overseas/contents/support/download/e_jeb_SS34ug.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overseas+Model+Customer+Support&rft.date=2006-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.jp%2Fproducts%2Foverseas%2Fcontents%2Fsupport%2Fdownload%2Fe_jeb_SS34ug.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniDisc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniDisc&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://www.discogs.com/search/?format_exact=Minidisc">List of artists with a Minidisc release – Discogs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_formats" title="Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_formats" title="Template talk:Audio formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording format">audio recording formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_storage_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_storage_media" title="Template:Optical storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_storage_media" title="Template talk:Optical storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_storage_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> (2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R XL</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE XL</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a> (2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc#Professional_Disc_for_Data_(PDD)" title="Professional Disc">PDD</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">DVD-R</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a> (1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tape" title="Optical tape">Optical tape</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">UDO</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">ProData</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect" title="Magneto-optic Kerr effect">Magneto-optic Kerr effect</a> (1877)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">MO disc</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical Assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">Laser turntable</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floptical" title="Floptical">Floptical</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony" title="Template:Sony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony" title="Template talk:Sony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Publishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">Technologies<br />and brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α (Alpha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dash" title="Sony Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine" title="Sony Dream Machine">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM/HDCAM-SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMZ-T1" title="HMZ-T1">HMZ-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzone" title="Inzone">Inzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocationFree_Player" title="LocationFree Player">LocationFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films" title="List of 8 channel SDDS films">8 channel films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display" title="Silicon X-tal Reflective Display">SXRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8/Hi8/Digital8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLI%C3%89" title="CLIÉ">Sony CLIÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Lissa" title="Sony Lissa">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Mavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Optiarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA" title="FD Trinitron/WEGA">FD series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">1 inch Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Watchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software" title="Sony Creative Software">Sony Creative Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa Networks</a> (57%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Online distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Flix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">Great American Media</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former/Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former/Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Anime Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_on_Demand" title="Anime on Demand">Anime on Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Minisode_Network" title="The Minisode Network">Minisodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation" title="Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation">Sony DADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">Sony Network Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions" title="Sony Professional Solutions">Sony Professional Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDLinx" title="MDLinx">M3</a> (39.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (4.9%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a> (umbrella company in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">Other subsidiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonprofit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shohoku_College" title="Shohoku College">Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor" title="Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor">Sony Toshiba IBM 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