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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journey_to_the_Holy_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_the_Holy_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Journey to the Holy Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_the_Holy_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Poetry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Diwan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Secular poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friendship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Friendship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elegy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elegy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Elegy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elegy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riddles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riddles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Riddles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riddles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religious poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shirei_Zion_(Songs_of_Zion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirei_Zion_(Songs_of_Zion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Shirei Zion (Songs of Zion)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirei_Zion_(Songs_of_Zion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirei_Galut_(Songs_of_the_Diaspora)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirei_Galut_(Songs_of_the_Diaspora)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Shirei Galut (Songs of the Diaspora)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirei_Galut_(Songs_of_the_Diaspora)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrical_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrical_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Lyrical poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrical_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions,_translations_and_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions,_translations_and_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Editions, translations and commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions,_translations_and_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Judah Halevi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="يهوذا اللاوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهوذا اللاوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99huda_Hal%C9%99vi" title="Yəhuda Haləvi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhuda Haləvi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud%C3%A0_ha-Lev%C3%AD" title="Yehudà ha-Leví – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yehudà ha-Leví" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Иегуда Халеви – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иегуда Халеви" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_ha-Levi" title="Jehuda ha-Levi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jehuda ha-Levi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_Halevi" title="Jehuda Halevi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jehuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_ha-Levi" title="Jehuda ha-Levi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jehuda ha-Levi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AF" title="Ιούδας Αλεβί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιούδας Αλεβί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudah_Halevi" title="Yehudah Halevi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yehudah Halevi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehudah_Halevi" title="Jehudah Halevi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jehudah Halevi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" title="Yehuda Halevi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yehuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C" title="یهودا هلوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودا هلوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Halevi" title="Juda Halevi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%87%D5%AB" title="Եհուդա Հալևի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եհուդա Հալևի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Judah Halevi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Ha-Levi" title="Yehuda Ha-Levi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yehuda Ha-Levi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99" title="יהודה הלוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודה הלוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="იუდა ჰალევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდა ჰალევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" title="Yehuda Halevi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yehuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAda_Hal%C3%A9vi" title="Júda Halévi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Júda Halévi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="يهوذا اللاوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوذا اللاوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Halevi" title="Juda Halevi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3" title="イェフダ・ハレヴィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イェフダ・ハレヴィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Halev%C3%AD" title="Juda Haleví – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Juda Haleví" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_Halewi" title="Jehuda Halewi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jehuda Halewi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudah_Halevi" title="Yehudah Halevi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yehudah Halevi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuda_Halevi" title="Iuda Halevi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Галеви, Иехуда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галеви, Иехуда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_ha-Levi" title="Jehuda ha-Levi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jehuda ha-Levi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Halevi" title="Juda Halevi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Juda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" title="Yehuda Halevi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yehuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" title="Yehuda Halevi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yehuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" title="Yehuda Halevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yehuda Halevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="یہودا اللاوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودا اللاوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99" title="יהודה הלוי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יהודה הלוי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Abu al-Hasan</div><div class="fn">Judah ben Samuel ha-Levi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="he">יהודה בן שמואל הלוי‎</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_(T-S_8J18.5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_%28T-S_8J18.5%29.jpg/220px-Letter_%28T-S_8J18.5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_%28T-S_8J18.5%29.jpg/330px-Letter_%28T-S_8J18.5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_%28T-S_8J18.5%29.jpg/440px-Letter_%28T-S_8J18.5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">One of four known surviving personal letters of Judah ha-Levi, all of which are written in Arabic with Hebrew script and addressed to Ḥalfon ben Nethaniel ha-Levi of Fustat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1075<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1141 (66 years)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">possibly in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Judah haLevi</b> (also <b>Yehuda Halevi</b> or <b>ha-Levi</b>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יהודה בן שמואל הלוי</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yəhūḏā ben Šəmūʾēl halLēvī</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو الحسن يهوذا اللاوي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abū-l-Ḥasan Yahūḏa al-Lāwī</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c. 1075 – 1141) was a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jewish</a> poet, physician and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, either in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</a>, in 1075.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is thought to have died in 1141, in either <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, at that point the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his secular and religious poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His most famous philosophical work is the <i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judah ben Samuel ha-Levi was born either in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</a>, both then under <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid rule</a>, between 1075 and 1080.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confusion surrounding his place of birth arises from unclear text in a manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both cities were under Muslim control when he grew up but were conquered by Christian rulers during his lifetime; Toledo by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> in 1086, and Tudela by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso the Battler</a> in 1118. He was educated in traditional Jewish scholarship, in Arabic literature, and in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> sciences and philosophy that were available in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. As a youth, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, the main center of Jewish literary and intellectual life at the time. There he modeled work after <a href="/wiki/Moses_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Ibn Ezra">Moses Ibn Ezra</a> for a competition, sparking recognition for Halevi's aptitude as a poet as well as a close friendship with Ibn Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an adult he was a physician and an active participant in trade and Jewish communal affairs. He was in contact with both Jewish and non-Jewish nobles and dignitaries within Spain and around the world. For at least part of his life he lived in Toledo and may have practiced medicine for the court there. He and Abraham ibn Ezra were well acquainted<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the latter quoted Halevi on multiple occasions in his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>. </p><p>Like other Jewish poets during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">"Golden Age of Jewish culture"</a> of the 10th to 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he employed the patterns and themes of Arabic poetry. His themes embrace all those that were current among Hebrew poets: panegyric odes, funeral odes, poems on heartbreak, yearning and the pleasures of life, gnomic epigrams, and riddles. He was also a prolific author of religious verse. His poetry is distinguished by special attention to acoustic effect and wit. </p><p>Halevi's poems report that he had a daughter and that she had a son, also named Judah. He could well have had other children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_the_Holy_Land">Journey to the Holy Land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journey to the Holy Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg/220px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg/330px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg/440px-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Statue in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(modern_town)" title="Caesarea (modern town)">Caesarea</a>, Israel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he occupied an honored position as a physician, intellectual, and communal leader, Halevi was stirred to attempt a perilous journey to spend his final days in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. In his treatise known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i>, he argues that the presence of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God of Israel</a> is most palpable in the Land of Israel (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> at the time), and it is therefore ideal and most religiously fulfilling for Jews to live there. He wanted to make his own <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a>: a trip believed to allow spiritual ascension by going "up" to the land. His deep passion for Israel eventually overpowered his hesitation and concerns about leaving his friends, family and status to live under difficult Crusader rule. Additionally, the uncertainties of Jewish communal status and favor within the government during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> may have caused him to consider the future security of Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#:~:text=The_Jewish_diaspora_(Hebrew:_תְּפוּצָה,other_parts_of_the_globe." title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a>. </p><p>Halevi's journey is viewed as either a personal religious pilgrimage or as an urging to the diaspora to abandon their cultural synthesis of Graeco-Arabic-Iberian culture, the former being the Diasporist, the latter a Zionist interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 8, 1140, Halevi arrived in Alexandria, where he was greeted enthusiastically by friends and admirers. He then went to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, where he visited several dignitaries and friends. Returning to Alexandria in the spring, Halevi was reportedly denounced and sued by an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">apostate</a> who claimed Halevi sought to force him to return to Judaism by withholding money belonging to the him, though he was reportedly acquitted through his connections and through legal subterfuge.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halevi's ship set sail from Egypt on May 14, 1141;<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a letter from Abu Nasr ben Avraham to Halfon ben Netanel dated November 12, 1141 suggests Halevi died in July or August.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain if he arrived safely in Jerusalem or if his departure was delayed and he died in Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it can may be reasonably assumed that he was able to reach Palestine in this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legend also has it that Halevi was trampled by an Arab horseman as he arrived in Jerusalem, with the first account found within a Hebrew miscellany published around 450 years after Halevi's presumed death.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the sixteenth century legend, he died as a martyr while reciting his composition "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Songs_of_exile_(IA_songsofexile00daviiala).pdf/41" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Songs of exile (IA songsofexile00daviiala).pdf/41">Ode to Zion</a>" in front of the gates of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1141 letter to a prominent rabbi in Damascus also potentially refers to Halevi's death at the gates of Jerusalem. As only fragments are preserved of this letter, it's unclear whether the writer is discussing Halevi or another Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_P._Scheindlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond P. Scheindlin (page does not exist)">Raymond P. Scheindlin</a> notes that "the legend of his martyrdom, combined with the prominence of the Land of Israel in his life and works, invested his image with a mystique that had an important afterlife in Zionist literature."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documents that remain from Halevi's last years are <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> to his various hosts in Egypt and explorations of his religious motivations for his aliyah, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_geniza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo geniza">Cairo geniza</a>. Some contain imaginary details of the voyage, such as descriptions of a turbulent sea that express trepidation for the journey but hope for the spiritual light that might follow. Poems and letters bearing on Halevi's journey are translated and explicated in Raymond P. Scheindlin, <i>The Song of the Distant Dove</i> (Oxford University Press, 2007). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halevi's work covers common subjects in Spanish Hebrew poetry using forms and artistic patterns of secular and religious poetry. Some formats include the <i><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">zajal</a></i>, the <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">muwaššaḥ</a></i></span></i>, and poems utilizing <a href="/wiki/Internal_rhyme" title="Internal rhyme">internal rhyme</a>, classical <a href="/wiki/Monorhyme" title="Monorhyme">monorhyme</a> patterns and the recently invented <a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">strophic</a> patterns. About 800 of his poems are known to us today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar Jose de la Fuente Salvat elevates Halevi to the "most important poet in Judaism of all times".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He composed <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">muwaššaḥāt</a></i></span></i> in Hebrew with <i><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">kharjas</a></i> containing <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Romance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diwan"><i>Diwan</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after his death, his poetry was collected into a <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"><i>dīwān</i></a>, apparently in Egypt and based on smaller collections of his poetry already in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>diwan</i> was edited and published by <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Br%C3%B3dy" title="Henrik Bródy">Haim (Henrik) Bródy</a> in four volumes from 1895 to 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bródy's edition divides ha-Levi's work as follows: </p> <ol><li>Poems about friendship and laudatory poems (<i>shirei yedidut veshirei hakavod</i>): 138 poems.</li> <li>Pieces of correspondence in rhymed prose (<i>mikhtavim</i>): 7 pieces.</li> <li>Love poems (<i>shirei ahavah</i>): 66 poems.</li> <li>Elegies (<i>kol bochim; kinot v'hespedim</i>): 43 pieces.</li> <li>Elevation of the soul to Zion; traveling poems (<i>massa nefesh tziyonah</i>; <i>shirei tziyon veshirei massa</i>): 23 poems.</li> <li>Riddle poems (<i>ḥidot</i>): 49 poems.</li> <li>Other poems (<i>she'erit Yehudah</i>; <i>shirim shonim</i>): 120 poems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_poetry">Secular poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secular poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judah's secular or non-religious poetry is composed of poems of friendship, love, humor, and eulogy. <a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking songs</a> by Judah have also been preserved,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as verses relating to his vocational work as a physician. Halevi's prayer for the physician was first translated into English in 1924:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"My God, heal me and I shall be healed.<br />Let not Thine anger be kindled against me so that I be consumed.<br />My medicines are from you, whether good<br />Or evil, whether strong or weak.<br />It is Thou who shalt choose, not I.<br />Of Thy knowledge is the evil and the fair.<br />Not upon my power of healing I rely.<br />Only for Thine healing do I watch." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friendship">Friendship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Friendship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even in Judah's youth, a large number of illustrious men gathered around him, like <a href="/wiki/Levi_ibn_al-Tabban" title="Levi ibn al-Tabban">Levi al-Tabban</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, the aged poet Judah ben Abun, Judah ibn Ghayyat of Granada, <a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a> and his brothers Judah, Joseph, and Isaac, the vizier Abu al-Hasan, Meïr ibn Kamnial, the physician and poet Solomon ben Mu'allam of Seville, besides his schoolmates Joseph ibn Migas and Baruch Albalia and the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Judah addressed a touching farewell poem to Joseph ibn Ẓaddiḳ, the philosopher and poet. In Egypt, celebrated men vied with one another in entertaining him, his reception was a veritable triumph. Here his particular friends were <a href="/wiki/Aaron_He-Haver_ben_Yeshuah_Alamani" title="Aaron He-Haver ben Yeshuah Alamani">Aaron ben Jeshua Alamani</a> in Alexandria, the nagid Samuel ben Hananiah in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halfon ha-Levi in Damietta, and an unknown man in Tyre, probably his last friend. In their sorrow and joy, in the creative spirit and all that moved the souls of these men, Judah sympathetically shared; as he says in the beginning of a short poem: "My heart belongs to you, ye noble souls, who draw me to you with bonds of love".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elegy">Elegy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elegy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Especially tender and plaintive is Judah's tone in his elegies.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often utilized the <a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasida</a> form and meditated on death and fate. Many of them are dedicated to friends such as the brothers Judah (Nos. 19, 20), Isaac (No. 21), and Moses ibn Ezra (No. 16), R. Baruch (Nos. 23, 28), Meïr ibn Migas (No. 27), <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a>, head of the yeshiva in <a href="/wiki/Lucena,_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Lucena, Córdoba">Lucena, Cordoba</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (No. 14), and others. In the case of Solomon ibn Farissol, who was murdered on May 3, 1108, Judah suddenly changed his poem of eulogy (Nos. 11, 22) into one of lamentation (Nos. 12, 13, 93 et seq.). </p><p>Child mortality due to plague was high in Judah's time and the historical record contains five elegies that mourn the death of a child. Biographer Hillel Halkin hypothesizes that at least one of these honors one of Judah's children who did not reach adulthood and who is lost to history.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Love">Love</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Love"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joyous, careless youth, and merry, happy delight in life find their expression in his love-songs, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Epithalamium" title="Epithalamium">epithalamia</a>. In Egypt, where the muse of his youth found a glorious "Indian summer" in the circle of his friends, he wrote his "swan-song":<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Wondrous is this land to see, With perfume its meadows laden, But more fair than all to me Is yon slender, gentle maiden. Ah, Time's swift flight I fain would stay, Forgetting that my locks are gray." </p><p>Many of his poems are addressed to a gazelle or deer according to the custom in al-Andalus,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his oeuvre includes homoerotic poems such as <i>"That Day While I Had Him"</i> and <i>"To Ibn Al-Mu'allim</i>." They follow established themes in Arabic and Hebrew poetry such as the yearning of the lover contrasted with the cruelty of the beloved, who possesses a shining countenance. It is unknown whether this work reflects personal experience or artistic tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riddles">Riddles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Riddles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judah is noted as the most prolific composer of <a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Hebrew)">Hebrew riddles</a>, with a corpus of at least sixty-seven riddles,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which survive in his own hand, and even in draft form,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though only a few have been translated into English. Judah's riddles are mostly short, monorhyme compositions on concrete subjects such as everyday objects, animals and plants, or a name or word. One example is the following: "What is it that's blind with an eye in its head, but the race of mankind its use can not spare; spends all its life in clothing the dead, but always itself is naked and bare?"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_poetry">Religious poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shirei_Zion_(Songs_of_Zion)"><span id="Shirei_Zion_.28Songs_of_Zion.29"></span>Shirei Zion (Songs of Zion)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shirei Zion (Songs of Zion)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halevi's attachment to the Jewish people is a significant theme in his religious poetry; he identifies his sufferings and hopes with that of the broader group. Like the authors of the <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalms</a>, he sinks his own identity in the wider one of the people of Israel, so that it is not always easy to distinguish the personality of the speaker. Though his impassioned call to his contemporaries to return to <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a> might have been received with indifference, or even with mockery;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his own decision to go to Jerusalem never wavered. "Can we hope for any other refuge either in the East or in the West where we may dwell in safety?" he exclaims to one of his opponents (ib.). His <a href="/wiki/Zionides" title="Zionides">Zionides</a> give voice both to the Jewish people as a whole and to each individual Jew, and he never lost faith in the eventual deliverance and redemption of Israel and his people: </p><p>"Lo! Sun and moon, these minister for aye; The laws of day and night cease nevermore: Given for signs to Jacob's seed that they Shall ever be a nation — till these be o'er. If with His left hand He should thrust away, Lo! with His right hand He shall draw them nigh."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of his Zionides, <i>Zion Halo Tishali</i>, laments the destruction of the temple and puts forth the dream of redemption. It is also one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Kinnot" title="Kinnot">kinnot</a> Jews recite on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Zion, wilt thou not ask if peace's wing / Shadows the captives that ensue thy peace / Left lonely from thine ancient shepherding? Lo! west and east and north and south — world-wide / All those from far and near, without surcease / Salute thee: Peace and Peace from every side." </p><p>Halevi's poems of longing for Israel like <i><a href="/wiki/Libi_BaMizrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Libi BaMizrah">Libi baMizrach</a></i> (my heart is in the east) juxtapose love and pain, and dream and reality to express the distance between Spain and the Middle East and his desire to bridge it. He believed he would find true liberation through subservience to God's will in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judah was recognized by his contemporaries and in succeeding generations as "the great Jewish <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his poetry and writing has also been considered an early expression of support for Jewish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shirei_Galut_(Songs_of_the_Diaspora)"><span id="Shirei_Galut_.28Songs_of_the_Diaspora.29"></span>Shirei Galut (Songs of the Diaspora)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shirei Galut (Songs of the Diaspora)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judah combined descriptions from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Scripture</a> with personal and historical Jewish experiences to form another kind of religiously themed poetry. He used devices like sound patterns and vivid imagery to evoke the suffering of exile and fear of the destruction of his people as a result of a delayed redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lyrical_poetry">Lyrical poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lyrical poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halevi was a prolific author of <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyutim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">selichot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinnot" title="Kinnot">kinnot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were carried to all lands, even as far as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they influenced the rituals of the most distant countries. Even the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_(Jewish_sect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaite (Jewish sect)">Karaites</a> incorporated some of them into their prayer-book; so that there is scarcely a synagogue in which Judah's songs are not sung in the course of the service. The following observation on Judah's synagogal poems is made by Zunz: </p><p>"As the perfume and beauty of a rose are within it, and do not come from without, so with Judah word and Bible passage, meter and rime, are one with the soul of the poem; as in true works of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, and always in nature, one is never disturbed by anything external, arbitrary, or extraneous." </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyut</a> <i>Mi Khamokha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mi-ḵāmoḵā</i></span>), was translated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_di_Castelnuovo" title="Samuel di Castelnuovo">Samuel di Castelnuovo</a> and published in Venice in 1609. </p><p>Much of his work that expresses his personal relationship with God was later established as liturgical poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judah also wrote several <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> hymns. One ends with the words: </p><p>"On Friday doth my cup o'erflow / What blissful rest the night shall know / When, in thine arms, my toil and woe / Are all forgot, Sabbath my love! </p><p>'Tis dusk, with sudden light, distilled / From one sweet face, the world is filled; / The tumult of my heart is stilled / For thou art come, Sabbath my love! </p><p>Bring fruits and wine and sing a gladsome lay, / Cry, 'Come in peace, O restful Seventh day!' </p><p>Judah used complicated <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> meters in his poems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his pupil Solomon Parḥon, who wrote at <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> in 1160, relates that Judah repented having used the new metrical methods, and had declared he would not again employ them. A later critic, applying a <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> <a href="/wiki/Witticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Witticism">witticism</a> to Judah, has said: "It is hard for the dough when the baker himself calls it bad." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions,_translations_and_commentaries"><span id="Editions.2C_translations_and_commentaries"></span>Editions, translations and commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Editions, translations and commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Br%C3%B3dy" title="Henrik Bródy">Heinrich Brody</a>, <i>Dîwân des Abû-l-Hasan Jehudah ha-Levi/Diwan wĕ-hu 'sefer kolel šire 'abir ha-mešorerim Yĕhudah ben Šĕmu'el ha-Levi</i>. 4 vols (Berlin: Itzkowski, 1894-1930): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divanjuda01judauoft/">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divanjuda02judauoft">vol. 2 part 2 (notes), pp. 157-330</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/44056">vol. 3, pp. 1-144</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/44057">vol. 3, pp. 145-308</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/36658">vol. 4</a>. According to a 2002 assessment, this is 'a flawed edition marred by numerous textual mistakes and by the erroneous inclusion of poems by other poets. It was also far from including ha-Levi's complete oeuvre'. However, 'even today, nearly a century after Brody's effort, there is still no authorized edition of Judah ha-Levi's work. The absence of such an edition has been, and will continue to be, an obstacle toward the completion of any credible study of ha-Levi's poetry.'<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Selected Poems of Judah Halevi</i>, ed. by Heinrich Brody and Harry Elson, trans. by Nina Salaman (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1974), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0058-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0058-5">0-8276-0058-5</a> [first publ. 1924].</li> <li><i>Poemas sagrados y profanos de Yehuda Halevi</i>, trans. by Maximo Jose Kahn and Juan Gil-Albert (Mexico, [Ediciones mensaje] 1943).</li> <li><i>Yehuda Ha-Leví: Poemas</i>, trans. by Ángel Sáenz-Badillos and Judit Targarona Borrás (Madrid: Clasicos Alfaguara, 1994)</li> <li><i>Las 'Sĕlīḥot la-'ašmurot' de R. Yehudah ha-Leví: traducción y estudio literario</i>, ed. and trans. by M.ª</li> <li>Isabel Pérez Alonso, Colección vítor, 415 (Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2017), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9012-763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9012-763-6">978-84-9012-763-6</a></li> <li>Luzzatto, דיואן ר' יהודה הלוי. Lyck, 1864.</li> <li>Rosenzweig, Franz. <i>Jehuda Halevi, zweiundneunzig Hymnen und Gedichte Deutsch.</i> Berlin, [publication date thought to be 1926<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]</li> <li>Bernstein, S. <i>Shirei Yehudah Halevi</i>. 1944</li> <li>Zmora, ר' יהודה הלוי. 1964</li> <li>Schirmann, שירים חדשים מן הגניזה, 1965</li></ul> <p>Literary journals and periodicals that have published his work include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Geiger, Abraham. <i>Melo Hofnayim,</i> 1840.</li> <li>Edelman, S. H. <i>Ginzei Oxford,</i> 1850.</li> <li>Dukes, J. L. <i>Ozar Nehmad,</i> 1857.</li> <li>Luzzatto, S. D. <i>Tal Orot</i> (1881) and <i>Iggeret Shadal</i> (1881, 1882-4)</li></ul> <p>Some anthologies of Hebrew poetry that feature his work include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Albrecht, H. Brody-K, <i>Sha'ar ha-Shir</i> (1905)</li> <li>Wiener, H. Brody-M, <i>Mivhar ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit</i> (1922, 1946 ed. Habermann, A. M.)</li> <li>Schirmann, H. <i>Ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit be-Sefarad u-ve-Provence</i>, vol. 1, 1959.</li></ul> <p>In 1422, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provencal</a> Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Chayyim_Comprat_Vidal_Farissol" title="Jacob ben Chayyim Comprat Vidal Farissol">Jacob ben Chayyim Comprat Vidal Farissol</a> published a commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i> called the "Beit Ya'akob."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guide for the Perplexed"><img alt="Guide for the Perplexed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/175px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/263px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/350px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethusian</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Alexandria" title="Aristobulus of Alexandria">Aristobulus of Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Influenced by:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kalam" title="Jewish Kalam">Jewish Kalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Spanish and European:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah Halevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses of Narbonne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Abravanel" title="Judah Leon Abravanel">Judah Leon Abravanel</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Yemenite:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoter_ben_Shlomo" title="Hoter ben Shlomo">Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Other:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas" title="David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas">al-Mukkamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Influence" title="Maimonides">Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalists">Kabbalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talmudists" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudists">Talmudic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Modern</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_philosophy" title="Orthodox Jewish philosophy">Orthodox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Chassidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Existentialist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Rambamist</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Elijah_Ashkenazi" title="Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi">Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hirsch" title="Samuel Hirsch">Samuel Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abendana" title="Jacob Abendana">Jacob Abendana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anger_in_Judaism" title="Anger in Judaism">Anger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy_in_Jewish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy">Microcosm–macrocosm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Righteousness</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template talk:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Halevi studied philosophy as a youth. He admired it but criticized it<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a way comparable to <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i>, he confronts Aristotelian philosophy, Christianity and Islam and expounds his views upon the teachings of Judaism, speaking in favor of accessing God through tradition and devotion rather than philosophical speculation. The work was originally written in Arabic, and entitled <i>Kitab al-Ḥujjah wal-Dalil fi Nuṣr al-Din al-Dhalil</i>, كتاب الحجة و الدليل في نصرة الدين الذليل,. <a href="/wiki/Judah_ibn_Tibbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah ibn Tibbon">Judah ibn Tibbon</a> translated it into Hebrew in the mid-12th century with the title <i>Sefer Hokhahah ve ha Re'ayah le Hagganat haDat haBezuyah</i> or <i>Sefer ha-<a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial">Burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional tombs of Judah Halevi and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a>, a village in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheindlin" class="citation cs2">Scheindlin, Raymond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/COM-0012230.xml">"Judah (Abū ʾl-Ḥasan) ben Samuel ha-Levi"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230">10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World+Online&rft.atitle=Judah+%28Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BEl-%E1%B8%A4asan%29+ben+Samuel+ha-Levi&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230&rft.aulast=Scheindlin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEJIO%2FCOM-0012230.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheindlin" class="citation cs2">Scheindlin, Raymond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/COM-0012230.xml">"Judah (Abū ʾl-Ḥasan) ben Samuel ha-Levi"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230">10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World+Online&rft.atitle=Judah+%28Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BEl-%E1%B8%A4asan%29+ben+Samuel+ha-Levi&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230&rft.aulast=Scheindlin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEJIO%2FCOM-0012230.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverstein_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_2015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_B2DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">"Abrahamic Experiments in History"</a>. In Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J.; <a href="/wiki/Guy_Stroumsa" title="Guy Stroumsa">Stroumsa, Guy G.</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199697762.013.35">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969776-2"><bdi>978-0-19-969776-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014960132">2014960132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170623059">170623059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abrahamic+Experiments+in+History&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Abrahamic+Religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199697762.013.35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170623059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014960132&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969776-2&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_B2DCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheindlin" class="citation cs2">Scheindlin, Raymond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/COM-0012230.xml">"Judah (Abū ʾl-Ḥasan) ben Samuel ha-Levi"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230">10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World+Online&rft.atitle=Judah+%28Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BEl-%E1%B8%A4asan%29+ben+Samuel+ha-Levi&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012230&rft.aulast=Scheindlin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEJIO%2FCOM-0012230.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Br%C3%B3dy" title="Henrik Bródy">Brody, Heinrich</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Diwan_des_Abu_l_Hasan_Jehuda_ha_Levi/_1WcnQAACAAJ?hl=en"><i>Diwan des Abu-l-Hasan Jehuda ha-Levi</i></a> (in German). 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Jerusalem, Israel: Keter Publishing House. 1971. pp. <span class="nowrap">355–</span>366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlidstein,_Moshe;_Silverstein,_Adam_J.2015" class="citation book cs1">Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J. (2015). <i>"Abrahamic Experiments in History". The Oxford Handbook of Abrahamic Religions</i>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 241–94 (252).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Study+of+the+Hebrew+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Major+Trends+and+Goals%27%2C+in+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Jewish+Studies%2C+ed.+by+Martin+Goodman%2C+Jeremy+Cohen%2C+and+David+Sorkin&rft.pages=241-94+%28252%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Tova+Rosen+and+Eli+Yassif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsevat1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tsevat, Matitiahu (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27943486">"An Index to the Religious Poetry of Judah Halevi"</a>. <i>Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion</i>. 13 (Winter, 1980/81): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27943486">27943486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Institute+of+Religion&rft.atitle=An+Index+to+the+Religious+Poetry+of+Judah+Halevi&rft.volume=13+%28Winter%2C+1980%2F81%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27943486%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tsevat&rft.aufirst=Matitiahu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27943486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarissol1971" class="citation web cs1">Farissol, Jacob Ben Ḥayyim (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108050144/http://judaism_enc.enacademic.com/6194/FARISSOL%2C_JACOB_BEN_%E1%B8%A4AYYIM">"Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism_enc.enacademic.com/6194/FARISSOL%2C_JACOB_BEN_%E1%B8%A4AYYIM">the original</a> on 2019-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academic+Dictionaries+and+Encyclopedias.+Encyclopedia+Judaica.&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Farissol&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Ben+%E1%B8%A4ayyim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudaism_enc.enacademic.com%2F6194%2FFARISSOL%252C_JACOB_BEN_%25E1%25B8%25A4AYYIM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi-Naḥum1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Levi-Naḥum, Yehuda (1986). "The graves of the fathers and of the righteous". <i>Sefer ṣohar le-ḥasifat ginzei teiman</i> (in Hebrew). Ḥolon, Israel: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15417732">15417732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+graves+of+the+fathers+and+of+the+righteous&rft.btitle=Sefer+%E1%B9%A3ohar+le-%E1%B8%A5asifat+ginzei+teiman&rft.place=%E1%B8%A4olon%2C+Israel&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Mif%CA%BBal+%E1%B8%A5a%C5%9Bifat+ginze+Teman&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15417732&rft.aulast=Levi-Na%E1%B8%A5um&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Halevi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Judah_Halevi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Judah_Halevi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/judaism-biographies/judah-ha-levi">Judah HaLevi</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> article by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Lasker" title="Daniel J. Lasker">Daniel J. Lasker</a> and Angel Sáenz-Badillos at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/halevi/">Judah Halevi</a> by Barry Kogan at <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Halevi, Judah Ben Samuel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Halevi,_Judah_Ben_Samuel">"Halevi, Judah Ben Samuel" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halevi%2C+Judah+Ben+Samuel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=835&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Halevi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/11/29/yehudah-ha-levi-poet-philosopher-of-sepharad/">"Yehudah Ha-Levi: Poet Philosopher of Sepharad," Video Lecture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Dr. Henry Abramson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Touro_College_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Touro College South">Touro College South</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm">The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~yuvalf/kuzari.html">The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, Judeo-Arabic original</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/h/judah_ha_levi.html">Poems by Judah Ha-Levi</a> – English translations.</li></ul> <table style="border:1px #aaa solid; width:692px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_qq9w4atybwra4t7aa8nav9krt1ixu7s"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Acharonim" coords="552,19,651,43" title="Acharonim" alt="Acharonim" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rishonim" coords="414,19,505,43" title="Rishonim" alt="Rishonim" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Geonim" coords="295,19,373,43" title="Geonim" alt="Geonim" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Savoraim" coords="209,19,300,43" title="Savoraim" alt="Savoraim" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Amoraim" coords="144,19,229,43" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> (Rif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chananel_ben_Chushiel" title="Chananel ben Chushiel">Chananel ben Chushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_Aghmati" title="Zechariah Aghmati">Zechariah Aghmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Jacob_ibn_Jam" title="Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam">Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemariah_ben_Elhanan" title="Shemariah ben Elhanan">Shemariah ben Elhanan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (except Catalonia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Seville" title="Yom Tov of Seville">Yom Tov Asevilli</a> (Ritva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a> (Ri Migash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Abulafia" title="Meir Abulafia">Meir Abulafia</a> (Ramah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Abudarham" title="David Abudarham">David Abudirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_Arama" title="Isaac ben Moses Arama">Isaac ben Moses Arama</a> (Akeidat Yitzchak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbenu_Yerucham" title="Rabbenu Yerucham">Rabbenu Yerucham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tov_ben_Abraham_ibn_Gaon" title="Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon">Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon</a> (Migdal Oz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Solomon_Abi-Sahula" title="Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula">Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_Ghiyyat" title="Isaac ibn Ghiyyat">Isaac ibn Ghiyyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimon_ben_Joseph" title="Maimon ben Joseph">Maimon ben Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_I" title="Isaac Aboab I">Isaac Aboab I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Saba" title="Abraham Saba">Abraham Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a> (Ran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ibn_Aderet" title="Shlomo ibn Aderet">Shlomo ibn Aderet</a> (Rashba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi" title="Yonah Gerondi">Yonah Gerondi</a> (Rabbeinu Yonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona</a> (Baal HaMaor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_HaLevi" title="Aharon HaLevi">Aharon HaLevi</a> (Ra'ah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a> (Rivash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Zemah_Duran" title="Simeon ben Zemah Duran">Simeon ben Zemah Duran</a> (Tashbatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_of_Tolosa" title="Vidal of Tolosa">Vidal of Tolosa</a> (Maggid Mishneh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Habib" title="Joseph ibn Habib">Joseph ibn Habib</a> (Nimmukei Yosef)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_of_Gerona" title="Azriel of Gerona">Azriel of Gerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yakar" title="Judah ben Yakar">Judah ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Barzillai" title="Judah ben Barzillai">Judah ben Barzillai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Hachmei Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> (Raavad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a> (Ralbag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> (Radak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Mari" title="Abba Mari">Abba Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abba_Mari" title="Isaac ben Abba Mari">Isaac ben Abba Mari</a> (HaIttur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Nathan" title="Abraham ben Nathan">Abraham ben Nathan</a> (HaManhig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Levi_of_Narbonne" title="David ben Levi of Narbonne">David ben Levi of Narbonne</a> (HaMichtam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joseph_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Moses ben Joseph ben Merwan ha-Levi">Moses ben Joseph</a> (Rambi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Narbonne" title="Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne">Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne</a> (Raavad II, HaEshkol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Abraham_ben_Hayyim" title="Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim">Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_ha-Darshan" title="Moshe ha-Darshan">Moshe ha-Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Jacob" title="Meshullam ben Jacob">Meshullam ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Meshullam" title="Asher ben Meshullam">Asher ben Meshullam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Montpellier" title="Abraham of Montpellier">Abraham of Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caspi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caspi">Joseph Caspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Merwan ha-Levi">Isaac of Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Jacob_ha-Kohen" title="Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen">Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_David_ha-Cohen" title="Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen">Jonathan of Lunel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (except Provence)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Abin_ha-Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol">Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tosafists" title="List of Tosafists">List of Tosafists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Meir" title="Solomon ben Meir">Solomon ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Joseph_of_Falaise" title="Samson ben Joseph of Falaise">Samson ben Joseph of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Falaise" title="Yom Tov of Falaise">Yom Tov of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel" title="Eliezer ben Samuel">Eliezer ben Samuel</a> (Yereim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel" title="Isaac ben Samuel">Isaac ben Samuel</a> (Ri HaZaken)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_of_Coucy" title="Moses ben Jacob of Coucy">Moses ben Jacob of Coucy</a> (Semag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a> (Rivan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Isaac_Bekhor_Shor" title="Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor">Bechor Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Joseph_of_Orleans" title="Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans">Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_of_Paris" title="Elijah of Paris">Elijah of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yom_Tov" title="Judah ben Yom Tov">Judah ben Yom Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_ben_Hananel_HaCohen_(Tosafist)" title="Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (Tosafist)">Haim ben Hananel HaCohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_of_Paris" title="Yechiel of Paris">Yechiel of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivam" title="Rivam">Rivam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_ben_Elijah" title="Peretz ben Elijah">Peretz ben Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Toul" title="Eliezer of Toul">Eliezer of Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Paltiel" title="Chaim Paltiel">Chaim Paltiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Chinon" title="Samson of Chinon">Samson of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Chinon" title="Jacob of Chinon">Jacob of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Touques" title="Eliezer of Touques">Eliezer of Touques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abraham_of_Dampierre" title="Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre">Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_ben_Isaac_of_Dampierre" title="Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre">Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Isaac" title="Baruch ben Isaac">Baruch ben Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens" title="Samson ben Abraham of Sens">Samson ben Abraham of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi">Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Samuel" title="Meir ben Samuel">Meir ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Moses of Évreux">Moses of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Samuel of Évreux">Samuel of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Solomon_of_Falaise" title="Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise">Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Isaac_Messer_Leon" title="Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon">Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Samuel_Bonfils" title="Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils">Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Helbo" title="Menahem ben Helbo">Menahem ben Helbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Kara" title="Simeon Kara">Simeon Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_of_Soissons" title="Shemaiah of Soissons">Shemaiah of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_ben_Menahem_HaZaken" title="Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken">Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Samson" title="Ephraim ben Samson">Ephraim ben Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Kalonymus" title="Meshullam ben Kalonymus">Meshullam ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> (Rabbeinu Gershom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Isaac" title="Simeon bar Isaac">Simeon bar Isaac</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (Rosh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> (Baal HaTurim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_ben_Hillel" title="Mordechai ben Hillel">Mordechai ben Hillel</a> (Mordechai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a> (Maharam MeRotenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin</a> (Maharil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a> (Ra'aven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Joel_HaLevi" title="Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi">Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi</a> (Raavyah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Eleazar of Worms</a> (Rokeach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_HaKohen" title="Meir HaKohen">Meir HaKohen</a> (Hagahot Maimuniot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg" title="Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg">Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg</a> (Yehudah haHasid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Yakar" title="Yaakov ben Yakar">Yaakov ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Mordecai_of_Regensburg" title="Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg">Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Isaac_of_Regensburg" title="Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg">Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Eliezer" title="Samson ben Eliezer">Samson ben Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Isaac_ha-Gadol" title="Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol">Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Kalonymus" title="Judah ben Kalonymus">Judah ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_HaKohen_ben_Meir" title="Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir">Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Baruch_Halevi" title="Meir ben Baruch Halevi">Meir ben Baruch Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Bruna" title="Israel Bruna">Israel Bruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_of_Bamberg" title="Israel of Bamberg">Israel of Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Bonn" title="Ephraim of Bonn">Ephraim of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Asher" title="Judah ben Asher">Judah ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_ben_Isaac_ha-Levi" title="Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi">Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_Landau" title="Jacob ben Judah Landau">Jacob ben Judah Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Natronai" title="Samuel ben Natronai">Samuel ben Natronai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suslin" title="Alexander Suslin">Alexander Suslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Weil" title="Jacob Weil">Jacob Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Asher_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi">Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simha_of_Speyer" title="Simha of Speyer">Simha of Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asir_HaTikvah" title="Isaac Asir HaTikvah">Isaac Asir HaTikvah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_Canterbury" title="Aaron of Canterbury">Aaron of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_York" title="Aaron of York">Aaron of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_of_London" title="Elias of London">Elias of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Menachem_of_London" title="Eliyahu Menachem of London">Eliyahu Menachem of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagin_Deulacres" title="Hagin Deulacres">Hagin Deulacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_of_London" title="Jacob ben Judah of London">Jacob ben Judah of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josce_of_London" title="Josce of London">Josce of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Isaac_ben_ha-Nessiah" title="Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah">Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_London" title="Moses of London">Moses of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Joigny" title="Yom Tov of Joigny">Yom Tov of Joigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berechiah_de_Nicole" title="Berechiah de Nicole">Berechiah de Nicole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Isserlein" title="Israel Isserlein">Israel Isserlein</a> (Terumat HaDeshen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_of_Vienna" title="Isaac ben Moses of Vienna">Isaac of Vienna</a> (Or Zarua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Cohen_of_Vienna" title="Avigdor Cohen of Vienna">Avigdor Cohen of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tyrnau" title="Isaac Tyrnau">Isaac Tyrnau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Jehiel" title="Nathan ben Jehiel">Nathan ben Jehiel</a> (the Aruch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani" title="Isaiah di Trani">Isaiah di Trani</a> (Rid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani_the_Younger" title="Isaiah di Trani the Younger">Isaiah di Trani the Younger</a> (Riaz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_of_Bertinoro" title="Obadiah of Bertinoro">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw">Zedekiah Anaw</a> (Shibbolei HaLeket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Benjamin ben Abraham Anaw">Benjamin Anaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Benjamin_Anav" title="Judah ben Benjamin Anav">Judah Anav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Meir_of_Ferrara" title="Moses ben Meir of Ferrara">Moses ben Meir of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel_of_Verona" title="Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona">Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Samuel" title="Hillel ben Samuel">Hillel ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Colon_Trabotto" title="Joseph Colon Trabotto">Joseph Colon Trabotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Melchizedek" title="Isaac ben Melchizedek">Isaac ben Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Messer_Leon" title="Judah Messer Leon">Judah Messer Leon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mizrachi" title="Elijah Mizrachi">Elijah Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiah_ben_Eliezer" title="Tobiah ben Eliezer">Tobiah ben Eliezer</a> (Lekach Tov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerahiah_the_Greek" title="Zerahiah the Greek">Zerahiah the Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Dorbolo" title="Isaac ben Dorbolo">Isaac ben Dorbolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac ben Samuel of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Taku" title="Moses Taku">Moses Taku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Jacob_ha-Lavan" title="Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan">Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Eliakim" title="Hillel ben Eliakim">Hillel ben Eliakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_ben_Moses_Mosconi" title="Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi">Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethanel_ben_Isaiah" title="Nethanel ben Isaiah">Nethanel ben Isaiah‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000458073464">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3179151778213218130001">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56620997">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88025838">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/319189/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1827649/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118824767">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056871">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015258q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015258q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yĕhūdāh ha-Lēwī"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV076395">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35208666">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=zmp2012706234&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX997061">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/608102">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069999023">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90253065">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqrp7v52v140c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705738005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/263207">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/263211">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/364595">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007270274205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611838406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0211035X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e15d3654-914e-4c11-824f-c316bf980793">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/116514">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/865952">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118824767.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118824767">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028285557">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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