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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureau_of_Standards_(1901–1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureau_of_Standards_(1901–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bureau of Standards (1901–1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureau_of_Standards_(1901–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_(from_1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_(from_1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>National Institute of Standards and Technology (from 1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_(from_1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constitution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metric_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Metric system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurements_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Measurements and standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurements_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handbook_44" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handbook_44"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Handbook 44</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handbook_44-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeland_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Homeland security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeland_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Trade_Center_collapse_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Trade_Center_collapse_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>World Trade Center collapse investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Trade_Center_collapse_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Election technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybersecurity_Framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybersecurity_Framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Cybersecurity Framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybersecurity_Framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_regarding_NIST_standard_SP_800-90" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_regarding_NIST_standard_SP_800-90"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Controversy regarding NIST standard SP 800-90</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_regarding_NIST_standard_SP_800-90-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Institute of Standards and Technology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="المعهد الوطني للمعايير والتقانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعهد الوطني للمعايير والتقانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ka_Piau-ch%C3%BAn_Ki-su%CC%8Dt_Gi%C3%A1n-ki%C3%B9-s%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Kok-ka Piau-chún Ki-su̍t Gián-kiù-só͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-ka Piau-chún Ki-su̍t Gián-kiù-só͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национален институт за стандарти и технологии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национален институт за стандарти и технологии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Nacional_d%27Est%C3%A0ndards_i_Tecnologia" title="Institut Nacional d'Estàndards i Tecnologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institut Nacional d'Estàndards i Tecnologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_institut_standard%C5%AF_a_technologie" title="Národní institut standardů a technologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní institut standardů a technologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Est%C3%A1ndares_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa" title="Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مؤسسه ملی فناوری و استانداردها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه ملی فناوری و استانداردها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institi%C3%BAid_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Caighde%C3%A1n_agus_Teicneola%C3%ADochta" title="Institiúid Náisiúnta Caighdeán agus Teicneolaíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Institiúid Náisiúnta Caighdeán agus Teicneolaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="미국 국립표준기술연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 국립표준기술연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Standar_dan_Teknologi_Nasional" title="Institut Standar dan Teknologi Nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Institut Standar dan Teknologi Nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="המכון הלאומי לתקנים וטכנולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המכון הלאומי לתקנים וטכנולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enst%C3%AEtuya_Netewey%C3%AE_ya_Standard_%C3%BB_Teknolojiy%C3%AA" title="Enstîtuya Neteweyî ya Standard û Teknolojiyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enstîtuya Neteweyî ya Standard û Teknolojiyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Piawaian_dan_Teknologi_Kebangsaan" title="Institut Piawaian dan Teknologi Kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Institut Piawaian dan Teknologi Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="アメリカ国立標準技術研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ国立標準技術研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Padr%C3%B5es_e_Tecnologia" title="Instituto Nacional de Padrões e Tecnologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Instituto Nacional de Padrões e Tecnologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measurement standards laboratory in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NIST" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NIST_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NIST (disambiguation)">NIST (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NIST_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NIST_logo.svg/220px-NIST_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NIST_logo.svg/330px-NIST_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NIST_logo.svg/440px-NIST_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>March 3, 1901<span class="noprint"> (123 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">March 3, 1901</span>)</span> as National Bureau of Standards,<br />became NIST in 1988</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">100 Bureau Drive<br /><a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland" title="Gaithersburg, Maryland">Gaithersburg, Maryland</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&params=39_07_59_N_77_13_25_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°07′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°13′25″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.13306°N 77.22361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.13306; -77.22361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 3,400<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>1.03 billion (FY 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_E._Locascio" title="Laurie E. Locascio">Laurie E. Locascio</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Director of NIST and <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Standards_and_Technology" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology">Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/">nist.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Institute of Standards and Technology</b> (<b>NIST</b>) is an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">physical science</a> laboratory programs that include <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanoscale science and technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> research, material measurement, and physical measurement. From 1901 to 1988, the agency was named the <b>National Bureau of Standards</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, ratified by the colonies in 1781, provided: </p> <blockquote><p>The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Article 1, section 8, of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, ratified in 1789, granted these powers to the new Congress: "The Congress shall have power ... To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1790, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, in his first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual message to Congress</a>, said, "Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended to."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 1791, Washington again appealed Congress: </p> <blockquote><p>A uniformity of the weights and measures of the country is among the important objects submitted to you by the Constitution and if it can be derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to the public council than conducive to the public convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1821, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> declared, "Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessities of life to every individual of human society.".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it was not until 1838 that the United States government adopted a uniform set of standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1830 until 1901, the role of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, which was part of the Survey of the Coast—renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> in 1878—in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theberge3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theberge3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bureau_of_Standards_(1901–1988)"><span id="Bureau_of_Standards_.281901.E2.80.931988.29"></span>Bureau of Standards (1901–1988)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bureau of Standards (1901–1988)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, in response to a bill proposed by Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_H._Southard" title="James H. Southard">James H. Southard</a> (R, Ohio), the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> was founded with the mandate to provide standard weights and measures, and to serve as the national physical laboratory for the United States. Southard had previously sponsored a bill for metric conversion of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry55_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry55-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities%2C_1915.jpg/330px-Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities%2C_1915.jpg/440px-Wheeled_chart_of_National_Bureau_of_Standards_activities%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Chart of NBS activities, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wesley_Stratton" title="Samuel Wesley Stratton">Samuel W. Stratton</a> as the first director. The budget for the first year of operation was $40,000. The Bureau took custody of the copies of the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">meter</a> bars that were the standards for US measures, and set up a program to provide <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> services for United States scientific and commercial users. A laboratory site was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>, and instruments were acquired from the national physical laboratories of Europe. In addition to weights and measures, the Bureau developed instruments for electrical units and for measurement of light. In 1905 a meeting was called that would be the first "National Conference on Weights and Measures". </p><p>Initially conceived as purely a <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> agency, the Bureau of Standards was directed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> to set up divisions to develop commercial standards for materials and products.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry55_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry55-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these standards were for products intended for government use, but product standards also affected private-sector consumption. Quality standards were developed for products including some types of clothing, automobile brake systems and headlamps, <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a>, and electrical safety. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Bureau worked on multiple problems related to war production, even operating its own facility to produce <a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(optics)" title="Crown glass (optics)">optical glass</a> when European supplies were cut off. Between the wars, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Diamond_(engineer)" title="Harry Diamond (engineer)">Harry Diamond</a> of the Bureau developed a <a href="/wiki/Instrument_approach" title="Instrument approach">blind approach</a> radio aircraft landing system. During <a href="/wiki/Governmental_impact_on_science_during_World_War_II" title="Governmental impact on science during World War II">World War II, military research and development</a> was carried out, including development of <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a> forecast methods, the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a> and the standardized airframe used originally for <a href="/wiki/Project_Pigeon" title="Project Pigeon">Project Pigeon</a>, and shortly afterwards the autonomously radar-guided <a href="/wiki/ASM-N-2_Bat" title="ASM-N-2 Bat">Bat</a> anti-ship guided bomb and the <a href="/wiki/Project_Kingfisher" title="Project Kingfisher">Kingfisher family</a> of torpedo-carrying missiles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg/220px-SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg/330px-SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg/440px-SpectroscopyResearch_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5993" data-file-height="4779" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a> in use at the NBS in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, financed by the United States Air Force, the Bureau began design and construction of <a href="/wiki/SEAC_(computer)" title="SEAC (computer)">SEAC</a>, the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer. The computer went into operation in May 1950 using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> and solid-state <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> logic. About the same time the <a href="/wiki/SWAC_(computer)" title="SWAC (computer)">Standards Western Automatic Computer</a>, was built at the Los Angeles office of the NBS by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Huskey" title="Harry Huskey">Harry Huskey</a> and used for research there. A mobile version, <a href="/wiki/DYSEAC" title="DYSEAC">DYSEAC</a>, was built for the Signal Corps in 1954. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_(from_1988)"><span id="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_.28from_1988.29"></span>National Institute of Standards and Technology (from 1988)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Institute of Standards and Technology (from 1988)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to a changing mission, the "National Bureau of Standards" became the "National Institute of Standards and Technology" in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a> attacks, under the National Construction Safety Team Act (NCST), NIST conducted the official investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">collapse of the World Trade Center</a> buildings. Following the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Surfside_condominium_building_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfside condominium building collapse">Surfside condominium building collapse</a>, NIST sent engineers to the site to investigate the cause of the collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, NIST launched a program named NIST on a Chip to decrease the size of instruments from lab machines to chip size. Applications include aircraft testing, communication with satellites for navigation purposes, and temperature and pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a> began plans to create a U.S. AI Safety Institute within NIST to coordinate <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> matters. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, NIST is considered "notoriously underfunded and understaffed", which could present an obstacle to these efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution">Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIST, known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a <a href="/wiki/Measurement_standards_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement standards laboratory">measurement standards laboratory</a>, also known as the National Metrological Institute (NMI), which is a non-regulatory agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. The institute's official mission is to:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">measurement science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> in ways that enhance economic security and improve our <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>NIST</cite></div></blockquote> <p>NIST had an operating <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2007 (October 1, 2006 – September 30, 2007) of about $843.3 million. NIST's 2009 budget was $992 million, and it also received $610 million as part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIST employs about 2,900 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support and administrative personnel. About 1,800 NIST associates (guest researchers and engineers from American companies and foreign countries) complement the staff. In addition, NIST partners with 1,400 manufacturing specialists and staff at nearly 350 affiliated centers around the country. NIST publishes the <i><b><a href="#Handbook_44">Handbook 44</a></b></i> that provides the "Specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric_system">Metric system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metric system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">Congress of 1866</a> made use of the metric system in commerce a legally protected activity through the passage of <a href="/wiki/Metric_Act_of_1866" title="Metric Act of 1866">Metric Act of 1866</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 20, 1875, 17 out of 20 countries signed a document known as the <i>Metric Convention</i> or the <i>Treaty of the Meter</i>, which established the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> under the control of an international committee elected by the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization"><span class="anchor" id="CTL"></span><span class="anchor" id="EL"></span><span class="anchor" id="ITL"></span><span class="anchor" id="NCNR"></span><span class="anchor" id="MML"></span><span class="anchor" id="PML"></span><span class="anchor" id="MEP"></span>Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIST_AML_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NIST_AML_building.jpg/220px-NIST_AML_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NIST_AML_building.jpg/330px-NIST_AML_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NIST_AML_building.jpg/440px-NIST_AML_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Advanced Measurement Laboratory Complex in Gaithersburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg/220px-NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg/330px-NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg/440px-NIST_campus_aerial_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Gaithersburg campus in 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIST_in_the_mist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NIST_in_the_mist.jpg/220px-NIST_in_the_mist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NIST_in_the_mist.jpg/330px-NIST_in_the_mist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NIST_in_the_mist.jpg/440px-NIST_in_the_mist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Boulder Laboratories</figcaption></figure> <p>NIST is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland" title="Gaithersburg, Maryland">Gaithersburg, Maryland</a>, and operates a facility in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, which was dedicated by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-idlvph_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idlvph-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-idednew_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idednew-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ftyrsbl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftyrsbl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIST's activities are organized into laboratory programs and extramural programs. Effective October 1, 2010, NIST was realigned by reducing the number of NIST laboratory units from ten to six.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIST Laboratories include:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Communications Technology Laboratory (CTL)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Engineering Laboratory (EL)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Information Technology Laboratory (ITL)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Center for Neutron Research (NCNR)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Material Measurement Laboratory (MML)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Extramural programs include: </p> <ul><li>Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a nationwide network of centers to assist small and mid-sized manufacturers to create and retain jobs, improve efficiencies, and minimize waste through process improvements and to increase market penetration with innovation and growth strategies;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Program" title="Advanced Technology Program">Technology Innovation Program</a> (TIP), a grant program where NIST and industry partners cost share the early-stage development of innovative but high-risk technologies;</li> <li>Baldrige Performance Excellence Program, which administers the <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_National_Quality_Award" title="Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award">Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award</a>, the nation's highest award for performance and business excellence.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="NIST-F1"></span> NIST's Boulder laboratories are best known for <a href="/wiki/NIST-F1" title="NIST-F1">NIST‑F1</a>, which houses an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a>. NIST‑F1 serves as the source of the nation's official time. From its measurement of the natural resonance frequency of <a href="/wiki/Cesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium">cesium</a>—which defines the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>—NIST broadcasts <a href="/wiki/Time_signal" title="Time signal">time signals</a> via <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> radio station <a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins</a>, Colorado, and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> <a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a> and <a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a>, located near Fort Collins and <a href="/wiki/Kekaha,_Hawaii" title="Kekaha, Hawaii">Kekaha, Hawaii</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NIST also operates a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron</a> science user facility: the <a href="/wiki/NIST_Center_for_Neutron_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST Center for Neutron Research">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> (NCNR). The NCNR provides scientists access to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> instruments, which they use in many research fields (materials science, fuel cells, biotechnology, etc.). </p><p>The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is a source of <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">synchrotron radiation</a>, in continuous operation since 1961. SURF III now serves as the US national standard for source-based radiometry throughout the generalized optical spectrum. All <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>-borne, extreme-ultraviolet observation instruments have been calibrated at SURF since the 1970s, and SURF is used for the measurement and characterization of systems for <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography" title="Extreme ultraviolet lithography">extreme ultraviolet lithography</a>. </p><p>The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) performs research in <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, both through internal research efforts and by running a user-accessible <a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">cleanroom</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanomanufacturing" title="Nanomanufacturing">nanomanufacturing</a> facility. This "NanoFab" is equipped with tools for <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographic</a> patterning and imaging (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopes">electron microscopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">atomic force microscopes</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committees">Committees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIST has seven standing committees: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Guidelines_Development_Committee" title="Technical Guidelines Development Committee">Technical Guidelines Development Committee</a> (TGDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Earthquake_Hazards_Reduction" title="Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction">Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction</a> (ACEHR)</li> <li>National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee (NCST Advisory Committee)</li> <li>Information Security and Privacy Advisory Board (ISPAB)</li> <li>Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology (VCAT)</li> <li>Board of Overseers for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA Board of Overseers)</li> <li>Manufacturing Extension Partnership National Advisory Board (MEPNAB)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg/220px-NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg/330px-NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg/440px-NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>A 40 nm wide NIST logo made with cobalt atoms</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurements_and_standards">Measurements and standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Measurements and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of its mission, NIST supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1,300 <a href="/wiki/Standard_Reference_Material" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Reference Material">Standard Reference Materials</a> (SRMs). These artifacts are certified as having specific characteristics or component content, used as calibration standards for measuring equipment and procedures, quality control benchmarks for industrial processes, and experimental control samples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handbook_44"><i>Handbook 44</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Handbook 44"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIST publishes the <i>Handbook 44</i> each year after the annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="National Conference on Weights and Measures">National Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (NCWM). Each edition is developed through cooperation of the <b>Committee on Specifications and Tolerances</b> of the NCWM and the <b>Weights and Measures Division</b> (WMD) of NIST. The purpose of the book is a partial fulfillment of the statutory responsibility for "cooperation with the states in securing uniformity of weights and measures laws and methods of inspection". </p><p>NIST has been publishing various forms of what is now the <i>Handbook 44</i> since 1918 and began publication under the current name in 1949. The 2010 edition conforms to the concept of the primary use of the SI (metric) measurements recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Foreign_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act">Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeland_security">Homeland security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Homeland security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIST is developing government-wide <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity document</a> standards for federal employees and contractors to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining access to government buildings and computer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Trade_Center_collapse_investigation">World Trade Center collapse investigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World Trade Center collapse investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/National_Construction_Safety_Team_Act" title="National Construction Safety Team Act">National Construction Safety Team Act</a> mandated NIST to conduct an investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">collapse of the World Trade Center</a> buildings 1 and 2 and the 47-story 7 World Trade Center. The "World Trade Center Collapse Investigation", directed by lead investigator Shyam Sunder,<sup id="cite_ref-Lipton_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipton-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covered three aspects, including a technical building and <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">fire safety</a> investigation to study the factors contributing to the probable cause of the collapses of the WTC Towers (WTC 1 and 2) and WTC 7. NIST also established a research and development program to provide the technical basis for improved building and fire codes, standards, and practices, and a dissemination and technical assistance program to engage leaders of the construction and building community in implementing proposed changes to practices, standards, and codes. NIST also is providing practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities to respond to future disasters. The investigation portion of the response plan was completed with the release of the final report on 7 World Trade Center on November 20, 2008. The final report on the WTC Towers—including 30 recommendations for improving building and occupant safety—was released on October 26, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_technology">Election technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Election technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIST works in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Guidelines_Development_Committee" title="Technical Guidelines Development Committee">Technical Guidelines Development Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Election_Assistance_Commission" title="Election Assistance Commission">Election Assistance Commission</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Voting_System_Guidelines" title="Voluntary Voting System Guidelines">Voluntary Voting System Guidelines</a> for <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a> and other election technology. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines" title="Certification of voting machines">Certification of voting machines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybersecurity_Framework">Cybersecurity Framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cybersecurity Framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2014 NIST published the <a href="/wiki/NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework" title="NIST Cybersecurity Framework">NIST Cybersecurity Framework</a> that serves as voluntary guidance for organizations to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later amended and Version 1.1 was published in April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Documents_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Documents-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order">Executive Order</a> 13800, Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical Infrastructure</a>, made the Framework mandatory for U.S. federal government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extension to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework is the <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_Maturity_Model_Certification" title="Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification">Cybersecurity Maturity Model (CMMC)</a> which was introduced in 2019 (though the origin of CMMC began with Executive Order 13556).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It emphasizes the importance of implementing <a href="/wiki/Zero_trust_security_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero trust security model">Zero-trust architecture (ZTA)</a> which focuses on protecting resources over the network perimeter. ZTA utilizes zero trust principles which include "never trust, always verify", "assume breach" and "least privileged access" to <a href="/wiki/Safeguard" title="Safeguard">safeguard</a> users, assets, and resources. Since ZTA holds no implicit trust to users within the network perimeter, authentication and authorization are performed at every stage of a digital transaction. This reduces the risk of unauthorized access to resources.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NIST released a draft of the CSF 2.0 for public comment through November 4, 2023. NIST decided to update the framework to make it more applicable to small and medium size enterprises that use the framework, as well as to accommodate the constantly changing nature of cybersecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2024, NIST released a final set of encryption tools designed to withstand the attack of a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computer.</a> These <a href="/wiki/Post-quantum_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-quantum encryption">post-quantum encryption</a> standards secure a wide range of electronic information, from confidential email messages to e-commerce transactions that propel the modern economy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four scientific researchers at NIST have been awarded <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> for work in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a> in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a> in 2001, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis Hall">John Lewis Hall</a> in 2005 and <a href="/wiki/David_Jeffrey_Wineland" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jeffrey Wineland">David Jeffrey Wineland</a> in 2012, which is the largest number for any US government laboratory not accounting for ubiquitous government contracts to state institutions and the private sector. All four were recognized for their work related to <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> of atoms, which is directly related to the development and advancement of the atomic clock. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">quasicrystals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a> Division from 1982 to 1984. In addition, <a href="/wiki/John_Werner_Cahn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Werner Cahn">John Werner Cahn</a> was awarded the 2011 Kyoto Prize for Materials Science, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> has been awarded to NIST researchers Cahn (1998) and Wineland (2007). Other notable people who have worked at NBS or NIST include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Abramowitz" title="Milton Abramowitz">Milton Abramowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sacra_Albus" class="mw-redirect" title="James Sacra Albus">James Sacra Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Allan" title="David W. Allan">David W. Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Beers" title="Kathryn Beers">Kathryn Beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Bekkedahl" title="Norman Bekkedahl">Norman Bekkedahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Borchers" title="Julie Borchers">Julie Borchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Graft_Brickwedde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde">Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_James_Briggs" title="Lyman James Briggs">Lyman James Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Buckingham" title="Edgar Buckingham">Edgar Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Butler_(scientist)" title="John M. Butler (scientist)">John M. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Weber_Coblentz" class="mw-redirect" title="William Weber Coblentz">William Weber Coblentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coll%C3%A9" title="Ronald Collé">Ronald Collé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Davis" title="Philip J. Davis">Philip J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marla_Dowell" title="Marla Dowell">Marla Dowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Latimer Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_R._Edmonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack R. Edmonds">Jack R. Edmonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Fano" title="Ugo Fano">Ugo Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Froese_Fischer" title="Charlotte Froese Fischer">Charlotte Froese Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Foecke" title="Tim Foecke">Tim Foecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cantius_Garand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cantius Garand">John Cantius Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Blodgett_Gebbie" title="Katharine Blodgett Gebbie">Katharine Blodgett Gebbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Golmie" title="Nada Golmie">Nada Golmie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rayner_Hartree" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Rayner Hartree">Douglas Rayner Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Rudolph_Hestenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Rudolph Hestenes">Magnus Rudolph Hestenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Huber" title="Marcia Huber">Marcia Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_E._Jacox" title="Marilyn E. Jacox">Marilyn E. Jacox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_S._Jin" title="Deborah S. Jin">Deborah S. Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kelsey_(cryptanalyst)" title="John Kelsey (cryptanalyst)">John Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Kirsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell A. Kirsch">Russell A. Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lanczos" title="Cornelius Lanczos">Cornelius Lanczos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Basil_Mann" title="Wilfrid Basil Mann">Wilfrid Basil Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clyde_Martin_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clyde Martin (physicist)">William Clyde Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Martinis" title="John M. Martinis">John M. Martinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_E._May" title="Willie E. May">Willie E. May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Meggers" title="William Frederick Meggers">William Frederick Meggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Roy_Monroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Roy Monroe">Christopher Roy Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Nell" title="James G. Nell">James G. Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perley_G._Nutting" title="Perley G. Nutting">Perley G. Nutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_William_John_Olver" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank William John Olver">Frank William John Olver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Plant" title="Anne Plant">Anne Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Ward_Plummer" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Ward Plummer">E. Ward Plummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rabinow" title="Jacob Rabinow">Jacob Rabinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_Rey" title="Ana Maria Rey">Ana Maria Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Saykally" title="Richard J. Saykally">Richard J. Saykally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Emma_Moore_Sitterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly">Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Ann_Stegun" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Ann Stegun">Irene Ann Stegun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Stone_(caver)" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Stone (caver)">William C. Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elham_Tabassi" title="Elham Tabassi">Elham Tabassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_M._Wiederhorn" title="Sheldon M. Wiederhorn">Sheldon M. Wiederhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Wong-Ng" title="Winnie Wong-Ng">Winnie Wong-Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_M._Wood" title="Helen M. Wood">Helen M. Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Voorhees" title="Ellen Voorhees">Ellen Voorhees</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="List of directors of the National Institute of Standards and Technology">List of directors of the National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></div> <p>Since 1989, the director of NIST has been a Presidential appointee and is confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since that year the average tenure of NIST directors has fallen from 11 years to 2 years in duration. Since the 2011 reorganization of NIST, the director also holds the title of Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology. Fifteen individuals have officially held the position (in addition to four acting directors who have served on a temporary basis). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIST holds <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with at least one of them being custodial to protect public domain use, such as one for a <a href="/wiki/Chip-scale_atomic_clock" title="Chip-scale atomic clock">Chip-scale atomic clock</a>, developed by a NIST team as part of a <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> competition.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_regarding_NIST_standard_SP_800-90">Controversy regarding NIST standard SP 800-90</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Controversy regarding NIST standard SP 800-90"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2013, both <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that NIST allowed the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) to insert a <a href="/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator">cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator</a> called <a href="/wiki/Dual_EC_DRBG" title="Dual EC DRBG">Dual EC DRBG</a> into NIST standard <a href="/wiki/NIST_SP_800-90A" title="NIST SP 800-90A">SP 800-90</a> that had a <a href="/wiki/Kleptographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptographic">kleptographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoor</a> that the NSA can use to covertly predict the future outputs of this <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">pseudorandom number generator</a> thereby allowing the surreptitious decryption of data.<sup id="cite_ref-FCW_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCW-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both papers report<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the NSA worked covertly to get its own version of SP 800-90 approved for worldwide use in 2006. The whistle-blowing document states that "eventually, NSA became the sole editor". The reports confirm suspicions and technical grounds publicly raised by cryptographers in 2007 that the EC-DRBG could contain a <a href="/wiki/Kleptographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptographic">kleptographic</a> backdoor (perhaps placed in the standard by NSA).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NIST responded to the allegations, stating that "NIST works to publish the strongest cryptographic standards possible" and that it uses "a transparent, public process to rigorously vet our recommended standards".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency stated that "there has been some confusion about the standards development process and the role of different organizations in it...The National Security Agency (NSA) participates in the NIST cryptography process because of its recognized expertise. NIST is also required by statute to consult with the NSA."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the concerns expressed, the agency reopened the public comment period for the SP800-90 publications, promising that "if vulnerabilities are found in these or any other NIST standards, we will work with the cryptographic community to address them as quickly as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to public concern of this <a href="/wiki/Cryptovirology" title="Cryptovirology">cryptovirology</a> attack, NIST rescinded the EC-DRBG algorithm from the NIST SP 800-90 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_abandonment_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist_abandonment-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_to_NIST_(IA_guidetonist858cova).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Guide_to_NIST_%28IA_guidetonist858cova%29.pdf/page1-170px-Guide_to_NIST_%28IA_guidetonist858cova%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Guide_to_NIST_%28IA_guidetonist858cova%29.pdf/page1-255px-Guide_to_NIST_%28IA_guidetonist858cova%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Guide_to_NIST_%28IA_guidetonist858cova%29.pdf/page1-340px-Guide_to_NIST_%28IA_guidetonist858cova%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption><i>Guide to NIST</i> in PDF</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Research_of_the_National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology">Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></i> was the flagship scientific journal at NIST. It was published from 1904 to 2022.</li> <li>First published in 1972, the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_and_Chemical_Reference_Data" title="Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data">Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data</a></i>, is a joint venture of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a> and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.</li></ul> <p>In addition to these journals, NIST (and the National Bureau of Standards before it) has a robust technical reports publishing arm. NIST technical reports are published in several dozen series, which cover a wide range of topics, from computer technology to construction to aspects of standardization including weights, measures and reference data.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to technical reports, NIST scientists publish many journal and conference papers each year; an database of these, along with more recent technical reports, can be found on the NIST website.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metrology_and_measurement" title="Outline of metrology and measurement">Outline of metrology and measurement</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_metrology" title="Dimensional metrology">Dimensional metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_metrology" title="Forensic metrology">Forensic metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metrology" title="Quantum metrology">Quantum metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Metrology" title="Smart Metrology">Smart Metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD-X2" title="AD-X2">AD-X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process" title="Advanced Encryption Standard process">Advanced Encryption Standard process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Mathematical_Functions" title="Digital Library of Mathematical Functions">Digital Library of Mathematical Functions</a> (DLMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_age_estimation" title="Facial age estimation">Facial age estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Crystal_Structure_Database" title="Inorganic Crystal Structure Database">Inorganic Crystal Structure Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">ISO/IEC 17025</a> – used by testing and calibration laboratories</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a>, see <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Biometric_Grand_Challenge" title="Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge">Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Software_Reference_Library" title="National Software Reference Library">National Software Reference Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIST_Handbook_of_Mathematical_Functions" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions">NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIST_hash_function_competition" title="NIST hash function competition">NIST hash function competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wesley_Stratton_Award" title="Samuel Wesley Stratton Award">Samuel Wesley Stratton Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Working_Group" title="Scientific Working Group">Scientific Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Grid_Interoperability_Panel" title="Smart Grid Interoperability Panel">Smart Grid Interoperability Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Report_Archive_%26_Image_Library" title="Technical Report Archive & Image Library">Technical Report Archive & Image Library</a> for NIS-digitized series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV (radio station)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Cybernetic_Building_Testbed" title="Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed">Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAMAS" title="VAMAS">VAMAS</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/nist-general-information">"NIST General Information"</a>. <i>NIST</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ts.nist.gov&rft.atitle=Weights+and+Measures+Standards+of+the+United+States+a+brief+history&rft.pages=41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fts.nist.gov%2FWeightsAndMeasures%2Fupload%2FSP_447-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026194248/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf">"Weights and Measures Standards of the United States a brief history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ts.nist.gov</i>. p. 22. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ts.nist.gov&rft.atitle=Weights+and+Measures+Standards+of+the+United+States+a+brief+history&rft.pages=22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fts.nist.gov%2FWeightsAndMeasures%2Fupload%2FSP_447-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idlvph-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idlvph_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VcxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z0kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2568%2C2237101">"Ike dedicates lab, voices peace hopes"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. (Salt Lake City, Utah). United Press. September 14, 1954. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010002155/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VcxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z0kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2568%2C2237101">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Ike+dedicates+lab%2C+voices+peace+hopes&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1954-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DVcxOAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dz0kDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2568%252C2237101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idednew-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idednew_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RVBHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cP4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1790%2C1441025">"Ike dedicates two labs;'New type of frontier'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Meriden Record</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meriden+Record&rft.atitle=Ike+dedicates+two+labs%3B%27New+type+of+frontier%27&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1954-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DRVBHAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DcP4MAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1790%252C1441025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ftyrsbl-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ftyrsbl_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nistir6618.pdf">"Significant papers from the first 50 years of the Boulder Labs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Commerce: Boulder Laboratories. August 2004. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801002847/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nistir6618.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Significant+papers+from+the+first+50+years+of+the+Boulder+Labs&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce%3A+Boulder+Laboratories&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FIR%2Fnistir6618.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105829/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/reorg_092810.cfm">"NIST Strengthens Laboratory Mission Focus with New Structure"</a>. <i>NIST</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2010/09/nist-strengthens-laboratory-mission-focus-new-structure">the original</a> on August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST&rft.atitle=NIST+Strengthens+Laboratory+Mission+Focus+with+New+Structure&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2F2010%2F09%2Fnist-strengthens-laboratory-mission-focus-new-structure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/laboratories.cfm">NIST Laboratories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826064401/http://www.nist.gov/laboratories.cfm">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved on May 10, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/ctl/">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007063009/https://www.nist.gov/ctl">Archived</a> October 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (CTL)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/el/">Engineering Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712173821/https://www.nist.gov/el">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (EL)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/itl/">Information Technology Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712174825/https://www.nist.gov/itl">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (ITL)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712182603/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NCNR)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/mml/">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712175349/https://www.nist.gov/mml">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MML)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712180833/https://www.nist.gov/pml">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PML)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/mep/">Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712192444/https://www.nist.gov/mep">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MEP)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/wwvb.cfl">[1]</a>. NIST. Retrieved on March 18, 2014.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/HB44-10-Complete.pdf">Handbook 44</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020021623/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/HB44-10-Complete.pdf">Archived</a> October 20, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>- "Forward; page 5" Retrieved: September 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF100th_Congress_(1988)1988" class="citation web cs1">100th Congress (1988) (June 16, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h100-4848">"H.R. 4848"</a>. <i>Legislation</i>. 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October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124103940/http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Reports+of+the+Federal+Building+and+Fire+Investigation+of+the+World+Trade+Center+Disaster&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwtc.nist.gov%2Freports_october05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_Cybersecurity_Framework_Questions_and_Answers_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303123605/https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/frequently-asked-questions/framework-basics#basics">"Questions and Answers"</a>. <i>NIST</i>. 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April 21, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031025/http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/sp800-90-042114.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.atitle=NIST+Removes+Cryptography+Algorithm+from+Random+Number+Generator+Recommendations&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fitl%2Fcsd%2Fsp800-90-042114.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIST2011" class="citation web cs1">NIST (February 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/nist-series-publications">"NIST Series Publications"</a>. <i>NIST Reference Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Reference+Library&rft.atitle=NIST+Series+Publications&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft.au=NIST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fnist-research-library%2Fnist-series-publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/publications">"Publications"</a>. <i>NIST Publications</i>. 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href="/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service" title="National Technical Information Service">National Technical Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Development Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" 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Audit Clearinghouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Industry_and_Security" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security">Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property">Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade">Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">Commercial Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Oceans_and_Atmosphere" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere">Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Marine_and_Aviation_Operations" title="Office of Marine and Aviation Operations">Marine & Aviation Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic & Atmospheric Research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Standards_and_Technology" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology">Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> (SSC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability,_Independent_Living,_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> (NIDILRR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> (DOE SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and<br />Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a> (CMMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate" title="DHS Science and Technology Directorate">Science and Technology Directorate</a> (S&T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Coast Guard Research and Development Center </a> (CG RDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration" title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative Technology Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and Technology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development" title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office<br />of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development" title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> (NNI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Titles</b> <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_signal_authorities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_signal_authorities" title="Template:Time signal authorities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Time_signal_authorities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Time signal authorities (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_signal_authorities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time signal authorities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_signal_authorities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Time signal authorities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/39px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_fr%C3%A9quences" class="extiw" title="fr:Agence nationale des fréquences">ANFR</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/21px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/42px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Research_Institute_of_Standards_and_Science" title="Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science">KRISS</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Metrology_and_Accreditation" title="Centre for Metrology and Accreditation">MIKES</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NIST</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">NPL</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" title="National Research Council Canada">NRC</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center" title="National Time Service Center">NTSC</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/34px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">PTB</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/39px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Real_Instituto_y_Observatorio_de_la_Armada" title="Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada">ROA</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/21px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/42px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Naval_Hydrographic_Service" title="Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service">SHN</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/39px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Scientific_Research_Institute_for_Physical-Engineering_and_Radiotechnical_Metrology" title="All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology">VNIIFTRI</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;">Other</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">ALS162</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIKES_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIKES (radio station) (page does not exist)">MIKES</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_teleswitch" title="Radio teleswitch">BBC (198 kHz)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPC_(time_signal)" title="BPC (time signal)">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkrundsteuertechnik" class="extiw" title="de:Funkrundsteuertechnik">DCF (EFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">EBC</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LOL_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOL (radio station) (page does not exist)">LOL</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)" title="Beta (time signal)">RJH (Beta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHAYKA" title="CHAYKA">RNS (CHAYKA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTZ_(radio_station)" title="RTZ (radio station)">RTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWM" title="RWM">RWM</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/39px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/HD2IOA" title="HD2IOA">HD2IOA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/39px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JN53DV" title="JN53DV">JN53DV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/19px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/29px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/37px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=PPE_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPE (radio station) (page does not exist)">PPE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/20px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/39px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/YVTO" title="YVTO">YVTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131110795">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/643187/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1212199-X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88112126">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12217929w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12217929w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35602026">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007416940&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90281510">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202010560">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqnfnv1cs0l7d">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500273889">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1010741">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030845327">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6np6g4g">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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