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<span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Role of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Clarifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Road to Serfdom</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الطريق إلى العبودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطريق إلى العبودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Пътят към робството – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пътят към робството" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%AD_de_servitud" title="Camí de servitud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camí de servitud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejen_til_Tr%C3%A6ldom" title="Vejen til Trældom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vejen til Trældom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Weg_zur_Knechtschaft" title="Der Weg zur Knechtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Weg zur Knechtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%94%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ο Δρόμος προς τη Δουλεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο Δρόμος προς τη Δουλεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_de_servidumbre" title="Camino de servidumbre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camino de servidumbre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="The Road to Serfdom" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="راه بردگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه بردگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Route_de_la_servitude" title="La Route de la servitude – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Route de la servitude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%B3thar_chun_an_tSeirfeachais" title="An Bóthar chun an tSeirfeachais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bóthar chun an tSeirfeachais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B8" title="노예의 길 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예의 길" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճանապարհ դեպի ստրկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճանապարհ դեպի ստրկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_via_della_schiavit%C3%B9" title="La via della schiavitù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La via della schiavitù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93" title="הדרך לשעבוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדרך לשעבוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Патот кон кметството – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патот кон кметството" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="The Road to Serfdom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%B7%E5%B1%9E%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="隷属への道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="隷属への道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga_do_zniewolenia" title="Droga do zniewolenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Droga do zniewolenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Caminho_da_Servid%C3%A3o" title="O Caminho da Servidão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Caminho da Servidão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumul_c%C4%83tre_servitute" title="Drumul către servitute – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drumul către servitute" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Дорога к рабству – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дорога к рабству" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Road to Serfdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڕێگای کۆیلایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێگای کۆیلایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пут у ропство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пут у ропство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gen_till_tr%C3%A4ldom" title="Vägen till träldom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vägen till träldom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfli%C4%9Fe_Giden_Yol" title="Serfliğe Giden Yol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Serfliğe Giden Yol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шлях до рабства – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шлях до рабства" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_v%E1%BB%81_n%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87" title="Đường về nô lệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường về nô lệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%BE%80%E5%A5%B4%E5%BD%B9%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="通往奴役之路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通往奴役之路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1638194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Road_to_Serfdom" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book by Friedrich von Hayek</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Road to Serfdom <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.author=%5B%5BFriedrich+Hayek%5D%5D&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=266&rft_id=info:oclcnum/30733740"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Road-to-Serfdom-First-Edition1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The-Road-to-Serfdom-First-Edition1.jpg/220px-The-Road-to-Serfdom-First-Edition1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The-Road-to-Serfdom-First-Edition1.jpg/330px-The-Road-to-Serfdom-First-Edition1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/The-Road-to-Serfdom-First-Edition1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="604" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first UK edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1944 (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge Press</a>, UK)</li> <li>1944 (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">266</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32061-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32061-8">0-226-32061-8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30733740">30733740</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">338.9 20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">HD82 .H38 1994</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Road to Serfdom</b></i> is a book by the Austrian-British <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>. In the book, Hayek <span class="nowrap">"[warns]</span> of the danger of <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> that inevitably results from government control of economic <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> through <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further argues that the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> inevitably leads to a loss of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> of the individual. Hayek challenged the view, popular among British Marxists, that <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> reaction against <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. He argued that fascism, Nazism, and state-socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual. </p><p>Since its publication in 1944, <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> has been popular among <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative</a> thinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been translated into more than 20 languages and sold over two million copies (as of 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was first published in Britain by <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> in March 1944, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book", also due in part to wartime paper rationing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> in September 1944 and achieved great popularity. At the arrangement of editor <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a>, the American magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> to reach a wider non-academic audience. </p><p><i>The Road to Serfdom</i> was to be the popular edition of the second volume of Hayek's treatise entitled "The Abuse and Decline of Reason",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal thinker <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> on the "road to servitude".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially written as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">report</a> written by <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> politician and dean of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> where Hayek worked at the time, the book made a significant impact on 20th-century political discourse, especially American <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> economic and political debate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a professor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in the early 1930s – in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the rise of autocracies in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party#Fascist_government" title="National Fascist Party">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> – Hayek wrote a memo to <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, then the director there, to dispute the then-popular claim that <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> represented the dying gasp of a failed <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist system">capitalist system</a>. The memo grew into a magazine article, and he intended to incorporate elements of the article into a book much larger than <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>. However, he ultimately decided to write <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> as its own book. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/180px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/270px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/360px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The book was originally published for a British audience by <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge Press">Routledge Press</a> in March 1944 in the United Kingdom. The book was subsequently rejected by three publishers in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was only after economist <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Director" title="Aaron Director">Aaron Director</a> spoke to friends at the University of Chicago that the book was published in the U.S by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> on September 18, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American publisher's expectation was that the book would sell between 900 and 3,000 copies. However, the initial printing run of 2,000 copies was quickly sold out, and 30,000 copies were sold within six months. In 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the University of Chicago Press estimated that more than 350,000 copies had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 20-page version of the book was then published in the April 1945 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a press run of several million copies. A 95-page abridged version was also published in 1945 and 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1945, a picture-book version was published in <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)"><i>Look</i> magazine</a>, later made into a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> and distributed by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book has been translated into approximately 20 languages and is dedicated "To the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Political_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Party">parties</a>". The introduction to the 50th anniversary edition is written by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (another recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a> 1976). </p><p>In 2007, the University of Chicago Press issued a "Definitive Edition", Volume 2 in the <i>Collected Works of F. A. Hayek</i> series. In June 2010, the book achieved new popularity by rising to the top of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> bestseller list following extended coverage of the book on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Beck_Program" title="The Glenn Beck Program">The Glenn Beck Program</a></i>. Since that date, it has sold another 250,000 copies in its print and digital editions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hayek argues that <a href="/wiki/Western_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western democracies">Western democracies</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, have "progressively abandoned that freedom in economic affairs without which personal and political freedom has never existed in the past".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Society has mistakenly tried to ensure continuing prosperity by centralized planning, which inevitably leads to totalitarianism. "We have in effect undertaken to dispense with the forces which produced unforeseen results and to replace the impersonal and anonymous mechanism of the market by collective and 'conscious' direction of all social forces to deliberately chosen goals."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialism, while presented as a means of assuring equality, does so through "restraint and servitude", while "democracy seeks equality in liberty".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning, because it is coercive, is an inferior method of regulation, while the competition of a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> is superior "because it is the only method by which our activities can be adjusted to each other without the coercive or arbitrary intervention of authority".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Centralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralized planning">Centralized planning</a> is inherently undemocratic in Hayek's view, because it requires "that the will of a small minority be imposed upon the people".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of these minorities to act by taking money or property in pursuit of centralized goals, destroys the Rule of Law and individual freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where there is centralized planning, "the individual would more than ever become a mere means, to be used by the authority in the service of such abstractions as the '<a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>' or the 'good of the community'".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the very poor have more personal freedom in an open society than a centrally planned one.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "While the last resort of a competitive economy is the <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a>, the ultimate sanction of a planned economy is the hangman."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialism is a hypocritical system because its professed humanitarian goals can only be put into practice by brutal methods "of which most socialists disapprove".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such centralized systems also require effective propaganda, so that the people come to believe that the state's goals are theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hayek argues that the roots of National Socialism lie in socialism,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then draws parallels to the thought of British leaders: </p> <blockquote><p>The increasing veneration for the state, the admiration of power, and of bigness for bigness' sake, the enthusiasm for "organization" of everything (we now call it "planning") and that "inability to leave anything to the simple power of organic growth" ... are all scarcely less marked in England now than they were in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hayek believed that after World War II, "wisdom in the management of our economic affairs will be even more important than before and that the fate of our civilization will ultimately depend on how we solve the economic problems we shall then face".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only chance to build a decent world is "to improve the general level of wealth" via the activities of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw international organization as involving a further threat to individual freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded: "The guiding principle that a policy of freedom for the individual is the only truly progressive policy remains as true today as it was in the nineteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_government">Role of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Hayek believed that government intervention in markets would lead to a loss of freedom, he recognized a limited role for government to perform tasks for which he believed free markets were not capable: </p> <blockquote><p>The successful use of competition as the principle of social organization precludes certain types of coercive interference with economic life, but it admits of others which sometimes may very considerably assist its work and even requires certain kinds of government action.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While Hayek is opposed to regulations that restrict the freedom to enter a trade, or to buy and sell at any price, or to control quantities, he acknowledges the utility of regulations that restrict legal methods of production, so long as these are applied equally to everyone and not used as an indirect way of controlling prices or quantities, and without forgetting the cost of such restrictions: </p> <blockquote><p>To prohibit the use of certain poisonous substances, or to require special precautions in their use, to limit working hours or to require certain sanitary arrangements, is fully compatible with the preservation of competition. The only question here is whether in the particular instance, the advantages gained are greater than the <a href="/wiki/Social_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social costs">social costs</a> they impose.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He notes that there are certain areas, such as the environment, where activities that cause damage to third parties (known to economists as "negative <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a>") cannot effectively be regulated solely by the marketplace: </p> <blockquote><p>Nor can certain harmful effects of deforestation, of some methods of farming, or of the smoke and noise of factories, be confined to the owner of the property in question, or to those willing to submit to the damage for an agreed compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The government also has a role in preventing fraud: </p> <blockquote><p>Even the most essential prerequisite of its [the market's] proper functioning, the prevention of fraud and deception (including exploitation of ignorance), provides a great and by no means fully accomplished object of legislative activity.<sup id="cite_ref-HayekThe_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayekThe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The government also has a role in creating a safety net: </p> <blockquote><p>There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter, and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He concludes: "In no system that could be rationally defended would the state just do nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-HayekThe_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayekThe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clarifications">Clarifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clarifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since publication, Hayek has offered a number of clarifications on words that are frequently misinterpreted: </p> <ul><li>"Socialism", as Hayek used it, refers to <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> and is used to mean state control of the economy, not a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Classical liberal ideals", means <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>, as Hayek understood them<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the University of Chicago Press estimated that more than 350,000 copies of <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> have been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears on <a href="/wiki/Martin_Seymour-Smith" title="Martin Seymour-Smith">Martin Seymour-Smith</a>'s list of the <i><a href="/wiki/100_Most_Influential_Books_Ever_Written" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Most Influential Books Ever Written">100 Most Influential Books Ever Written</a></i>, and it made number 1 on Human Events: Top Ten Books Every Republican Congressman Should Read in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was influential enough to warrant mention during the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 British general election</a>, when according to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was "fortified in his apprehensions [of a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government] by reading Professor Hayek's <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he warned in an election broadcast in 1945 that a socialist system would "have to fall back on some form of <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>". The Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> responded in his election broadcast by claiming that what Churchill had said was the "second-hand version of the academic views of an Austrian professor, Friedrich August von Hayek".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Central_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Central Office">Conservative Central Office</a> sacrificed 1.5 tons of their precious paper ration allocated for the 1945 election so that more copies of <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> could be printed, although to no avail, as Labour won a landslide victory.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political historian <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Alan Brinkley</a> had this to say about the impact of <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-hayekcenterpage5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayekcenterpage5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The publication of two books ... helped to galvanize the concerns that were beginning to emerge among intellectuals (and many others) about the implications of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>. One was <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> ... [A second] Friedrich A. Hayek's <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> ... was far more controversial—and influential. Even more than Burnham, Hayek forced into public discourse the question of the compatibility of democracy and <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> ... In responding to Burnham and Hayek ... liberals [in the statist sense of this term as used by some in the United States] were in fact responding to a powerful strain of Jeffersonian anti-statism in American political culture ... The result was a subtle but important shift in liberal [i.e. American statist] thinking.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviews">Reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Road to Serfdom</i> has been the subject of much praise and much criticism. It was placed fourth on the list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compiled by <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> magazine, was ranked number 16 in reader selections of the hundred best non-fiction book of the twentieth century administered by <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears on a recommended reading list for the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian right">libertarian right</a> hosted on the <a href="/wiki/Political_Compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Compass">Political Compass</a> test website.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> said of it: "In my opinion it is a grand book ... Morally and philosophically I find myself in agreement with virtually the whole of it: and not only in agreement with it, but in deeply moved agreement."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Keynes did not think Hayek's philosophy was of <i>practical</i> use; this was explained later in the same letter, commenting: "What we need therefore, in my opinion, is not a change in our economic programmes, which would only lead in practice to disillusion with the results of your philosophy; but perhaps even the contrary, namely, an enlargement of them. Your greatest danger ahead is the probable practical failure of the application of your philosophy in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> responded with both praise and criticism, stating, "in the negative part of Professor Hayek's thesis there is a great deal of truth. It cannot be said too often – at any rate, it is not being said nearly often enough – that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the Spanish Inquisitors never dreamt of." Yet he also warned, "[A] return to 'free' competition means for the great mass of people a tyranny probably worse, because more irresponsible, than that of the state."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> described <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> as "one of the great books of our time", and said of it: </p> <blockquote><p>I think the Adam Smith role was played in this cycle [i.e. the late twentieth century collapse of socialism in which the idea of free-markets succeeded first, and then special events catalyzed a complete change of socio-political policy in countries around the world] by Friedrich Hayek's <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hayekcenterpage5_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayekcenterpage5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Finer" title="Herman Finer">Herman Finer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> socialist, published a rebuttal in his <i>The Road to Reaction</i> in 1946. Hayek called Finer's book "a specimen of abuse and invective which is probably unique in contemporary academic discussion".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his review (collected in <i>The Present as History</i>, 1953) <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a> joked that Hayek would have you believe that if there was an over-production of baby carriages, the central planners would then order the population to have more babies instead of simply warehousing the temporary excess of carriages and decreasing production for next year. The <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetic</a> arguments of <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> in his 1973 CBC Massey Lectures, <i>Designing Freedom</i> <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – that intelligent adaptive planning can increase freedom – are of interest in this regard, as is the technical work of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ando" title="Albert Ando">Albert Ando</a> on the dynamics of hierarchical nearly decomposable systems in economics – namely, that everything in such a system is not tightly coupled to everything else.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> has observed critically that while <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> makes a strong case against centrally planned economies, it appears only lukewarm in its support of a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> system and <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, with Hayek even going so far as to say that "probably nothing has done so much harm to the liberal cause as the wooden insistence of some liberals on certain rules of thumb, above all the principle of laissez-faire capitalism". In the book, Hayek writes that the government has a role to play in the economy through the monetary system (a view that he later withdrew),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> work-hours regulation, social welfare, and institutions for the flow of proper information. Through analysis of this and many other of Hayek's works, Block asserts that: "in making the case against socialism, Hayek was led into making all sort of compromises with what otherwise appeared to be his own philosophical perspective – so much so, that if a system was erected on the basis of them, it would not differ too sharply from what this author explicitly opposed".<sup id="cite_ref-blockserfdom_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blockserfdom-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> suggests <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a>, with high rates of taxation and social outlays, outperform the comparatively free-market economies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a> wrote a rebuttal criticizing Sachs for misrepresenting Hayek's work and for criticizing the book on issues it did not actually address, such as welfare programs for the elderly or sick, something Hayek did not oppose. Easterly noted that <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> was about the dangers of centralized planning and nationalization of industry, including the media.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sachs' counter-rebuttal, he argued that he was addressing Hayek's foreword in the 1976 adaptation which stated that efforts to bring about large-scale welfare states would bring about serfdom, although much more slowly than under centralized planning. Sachs cited the Nordic states which remained economically free and relatively capitalist, despite a large welfare state that Hayek was wrong about such programs leading to serfdom.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tullock" title="Gordon Tullock">Gordon Tullock</a> has argued Hayek's analysis incorrectly predicted governments in much of Europe in the late 20th century would descend into <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>. He uses <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, in which the government at that time-controlled 63 percent of <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a>, as an example to support his argument that the basic problem with <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> is "that it offered predictions which turned out to be false. The steady advance of government in places such as Sweden has not led to any loss of non-economic freedoms." While criticizing Hayek, Tullock still praises the classical liberal notion of economic freedom, saying, "Arguments for political freedom are strong, as are the arguments for economic freedom. We needn't make one set of arguments depend on the other."<sup id="cite_ref-Tullock_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tullock-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a>, Hayek "safeguarded himself from such retrospective refutation". Skidelsky argues that Hayek's argument was contingent, and that, "By the 1970s there was some evidence of the slippery slope ... and then there was <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a>. Hayek's warning played a critical part in her determination to 'roll back the state.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Skidelsky_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skidelsky-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic sociologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> made a case diametrically opposed to Hayek, arguing that unfettered markets had undermined the social order and that economic breakdown had paved the way for the emergence of dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Wootton" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Wootton">Barbara Wootton</a> wrote <i>Freedom under Planning</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after reading an early copy of <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>, provided to her by Hayek. In the introduction to her book, Wootton mentioned <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> and claimed that "Much of what I have written is devoted to criticism of the views put forward by Professor Hayek in this and other books."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton19455_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton19455-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central argument made in <i>Freedom under Planning</i> is that "there is nothing in the conscious planning of economic priorities which is inherently incompatible with the freedoms which mean most to the contemporary Englishman or American. <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a> are quite unaffected. We can, if we wish, deliberately plan so as to give the fullest possible scope for the pursuit by individuals and social groups of cultural ends which are in no way state-determined."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton1945158_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton1945158-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wootton criticizes Hayek for claiming that planning <i>must</i> lead to oppression, when, in her view, that is merely one <i>possibility</i> among many. She argues that "there seems hardly better case for taking for granted that planning will bring the worst to the top than for the opposite assumption that the seats of office will be filled with angels".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton1945163_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton1945163-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Wootton acknowledges the possibility that planning may exist alongside tyranny but claims that it is equally possible to combine planning with freedom. She concludes that "A happy and fruitful marriage between freedom and planning can, in short, be arranged."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton1945159_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton1945159-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago school (economics)">Chicago school of economics</a>, disputes the claim that <i>Freedom under Planning</i> contradicts <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>. He wrote in a scholarly review of the Wootton book: "Let me repeat that the Wootton book is in no logical sense an answer to <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>, whatever may be thought of the cogency of Hayek's argument, or the soundness of his position."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Zencey" title="Eric Zencey">Eric Zencey</a> wrote that the free market economy Hayek advocated is designed for an infinite planet, and when it runs into physical limits (as any growing system must), the result is a need for centralized planning to mediate the problematic interface of economy and nature. "Planning is planning, whether it's done to minimize <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and injustice, as socialists were advocating then, or to preserve the minimum flow of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> that civilization requires, as we are finding increasingly necessary today."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_concepts">General concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of anarchism">Criticism of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a>, the difficulties of central planning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a>, a theory of new social groups in post-industrial societies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a>, a class of Soviet communist appointees</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnipotent_Government" title="Omnipotent Government">Omnipotent Government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Conceit" title="The Fatal Conceit">The Fatal Conceit</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbeling1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ebeling, Richard M. (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415224932/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/friedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation/">"Friedrich A. Hayek: A Centenary Appreciation"</a>. <i>The Freeman</i>. <b>49</b> (5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/friedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation/#">the original</a> on 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Friedrich+A.+Hayek%3A+A+Centenary+Appreciation&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Ebeling&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreemanonline.org%2Ffeatured%2Ffriedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecritic.co.uk/how-covid-paved-the-road-to-serfdom/">"How Covid paved the Road to Serfdom"</a>. <i>thecritic.co.uk</i>. 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecritic.co.uk&rft.atitle=How+Covid+paved+the+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecritic.co.uk%2Fhow-covid-paved-the-road-to-serfdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo4138549.html"><i>The Road to Serfdom</i></a>. The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek. University of Chicago Press. 1944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.series=The+Collected+Works+of+F.+A.+Hayek&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FR%2Fbo4138549.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Ormerod2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ormerod" title="Paul Ormerod">Paul Ormerod</a> (16 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/12/thefadingoffriedman/">"The fading of Friedman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+fading+of+Friedman&rft.pub=Prospect&rft.date=2006-12-16&rft.au=Paul+Ormerod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2F2006%2F12%2Fthefadingoffriedman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/bestsellers/books">"Bestsellers in Books"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2010</span>. <q>On 9 June 2010, the book became the #1 book sold at Amazon.com, achieving <a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">best seller</a> status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bestsellers+in+Books&rft.pub=Amazon.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fbestsellers%2Fbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2003">Ebenstein 2003</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp8Uq8ve3EsC&pg=PA128">128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2003">Ebenstein 2003</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp8Uq8ve3EsC&pg=PA107">107</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp8Uq8ve3EsC&pg=PA116"><i>Friedrich Hayek: A Biography</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. 2003. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226181509" title="Special:BookSources/9780226181509"><bdi>9780226181509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Hayek%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780226181509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp8Uq8ve3EsC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayekCaldwell2007">Hayek & Caldwell 2007</a>:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/04/040913.director.shtml">"Aaron Director, Founder of the field of Law and Economics"</a>. <i>www-news.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-news.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Aaron+Director%2C+Founder+of+the+field+of+Law+and+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-news.uchicago.edu%2Freleases%2F04%2F040913.director.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/320553.html">"The Publication History of The Road to Serfdom by F. A. Hayek"</a>. <i>www.press.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.press.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=The+Publication+History+of+The+Road+to+Serfdom+by+F.+A.+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F320553.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayekCaldwell2007">Hayek & Caldwell 2007</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qg61T_I1mwsC&pg=PA1">1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76656715">76656715</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802584460">802584460</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13355651">13355651</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hayek2006" class="citation book cs1">von Hayek, Friedrich A. (9 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorersfoundation.org/glyphery/62.html"><i>The Road to Serfdom, by F. A. Hayek – why the continual expansion of the state endangers liberty</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1500345600" title="Special:BookSources/978-1500345600"><bdi>978-1500345600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom%2C+by+F.+A.+Hayek+%E2%80%93+why+the+continual+expansion+of+the+state+endangers+liberty&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2006-07-09&rft.isbn=978-1500345600&rft.aulast=von+Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorersfoundation.org%2Fglyphery%2F62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:80–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:1183–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:240–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HayekThe-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HayekThe_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HayekThe_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayek1994">Hayek 1994</a>:45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514092530/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/07/hayek_on_social_insurance.html">"Hayek on Social Insurance"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/07/hayek_on_social_insurance.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hayek+on+Social+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fezra-klein%2F2010%2F07%2Fhayek_on_social_insurance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/16/opinion/krugman-free-to-die.html">Free to Die</a> By PAUL KRUGMAN, New York Times, 15 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayekCaldwell2007">Hayek & Caldwell 2007</a>:54–55 From the preface to the 1976 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayekCaldwell2007">Hayek & Caldwell 2007</a>:45 From the foreword to the 1956 American paperback edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325102145/http://humanevents.com/2006/11/21/top-10-books-every-republican-congressman-should-read/">"Top 10 Books Every Republican Congressman Should Read"</a>. <i>Human Events</i>. Townhall Media. 21 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanevents.com/2006/11/21/top-10-books-every-republican-congressman-should-read/">the original</a> on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Events&rft.atitle=Top+10+Books+Every+Republican+Congressman+Should+Read&rft.date=2006-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanevents.com%2F2006%2F11%2F21%2Ftop-10-books-every-republican-congressman-should-read%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Macmillan1969" class="citation book cs1">Harold Macmillan (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IABIAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hayek%2C+life+and+times&rft.pub=libertystory.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertystory.net%2FLSTHINKHAYEKLIFE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_WillettsRichard_Forsdyke1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">David Willetts</a>; Richard Forsdyke (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325175003/https://www.cps.org.uk/files/reports/original/111221165304-Afterthelandslidesep1999DavidWilletts.pdf"><i>After the Landslide: Learning the Lessons of 1906 and 1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PDF). Centre for Policy Studies. p. 59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cps.org.uk/files/reports/original/111221165304-Afterthelandslidesep1999DavidWilletts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Landslide%3A+Learning+the+Lessons+of+1906+and+1945&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Centre+for+Policy+Studies&rft.date=1999&rft.au=David+Willetts&rft.au=Richard+Forsdyke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Foriginal%2F111221165304-Afterthelandslidesep1999DavidWilletts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayekcenterpage5-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayekcenterpage5_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayekcenterpage5_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hayekcenter.org/?page_id=5">"Quotes on Hayek"</a>. <i>hayekcenter.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hayekcenter.org&rft.atitle=Quotes+on+Hayek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhayekcenter.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317101120/http://old.nationalreview.com/100best/100_books.html">"NR's List of the 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the Century"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. townhall.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+list+of+the+100+best+non-fiction+books+by+Modern+Library&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Fmodernlibrary%2F100bestnonfiction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompass" class="citation web cs1">Compass, The Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicalcompass.org/libRightBooks">"The Political Compass"</a>. <i>www.politicalcompass.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.politicalcompass.org&rft.atitle=The+Political+Compass&rft.aulast=Compass&rft.aufirst=The+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicalcompass.org%2FlibRightBooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_W._Hazlett2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Thomas W. Hazlett (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050203031837/http://reason.com/hayekint.shtml">"The Road from Serfdom – Forseeing the Fall F.A. Hayek interviewed by Thomas W. Hazlett"</a>. <i>Reason magazine</i>. No. July 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/hayekint.shtml">the original</a> on 3 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Road+from+Serfdom+%E2%80%93+Forseeing+the+Fall+F.A.+Hayek+interviewed+by+Thomas+W.+Hazlett&rft.issue=July+1992&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Thomas+W.+Hazlett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fhayekint.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_R._Hoover2003" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth R. Hoover (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRPbeVirpysC&pg=PA152"><i>Economics as Ideology</i></a>. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3113-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3113-9"><bdi>0-7425-3113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+as+Ideology&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7425-3113-9&rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Hoover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRPbeVirpysC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1968" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUDuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell: As I please, 1943-1945</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace & World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-118548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-118548-1"><bdi>978-0-15-118548-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays%2C+Journalism%2C+and+Letters+of+George+Orwell%3A+As+I+please%2C+1943-1945&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-15-118548-1&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUDuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman2011" class="citation web cs1">Richman, Sheldon (21 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2011/12/21/george-orwell-and-friedrich-hayek/">"The Connection Between George Orwell and Friedrich Hayek"</a>. <i>Reason.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=The+Connection+Between+George+Orwell+and+Friedrich+Hayek&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2011%2F12%2F21%2Fgeorge-orwell-and-friedrich-hayek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_H._Nash2004" class="citation web cs1">George H. Nash (3 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003230752/http://www.isi.org/lectures/text/pdf/hayek4-3-04.pdf">"Hayek and the American Conservative Movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indianapolis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isi.org/lectures/text/pdf/hayek4-3-04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hayek+and+the+American+Conservative+Movement&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.date=2004-04-03&rft.au=George+H.+Nash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isi.org%2Flectures%2Ftext%2Fpdf%2Fhayek4-3-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-1973-cbc-massey-lectures-designing-freedom-1.2946819">"The 1973 CBC Massey Lectures, "Designing Freedom"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=The+1973+CBC+Massey+Lectures%2C+%22Designing+Freedom%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fideas%2Fthe-1973-cbc-massey-lectures-designing-freedom-1.2946819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See (full references on <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> entry) Simon's papers in his collected <i>Models of Bounded Rationality</i>, a qualitative discussion in his <i>Sciences of the Artificial</i>, and a full presentation of the mathematical theory by P.J. Courtois in his <i>Decomposability: queueing and computer system applications</i> (Academic Press, 1977). The papers in the section "The Structure of Causal Systems" of Vol. 3 of <i>Models of Bounded Rationality</i> (MIT Press, 1997) provide a summary and review of Simon's work in this area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_August_von_Hayek1990" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich August von Hayek (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/system/tdf/Denationalisation%20of%20Money%20The%20Argument%20Refined_5.pdf?file=1&type=document"><i>The Denationalization of Money – The Argument Refined – An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of Concurrent Currencies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Institute Of Economic Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610165204" title="Special:BookSources/9781610165204"><bdi>9781610165204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Denationalization+of+Money+%E2%80%93+The+Argument+Refined+%E2%80%93+An+Analysis+of+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Concurrent+Currencies&rft.pub=The+Institute+Of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781610165204&rft.au=Friedrich+August+von+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fsystem%2Ftdf%2FDenationalisation%2520of%2520Money%2520The%2520Argument%2520Refined_5.pdf%3Ffile%3D1%26type%3Ddocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blockserfdom-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blockserfdom_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block, Walter</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_6.pdf">"Hayek's Road to Serfdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a>: 339–365<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=Hayek%27s+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-365&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fjournals%2Fjls%2F12_2%2F12_2_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Sachs2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-social-welfare-state">"The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Social+Welfare+State%2C+beyond+Ideology&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=Jeffrey+Sachs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-social-welfare-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Easterly2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a> (15 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116355956112023480">"Dismal Science"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Dismal+Science&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft.au=William+Easterly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB116355956112023480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Mankiw2006" class="citation web cs1">Greg Mankiw (27 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2006/11/sachs-on-hayek-and-easterly.html">"Why Hayek Was Wrong: Sachs Responds to Easterly"</a>. <i>Greg Mankiw's Blog – Random Observations for Students of Economics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greg+Mankiw%27s+Blog+%E2%80%93+Random+Observations+for+Students+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Why+Hayek+Was+Wrong%3A+Sachs+Responds+to+Easterly&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft.au=Greg+Mankiw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgregmankiw.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F11%2Fsachs-on-hayek-and-easterly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tullock-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tullock_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1986" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Michael A., ed. (5–8 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310081028/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/display.aspx?id=13053">"Freedom, Democracy, and Economic Welfare"</a>. <i>Freedom Democracy and Economic Welfare</i>. Proc. of an International Symposium on Economic, Political, and Civil Freedom. <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley, California">Napa Valley</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Fraser_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fraser Institute">The Fraser Institute</a>. p. 61. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/display.aspx?id=13053">the original</a> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Economic+Welfare&rft.btitle=Freedom+Democracy+and+Economic+Welfare&rft.place=Napa+Valley&rft.series=Proc.+of+an+International+Symposium+on+Economic%2C+Political%2C+and+Civil+Freedom&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=The+Fraser+Institute&rft.date=1986-10-05%2F1986-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Fresearch-news%2Fdisplay.aspx%3Fid%3D13053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skidelsky-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skidelsky_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidelsky2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Skidelsky, Robert</a> (2006). Feser, Edward (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-R9tSD1cK0C"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Hayek</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139827584" title="Special:BookSources/9781139827584"><bdi>9781139827584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Hayek&rft.pages=82-110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781139827584&rft.aulast=Skidelsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-R9tSD1cK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_PolanyiJoseph_E._Stiglitz1944" class="citation book cs1">Karl Polanyi; Joseph E. Stiglitz (1944). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattransformat00karl"><i>The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time</i></a></span>. Fred L. Block. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807056431" title="Special:BookSources/9780807056431"><bdi>9780807056431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Transformation%3A+The+Political+and+Economic+Origins+of+Our+Time&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=9780807056431&rft.au=Karl+Polanyi&rft.au=Joseph+E.+Stiglitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreattransformat00karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester_I._Barnard1946" class="citation journal cs1">Chester I. Barnard (January 1946). "Freedom under planning". <i>Southern Economic Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (3). Southern Economic Association: 290–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1052278">10.2307/1052278</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052278">1052278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Freedom+under+planning&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=290-300&rft.date=1946-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1052278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1052278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Chester+I.+Barnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton19455-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton19455_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWootton1945">Wootton 1945</a>, pp. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton1945158-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton1945158_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWootton1945">Wootton 1945</a>, pp. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton1945163-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton1945163_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWootton1945">Wootton 1945</a>, pp. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWootton1945159-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWootton1945159_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWootton1945">Wootton 1945</a>, pp. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight,_Frank1946" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight, Frank</a> (1946). "Freedom Under Planning". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>54</b> (5): 451–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F256402">10.1086/256402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153966131">153966131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Freedom+Under+Planning&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=451-454&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F256402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153966131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Knight%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003230752/http://www.isi.org/lectures/text/pdf/hayek4-3-04.pdf">"The Other Road to Serfdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Kos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Kos">The Daily Kos</a>. 20 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/4/22/858654/-The-Other-Road-to-Serfdom-">the original</a> on 3 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Other+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=The+Daily+Kos&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstory%2F2010%2F4%2F22%2F858654%2F-The-Other-Road-to-Serfdom-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_O._Ebenstein" title="Alan O. Ebenstein">Ebenstein, Alan O.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp8Uq8ve3EsC"><i>Friedrich Hayek: a biography</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18150-9"><bdi>978-0-226-18150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Hayek%3A+a+biography&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-18150-9&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Alan+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp8Uq8ve3EsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich August</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyQwvLDLycC"><i>The Road to Serfdom</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32061-8"><bdi>978-0-226-32061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32061-8&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QyQwvLDLycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich August</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLovVMN6swkC"><i>The Road to Serfdom</i></a> (Routledge Classics ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25543-1"><bdi>978-0-415-25543-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.edition=Routledge+Classics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25543-1&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLovVMN6swkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayekCaldwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich August; Caldwell, Bruce (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qg61T_I1mwsC"><i>The Road to Serfdom: text and documents</i></a> (The definitive ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32055-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32055-7"><bdi>978-0-226-32055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom%3A+text+and+documents&rft.edition=The+definitive&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32055-7&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqg61T_I1mwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWootton1945" class="citation book cs1">Wootton, Barbara (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomunderplan00wootrich"><i>Freedom under Planning</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21099-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21099-0"><bdi>978-0-313-21099-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+under+Planning&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21099-0&rft.aulast=Wootton&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomunderplan00wootrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caldwell, Bruce (2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20191542"><i>The Road to Serfdom</i> after 75 Years.</a>" Journal of Economic Literature, 58 (3): 720-48.</li> <li>Komlos, J. (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cesifo.org/en/publications/2016/working-paper/another-road-serfdom">Another Road to Serfdom, Challenge.</a></i> The Magazine of Economic Affairs, 59, 6: 491-518.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Road_to_Serfdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Road_to_Serfdom" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/320553.html">"The publication history of <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>"</a>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+publication+history+of+The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F320553.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/upldbook43pdf.pdf">"The condensed version of The Road to Serfdom by F. A. Hayek as it appeared in the April 1945 edition of Reader's Digest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Economic Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+condensed+version+of+The+Road+to+Serfdom+by+F.+A.+Hayek+as+it+appeared+in+the+April+1945+edition+of+Reader%27s+Digest&rft.pub=Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fupldbook43pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Friedrich%20A%20Hayek/TRTS/">"The Road to Serfdom in cartoons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>; originally published in <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">LOOK Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom+in+cartoons&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute%3B+originally+published+in+LOOK+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.freecapitalists.org%2Fbooks%2FFriedrich%2520A%2520Hayek%2FTRTS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Lymburner2008" class="citation web cs1">Matthew Lymburner (25 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202062716/http://culturalshifts.com/archives/224">"The Road to Serfdom is a Good Book"</a>. Cultural Shifts (published January 2008). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culturalshifts.com/archives/224">the original</a> on 2 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom+is+a+Good+Book&rft.pub=Cultural+Shifts&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft.au=Matthew+Lymburner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculturalshifts.com%2Farchives%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?61272-1/road-serfdom">"Milton Friedman discussing F.A. Hayek's book, The Road to Serfdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(59 minute video)</span>. Booknotes.org. 28 October 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+discussing+F.A.+Hayek%27s+book%2C+The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=Booknotes.org&rft.date=1994-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F61272-1%2Froad-serfdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="none" class="citation web cs1">Barbara Wootton (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomunderplan00wootrich">"Freedom under Planning"</a>. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+under+Planning&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Barbara+Wootton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomunderplan00wootrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Road+to+Serfdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Friedrich_Hayek" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Template:Friedrich Hayek"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Template talk:Friedrich Hayek"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Friedrich Hayek"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Friedrich_Hayek" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge" title="Dispersed knowledge">Dispersed knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_order" title="Extended order">Extended order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sraffa%E2%80%93Hayek_debate" title="Sraffa–Hayek debate">Sraffa–Hayek debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek_bibliography" title="Friedrich Hayek bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a>" (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Counter-Revolution_of_Science" title="The Counter-Revolution of Science">The Counter-Revolution of Science</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> (1973; 1976; 1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Conceit" title="The Fatal Conceit">The Fatal Conceit</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_von_Hayek" title="August von Hayek">August von Hayek</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek_bibliography" title="Friedrich Hayek bibliography">Friedrich Hayek bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a 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