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Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B – Vaccine Studies
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id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-53" class="post-53 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-hepatitis-b tag-antiviral-therapy tag-hbsag tag-hbv-dna tag-hepatitis-b-virus tag-immunoprophylaxis tag-maternal-health tag-mother-to-child-transmission tag-newborn-vaccination" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="2560" height="1340" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-300x157.jpg 300w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-768x402.jpg 768w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-1536x804.jpg 1536w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mother-to-child-14-min-2048x1072.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-06T23:04:04+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">September 6, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-03T15:32:27+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 3, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This paper focuses on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is a major public health concern, especially in areas with high HBV endemicity. However, there is vertical transmission from mother to child, which is still a significant source of infection and consequence for the newborn’s health, as they can develop chronic hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hence, these risks need to be prevented for healthier outcomes for infants born to HBV-infected mothers. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The present-day concept of MTCT of HBV, perspectives for further study, and recent achievements in the development of preventive measures, including the employment of antiviral therapy in pregnancy and optimization of immunoprophylaxis, are discussed in this article.</span></p> <h3><b>Understanding Mother-to-Child Transmission of HBV</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Secondary transmission of MTCT of HBV is mostly through exposure to the mother’s blood and other body fluids, particularly when she is in the process of childbirth. The chance of passing the virus is even higher in mothers with high viral loads and in HBeAg-positive mothers. If not managed, the transmittal rate can hover anywhere between 10% and 90% based on the maternal HBV DNA. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">72% of the infants contracting HBV at birth or during the initial years of their life are on the brink of developing the chronic form of hepatitis B disease and therefore require an effective form of prevention.</span></p> <h3><b>Standard Immunoprophylaxis</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The standard practice for preventing MTCT of HBV includes the intramuscular injections of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the initial dose of hepatitis B vaccine when the neonate is within 12 hours of birth; the baby’s subsequent doses of the hepatitis B vaccines should be administered at one and six months of age. This regimen has been effective in reducing rates of transmission, as has been evidenced by research findings. However, relapse still exists, especially when the mother has a high HBV DNA level or the immunoprophylaxis regimen is not followed to the later.</span></p> <h3><b>The Role of Antiviral Therapy During Pregnancy</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recent investigations have also involved looking at the course of antiviral therapy in pregnancy to decrease maternal HBV DNA, thus decreasing the risk of vertical transmission. Two antiviral drugs, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and telbivudine, have received some positive findings in clinical studies. ”For example, in a multicenter, double-blind trial, TDF was given to HBeAg-positive pregnant women with high viral load from the 28th week of pregnancy up to 2 months after delivery. In the case of the mothers, the study established a lower concentration of HBV DNA in the maternal serum at the time of delivery as compared to those who received a placebo and a lower incidence of HBV infection in the infants.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other antiviral drugs, such as telbivudine, also proved to be effective in the prevention of MTCT. Recently, pregnant women with HBV who took telbivudine in the third trimester were found to have lower HBV DNA in the serum at delivery compared with placebo. Thus, telbivudine does not result in chronic HBV infection in infants born to mothers in the telbivudine group; therefore, the compound may be used in combination with the standard immunoprophylaxis.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/hepatitis b" target="_blank" title="hepatitis b - yearwise publication trends">hepatitis b</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 'NA' : count; tableHTML += ` <tr> <td>${year}</td> <td>${displayCount}</td> </tr> `; }); tableHTML += '</table></div>'; resultsContainer.innerHTML = tableHTML; } function displayLineChart(statistics) { var years = Object.keys(statistics); var counts = Object.values(statistics); var ctx = document.getElementById('publicationChart').getContext('2d'); // Destroy existing chart instance if it exists if (chart !== null) { chart.destroy(); } // Create a new chart instance chart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'line', data: { labels: years, datasets: [{ label: 'Publication Counts', data: counts, fill: false, borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', tension: 0.1 }] }, options: { scales: { y: { beginAtZero: true } }, plugins: { legend: { display: true, position: 'top' } } } }); } function displayKeywordStats(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-stats'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - yearwise publication trends">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var statistics = { "2014": 1781, "2015": 1973, "2016": 2273, "2017": 2293, "2018": 2013, "2019": 2680, "2020": 3238, "2021": 3589, "2022": 4037, "2023": 6462, "2024": 2203 }; var keywordsArray = ["Mother-to-Child Transmission","Hepatitis B Virus","Antiviral Therapy","Immunoprophylaxis","HBV DNA","HBsAg","Maternal Health","Newborn vaccination","Public Health"]; displayResults(statistics); displayLineChart(statistics); displayKeywordStats(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h3><b>Improved Immunoprophylaxis Protocols</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To lower MTCT possibilities, new measures for immunoprophylaxis have been established. These protocols include the administration of higher doses of the hepatitis B vaccine or higher doses more frequently. In some studies, infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers have been administered a high dose of the vaccine; likewise, it has standard doses at 1 and 6 months of age. Thus, the approach provided higher seroprotection and lower infection rates of HBV among infants.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, studies have revealed that the schedule of the first HBIG and the vaccine are equally important. These have been given at least within the first two hours of birth, and studies have shown that the results differ when taken within the first two hours of birth as compared to when administered after the initial two hours. Newborns should take the first dose of the vaccine and HBIG as soon as possible to avoid the ravaging effects of the disease. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and HBIG as early as possible is a key factor in successful prevention.</span></p> <h3><b>Identifying Risk Factors for Immunoprophylaxis Failure</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Knowing the source of immunoprophylaxis failure is very important in enhancing prevention. High RNA viral load is well established as the reason, among others, for vertical transmission. Some researchers have pointed out that certain levels of maternal HBV DNA raise the likelihood of MTCT even under standard immunoprophylaxis. Others are breakthrough infections, delayed vaccination, insufficient first shots, and infections among mothers with co-pathogens or other complications.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To resolve these problems, certain investigators propose performing a screening test on pregnant women concerning HBV DNA and administering antiviral therapy to females with high viral loads. Also, it is necessary to see that healthcare providers continue immunoprophylaxis. and provide some information to mothers about the necessity of timely vaccination to decrease the rate of MTCT.</span></p> <h3><b>The Importance of Maternal HBV DNA and HBsAg Levels</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The main variables that define the risk of transmission are maternal HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The determination of these markers’ levels can be useful in determining the risk of MTCT and in planning the appropriate treatment. For instance, a study on the level of maternal HBsAg and its relation to the risk of MTCT revealed that high levels of HBsAg increased the risk of MTCT. This suggests the need to also include HBsAg in the evaluation of the risk level and the interventions to be put in place to prevent its spread.</span></p> <h3><b>Long-term Outcomes and the Need for Continued Monitoring</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Viral transmission from mother to child does not only concern the elimination of risks of transmission in the short term but also has implications for the child’s overall health. Thus, children born to HBV-infected mothers, including the ones who did not get chronic HBV infection, should still be followed up to confirm they have no HBV infection. Follow-up visits with HBV markers and liver function tests are extremely important since HBV-related reactivations or liver-related issues may present late.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/hepatitis b" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="hepatitis b - yearwise publication list">hepatitis b</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C and B infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women enrolled in a United States HIV vaccine trial.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947062", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Prognostic significance of dynamic changes in liver stiffness measurement in patients with chronic hepatitis B and compensated advanced chronic liver disease.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946401", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946635", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Case report: A rare case of simultaneous necrotizing fasciitis of the breast and forearm.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947243", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Lobe-Based Hepatic Uptake Index of Gd-EOB-DTPA on Contrast-Enhanced MRI to Quantitatively Discriminate between Compensated and Decompensated Hepatitis B-Related Cirrhosis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947874", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparative Study of Treatment Outcome with Tenofovir Alafenamide and Entecavir in Patients with HBV Related Acute on Chronic Liver Failure.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944709", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparison of Clinical Manifestations and Related Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Chronic Hepatitis B.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947567", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Hepatitis B Elimination Globally-The Answer May Not Be the Same for Everyone.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38943670", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific region.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38950027", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Engagement in Care, Awareness, and Interest in Long-Acting Injectable Anti-Retroviral Therapy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38954172", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The HEPSANET score to assess treatment eligibility of chronic hepatitis B in Africa - Authors\\\\\\' reply.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38870961", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A class-imbalanced hybrid learning strategy based on Raman spectroscopy of serum samples for the diagnosis of hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and thyroid dysfunction.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38850829", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "An evaluation and refinement of the \\\\\\\"Hep B Story\\\\\\\" app, tailored to meet the community\\\\\\'s cultural needs.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38849881", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Identification of 1-Methylnicotinamide as a specific biomarker for the progression of cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38890166", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Does long-term use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate affect fracture risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B?", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38879174", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Development of a predictive nomogram for in-hospital death risk in multimorbid patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing Palliative Locoregional Therapy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38886455", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "M133S mutation possibly involve in the ER stress and mitophagy pathway in maintenance hemodialysis patients with occult hepatitis B infection.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38886481", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Impact of the 2008 economic crisis on the burden of hepatitis B and C diseases in Southern European countries.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38902642", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Seroprevalence status of vaccine-preventable diseases in migrants living in shelter centers in Barcelona, Spain.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38902155", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Latest insights into the epidemiology, characteristics, and therapeutic strategies of chronic hepatitis B patients in indeterminate phase.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38902822", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Mother-to-Child Transmission","Hepatitis B Virus","Antiviral Therapy","Immunoprophylaxis","HBV DNA","HBsAg","Maternal Health","Newborn vaccination","Public Health"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Global Efforts and Public Health Initiatives</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From the global perspective, it is the strides in preventing MTCT of HBV, which have been supported by measures due to public health interventions and policies that enhance the coverage of vaccinations and the general maternal health status. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the WHO, there are high goals for the control and elimination of HBV transmission worldwide, stressing that vaccination, immunoprophylaxis, and antiviral treatment of high-risk mothers are crucial.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The countries with a high prevalence of HBV have adopted different measures in the fight against MTCT. For instance, China has developed its vigilance and vaccination systems and has observed improved decreases in the transmission dynamics of HBV among the young ones. The universal infant immunization program for hepatitis B in the United Kingdom is yet another health-targeting mechanism developed to reduce mother-to-child transmission of this virus.</span></p> <h3><b>Challenges and Future Directions</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nevertheless, several challenges are still observed in efforts to prevent the MTCT of HBV. One of the challenges faced when intervening is guaranteeing timely and sufficient prenatal care, especially when implemented in resource-poor settings. Furthermore, capacities, protocols, and guidelines that would facilitate the implementation of the prevention measures across various regions as well as healthcare administrators are lacking.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Certain areas need to be explored in future studies: antiviral use, patient safety concerning potential risks and benefits of therapies in pregnancy, and vaccine and immunoprophylaxis development. However, other facets of social and cultural barriers in accepting vaccines and comprehending other ways to access health care are important to attain global elimination goals.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since MTCT is the main route by which HBV is transmitted from mother to child, halting MTCT is a major part of global endeavors to eradicate the virus. Thanks to innovations in antiviral drug regimens, better immunization programs, as well as elimination of the transmission risk factors, their rates have been reduced significantly. However, more needs to be done and continue to make sure everyone is protected adequately using effective preventive measures, be it the providers of the health care services or the mothers, and continue to research the best ways and means of delivering this health promotion strategy. Concerning these challenges and focusing on current breakthroughs, people can achieve the goal of making mother-to-child HBV transmission quite the exception and creating a healthier future for generations to come.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li> <div class="citation-text">Ning Q, Wu D, Wang GQ, Ren H, Gao ZL, Hu P, Han MF, Wang Y, Zhang WH, Lu FM, Wang FS. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31087479/">Roadmap to functional cure of chronic hepatitis B: An expert consensus.</a> J Viral Hepat. 2019 Oct;26(10):1146-1155. doi: 10.1111/jvh.13126. Epub 2019 Jun 19. PMID: 31087479.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Tang LSY, Covert E, Wilson E, Kottilil S. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29715359/">Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: A Review.</a> JAMA. 2018 May 1;319(17):1802-1813. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.3795. Erratum in: JAMA. 2018 Sep 18;320(11):1202. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.9637. PMID: 29715359.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Li D, He W, Liu X, Zheng S, Qi Y, Li H, Mao F, Liu J, Sun Y, Pan L, Du K, Ye K, Li W, Sui J. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28949917/">A potent human neutralizing antibody Fc-dependently reduces established HBV infections.</a> Elife. 2017 Sep 26;6:e26738. doi: 10.7554/eLife.26738. PMID: 28949917; PMCID: PMC5614562.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Bian Y, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Zhao J, Zhu D, Wang Y, Fu S, Guo J, Liu L, Su L, Wang FS, Fu YX, Peng H. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445927/">Vaccines targeting preS1 domain overcome immune tolerance in hepatitis B virus carrier mice.</a> Hepatology. 2017 Oct;66(4):1067-1082. doi: 10.1002/hep.29239. Epub 2017 Aug 26. 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PMID: 29514030; PMCID: PMC5895092.</div> <div class="citation-actions"></div> </li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">hepatitis b</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "zfbPKowBWBy50K-rziIz": { "aid": "zfbPKowBWBy50K-rziIz", "name": "R. 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