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id="toc-Comparison_with_silicon_for_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_silicon_for_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comparison with silicon for electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_silicon_for_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GaAs_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GaAs_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>GaAs advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GaAs_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicon_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicon_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Silicon advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicon_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transistor_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transistor_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Transistor uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transistor_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_cells_and_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_cells_and_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Solar cells and detectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_cells_and_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_outlook_of_GaAs_solar_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_outlook_of_GaAs_solar_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Future outlook of GaAs solar cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_outlook_of_GaAs_solar_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light-emission_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light-emission_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Light-emission devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-emission_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_optic_temperature_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_optic_temperature_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fiber optic temperature measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_optic_temperature_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin-charge_converters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin-charge_converters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Spin-charge converters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-charge_converters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenied" title="Galliumarsenied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Galliumarsenied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زرنيخيد الغاليوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زرنيخيد الغاليوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallium_arsenid" title="Qallium arsenid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qallium arsenid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Арсенід галію – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арсенід галію" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Галиев арсенид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галиев арсенид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenur_de_gal%C2%B7li" title="Arsenur de gal·li – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arsenur de gal·li" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenid_gallit%C3%BD" title="Arsenid gallitý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arsenid gallitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenid" title="Galliumarsenid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galliumarsenid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenid" title="Galliumarsenid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galliumarsenid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarseniid" title="Galliumarseniid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galliumarseniid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseniuro_de_galio" title="Arseniuro de galio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arseniuro de galio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="گالیم آرسنید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گالیم آرسنید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A9niure_de_gallium" title="Arséniure de gallium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arséniure de gallium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsain%C3%ADd_ghailliam" title="Arsainíd ghailliam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arsainíd ghailliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94_%EA%B0%88%EB%A5%A8" title="비소화 갈륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비소화 갈륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="गैलियम आर्सेनाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैलियम आर्सेनाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium_arsenida" title="Galium arsenida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galium arsenida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseniuro_di_gallio" title="Arseniuro di gallio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arseniuro di gallio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93" title="גליום ארסניד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גליום ארסניד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium-arzenid" title="Gallium-arzenid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gallium-arzenid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Галиум арсенид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галиум арсенид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenide" title="Galliumarsenide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galliumarsenide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E5%8C%96%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ヒ化ガリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒ化ガリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenid" title="Galliumarsenid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galliumarsenid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenid" title="Galliumarsenid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Galliumarsenid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenek_galu" title="Arsenek galu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arsenek galu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenieto_de_g%C3%A1lio" title="Arsenieto de gálio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arsenieto de gálio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Арсенид галлия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арсенид галлия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gallium arsenide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzenid_galit%C3%BD" title="Arzenid galitý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arzenid galitý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galijum_arsenid" title="Galijum arsenid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Galijum arsenid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galijum_arsenid" title="Galijum arsenid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galijum arsenid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenidi" title="Galliumarsenidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Galliumarsenidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumarsenid" title="Galliumarsenid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galliumarsenid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="காலியம் ஆர்சினைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காலியம் ஆர்சினைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แกลเลียมอาร์เซไนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกลเลียมอาร์เซไนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyum_arsen%C3%BCr" title="Galyum arsenür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galyum arsenür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Арсенід галію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арсенід галію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali(III)_arsenide" title="Gali(III) arsenide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gali(III) arsenide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GaAs" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gaas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gaas (disambiguation)">Gaas</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Gallium arsenide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Samples of gallium arsenide"><img alt="Samples of gallium arsenide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/244px-Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="244" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/366px-Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/488px-Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Samples of gallium arsenide</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_Arsenide_(GaAs)_2%22_wafer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg/220px-Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg/330px-Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg/440px-Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center;">GaAs wafer of (100) orientation</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Gallium arsenide</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1303-00-0">1303-00-0</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BGa%5D%23%5BAs%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BGa%2B3%5D.%5BAs-3%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14087.html">14087</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.013.741">100.013.741</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422819#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>215-114-8</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=gallium+arsenide">gallium+arsenide</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14770">14770</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>LW8800000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/27FC46GA44">27FC46GA44</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1557 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2023779">DTXSID2023779</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422819#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/AsH3.Ga.3H/h1H3;;;;<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: SHVQQKYXGUBHBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[Ga]#[As]</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[Ga+3].[As-3]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>GaAs  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>144.645 g/mol<sup id="cite_ref-crc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Gray crystals<sup id="cite_ref-crc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>garlic-like when moistened </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>5.3176 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>1,238 °C (2,260 °F; 1,511 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>insoluble </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>soluble in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">HCl</a> <br /> insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">Band gap</a> </td> <td>1.424 eV (at 300 K)<sup id="cite_ref-Blakemore1982_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakemore1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron_mobility" title="Electron mobility">Electron mobility</a> </td> <td>9000 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V·s) (at 300 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>-16.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2999400000000000000♠"></span>−6</span></sup> cgs<sup id="cite_ref-crc3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> </td> <td>0.56 W/(cm·K) (at 300 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>3.3<sup id="cite_ref-crc3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Structure<sup id="cite_ref-crc2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zincblende_(crystal_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zincblende (crystal structure)">Zinc blende</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td><i>T</i><sup>2</sup><sub>d</sub>-<i>F</i>-4<i>3m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></div> </td> <td><div><i>a</i> = 565.315 pm</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_geometry" title="Coordination geometry">Coordination geometry</a></div> </td> <td>Tetrahedral </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td>Linear </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H350: May cause cancer">H350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H360F: May damage fertility">H360F</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H372</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P261</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P301+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P311: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P311</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_7b3d73138c259557" /></span><map name="ImageMap_7b3d73138c259557"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wafertech.co.uk/galliumarsenide.htm">External MSDS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">Gallium nitride</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphide" title="Gallium phosphide">Gallium phosphide</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium_antimonide" title="Gallium antimonide">Gallium antimonide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476995185&page2=Gallium+arsenide">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenide</a></b> (<b>GaAs</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/III-V" class="mw-redirect" title="III-V">III-V</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_band_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct band gap">direct band gap</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Zincblende_(crystal_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zincblende (crystal structure)">zinc blende</a> crystal structure. </p><p>Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequency <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_microwave_integrated_circuit" title="Monolithic microwave integrated circuit">monolithic microwave integrated circuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a> and optical windows.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GaAs is often used as a substrate material for the epitaxial growth of other III-V semiconductors, including <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide" title="Indium gallium arsenide">indium gallium arsenide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_gallium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum gallium arsenide">aluminum gallium arsenide</a> and others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallium arsenide was first synthesized and studied by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Goldschmidt" title="Victor Goldschmidt">Victor Goldschmidt</a> in 1926 by passing arsenic vapors mixed with hydrogen over <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">gallium(III) oxide</a> at 600 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The semiconductor properties of GaAs and other <a href="/wiki/Compound_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound semiconductor">III-V compounds</a> were patented by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Welker" title="Heinrich Welker">Heinrich Welker</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert" title="Siemens-Schuckert">Siemens-Schuckert</a> in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described in a 1952 publication.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial production of its monocrystals commenced in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-Schubert-2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schubert-2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more studies followed in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First infrared LEDs were made in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Schubert-2023_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schubert-2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_and_chemistry">Preparation and chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation and chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the compound, gallium has a +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. Gallium arsenide <a href="/wiki/Single_crystal" title="Single crystal">single crystals</a> can be prepared by three industrial processes:<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The vertical gradient freeze (VGF) process.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crystal growth using a horizontal zone furnace in the <a href="/wiki/Bridgman-Stockbarger_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgman-Stockbarger technique">Bridgman-Stockbarger technique</a>, in which gallium and arsenic vapors react, and free molecules deposit on a seed crystal at the cooler end of the furnace.</li> <li>Liquid encapsulated <a href="/wiki/Czochralski_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Czochralski process">Czochralski</a> (LEC) growth is used for producing high-purity single crystals that can exhibit semi-insulating characteristics (see below). Most GaAs wafers are produced using this process.</li></ul> <p>Alternative methods for producing films of GaAs include:<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">VPE</a> reaction of gaseous gallium metal and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">arsenic trichloride</a>: 2 Ga + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">AsCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> → 2 GaAs + 3 <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOCVD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOCVD">MOCVD</a> reaction of <a href="/wiki/Trimethylgallium" title="Trimethylgallium">trimethylgallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">arsine</a>: <span class="chemf nowrap">Ga(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">AsH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> → GaAs + 3 <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_beam_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular beam epitaxy">Molecular beam epitaxy</a> (MBE) of <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>: 4 Ga + <span class="chemf nowrap">As<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> → 4 GaAs or 2 Ga + <span class="chemf nowrap">As<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → 2 GaAs</li></ul> <p>Oxidation of GaAs occurs in air, degrading performance of the semiconductor. The surface can be passivated by depositing a cubic <a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">gallium(II) sulfide</a> layer using a tert-butyl gallium sulfide compound such as (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><sup>t</sup></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>BuGaS)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-insulating_crystals">Semi-insulating crystals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semi-insulating crystals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the presence of excess arsenic, GaAs <a href="/wiki/Boule_(crystal)" title="Boule (crystal)">boules</a> grow with <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">crystallographic defects</a>; specifically, arsenic antisite defects (an arsenic atom at a gallium atom site within the crystal lattice). The electronic properties of these defects (interacting with others) cause the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_level" title="Fermi level">Fermi level</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Fermi_level_pinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi level pinning">pinned</a> to near the center of the band gap, so that this GaAs crystal has very low concentration of electrons and holes. This low carrier concentration is similar to an intrinsic (perfectly undoped) crystal, but much easier to achieve in practice. These crystals are called "semi-insulating", reflecting their high resistivity of 10<sup>7</sup>–10<sup>9</sup> Ω·cm (which is quite high for a semiconductor, but still much lower than a true insulator like glass).<sup id="cite_ref-DD-2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DD-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etching">Etching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wet etching of GaAs industrially uses an oxidizing agent such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> water,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the same strategy has been described in a patent relating to processing scrap components containing GaAs where the <span class="chemf nowrap">Ga<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> is complexed with a <a href="/wiki/Hydroxamic_acid" title="Hydroxamic acid">hydroxamic acid</a> ("HA"), for example:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>GaAs + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + "HA" → "GaA" complex + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>AsO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + 4 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction produces <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid">arsenic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics">Electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GaAs_digital_logic">GaAs digital logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: GaAs digital logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GaAs can be used for various transistor types:<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor">Metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MESFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-electron-mobility_transistor" title="High-electron-mobility transistor">High-electron-mobility transistor</a> (HEMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Junction field-effect transistor">Junction field-effect transistor</a> (JFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor" title="Heterojunction bipolar transistor">Heterojunction bipolar transistor</a> (HBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor">Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The HBT can be used in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_injection_logic" title="Integrated injection logic">integrated injection logic</a> (I<sup>2</sup>L). </p><p>The earliest GaAs logic gate used Buffered FET Logic (BFL).<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1995_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1975</span> to 1995 the main logic families used were:<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1995_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Source-coupled FET logic (SCFL) fastest and most complex, (used by TriQuint & Vitesse)</li> <li>Capacitor–diode FET logic (CDFL) (used by Cray for <a href="/wiki/Cray-3" title="Cray-3">Cray-3</a>)</li> <li>Direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL) simplest and lowest power (used by Vitesse for VLSI gate arrays)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_silicon_for_electronics">Comparison with silicon for electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison with silicon for electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GaAs_advantages">GaAs advantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GaAs advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some electronic properties of gallium arsenide are superior to those of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. It has a higher <a href="/wiki/Saturation_velocity" title="Saturation velocity">saturated electron velocity</a> and higher <a href="/wiki/Electron_mobility" title="Electron mobility">electron mobility</a>, allowing gallium arsenide transistors to function at frequencies in excess of 250 GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-waferworld_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waferworld-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GaAs devices are relatively insensitive to overheating, owing to their wider energy band gap, and they also tend to create less <a href="/wiki/Noise_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (physics)">noise</a> (disturbance in an electrical signal) in electronic circuits than silicon devices, especially at high frequencies. This is a result of higher carrier mobilities and lower resistive device parasitics. These superior properties are compelling reasons to use GaAs circuitry in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite</a> communications, microwave point-to-point links and higher frequency <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> systems. It is also used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diodes</a> for the generation of <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another advantage of GaAs is that it has a <a href="/wiki/Direct_band_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct band gap">direct band gap</a>, which means that it can be used to absorb and emit light efficiently. Silicon has an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_band_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect band gap">indirect band gap</a> and so is relatively poor at emitting light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a wide direct band gap material with resulting resistance to radiation damage, GaAs is an excellent material for outer space electronics and optical windows in high power applications.<sup id="cite_ref-waferworld_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waferworld-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its wide band gap, pure GaAs is highly resistive. Combined with a high <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">dielectric constant</a>, this property makes GaAs a very good substrate for <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> and unlike Si provides natural isolation between devices and circuits. This has made it an ideal material for <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_microwave_integrated_circuit" title="Monolithic microwave integrated circuit">monolithic microwave integrated circuits</a> (MMICs), where active and essential passive components can readily be produced on a single slice of GaAs. </p><p>One of the first GaAs <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> was developed in the early 1980s by the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> Corporation and was considered for the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars program</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. These processors were several times faster and several orders of magnitude more <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">radiation resistant</a> than their silicon counterparts, but were more expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other GaAs processors were implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> vendors <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Computer Corporation, <a href="/wiki/Convex_Computer" title="Convex Computer">Convex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alliant_Computer_Systems" title="Alliant Computer Systems">Alliant</a> in an attempt to stay ahead of the ever-improving <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> microprocessor. Cray eventually built one GaAs-based machine in the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Cray-3" title="Cray-3">Cray-3</a>, but the effort was not adequately capitalized, and the company filed for bankruptcy in 1995. </p><p>Complex layered structures of gallium arsenide in combination with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">aluminium arsenide</a> (AlAs) or the alloy <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide" title="Aluminium gallium arsenide">Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1−x</sub>As</a> can be grown using <a href="/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy" title="Molecular-beam epitaxy">molecular-beam epitaxy</a> (MBE) or using <a href="/wiki/Metalorganic_vapor-phase_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy">metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy</a> (MOVPE). Because GaAs and AlAs have almost the same <a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">lattice constant</a>, the layers have very little induced <a href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">strain</a>, which allows them to be grown almost arbitrarily thick. This allows extremely high performance and high electron mobility <a href="/wiki/High-electron-mobility_transistor" title="High-electron-mobility transistor">HEMT</a> transistors and other <a href="/wiki/Quantum_well" title="Quantum well">quantum well</a> devices. </p><p>GaAs is used for monolithic radar power amplifiers (but <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">GaN</a> can be less susceptible to heat damage).<sup id="cite_ref-at-2016-radar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-2016-radar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silicon_advantages">Silicon advantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Silicon advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon has three major advantages over GaAs for integrated circuit manufacture. First, silicon is abundant and cheap to process in the form of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> minerals. The <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> available to the silicon industry has also hindered the adoption of GaAs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition, a Si crystal has a very stable structure and can be grown to very large diameter <a href="/wiki/Boule_(crystal)" title="Boule (crystal)">boules</a> and processed with very good yields. It is also a fairly good thermal conductor, thus enabling very dense packing of transistors that need to get rid of their heat of operation, all very desirable for design and manufacturing of very large <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a>. Such good mechanical characteristics also make it a suitable material for the rapidly developing field of <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">nanoelectronics</a>. Naturally, a GaAs surface cannot withstand the high temperatures needed for diffusion; however a viable and actively pursued alternative as of the 1980s was ion implantation.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan&Board_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan&Board-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second major advantage of Si is the existence of a native oxide (<a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>, SiO<sub>2</sub>), which is used as an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulator</a>. Silicon dioxide can be incorporated onto silicon circuits easily, and such layers are adherent to the underlying silicon. SiO<sub>2</sub> is not only a good insulator (with a <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of 8.9 <a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">eV</a>), but the Si-SiO<sub>2</sub> interface can be easily engineered to have excellent electrical properties, most importantly low density of interface states. GaAs does not have a native oxide, does not easily support a stable adherent insulating layer, and does not possess the dielectric strength or surface passivating qualities of the Si-SiO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan&Board_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan&Board-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum oxide">Aluminum oxide</a> (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) has been extensively studied as a possible gate oxide for GaAs (as well as <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide" title="Indium gallium arsenide">InGaAs</a>). </p><p>The third advantage of silicon is that it possesses a higher <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">hole</a> mobility compared to GaAs (500 versus 400 cm<sup>2</sup>V<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This high mobility allows the fabrication of higher-speed P-channel <a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">field-effect transistors</a>, which are required for <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> logic. Because they lack a fast CMOS structure, GaAs circuits must use logic styles which have much higher power consumption; this has made GaAs logic circuits unable to compete with silicon logic circuits. </p><p>For manufacturing solar cells, silicon has relatively low <a href="/wiki/Molar_absorptivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar absorptivity">absorptivity</a> for sunlight, meaning about 100 micrometers of Si is needed to absorb most sunlight. Such a layer is relatively robust and easy to handle. In contrast, the absorptivity of GaAs is so high that only a few micrometers of thickness are needed to absorb all of the light. Consequently, GaAs thin films must be supported on a substrate material.<sup id="cite_ref-adv_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adv-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silicon is a pure element, avoiding the problems of stoichiometric imbalance and thermal unmixing of GaAs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silicon has a nearly perfect lattice; impurity density is very low and allows very small structures to be built (down to <a href="/wiki/5_nm_process" title="5 nm process">5 nm</a> in commercial production as of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In contrast, GaAs has a very high impurity density,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it difficult to build integrated circuits with small structures, so the 500 nm process is a common process for GaAs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Silicon has about three times the thermal conductivity of GaAs, with less risk of local overheating in high power devices.<sup id="cite_ref-at-2016-radar_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-2016-radar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MidSTAR-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MidSTAR-1.jpg/150px-MidSTAR-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MidSTAR-1.jpg/225px-MidSTAR-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MidSTAR-1.jpg/300px-MidSTAR-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Multijunction_photovoltaic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Multijunction photovoltaic cell">Triple-junction</a> GaAs cells covering <a href="/wiki/MidSTAR-1" title="MidSTAR-1">MidSTAR-1</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transistor_uses">Transistor uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transistor uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallium arsenide (GaAs) transistors are used in the RF power amplifiers for cell phones and wireless communicating.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GaAs wafers are used in <a href="/wiki/Laser_diodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser diodes">laser diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photodetectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Photodetectors">photodetectors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RF_power_amplifier" title="RF power amplifier">radio frequency (RF) amplifiers</a> for mobile phones and base stations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GaAs transistors are also integral to <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_microwave_integrated_circuit" title="Monolithic microwave integrated circuit">monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs)</a>, utilized in satellite communication and radar systems, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_amplifier" title="Low-noise amplifier">low-noise amplifiers (LNAs)</a> that enhance weak signals.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_cells_and_detectors">Solar cells and detectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Solar cells and detectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallium arsenide is an important semiconductor material for high-cost, high-efficiency <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> and is used for single-crystalline <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell" title="Thin-film solar cell">thin-film solar cells</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-junction solar cells">multi-junction solar cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known operational use of GaAs solar cells in space was for the <a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a> mission, launched in 1965. The GaAs solar cells, manufactured by Kvant, were chosen because of their higher performance in high temperature environments.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GaAs cells were then used for the <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod rovers</a> for the same reason.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1970, the GaAs heterostructure solar cells were developed by the team led by <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Zhores Alferov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> achieving much higher efficiencies. In the early 1980s, the efficiency of the best GaAs solar cells surpassed that of conventional, <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_silicon" title="Crystalline silicon">crystalline silicon</a>-based solar cells. In the 1990s, GaAs solar cells took over from silicon as the cell type most commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic array">photovoltaic arrays</a> for satellite applications. Later, dual- and triple-junction solar cells based on GaAs with <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_phosphide" title="Indium gallium phosphide">indium gallium phosphide</a> layers were developed as the basis of a triple-junction solar cell, which held a record efficiency of over 32% and can operate also with light as concentrated as 2,000 suns. This kind of solar cell powered the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunity rover">Opportunity</a>, which explored <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>' surface. Also many <a href="/wiki/Solar_car_racing" title="Solar car racing">solar cars</a> utilize GaAs in solar arrays, as did the Hubble Telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GaAs-based devices hold the world record for the highest-efficiency single-junction solar cell at 29.1% (as of 2019). This high efficiency is attributed to the extreme high quality GaAs epitaxial growth, surface passivation by the AlGaAs,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the promotion of photon recycling by the thin film design.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GaAs-based <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> are also responsible for the highest efficiency (as of 2022) of conversion of light to electricity, as researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Solar_Energy_Systems" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems">Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems</a> achieved a 68.9% efficiency when exposing a GaAs <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin film</a> photovoltaic cell to monochromatic laser light with a wavelength of 858 nanometers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, multi-junction GaAs cells have the highest efficiencies of existing photovoltaic cells and trajectories show that this is likely to continue to be the case for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> unveiled a solar cell with 33.3% efficiency<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on inverted metamorphic multi-junction (IMM) technology. In IMM, the lattice-matched (same lattice parameters) materials are grown first, followed by mismatched materials. The top cell, GaInP, is grown first and lattice matched to the GaAs substrate, followed by a layer of either GaAs or GaInAs with a minimal mismatch, and the last layer has the greatest lattice mismatch.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After growth, the cell is mounted to a secondary handle and the GaAs substrate is removed. A main advantage of the IMM process is that the inverted growth according to lattice mismatch allows a path to higher cell efficiency. </p><p>Complex designs of Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1−x</sub>As-GaAs devices using <a href="/wiki/Quantum_well" title="Quantum well">quantum wells</a> can be sensitive to infrared radiation (<a href="/wiki/QWIP" class="mw-redirect" title="QWIP">QWIP</a>). </p><p>GaAs diodes can be used for the detection of X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_outlook_of_GaAs_solar_cells">Future outlook of GaAs solar cells</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Future outlook of GaAs solar cells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite GaAs-based photovoltaics being the clear champions of efficiency for solar cells, they have relatively limited use in today's market. In both world electricity generation and world electricity generating capacity, solar electricity is growing faster than any other source of fuel (wind, hydro, biomass, and so on) for the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, GaAs solar cells have not currently been adopted for widespread solar electricity generation. This is largely due to the cost of GaAs solar cells - in space applications, high performance is required and the corresponding high cost of the existing GaAs technologies is accepted. For example, GaAs-based photovoltaics show the best resistance to gamma radiation and high temperature fluctuations, which are of great importance for spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in comparison to other solar cells, III-V solar cells are two to three orders of magnitude more expensive than other technologies such as silicon-based solar cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz-2018_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary sources of this cost are the <a href="/wiki/Epitaxy" title="Epitaxy">epitaxial growth</a> costs and the substrate the cell is deposited on. </p><p>GaAs solar cells are most commonly fabricated utilizing epitaxial growth techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Metalorganic_vapour-phase_epitaxy" title="Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy">metal-organic chemical vapor deposition</a> (MOCVD) and <a href="/wiki/Hydride_vapour_phase_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydride vapour phase epitaxy">hydride vapor phase epitaxy</a> (HVPE). A significant reduction in costs for these methods would require improvements in tool costs, throughput, material costs, and manufacturing efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz-2018_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing the deposition rate could reduce costs, but this cost reduction would be limited by the fixed times in other parts of the process such as cooling and heating.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz-2018_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The substrate used to grow these solar cells is usually germanium or gallium arsenide which are notably expensive materials. One of the main pathways to reduce substrate costs is to reuse the substrate. An early method proposed to accomplish this is epitaxial lift-off (ELO),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this method is time-consuming, somewhat dangerous (with its use of <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>), and requires multiple post-processing steps. However, other methods have been proposed that use phosphide-based materials and hydrochloric acid to achieve ELO with <a href="/wiki/Surface_passivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface passivation">surface passivation</a> and minimal post-<a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">etching</a> residues and allows for direct reuse of the GaAs substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also preliminary evidence that <a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a> could be used to remove the substrate for reuse.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative path to reduce substrate cost is to use cheaper materials, although materials for this application are not currently commercially available or developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz-2018_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another consideration to lower GaAs solar cell costs could be <a href="/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics" title="Concentrator photovoltaics">concentrator photovoltaics</a>. Concentrators use lenses or parabolic mirrors to focus light onto a solar cell, and thus a smaller (and therefore less expensive) GaAs solar cell is needed to achieve the same results.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrator systems have the highest efficiency of existing photovoltaics.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So, technologies such as concentrator photovoltaics and methods in development to lower epitaxial growth and substrate costs could lead to a reduction in the cost of GaAs solar cells and forge a path for use in terrestrial applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light-emission_devices">Light-emission devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Light-emission devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg/220px-Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg/330px-Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg/440px-Bandstruktur_GaAs_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Band structure of GaAs. The direct gap of GaAs results in efficient emission of infrared light at 1.424 eV (~870 nm).</figcaption></figure> <p>GaAs has been used to produce near-infrared laser diodes since 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often used in alloys with other semiconductor compounds for these applications. </p><p><i>N</i>-type GaAs doped with silicon donor atoms (on Ga sites) and boron acceptor atoms (on As sites) responds to ionizing radiation by emitting scintillation photons. At cryogenic temperatures it is among the brightest scintillators known<sup id="cite_ref-Derenzo,_S._2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derenzo,_S._2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vasiukov,_S._2019_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiukov,_S._2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derenzo,_S._2021_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derenzo,_S._2021-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a promising candidate for detecting rare electronic excitations from interacting dark matter,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the following six essential factors: </p> <ol><li>Silicon donor electrons in GaAs have a binding energy that is among the lowest of all known <i>n</i>-type semiconductors. Free electrons above <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015800000000000000♠"></span>8<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> per cm<sup>3</sup> are not “frozen out" and remain delocalized at cryogenic temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Boron and gallium are group III elements, so boron as an impurity primarily occupies the gallium site. However, a sufficient number occupy the arsenic site and act as acceptors that efficiently trap ionization event holes from the valence band.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After trapping an ionization event hole from the valence band, the boron acceptors can combine radiatively with delocalized donor electrons to produce photons 0.2 eV below the cryogenic band-gap energy (1.52 eV). This is an efficient radiative process that produces scintillation photons that are not absorbed by the GaAs crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiukov,_S._2019_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiukov,_S._2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derenzo,_S._2021_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derenzo,_S._2021-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is no afterglow, because metastable radiative centers are quickly annihilated by the delocalized electrons. This is evidenced by the lack of thermally induced luminescence.<sup id="cite_ref-Derenzo,_S._2018_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derenzo,_S._2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>N</i>-type GaAs has a high refractive index (~3.5) and the narrow-beam absorption coefficient is proportional to the free electron density and typically several per cm.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One would expect that almost all of the scintillation photons should be trapped and absorbed in the crystal, but this is not the case. Recent Monte Carlo and Feynman path integral calculations have shown that the high luminosity could be explained if most of the narrow beam absorption is not absolute absorption but a <i><b>novel</b></i> type of optical scattering from the conduction electrons with a cross section of about 5 x 10<sup>−18</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> that allows scintillation photons to escape total internal reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cross section is about 10<sup>7</sup> times larger than Thomson scattering but comparable to the optical cross section of the conduction electrons in a metal mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>N</i>-type GaAs(Si,B) is commercially grown as 10 kg crystal ingots and sliced into thin wafers as substrates for electronic circuits. Boron oxide is used as an encapsulant to prevent the loss of arsenic during crystal growth, but also has the benefit of providing boron acceptors for scintillation.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber_optic_temperature_measurement">Fiber optic temperature measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fiber optic temperature measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For this purpose an optical fiber tip of an optical fiber temperature sensor is equipped with a gallium arsenide crystal. Starting at a light wavelength of 850 nm GaAs becomes optically translucent. Since the spectral position of the band gap is temperature dependent, it shifts about 0.4 nm/K. The measurement device contains a light source and a device for the spectral detection of the band gap. With the changing of the band gap, (0.4 nm/K) an algorithm calculates the temperature (all 250 ms).<sup id="cite_ref-cc_galliumsensor_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc_galliumsensor-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin-charge_converters">Spin-charge converters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spin-charge converters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GaAs may have applications in <a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">spintronics</a> as it can be used instead of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> in spin-charge converters and may be more tunable.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The environment, health and safety aspects of gallium arsenide sources (such as <a href="/wiki/Trimethylgallium" title="Trimethylgallium">trimethylgallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">arsine</a>) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of <a href="/wiki/Metalorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalorganic">metalorganic</a> precursors have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California lists gallium arsenide as a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">ECA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bomhard_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomhard-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is considered a known carcinogen in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a 2013 review (funded by industry) argued against these classifications, saying that when rats or mice inhale fine GaAs powders (as in previous studies), they get cancer from the resulting lung irritation and inflammation, rather than from a primary carcinogenic effect of the GaAs itself—and that, moreover, fine GaAs powders are unlikely to be created in the production or use of GaAs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomhard_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomhard-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">Aluminium arsenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide" title="Aluminium gallium arsenide">Aluminium gallium arsenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride" title="Cadmium telluride">Cadmium telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_antimonide" title="Gallium antimonide">Gallium antimonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_phosphide" title="Gallium arsenide phosphide">Gallium arsenide phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_manganese_arsenide" title="Gallium manganese arsenide">Gallium manganese arsenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">Gallium nitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphide" title="Gallium phosphide">Gallium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_emitter_bipolar_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor">Heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide">Indium arsenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide" title="Indium gallium arsenide">Indium gallium arsenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_phosphide" title="Indium phosphide">Indium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESFET" title="MESFET">MESFET</a> (metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOVPE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOVPE">MOVPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multijunction_solar_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Multijunction solar cell">Multijunction solar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomixing" title="Photomixing">Photomixing</a> to generate THz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylgallium" title="Trimethylgallium">Trimethylgallium</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 4.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakemore1982-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blakemore1982_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blakemore, J. S. "Semiconducting and other major properties of gallium arsenide", Journal of Applied Physics, (1982) vol 53 Nr 10 pages R123-R181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crc4_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 12.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 12.86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 12.81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoss,_S._J.Ledwith,_A.1987" class="citation book cs1">Moss, S. J.; Ledwith, A. (1987). <i>The Chemistry of the Semiconductor Industry</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-216-92005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-216-92005-7"><bdi>978-0-216-92005-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Semiconductor+Industry&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-216-92005-7&rft.au=Moss%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Ledwith%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._M.1926" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Hazardous+Substances+Data+Bank+%28HSDB%29+%3A+4376&rft.au=PubChem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsource%2Fhsdb%2F4376%23section%3DMethods-of-Manufacturing-%28Complete%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2798989A">U.S. patent 2798989A</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelker1952" class="citation journal cs1">Welker, H. (1952-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zna-1952-1110/html">"Über neue halbleitende Verbindungen"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A</i>. <b>7</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">744–</span>749. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-1952-1110">10.1515/zna-1952-1110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1865-7109">1865-7109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung+A&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+neue+halbleitende+Verbindungen&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E744-%3C%2Fspan%3E749&rft.date=1952-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzna-1952-1110&rft.issn=1865-7109&rft.aulast=Welker&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fzna-1952-1110%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schubert-2023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schubert-2023_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schubert-2023_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert2023" class="citation book cs1">Schubert, E. Fred (2023-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WE2zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Light-Emitting Diodes (4th Edition, 2023)</i></a>. E. Fred Schubert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9863826-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9863826-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9863826-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light-Emitting+Diodes+%284th+Edition%2C+2023%29&rft.pub=E.+Fred+Schubert&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft.isbn=978-0-9863826-7-3&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=E.+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWE2zEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraumanisKim1965" class="citation journal cs1">Straumanis, M. E.; Kim, C. D. 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"Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of gallium arsenide". <i>Critical Reviews in Toxicology</i>. <b>43</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">436–</span>466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10408444.2013.792329">10.3109/10408444.2013.792329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23706044">23706044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207505903">207505903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+carcinogenicity+of+gallium+arsenide&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207505903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23706044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F10408444.2013.792329&rft.au=Bomhard%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Gelbke%2C+H.&rft.au=Schenk%2C+H.&rft.au=Williams%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr492.pdf">"NTP Technical Report On The Toxicology And Carcinogenesis Studies Of Gallium Arsenide (Cas No. 1303-00-0) In F344/N Rats And B6c3f1 Mice (Inhalation Studies)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services: Public Health Service: National Institutes of Health. September 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTP+Technical+Report+On+The+Toxicology+And+Carcinogenesis+Studies+Of+Gallium+Arsenide+%28Cas+No.+1303-00-0%29+In+F344%2FN+Rats+And+B6c3f1+Mice+%28Inhalation+Studies%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+Of+Health+And+Human+Services%3A+Public+Health+Service%3A+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntp.niehs.nih.gov%2Fntp%2Fhtdocs%2Flt_rpts%2Ftr492.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=329010&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F329010%3Flang%3Den">"Safety Data Sheet: Gallium Arsenide"</a>. Sigma-Aldrich. 2015-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Data+Sheet%3A+Gallium+Arsenide&rft.pub=Sigma-Aldrich&rft.date=2015-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMSDS%2FMSDS%2FDisplayMSDSPage.do%3Fcountry%3DUS%26language%3Den%26productNumber%3D329010%26brand%3DALDRICH%26PageToGoToURL%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%252Fcatalog%252Fproduct%252Faldrich%252F329010%253Flang%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes,_William_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> (92nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439855119"><bdi>978-1439855119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439855119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium+arsenide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallium_compounds" title="Gallium compounds">Gallium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(−V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentamagnesium_digallide" title="Pentamagnesium digallide">Mg<sub>5</sub>Ga<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides#Monohalides" title="Gallium halides">GaCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides#Monohalides" title="Gallium halides">GaBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_monoiodide" title="Gallium monoiodide">GaI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">GaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_selenide" title="Gallium(II) selenide">GaSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_telluride" title="Gallium(II) telluride">GaTe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(I,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides#Intermediate_halides" title="Gallium halides">GaCl<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">GaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">Ga<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_bromide" title="Gallium(III) bromide">GaBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium trichloride">GaCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_fluoride" title="Gallium(III) fluoride">GaF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_iodide" title="Gallium(III) iodide">GaI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">GaN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_hydroxide" title="Gallium(III) hydroxide">Ga(OH)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_cyanide" title="Gallium(III) cyanide">Ga(CN)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitrate" title="Gallium nitrate">Ga(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulfate" title="Gallium(III) sulfate">Ga<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphate" title="Gallium phosphate">GaPO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphide" title="Gallium phosphide">GaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_antimonide" title="Gallium antimonide">GaSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulfide" title="Gallium(III) sulfide">Ga<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_selenide" title="Gallium(III) selenide">Ga<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_acetate" title="Gallium acetate">Ga(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_telluride" title="Gallium(III) telluride">Ga<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organogallium(III)_compounds56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organogallium_chemistry" title="Organogallium chemistry">Organogallium(III) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_acetylacetonate" title="Gallium acetylacetonate">Ga(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylgallium" title="Trimethylgallium">Ga(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylgallium" title="Triethylgallium">Ga(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arsenic_compounds55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arsenic_compounds" title="Template:Arsenic compounds"><abbr title="View 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arsenide">BiAs</a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_arsenide" title="Cadmium arsenide">Cd<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenide" title="Calcium arsenide">CaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_arsenide" title="Cobalt arsenide">CoAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_arsenide" title="Dysprosium arsenide">DyAs</a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium_arsenide" title="Holmium arsenide">HoAs</a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide">InAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_arsenide" title="Yttrium(III) arsenide">YAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_arsenide" title="Lithium arsenide">LiAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diarsenide" title="Molybdenum diarsenide">MoAs<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_arsenide" title="Manganese arsenide">MnAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_arsenide" title="Neptunium arsenide">NpAs</a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_diarsenide" title="Neptunium diarsenide">NpAs<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_diarsenide" title="Palladium diarsenide">PdAs<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_arsenide" title="Praseodymium arsenide">PrAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium arsenide">PuAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium arsenide">SmAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na<sub>3</sub>As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_arsenide" title="Tantalum arsenide">TaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diarsenide" title="Tungsten diarsenide">WAs<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium arsenide">YAs</a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_arsenide" title="Zinc arsenide">Zn<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_tribromide" title="Arsenic tribromide">AsBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">AsCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentachloride" title="Arsenic pentachloride">AsCl<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trifluoride" title="Arsenic trifluoride">AsF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_triiodide" title="Arsenic triiodide">AsI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_triselenide" title="Arsenic triselenide">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Se<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_monophosphide" title="Arsenic monophosphide">AsP</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As(III,V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_tetroxide" title="Arsenic tetroxide">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentafluoride" title="Arsenic pentafluoride">AsF<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentachloride" title="Arsenic pentachloride">AsCl<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentasulfide" title="Arsenic pentasulfide">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arsenides153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arsenides" title="Template:Arsenides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arsenides" title="Template 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style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em;"> </td> <td style="width:2em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>He</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium_arsenide" title="Lithium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">LiAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Be</small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_arsenide" title="Boron arsenide"><span class="nowrap">BAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>C</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_nitride" title="Arsenide nitride">+N</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Oxyarsenides" title="Oxyarsenides">+O</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><small>F</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Ne</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na<sub>3</sub>As</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Mg</small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">AlAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenidosilicate" title="Arsenidosilicate">-Si</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>P</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><small>S</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_chloride" title="Arsenide chloride">+Cl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Ar</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>K</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenide" title="Calcium arsenide">CaAs</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Sc</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ti</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>V</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Cr</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese_arsenide" title="Manganese arsenide"><span class="nowrap">MnAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Fe</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_arsenide" title="Cobalt arsenide"><span class="nowrap">CoAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ni</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose"><small>Cu</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_arsenide" title="Zinc arsenide"><span class="nowrap">Zn<sub>3</sub>As<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="nowrap">GaAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose"><a href="/wiki/Arsenidogermanate" title="Arsenidogermanate">-Ge</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><small>Se</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_bromide" title="Arsenide bromide">+Br</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Kr</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Rb</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Sr</small> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_arsenide" title="Yttrium(III) arsenide"><span class="nowrap">YAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Zr</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Nb</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diarsenide" title="Molybdenum diarsenide"><span class="nowrap">MoAs<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Tc</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ru</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Rh</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium_diarsenide" title="Palladium diarsenide"><span class="nowrap">PdAs<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ag</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_arsenide" title="Cadmium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">Cd<sub>3</sub>As<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">InAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenidostannate" title="Arsenidostannate">-Sn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Sb</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_telluride" title="Arsenide telluride">+Te</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide_iodide" title="Arsenide iodide">+I</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Xe</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Cs</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ba</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">* </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Lu</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Hf</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_arsenide" title="Tantalum arsenide"><span class="nowrap">TaAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diarsenide" title="Tungsten diarsenide"><span class="nowrap">WAs<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Re</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Os</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ir</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Pt</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Au</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Hg</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Tl</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Pb</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_arsenide" title="Bismuth arsenide"><span class="nowrap">BiAs</span></a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Po</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>At</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Rn</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Fr</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ra</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">** </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Lr</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Rf</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Db</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Sg</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Bh</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Hs</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Mt</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ds</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Rg</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Cn</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Nh</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Fl</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Mc</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Lv</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ts</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;"><small>Og</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="float: right">*</span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>La</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ce</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_arsenide" title="Praseodymium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">PrAs</span></a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Nd</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Pm</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_arsenide" title="Samarium(III) arsenide"><span class="nowrap">SmAs</span></a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Eu</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Gd</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Tb</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_arsenide" title="Dysprosium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">DyAs</span></a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Holmium_arsenide" title="Holmium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">HoAs</span></a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Er</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Tm</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Yb</small> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="float: right">**</span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Ac</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Th</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Pa</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>U</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_arsenide" title="Neptunium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">NpAs</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_diarsenide" title="Neptunium diarsenide"><span class="nowrap">NpAs<sub>2</sub></span></a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium arsenide"><span class="nowrap">PuAs</span></a></small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Am</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Cm</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Bk</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Cf</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Es</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Fm</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>Md</small> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;"><small>No</small> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ternary_compound" title="Ternary compound">Ternary</a> arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide" title="Aluminium gallium arsenide">AlGaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_indium_arsenide" title="Aluminium indium arsenide">AlInAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide_antimonide" title="Aluminium arsenide antimonide">AlAsSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_phosphide" title="Gallium arsenide phosphide">GaAsP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_antimonide" title="Gallium arsenide antimonide">GaAsSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_manganese_arsenide" title="Gallium manganese arsenide">(Ga,Mn)As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide_antimonide" title="Indium arsenide antimonide">InAsSb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_compound" title="Quaternary compound">Quaternary</a> arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_cadmium_phosphide_arsenide" title="Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide">Zn-Cd-P-As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide" title="Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide">InAsSbP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quinary arsenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide" title="Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide">GaInAsSbP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxyarsenides" title="Oxyarsenides">Oxyarsenides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="60px_Semiconductor_lasers101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semiconductor_laser" title="Template:Semiconductor laser"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semiconductor_laser" title="Template talk:Semiconductor laser"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semiconductor_laser" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semiconductor laser"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="60px_Semiconductor_lasers101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pin-Diode.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pin-Diode.svg/60px-Pin-Diode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pin-Diode.svg/90px-Pin-Diode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pin-Diode.svg/120px-Pin-Diode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor laser">Semiconductor lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode#Double_heterostructure_lasers" title="Laser diode">Double heterostructure laser</a> (DH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode#Separate_confinement_heterostructure_lasers" title="Laser diode">Separate confinement heterostructure laser</a> (SCH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Bragg_reflector_laser" title="Distributed Bragg reflector laser">Distributed Bragg reflector laser</a> (DBR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed-feedback_laser" title="Distributed-feedback laser">Distributed-feedback laser</a> (DFB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_well_laser" title="Quantum well laser">Quantum well laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">Quantum dot laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum-cascade_laser" title="Quantum-cascade laser">Quantum-cascade laser</a> (QCL)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=External-cavity_laser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="External-cavity laser (page does not exist)">External-cavity laser</a> (ECL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volume_Bragg_grating" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Bragg grating">Volume Bragg grating</a> laser</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical-cavity_surface-emitting_laser" title="Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser">Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser</a> (VCSEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical-external-cavity_surface-emitting-laser" title="Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser">Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser</a> (VECSEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_silicon_laser" title="Hybrid silicon laser">Hybrid silicon laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interband_cascade_laser" title="Interband cascade laser">Interband cascade laser</a> (ICL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_ring_laser" title="Semiconductor ring laser">Semiconductor ring laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton_laser" title="Polariton laser">Polariton laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_laser_theory" title="Semiconductor laser theory">Semiconductor laser theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode_rate_equations" title="Laser diode rate equations">Laser diode rate equations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indium_arsenide" title="Indium arsenide">Indium arsenide</a> (InAs)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallium arsenide</a> (GaAs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_materials" title="List of semiconductor materials">List of semiconductor materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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